nursing research sources of knowledge CDEIATA )

systematic search for knowledge ✓ Discrete research :

sophisticated way of generating knowledge

clinical ✓ experience intuition anticipation ) trial and error

problems
c
Focus : care process ; solve , ,

efficiency : not necessarily loot . ✓ logical thinking

:
conflicting knowledge

efficacy : too -1 .
solve e- problem ✓ Authority
:
learn From authority

✓ tradition : old knowledge

* 1st nurse researcher : Florence nightingale ✓ Assembled information

nursing ( effect OF environment )

:
-
evidence notes on on Crimean war

purpose pieced )
(
☒ basic me : research consumer -
use of research in practice
:
advance role : nurse researcher P predict possibility ( associative ) > correlational

1 :
identify variable in study

research in nursing : focus is Ethical issues E :

explain causal relationship ( experimental )

C :
control variables
/ conscious effort to use in practice
EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE: conscientious use of research findings ( evidence ) E :
explore risk factors ( correlational )

in clinical practice D: describe what happened

"

ultimate goal :
improve client care Imax effectiveness of services)
.

KEY PARADIGMS IN RESEARCH

2 enhance professionalism i. logical positivism us . naturalistic inquiry :

t t
n . basis for sound decision making there is a single Reality multiple realities
☐ vaccine hesitancy is a result

"
4. promote accountability ( answerable to the actions ) ✓ quantitative ✓ qualitative OF Poor knowledge among all

°
" " other reasons
objective subjective / narrative
"
.

strengthen social nursing / numerical "

5. relevance of
* * inductive
4) hypothesis

DIFFERENT LEVEL OF EVIDENCE b Filipinos are among the asians

-
✓ deductive reasoning ✓ inductive reasoning
level of evidence
' general to specific ) ( specific to general ) w/
highest pregnancy rate
I :
systematic review critique review
0
highest
of experimental studies evaluate multiple research
0
strongest evidence ✓ fixed design ✓ flexible design
☐
southeast asian countries have

group only treatment )

1 1 intervention
+ high index of Poverty hence
randomized control trial G quasi experimental (commonly used in nsg ) seeks generalization ✓ seek
.
.
✓ for pattern
malnutrition is a common
2 groups to
trials ✓
non randomized control
theory testing ✓ Theory generating problem in the phils s
-

* deductive
* t slrong evidence for research

rrandomited randomized ! the reason bakit

( non
-

I. Inept research nagkasakit

single RCT evaluate 1
i
111 .
systematic review of correlational studies compare studies but C- ) causal effect Components of Clinical Question
☒ association : look at the relationship ✓ Population P
risk factors + now they can ✓ Intervention I
iv. single correlational studies affect ✓ comparison C
v. systematic review of qualitative studies ethnography culture ✓ outcome 0
DESCRIPTIVE
phenomenology phenomenon IEXP )
-

case study in depth w/ in the age group of 12-14 yrs Na signed

assent form :
participants
-

for .
, a

grounded behaviour ; is needed

symbolism assent form .

historical past
vi. single qualitative studies : ✓ Contains details of the study but is worded using a simple , age -

descriptive
appropriate terms .

to
v11 .
expert opinion :
lowest 20 bias

combining multiple studies into

external validity : also called general itabilily .
away w/ strong external

•
Meta analysis :
combination of studies For analysis into / study validity means that its conclusion even beyond the group

quantitative or samples
.

o
meta synthesis : combination of studies clinical experience : considered alone or . e- sources op evidence in nursing . this

qualitative input of someone who has accumulated

-

refers to an a

amount three years in

considerable of exp .
performing a

ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES particular line of work .

regulated ethics → not always reliable T bias

Nuremberg code : .
i.

introduced informed consent in research voluntary participation

right to full disclosure ! risk and the benefits

↳ explain e- research ; benefits : risk ratio

right to self determination : autonomy

* client can withdraw ANYTIME

applied / practical Pure research
T T

2 .
Helsinki declaration : differentiate therapeutic rs .
non -

therapeutic
t t
solve
intervention to solve a problem generate a knowledge :c-7 problem
allowable
3. belmont report :

3 ethical principles

1. beneficence : avoid causing harm on respondents (same w/ non

-

Mal )
doing no harm

* right not to be harmed

2. Justice : Fairness and equity

right to be treated equally
3. respect :
by showing respect to autonomy

confidentiality
→
us .
anonimity :

confidentiality
: avoid sharing information to others

info gathered is limited to research team

(t ) Kilda and owner of info creates bias !

anonimity : even the researcher cannot link e- information to subject .

f) bias ; use of code name to have

anonimity
DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESEARCH prospective : effect ; IV D DV
→
what could be e- effect
cause effect
a. according to MOTIVE

1. basic research 1 pure research [ not directly used to solve problem )

•
generate I t knowledge p . qccd . to measurement :

✓ precise measurement
2. applied / practical research 1 intervention )
✓ rigoroui control
D solve clinical problem > Qualitative

o narrative data using flexible design

b. level of INVESTIGATION

✓ exploratory research :
identify variables no test of relationship Phases of Research CDEAD

variable 0 Conceptual phase research problem

✓ descriptive
:
associative relationship between

[ cause cu effect ) external causal relationship between ✓ research problem

experimental
:
✓

variable ✓ rrh / rrs

✓ hypothesis
C.
according to DESIGN / CONTROL ✓ framework OF studies

i. non -

experimental
o case study in -

depth investigation of entity 0

design and plan phase
o
analytical study analyze records or ideas ✓ research design
0
survey :
to know general opinion (public opinion ) ✓
population a sample
o
historical research :
past event [ to learn from previous mistake )
✓ tool / instrument to gather data

cannot rectify 1 correcting past mistake

( validity of ) 1 instrument
o
methodological : test tool tool 0
empirical phase : to gather data collection of data .

organize the data

2. experimental o
analytical phase : analyte data using statistical test

(intervention ) conclusion / findings

true experimental : o
a. manipulation
o dissemination phase
:
publish research study
b. randomization :
random assignment research utilization

c. control :
control 2 group ( pt .
of comparison ) Sources of research problem
91 : treatment expected in intervention 1- :
theory
92 : control -

not exposed to intervention 1 : ideas from external source

→ possible for hawthorn effect : give placebo (pseudo intervention) N : nursing literature

usual treatment E : experience 1 clinical fieldwork

s : social issues
4) manipulation
quasi experimental :
lacks randomization or control
t CRITERIA OF GOOD RESEARCH PROBLEM (hrs )
AA bias
→
limits extraneous variables
0
Feasibility : allocation / availability of resources

*
↳ not part of study but affects
→
sample most imp .
availability of respondents
f. 9 .

interest on the T completion

findings laqe.si ) research
°
:
research of research

0 research ability : can be scientifically investigated

randomization
* limitation : existence of God I diety
☐
pre
-

experimental : lacks or control

-
does not limit EV Fictional work

o
significance : able to contribute to a nursing problem .

expiremental : presence of manipulation

LIMITATION vs. DELIMITATION
Financial
STRATEGY OF TESTING FOR EXPERIMENTAL limitation : beyond the control [ include discussion ) F- respondents
delimitation : choice of researcher lhanggangsaan )
i.
pre
-

test , post test design

↳ b4 intervention to after intervention

2. post test only design

:
given to evaluate ① i. e- treatment manipulated on certain DEFINITIONS
variables
3 Solomon four group design : rigorous analysis conceptual : based On dictionary
.

qpo.pe, ,
Operational ! defined e-
combination of pretest poshest only
, ,
as
by researcher

a : test
→
intervention →
post test →
should have object of measurement
pre
-

→
b :
pre -
test post test

C : Intervention →
post test HYPOTHESIS
9 :
pre -
test → intervention →
post test 0
educated guess : testable 's tentative ans .
to a question that establishes e- basis for

statistical test
effective intervention elements :
0
ta
.

ta q =

tb cute =
effective a. IV intervention / cause

b. DV

d. aced . to timeframe time dimension op c. relationship

1- no . OF times hag gather ng data data collection that is d. population
collect> on performed at multiple
1. cross sectional : single time data
pts.in
-

time latan extended

qroÑp rvepeatea
"
period or lime +
support decreases the rate rapid pregnancy
.

use of among
a. longitudinal :
multiple period of data collection the
participants are
teenage primiqravida .

, population
Followed and observed
attrition role : loss of participants overtime
at an interval .

maturity : as we Grow older we become better P value : 05T Or 5-1 margin

-
, . . . of error

4.05 = accept hypothesis significant

e. aced . to measurement of IV Cee DU i. 05 =
reject not significant
cause effect

retrospective
: in the past TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
DV IV
i. nun : no relationship
cancer smoking
no difference =
same

lung -
Impact OF no effect

cancer smoking
 2. research / alternative 0
Cluster sampling :
geographical vast

✓ significant relationship ( t ) statistics multistage sampling

✓ H ) difference 0
systematic random :
every kth / nth

✓ Ct ) effect Kth Int h : total population

÷
1 IV I DV total no 01: sample
simple hypothesis 2 variable
.

* :
,

* complex hypothesis : at least 2 variable pop : 2W

= 10 pop : 75 = "
* directional : specifies relationship ( greater , lower , higher ) sample : 20
sample : 25

* non -
directional :
states relationship ,
not specified
0
vaccine hesitancy is greater among those from rural areas from urban area →
systematic sampling wt a random start → better
IV ↳ directional
\ Devnuiponment POP : IN
= 5 ex . 28 → It ) 5 : mm , 38 .
. .

o people coming from low socioeconomic status and abusive tends to commit suicide sample : do

✓ alternative ; complex IV W DV

✓ directional
B. NON PROBABILITY/ NON-RANDOM
0
private and public health facilities have equal population satisfaction r t) list

✓ null hypothesis ✓ no equal chance to be selected

0
childhood experience of abuse affects teenagers perception towards alcohol abuse ✓ T bias

IV direct DV
non convenience 1 accidental sampling participate
-

i.
:
whoever is available and agrees to

alternative ; simple ; non -

direct =
heterogenous : + bias
-
no uniformity
: convenience sampling
2. quota sampling starts WI
50 girl
ERRORS IN HYPOTHESIS set limit in terms of not . Or participation 90 boy

type 1 :
reject Mt significant 4) p Value -

→ reject significant hypothesis purposive 1 image

3. judgmental : mental of potential respondents
type 2 :
accept NH and false nH f) p -
value →
accept non significant hypothesis selection based on knowledge or researcher

ltype / network
"
value 0.4 accepted a error ) snowball 1st
Identify
"
✓ : seed person
-

p 4 .

↳ ↳ refer other
not significant possible respondents

5. theoretical / Thematic :
spec themes
. on sample
VARIABLES -

used in ground theory /behaviour)

✓ IV :
presumed cause

✓ Dv :
presumed effect SAMPLING COMPUTATION
✓ extraneous variables : limit extraneous variable by matching ( pair demographics or . H 9) 1 .
slovin 's formula
control
n N :
population
n =

→
blinding technique : single blind only respondents not aware (I + He 2) e :
sample

double blind respondent -1 researcher ltanonimily ) n : margin of error

population : noo n
" =
✓
continuous variable :
infinite → w/ decimal values margin of error : 5.1 . it ne '

✓ discrete variable :
finite → whole number

✓ categorical 1 dichotomous variable : discrete variable i non -

numerical lsex gender) . noo noo ""
n, n , ^ " = 171 . 43
✓ demographic variable / attribute variable : characteristics [ It ( moot 10.0517 it lnoollo.ms ) 1. 7g +

171
→
can be extraneous variables

* the use of diary decreases burnout among nursing professors .

CRITERIA OF GOOD INSTRUMENT
IV dv
intervention sample 1 validity : accuracy / appropriateness op instrument

✓ Face validity : appearance content validity : meets objs .

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE r does it measure what it intends to measure ? Of the study
✓ last 5 years 2 .
reliability :
consistency of result

✓ to know what is already known r does it yield similar result

purpose : or same

novelty : new sources 01: knowledge } .

sensitivity : is it able to detect fine differences

source ✓ pre
-

testing :
involves instrument / tool

i. primary : directly from e- researcher

✓ pilot testing
: mini -

research ; to solve potential problems that may be encoun

a. secondary :
internet ,
book , journals , publications dry run 1 tered during actual implementation
dress rehearsals
MIXED DESIGNS qualitquanli
1. concurrent research design :
simultaneous use of qualitative + Uuanlitive approach DATA COLLECTION METHOD SUBO

2.
explanatory :
gather data quantitative 1 .
self -

report : questionnaires or interviews

analysis qualitative types :

3.
exploratory
:
qualitative quanta live a. structured -

prepared list of questions however follow up questions are not

Gather analyze
allowed
experience *
qualitative : phenomenology lexp ) .

quaniilive :
descriptive lowest b. semi -
structured prepared list of questions allowed to follow -

up

ethnography culture correlational possibilities c. unstructured no prepared list of questions

grounded theory behavior quasi -
exp f) randomization

historical past experiment ( rets ) It randomization ) 2 .

use of existing data
case nude in depth ✓ record review

✓ documentary review ex .
bp , temp , pulse Valli
SAMPLE
represents (G) representativeness pupil dilation . muscle then nth .

→
respondents / subjects target population DD
ii. wala . study population 3 . biophysical data 1 measurement T
member of the subset OF a population :
subjects / respondents ✓ in -

vivo : present biologically with e- subj .

→ can be quantified in place 9

↳ SUBJECTS w/out
f) laboratory vital sign, the need for extracting specimen
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE ✓ in -
vitro : laboratory
1.
probability 1 random : H ) list 1+7 laboratory → those that can only be quantified from an
extracted specimen such as blood saliva ,
equal chance to be selected 4 . observation :
behaviour
,

→ less bias sputum ,

urine ,
/ tool , or CSF .

:
a. simple random fishbowl technique , draw lots , lottery
-

like

3. stratified random : strata group / categorize of similar value

equal representation i a) minority group

I
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
1. nominal :
non numerical

categorized
2. ordinal :
non
-

numerical mild , moderate , severe

rank I order independent , semi , dependently

eldest , youngest ,
middle

3. Interval : numerical data i no absolute 0 G.ero )

zero does not mean absence , other definition

4. ratio : numerical with absolute zero i variable hat HN value , then the variable is nm -

existent / absent 4 levels

absence Highest among the of
measurement
ten means .

boos quantitative and allows for numeric

computation .

STATISTICAL TREATMENT
i. Descriptive statistics :
measures of central tendency it 2 2 44 5 5 67 99

5 8 9 14 2 4 67 19 2 45
mean :
computational average
median : :

6÷
exact middle score mean
= 4.84

mode :
frequently occurring live quench
mode ! 12495
median : 5

☒ even : add 2 scores in middle then divide

by 2

9765 42 6 + 5 5.5
=

MEASURES OF VARIABILITY DISPERSION

1. range 1 highest score lowest score )
-

2. standard deviation

3. Variance

Frequency Of table

Inferential statistics uses data for future occurrences

✓ Pearson R similarity
-

comparing relationships i similarity of both groups

v t -

test differences
compare differences bet .
groups

2 groups

✓ anova difference of more than 2

analysis of variants ; differences 01: more than 2 groups

✓ cni square nominal data

qualitative data ; association using nominal data

✓ spearman rno ordinal

ordinal data

RESEARCH MISCONDUCT
1. Plagiarism ! taking e- idea / work OF others as your own .

2. Fabrication : making up own data

3. Falsification : manipulation of data

TRUSTWORTHINESS OF RESEARCH
credibility : similar reali ability

comparability : objectivity ( no bias )

transferability : able to be transferred

translated into practice

RESEARCH REPORT

HAWTHORNE EFFECT
that is caused his
→ unnatural change in behaviour of
participant by
awareness of being observed by e- researcher . This increases the

bias of e- study by distorting e- accuracy of e- data gathered

by e- researcher .