CoalandPet

rol
eum Not
es

Shor
tAnswert
ypeIQ/
A
Question:
1
Dif
ferenti
atebet
weenr
enewabl
eandnon-
renewabl
eresour
ces,
giv
ingt
woexampl
esofeach.
Solut
ion:

Renewabl
eresour
ces Non-
renewabl
eresour
ces
Resour cest hatarepresenti
n
Resour cesthatar epr esentina
i
nf i
nit
eamount s(
for
fi
niteamountandcannotbe
exampl e,thesun, wind)and
replacedorr eproducedwi t
hi na
canber eplacedor
reasonablet i
mear ecal l
ednon-
reproducedwi t
hina
renewabl eresour ces.For
reasonabl etime(for
exampl e,fossilfuelsandmi ner
als
exampl e,wood
whicht akemill
ionsofy ear
st oform
becausewecanpl anttrees)
andcannotbef ormedar t
if
icial
ly.
arecalledr enewable
resources
Theycanl
astf
orev
erwi
th
Theywi
llf
inal
lygetexhaust
ed.
l
imit
eduse.
Theyarebot
hli
ving(l
ike
Theyarenon-l
ivi
ng( l
ikecoal
,
for
est
)andnon-
li
ving(
like
petr
oleum)resources.
water
).

Question:
2
Whatar efossi
lfuel
s?
Soluti
on:
Fuelsthatarefor
medf r
om thedeadremainsofli
vingor
gani
smsbynat
uralpr
ocessesar
ecal
ledf
ossi
lfuel
s.They
takemi l
li
onsofy ear
stoform.
Petrol
eum, coalandnatur
algasaref
ossilfuel
s.

Quest
ion:
3
Whyshoul dfossi
lfuelsnotbewasted?
Soluti
on:
Fossilfuel
ssuchascoal ,
petr
oleum andnat
uralgastakemi l
li
onsofyearst
oform nat
ural
ly.Theycannotbe
replacedasfastast heyar
ebeingconsumed.Mor eover,
itisnotpossibl
etomakenewf ossilf
uelsart
ifi
cial
ly.I
f
theyareoverused,theywil
lgetexhaustedastheyar
eavai l
ableinnat
ureinl
imi
tedamount .Thati
swhy ,t
heyshould
notbewast ed.

Quest
ion:
4
Howiscokeobt
ained?
Sol
uti
on:
Cokei
sahardporousblacksubst
ancewhi
chi
sobt
ainedbydest
ruct
ivedi
sti
ll
ati
onofcoal
.

Questi
on:5
Whatar et
headvantagesofusi ngnatur
algasasaf uel
?
Sol
uti
on:
Fol
lowingaret
headv antagesofusingnatur
algasasaf uel
:
1.I
tiseasytotransportthroughpi
pesandcylinders.
2.I
tdoesnotcausepol l
uti
ononusage.
3.I
tcanbedi r
ectlyburntinhomesandf actor
iesforcooki
ngandot
herpur
poses.

Quest
ion:
6
Whyisther
earapidincr
easeinourener
gyconsumpt
ion?
Sol
uti
on:
Ther
eisarapi
dincreaseinourener
gyconsumpti
onbecauseoft
hef
oll
owi
ngr
easons:

1.World’
spopulati
onisi
ncreasi
ng,whichmeansener gyrequirementsarealsoincr
easi
ng.Peopl
eneedmore
energytocookfood,t
oheattheirhomeset c.,whi
chmeansmor eenergyisbeingused.
2.Withthedevel
opmentofcountri
es,energyconsumpti
onal soi ncr
easesbecausepeopleusemoredevi
ces
whichneedener gy
,bothforf
unctioningandmanuf acturing.

Quest i
on:7
Whyar efossilfuel
sourmosti mportantsourceofener
gytoday?
Soluti
on:
Mat t
erthatstoresenergyiscal
ledfuel.
Wedependmostonf ossi
lfuelsformanyener gyusesbecausefossilf
uelscanbeburnt
,shi
ppedandstored.The
energyfrom fossilf
uelsisbothconcent r
atedandportabl
e.Fossi
lfuelr
eleasest
remendousamountofenergyon
burning.Naturalgasprovi
descleanerbur ni
ngandcoalisavail
ableinabundance.

Question:8
Whatist hemai npurposeofpet
roleum refi
ning?
Sol
ution:
Petr
oleum orcr udeoili
sacompl exmi xtureoforgani
cli
quids.Crudeoili
sofl
it
tleuseinindust
rialappl
icati
ons.
Petr
oleum r ef
iningi
sdonet oconvertcrudeoi li
ntomoreusefulproduct
ssuchaspetr
ol,ker
osene, LPG,
diesel,
waxes, asphaltetc.

Shor
tAnswerTy
peI
IQ/
A
Quest i
on:
1
I
far esourcei
srenewabl
e,i
tcansti
llgetexhaust
ed.Discusswitht
woexamples.
Soluti
on:
Ar enewabler
esourcei
sanyresourcethatcan"r
enew"itsel
fwithi
naperson'
sli
fespan.Butmostrenewabl
e
resourcesbecomeexhausti
bleifweuset hem f
asterthantheyar
erenewedorr
eplacedbynat
ure.
Exampl
es:
Groundwaterisarenewabl
eresour
ce.I
nrecentyear
s,ther
eisadecl
inei
nit
slevelbecausei
tsusagei
sfast
er
thanit
sreplacement
.Thishasl
edtothedr
yingofwell
s.

Forest
sortreesarebei
ngcutdownt oful
filourneedofwoodforfur
nit
ure,
paperetc.I
tusuall
ytakes25yearsor
mor ef
oratreetogrowtoitsori
ginalstat
e.Ifnewt r
eesdonotgrowupandr epl
acetheoldert
reesasfastasthe
oldert
reesarecutdown,soonerorlatert
heywoul dbeexhaust
ed.

Question:2
Whyi st opsoilconsider
edanon-renewableresour
ceevent houghitisconst
antlybeingfor
medbyweat her
ingof
rocks?
Soluti
on:
Topsoi li
sconsi deredanon-r
enewableresourcebecauseitsrateoferosi
onisfasterthani
tsr
ateofr
egener at
ion.
Althought opsoildoesbuil
dupovert i
met hroughweather
ingofr ocksandmineral
sanddecayingoforganicmat t
er,
i
tdoesnotbui l
dupt oanappreci
ableamounti naperson'
sl i
fet
ime.

Question:
3
Whydowef eeltheneedf orconservat
ionmor etodaythanourancest orsdid?
Solut
ion:
Ourancestorshadmodestener gyrequir
ement s,mostl
yforcooki
ng,l
ighti
ngandheat i
ng.Intoday'
ssoci
ety,ener
gy
consumpt i
onbyhumanshasi ncreasedmany f
oldascompar edtoener gyconsumedbyear lyhumansbecausepeopl
e
haveprogressed.Developednati
onsusemor eenergyespecial
lyf
ortransport
ationandindustr
y.Mostoftheenergyweuse
todaycomesf rom fossi
lfuel
swhi charenon- r
enewableonahumant imescal e.
Thatiswhy ,thereismor eneedforener gyconversat
iontodaythanear l
yti
mes.

Question:
4
Howwascoalf ormed?
Solut
ion:
Coalwasf ormedbythedeadr emainsofthepl antsbythepr ocessofcarbonisati
on.Mi l
li
onsofy earsago,deadflor
a
andfaunai nfor
estsgotbur
iedundersoi l
,rocksandot herlandmassesduet oear t
hquakes,volcanicerupt
ionsand
fl
oods.Wi ththepassageoftime,mor esoillayer
sgotdeposi t
edoni tandtheywer ecompressedandwentdeeper
anddeeperbeneat htheear
th.Thi
sr ai
sedt hetemper at
ureandpr essurebeneaththesoil.Thi
siniti
atedtheprocess
ofburningthesedeadremains.Sl
owl y,al
lt hevegetati
ongotconver tedint
ocoal ,whichisarichform ofcarbon.

Quest
ion:
5
Whatarethei
mpor
tantusesofcoke?
Sol
uti
on:
Usesofcoke:

1.I
tisusedini
ndust
riesformanufactur
ingofsteelandfortheext
ract
ionofmanymet
als.
2.I
tisusedint
hermalpowerplantstoproduceelect
rici
ty.
3.I
tisusedasadomest i
cfuelforcooki
ngandheat i
ng.

Question:
6
Howwaspet r
oleum f
ormed?
Soluti
on:
Petrol
eum wasf or
medbyt hedeadremai nsoftheseaani
mal swhichgottrappedundersoi
landclayandmor e
depositswereformedwithtime.Duetodepth,thetemper
atur
eandpr essur
er ai
sedandovertheyears,
theygot
convertedint
opetrol
eum oil.Si
nce,oi
lisli
ghterthanwat
er,i
tdidnotmi xwithwaterandar
osetothesuperf
ici
al
rocks,whichdidnotall
owi ttopassthr
ought hem.

Quest
ion:
7
Namefourimport
antproduct
sofpetrol
eum andgi
v et
heiruses.
Sol
uti
on:
Var
iousconst
it
uentsofpetr
oleum oi
lobt
aineddur
ingfr
actionaldi
sti
ll
ati
oni
noi
lref
iner
iesar
e:

1.LiquidPetrol
eum Gas(LPG) :I
tisprimari
lyusedasdomest icf
uel.Now,itisalsousedasfueli
nvehi
clesand
i
ndust rybecauseiti
sl esspolluti
ngandeasyt otransport.
2.Petrol:I
tisablackli
qui dusedasf ueli
nl i
ghtvehicl
esl i
kescoot er
s,cars,et
c.Iti
salsousedasavi
ationf
uel
andf ordrycl
eaningoff abri
cs.
3.Kerosene:Itisusedasf uelinstoves,l
ampsandj etaircraf
ts.
4.Diesel:Iti
susedasf uelforheavyvehiclesandelectri
cgenerators.

Question:
8
Whatar etheadvantagesofusi
ngener
gyj
udi
ciousl
y?
Sol
ution:
Advantagesofjudici
oususeofener
gy:

1.Fossilfuelsar
eprimarysour
ceofener gytoday.Ift
heyareusedindi scr
iminatel
y,t
heywi l
lbeexhausted
becauset heyareavai
labl
einlimitedamount .I
ttakesmill
ionsofy earstofor
mf ossi
lfuelsanditisnot
possibletomakenewf ossi
lfuel
sar t
ifi
ciall
y.Ther
efor
e,theyshouldbewi selyusedandnotwast ed.
2.Judicioususeofenergytodaywillhel
pf utur
egenerati
onstouset heavailabl
eresources.

LongAnswerQ/
Question:
1
A
Howi sdestructi
vedisti
ll
ati
onofcoalcarr
iedout
?Whataretheproduct
sobtai
nedandt hei
rmainuses?
Soluti
on:
Destructi
vedi st
il
lati
onofcoaliscarri
edoutbyheat
ingcoalstr
onglyto1000°
Ci ntheabsenceofair
.Whencoali
s
heatedwithoutair,i
tdoesnotburnbutbreaksdowntoproducefoll
owingby-
products:

(
a)Coke:I
tisusedini
ndustr
iesf
ormanuf
act
uri
ngofst
eelandext
ract
ionofmanymet
als.I
tisusedasadomest
ic
f
uelf
orcookingandheat
ing.

(
b)Coalt
ar:I
tcanbeusedt
omakesoap,
fat
s,dyes,
plast
icsper
fumes,
drugs,
pest
ici
des,
expl
osi
veset
c.

(c
)Coalgas:I
tisusedasf
ueli
ncoalpr
ocessi
ngpl
ant
sandi
nvar
iousot
heri
ndust
rialuni
tssi
tuat
ednearcoal
processi
ngpl
ants.

(
d)Ammoni
a:I
tisusedf
ormaki
ngni
tr
ogenousf
ert
il
iser
s.

Question:
2
Howi srefi
ningofpet
rol
eum car
ri
edout
?Namet hei
mpor t
antpr
oductsobt
ained.
Sol
ution:
Refi
ningofpetrol
eum i
scarr
iedoutbyf
ract
ionaldi
sti
ll
ati
onofcrudeoi
l.
Pr
ocessoff
ract
ional
dist
il
lat
ionofcr
udeoi
lisasf
oll
ows:

Crudepetrol
eum i sheatedandconv ertedint
ogas.
Thegasesent erthebottom ofalongcol umn( f
ract
ionaldi
sti
ll
ati
oncol umn) ,
whi chisfi
ll
edwithtraysorplat
es.
Thegasesr i
sei nthecolumn, andgetscooledandcondenseswhent heyreacht heirboi
li
ngpoints
Thetrayscollectvar i
ousliquidfr
actionswhi chmaypasst othecondenser s,whichcoolthem f
urtherandgoto
thestor
aget anks.
Thesmal lchai ns,usuall
ygaseousmol ecules,comeoutatthetop,whiletheliquidmedium chainmol ecul
es
comeoutatt hemi ddleandt hesoli
dr emainsatthebottom.

I
mportantpr
oduct
sobt
ainedar
eker
osene,
pet
rol
,di
esel
,bi
tumen,
LPG(l
iquef
iedpet
rol
eum gas)
,par
aff
inwax,
lubr
icat
ingoi
l
andasphalt
.

Quest
ion:
3
Li
stfi
vethi
ngsthaty
oucandotohel
pinprev
enti
nganenergycri
sis.
Sol
uti
on:
Fol
lowingwaysandmeasur
escanhelpi
npreventi
nganenergycrisi
s:

1.Vehiclesshouldbedri
venatconstantandmoder atespeed.
2.Enginesshouldbeswitchedoffattraf
fi
cli
ghtsandot hertemporar
yhalts.
3.Vehiclepooli
ngcanreducenumberofvehi cl
espl yi
ngonr oad,which,
inturn,
wil
lleadt
olessconsumpti
onof
fuel
.
4.Athome, gasstovesshouldbecleanedproper
lyandbur nersshoul
dnotbel ef
tbur
ningunnecessar
il
y.
5.Cookingshouldbemostlydoneinpressur
ecookersinsteadofpans.

Question:
4
Howi sCNGobt ai
ned?Whatar eitsmai nuses?
Soluti
on:
CNGi sobtai
nedf r
om thedeposi tsofnat uralgasclosetot heeart
h’ssurf
ace(usuall
ydwarf
edbynear byoil
deposits)
.Deeperdeposi t
sf ormedathi ghertemper at
uresandundermor epressurehavemor enat
uralgasthanoil
.
Oncet henat
uralgasreservei sdiscovered,itisextr
actedfrom thegroundbyapipeli
neandsentt opowerplants,
factor
iesandprocessingpl ants.Here,itiscleaned,separatedandconvertedi
ntoCNG( bystori
ngunderhigh
pressure)
,ausablefuelforhomesandbusi nesses.

UsesofCNG:
1.I
tisver
yeasytotransportt
hroughpi
pesandcyli
nders.
2.I
tdoesnotcausepolluti
ononusage,whil
eotherpet
rochemical
slikepetr
olanddi
eseldo.
3.I
tcanbedirect
lyusedinhomesandf act
ori
esforcookingandotherpur
poses.