RESEARCH ETHICS

These include the design and

implementation of research involving
human & animal experimentation,
various aspects of scientific
misconduct (fraud, falsification,
fabrication of data).
Involves the application of
ethical principles to a variety of
topics involving research especially
scientific research.
 FALSIFICATION 
MANIPULATING RESEARCH MATERIALS,
EQUIPMENT, OR PROCESSES OR
CHANGING OR OMITTING DATA OR
RESULTS SUCH THAT THE RESEARCH IS
NOT ACCURATELY REPRESENTED IN THE
RESEARCH RECORD. IN SCIENCE, IT IS
DEFINED AS PUBLISHING OR REPORTING
MISLEADING FACTS ASSOCIATED WITH
A STUDY, RESEARCH OR
EXPERIMENTATION.

FABRICATION 
IS MAKING UP RESULTS AND
RECORDING OR REPORTING THEM. IT IS
LITERALLY MAKING UP DATA.
Ethics in research are very
important when you're going to
conduct an experiment.

Ethics should be applied on all Cease . . . investigation

stages of research, such as if:
planning, conducting and

the risks are found to

evaluating a research project.
outweigh the

potential benefits,
The first thing to do before or
designing a study is to consider there is conclusive
the potential cost and benefits proof of positive and
of the research. beneficial results
 ETHICAL STANDARDS
INTEGRITY

THE PROJECT SHOULD REFLECT

INDEPENDENT RESEARCH
DONE BY THE STUDENT(S) AND
BE FREE OF FRAUDULENT DATA
AND/OR PLAGIARISM AND
REPRESENT ONLY ONE YEAR
WORK.
 ETHICAL STANDARDS
LEGALITY

COMPLIANCE WITH ALL FEDERAL,

STATE AND LOCAL LAWS AND
REGULATIONS IS ESSENTIAL.
IT MUST ALSO ADHERE TO THE
LAWS OF THE
COUNTRY AND JURISDICTION IN
WHICH THE PROJECT WAS
PERFORMED.

 ETHICAL STANDARDS
RESPECT FOR
CONFIDENTIALITY
CONFIDENTIAL COMMUNICATIONS,
AS WELL AS PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, AND
OTHER FORMS OF INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY MUST BE HONORED.
UNPUBLISHED DATA, METHODS, OR
RESULTS MAY NOT BE USED WITHOUT
PERMISSION, AND CREDIT MUST BE
GIVEN FOR ALL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE
RESEARCH.
 ETHICAL STANDARDS
STEWARDSHIP OF THE
ENVIRONMENT
IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE
RESEARCHER AND THE ADULTS
INVOLVED TO PROTECT THE
ENVIRONMENT FROM HARM.
INTRODUCTION OR DISPOSAL OF
NATIVE, GENETICALLY ALTERED, AND/OR
INVASIVE SPECIES, (E.G. INSECTS,
PLANTS, INVERTEBRATES, VERTEBRATES),
PATHOGENS, TOXIC CHEMICALS OR
FOREIGN SUBSTANCES INTO THE
ENVIRONMENT IS PROHIBITED.
 ETHICAL STANDARDS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF
RISKS
ALL PROJECTS INVOLVE SOME
AMOUNT OF RISK. EVERYONE IS
EXPECTED TO RECOGNIZE THE
HAZARDS, ASSESS THE RISKS,
MINIMIZE THE RISKS, AND PREPARE
FOR EMERGENCIES.

AREAS OF RESEARCH
ETHICS
 1. HONESTY
HONESTY MEANS THAT YOU NEED TO
REPORT YOUR RESEARCH HONESTLY, AND
THAT THIS APPLIES TO YOUR METHODS
(WHAT YOU DID), YOUR DATA, YOUR
RESULTS, AND WHETHER YOU HAVE
PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED ANY OF IT. YOU
SHOULD NOT MAKE UP ANY DATA,
INCLUDING EXTRAPOLATING
UNREASONABLY FROM SOME OF YOUR
RESULTS, OR DO ANYTHING WHICH COULD
BE CONSTRUED AS TRYING TO MISLEAD
ANYONE. IT IS BETTER TO UNDERSELL THAN
OVER-EXAGGERATE YOUR FINDINGS.
 2. BE OPEN

YOU SHOULD ALWAYS BE PREPARED TO

SHARE YOUR DATA AND RESULTS,
ALONG WITH ANY NEW TOOLS THAT YOU
HAVE DEVELOPED, WHEN YOU PUBLISH
YOUR FINDINGS, AS THIS HELPS TO
FURTHER KNOWLEDGE AND ADVANCE
SCIENCE. YOU SHOULD ALSO BE OPEN
TO CRITICISM AND NEW IDEAS.

 3. OBJECTIVITY

YOU SHOULD AIM TO AVOID BIAS IN

ANY ASPECT OF YOUR RESEARCH,
INCLUDING DESIGN, DATA
ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION, AND
PEER REVIEW
4. CAREFULNESS

BE CAREFUL IN CARRYING OUT YOUR

RESEARCH TO AVOID CARELESS
MISTAKES. YOU SHOULD ALSO REVIEW
YOUR WORK CAREFULLY AND CRITICALLY
TO ENSURE THAT YOUR RESULTS ARE
CREDIBLE. IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT TO KEEP
FULL RECORDS OF YOUR RESEARCH. IF
YOU ARE ASKED TO ACT AS A PEER
REVIEWER, YOU SHOULD TAKE THE TIME TO
DO THE JOB EFFECTIVELY AND FULLY.
 5. RESPECT FOR INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY

YOU SHOULD NEVER PLAGIARIZE, OR

COPY OTHER PEOPLE’S WORK AND TRY
TO PASS IT OFF AS YOUR OWN. YOU
SHOULD ALWAYS ASK FOR PERMISSION
BEFORE USING OTHER PEOPLE’S TOOLS
OR METHODS, UNPUBLISHED DATA OR
RESULTS.
 6. RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION

YOU SHOULD PUBLISH TO ADVANCE TO

STATE OF RESEARCH AND KNOWLEDGE,
AND NOT JUST TO ADVANCE YOUR
CAREER. THIS MEANS, IN ESSENCE, THAT
YOU SHOULD NOT PUBLISH ANYTHING
THAT IS NOT NEW, OR THAT
DUPLICATES SOMEONE ELSE’S WORK.

 A. REPLACE VERTEBRATE ANIMALS WITH

INVERTEBRATES, LOWER LIFE FORMS,
TISSUE/CELL CULTURES AND/OR
COMPUTER SIMULATIONS WHERE
POSSIBLE.

B. REDUCE THE NUMBER OF ANIMALS

WITHOUT COMPROMISING STATISTICAL
4 R'S VALIDITY.

C. REFINE THE EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL

TO MINIMIZE PAIN OR DISTRESS TO THE
ANIMALS.

D. RESPECT ANIMALS AND THEIR

CONTRIBUTION TO RESEARCH.