Alumno: Jesus Guzman

C.I: 30.604.317

Asignatura: Ingles II

Facultad de Ingeniería

Basic Electronic Terms

Basic terms

Current Circuit
An electric current is a flow of electric charge around a circuit. The charge is
already in the wires (carried by billions of tiny particles called electrons). This
charge is evenly spread out through the wires.

Voltage Circuit
Voltage is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that
pushes charged electrons (current) through a conducting loop, enabling them to
do work such as illuminating a light. In brief, voltage = pressure, and it is
measured in volts (V).

Common Mode Voltage

Technically, a common-mode voltage is one-half the vector sum of
the voltages from each conductor of a balanced circuit to local ground or
common.

Series mode voltage

An unwanted alternating voltage appearing in series between the output
terminals and the load.
 Types of Instruments

Direct-acting instrument
When using On/Off control with a Direct acting output means the output
turns on above setpoint. With Proportional outputs the output power will increase
as the process increases. This is used for cooling applications. As the temperature
decreases, the output turns off or decreases in power. With Direct acting outputs,
the output power response is in the same direction of the temperature change so
that as the temperature increases the output power increases.

Indirect-acting instrument
When using On/Off control with an Indirect acting output means the output
turns off above setpoint. With Proportional outputs the output power will decrease
as the process increases. This is used for heating applications. As the temperature
increases, the output power turns off or decreases in power. With Indirect acting
outputs, the output power response is opposite of the temperature change. Indirect
action is also referred to as Reverse action.

Instrument with suppressed zero

Zero suppression is the removal of redundant zeroes from a number. This
can be done for storage, page or display space constraints or formatting reasons,
such as making a letter more legible.

Expanded scale instrument

The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) is a method of quantifying
disability in multiple sclerosis and monitoring changes in the level of disability over
time.
Astatic Instrument
An instrument in which the measuring mechanism is constructed with an ast
atic arrangement, reducing the influence of external magnetic fields to acceptable li
mits. Two similar moving parts (such as electromagnetic windings) are mounted si
milarly together on a common axis; when magnetic fields act on them, torques are
developed in mutually.

Instrument with locking device

A locking device is a mechanical component that prevents mated shafts and
other machine elements from moving out of position when subjected to external
forces. Operating conditions such as initial installation error, temperature
variations, vibration and others can all cause issues. These are critical
components.

Instrument with contacts

An electrical contact is an electrical circuit component found in electrical
switches, relays, connectors and circuit breakers. Each contact is a piece of
electrically conductive material, typically metal.

Detecting instruments
Detection Instruments provides the most comprehensive product offering,
experience and support to provide the best solutions for gas detection applications.

Analogue (measuring) instrument

The analogue device is defined as the device whose output is the
continuous function of time and they have a constant relation to the input.
Digital (measuring) instrument
The instruments that are used to express the measuring quantity in numeric
format is known as Digital Instruments. A digitized information is somewhat easy to
be handled and transmitted thus widely preferred nowadays. Quantization is the
basis of working of a digital instrument.

Recording (measuring) instrument

The voltmeter, thermoscope, ECG machine, galvanometer recorder are the
examples of the recording instrument. The indicating instrument records a
continuous reading, but they require an observer for continuously observing the
variations in readings.

Oscilloscope
An oscilloscope (informally a scope) is a type of electronic test instrument
that graphically displays varying electrical voltages as a two-dimensional plot of
one or more signals as a function of time.

Oscillograph
An oscillograph is a tool used to measure electric current and voltage, and in
general there are two main types: those that are electromagnetic and those that
are built around cathode rays. Electromagnetic models are simpler and tend to be
less common, though a lot depends on the use. The tool in both its forms has wide
use in engineering, telecommunications, and medicine — basically anywhere
where accurate measurements of electrical outputs are important.

Integrating (measuring) instrument

An integrating instrument is an analog device which is used to measure the
total energy supplied by the circuit in a given amount of time and is independent of
total energy consumed. Example: The best example of integrating systems is the
watt-hour meter.
Measuring transducer (with electrical output)
Transducers are devices that convert energy from one form to another.
Transducers are all around us. An example most of us are familiar with includes
microphones and loudspeakers. When we think about transducers, there are two
basic types to think about. An input transducer is a sensor, and an output
transducer is an actuator. An input transducer, or sensor, responds to a change in
the environment and converts it into an electrical signal which can be read. In our
microphone example, the microphone takes physical sound waves and turns those
into an electrical signal which is transferred through wires to the amplifier.

Telemeasuring equipment
Telemeters are the physical devices used in telemetry. It consists of a
sensor, a transmission path, and a display, recording, or control device. Electronic
devices are widely used in telemetry and can be wireless or hard-wired, analog or
digital.

Fixed (measuring) instrument

Fixed-type gauges are used to indicate whether a given dimension is larger
or smaller than the standard. They may be of hard steel, soft steel, or glass.
Sometimes chrome plating or tungsten-carbide coatings are used to prevent wear.

Portable (measuring) instrument

Portable instruments, usually equipped to also measure current and
resistance in the form of a multimeter, are standard test instruments used in
electrical and electronics work.

Single range (measuring) instrument

The measuring range is the range of measured values for a measurand, in
which defined, agreed, or guaranteed error limits are not exceeded. It is delimited
by a lower and an upper measuring range limit that define the measuring span.
Measured values are used in metrology.
Multi range (measuring) instrument
A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a volt/ohm meter or VOM, is an
electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in
one unit. Digital multimeters are measuring instruments that can measure
quantities such as voltage, current, and resistance. Measured values are shown on
a digital display, allowing them to be read easily and directly, even by first-time
users.

Single Function (measuring) instument

We can describe as a single function instrumen, for example, the ruler. The
ruler is a long measuring instrument that is used to measure the length of an
object. Generally, rulers are made of iron, mica or wood. This measuring
instrument is commonly used by the community and is even considered a
necessity for children at school. There are 10 cm- to 100 cm-length rulers. The
most common length for a ruler is 30 cm. The roll meter is also a single function
instrument, since those instruments are a single piece. The roll meter is an
instrument for measuring the length of an object. This tool is similar to a ruler,
except that the roll meter has a longer measuring distance of up to 50 meters. This
tool is used in the furniture industry to measure wood or planks for furniture. There
is also a roll meter measuring up to 100 meters, but the shape is slightly different
from the picture above.

Multi-function (measuring) instrument

A multifunction measuring instrument enables you to determine important
climate parameters, such as CO₂, air humidity, air temperature and absolute
pressure, reliably and precisely. A measuring instrument of this kind goes far
beyond a classic hygrometer which is purely for the determination of humidity.

Multimeter
A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a volt/ohm meter or VOM, is an
electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in
one unit.
Measuring instrument with circuit control devices
What are the main electrical measuring instruments? Galvanometer:
indicates the intensity of the flow of electric current through a circuit. Voltmeter:
used to measure the potential difference between two points of a closed electrical
circuit or the electromotive force of a battery.

Differential measuring instrument

Differential pressure gauges measure the difference between two pressures.
They are suitable for the monitoring of filter contamination, for level measurement
in closed vessels, for overpressure measurement in clean rooms, for flow
measurement of gaseous and liquid media and for the control of pumping plants.

Summation instrument
Differential pressure gauges measure the difference between two pressures.
They are suitable for the monitoring of filter contamination, for level measurement
in closed vessels, for overpressure measurement in clean rooms, for flow
measurement of gaseous and liquid media and for the control of pumping plants.

Ratio-meter
A Ratiometer type temperature indicating system consists of a sensing
element and a moving-coil indicator, which unlike the conventional type has two
coils moving together in a permanent-magnet field of non-uniform strength.

Reference source
Reference sources are most useful when you are beginning to work on a
topic and need to acquire some background knowledge about it.

Bridge
Bridges are often used for the precision measurement of component values,
like resistance, inductance, capacitance, etc.
Potentiometer
A potentiometer measures the unknown voltage by comparing it with a
known voltage source rather than by the actual deflection of the pointer. This
ensures a high degree of accuracy. As a potentiometer measures using null or
balance condition, hence no power is required for the measurement.

Voltage divider
In electronics, a voltage divider is a passive linear circuit that produces an
output voltage (Vout) that is a fraction of its input voltage (Vin).

Thermal instrument
Thermal Instrument is a manufacturer of mass flow meters that offer
accurate, repeatable, and dependable measurements of liquids and gases for both
industrial and environmental processes.

Bimetallic instrument
A bimetallic thermometer is a temperature measurement device. It converts
the media's temperature into mechanical displacement using a bimetallic strip. The
bimetallic strip consists of two different metals having different coefficients of
thermal expansion.

Thermocouple instrument
Thermocouple, also called thermal junction, thermoelectric thermometer, or
thermel, a temperature-measuring device consisting of two wires of different metals
joined at each end. One junction is placed where the temperature is to be
measured, and the other is kept at a constant lower temperature.
Rectifier instrument
Rectifier type instruments are used for measurement of AC voltages and
currents by employing a rectifier element. This rectifier converts AC to a
unidirectional DC and then using a meter responsive to DC to indicate the value of
rectified AC. The indicating instrument is PMMC instrument which has a linear
scale.

Vibrating reed instrument

Reed instrument, in music, any of several wind instruments (aerophones)
that sound when the player's breath or air from a wind chamber causes a reed (a
thin blade of cane or metal) to vibrate, thereby setting up a sound wave in an
enclosed air column (in reed pipes) or in the open air (usually free reeds).

Spectrum analyzer
A spectrum analyzer measures the magnitude of an input signal versus
frequency within the full frequency range of the instrument.

Wave analyzer
The waveform analyzer is a very intuitive, fast and fully automatic
aberrometer.

Stabilized supply
A stabilised power supply is one that is designed to produce a constant
output voltage in spite of a change in the input voltage (a.c.), a change in the load
current or a change in ambient temperature.

Signal generator (for measuring purposes)

Standard signal generators are often used to measure the functional
properties and performance of electronic devices such as radio receivers.
Comparator
A comparator consists of a specialized high-gain differential amplifier.

Reflectometer
In electronics, a directional coupler containing matched calibrated detectors
in both arms of the auxiliary line, or a pair of single-detector couplers oriented so
as to measure the electrical power flowing in both directions in the main line.

Network analyzer
A network analyzer is an instrument that measures the network parameters
of electrical networks. Today, network analyzers commonly measure s–parameters
because reflection and transmission of electrical networks are easy to measure at
high frequencies, but there are other network parameter sets such as y-
parameters, z-parameters, and h-parameters. Network analyzers are often used to
characterize two-port networks such as amplifiers and filters, but they can be used
on networks with an arbitrary number of ports.

Accesories

Accessory (of a measuring instrument)

Adjustment device for regular adjustment of the sound level meter.
 Component parts

Electrical zero adjuster

A “zero” adjustment is always achieved by adding or subtracting some
quantity, just like the -intercept term adds or subtracts to the product . A “span”
adjustment is always achieved by multiplying or dividing some quantity, just like the
slope forms a product with our input variable.

Moving element
A moving element, is one that is moving through time.

Physical characteristics

Deflecting torque
The deflecting torque is produced by the electromagnetic action of the
current in the coil and the magnetic field. When the torques are balanced, the
moving coil will stop, and its angular deflection represents the amount of electrical
current to be measured against a fixed reference, called a scale.

Restoring torque
The torque which rises to return an object (twisted, rotating, etc.) to its
original orientation is the restoring torque. The oscillations of a simple pendulum is
a very good example of effects of restoring torque.
Braking torque
Brake torque is a way to measure the pressure exerted on the brake shoes
and/or the rotors when slowing down or stopping the rotation of the wheels. A
vehicle needs brake torque to come to a stop. When you apply your brakes, the
brake calipers press the pads against the brake rotors. This stops or slows down
the rotors. When that happens, the axle and wheels stop or slow down accordingly.
The amount of force used to slow the rotors is called brake torque.

Damping torque
Damping torque is a physical process of controlling a system's movement
through producing motion that opposes the natural oscillation of a system.

Electrical characteristics

Critical resistance
Resistor is an electronic component designed to cause a voltage drop to
Flow electricity at a given point, ie. In other words, it opposes the passage of
current in an electronic circuit, its magnitude of resistance depends on its amount
of ohm [Ω] (Unit of measure of resistance).

Rated insulation voltaje

The insulation voltage or rated voltage of a cable is the reference voltage
value for which it has been designed. That is, the maximum value of phase-earth
voltaje (U0) and phase-phase (U) that the insulation of the conductor supports
without deteriorating.
Insulation test voltaje
The INSULATION RESISTANCE test consists of applying voltaje between
the electrodes and measuring the current flowing through the circuit. The test
equipment is made up of a direct current source and a meter of the current flowing
through the circuit, as illustrated in the diagram.

Load characteristic
A characteristic of charges is that charges with the same sign repel each
other, while charges with different signs attract each other. Electric charge is a
physical property of some subatomic particles that manifests itself through forces
of attraction and repulsion between them.

Stabilization
Electronic Image Stabilization (EIS) provides a smooth video image in
situations where the camera is subject to vibration. The result? Clear and precise
images, even in scenes with a lot of movement.

Attenuation
In telecommunications, the attenuation of a signal, be it acoustic, electrical
or optical, is called the loss of power suffered by it when transiting through any
transmission medium. For example, the attenuation of sound is the distribution of
energy from wave between an increasing volume of air.

Gain of a measuring instrument

In electronics, gain is a measure of the ability of a two-port circuit (often an
amplifier) to increase the power or amplitude of a signal from the input to the output
port by adding energy converted from some power supply to the signal. It is usually
defined as the mean ratio of the signal amplitude or power at the output port to the
amplitude or power at the input port. It is often expressed using the logarithmic
decibel (dB) units ("dB gain"). A gain greater than one (greater than zero dB), that
is amplification, is the defining property of an active component or circuit, while a
passive circuit will have a gain of less than one.

Asymmetrical input
Asymmetric inputs are attached to either the minus (-) or plus (+) strips of
the symbol. The common inputs which effect both the transitions are connected to
the centre of the symbol. When transitioning from zero to one, the C-element will
take into account the common and the asymmetric plus inputs.

Asymmetrical output
The term asymmetric light output is the term to describe a system where
light is directed sideways (or in an asymmetric pattern). Symmetrical lighting in
comparison spreads the light equally in all directions.

Symmetrical input & Symmetrical output

A symmetric input-output table is a product by product or industry by
industry matrix describing the domestic production processes and the transactions
in products of the national economy in great detail. A symmetric input-output table
rearranges both supply and use in a single table. There is one major conceptual
difference between a symmetric input-output table and a combined supply and use
table: in the supply and use table, the statistics relate products to industries, while
in the symmetric input-output table the statistics relate products to products or
industries to industries. So, in a symmetric input-output table either a product or an
industry classification is employed for both rows and columns.

Differential input circuit

Differential inputs measure the voltage between two distinct input signals. A
differential input better resists electromagnetic interference (EMI) than does a
single-ended input. Most EMI noise induced in one lead is also induced in the
other.
Earthed input circuit
Earthing is used to protect you from an electric shock. It does this by
providing a path (a protective conductor) for a fault current to flow to earth. It also
causes the protective device (either a circuit-breaker or fuse) to switch off the
electric current to the circuit that has the fault.

Earthed output circuit

In electrical engineering, ground or earth is a reference point in an electrical
circuit from which voltages are measured, a common return path for electric
current, or a direct physical connection to the Earth.

Floating input circuit

If an input is floating, it will be "high impedance". Therefore it will be flipping
up and down at random, perhaps picking up stray RF etc. So tie the pin to ground
or rail and it can't do that. Leaving an input floating is a recipe for much
unhappiness.

Floating output circuit

A floating output is a power supply or DC/DC output that is ungrounded and
not referenced to another output. Floating outputs are typically fully isolated and
may be referenced as either positive or negative by the user.

Input and output circuits with isolated

Also referred to as the input to output isolation voltage, it represents the
maximum voltage that can be applied across the Optocoupler, or other devices,
and still maintain the electrical isolation.
Common point
In electrical and electronic engineering, a node is a point where two or more
elements or branches of a closed circuit have a common connection. It
corresponds to a union of wires made of conductive material that have an electrical
resistance close to zero.

Input impedance
The input impedance of an electrical network is the equivalent impedance by
a power source connected to that network. If the source delivers a known value of
voltaje or current, such impedance can be calculated using Ohm;s law.

Output impedance
The output impedance of an electrical network is the measure of the
opposition to current flow (impedance), both static (resistance) and dynamic
(reactance), into the load network being connected that is internal to the electrical
source. The output impedance is a measure of the source's propensity to drop in
voltage when the load draws current, the source network being the portion of the
network that transmits and the load network being the portion of the network that
consumes. Because of this the output impedance is sometimes referred to as the
source impedance or internal impedance.

Impedance to earth
An earth loop impedance test is conducted to make sure that, if a fault
occurs in an electrical circuit, the fault current will strong be enough to set off the
circuit protection.

Common mode rejection ratio

Common mode rejection ratio is the measure of a device's ability to reject
the signal common to both the positive and negative device inputs. An amplifier's
ideal CMRR is infinite, and would produce no change in output with. changes to the
common mode voltage.
 Performance

Periodic and/or random deviation

In mathematics and statistics, deviation is a measure of the difference
between the observed value of a variable and some other value, often the mean of
that variable. The sign of the deviation informs about the direction of this difference
(the deviation is positive when the observed value exceeds the reference value).
The magnitude of the value indicates the size of the difference.

Ripple
In physics, a wave (from the Latin unda) consists of the propagation of a
disturbance of some property of space, for example, density, pressure, electric field
or magnetic field, involving energy transport without matter transport. The disturbed
space can contain matter (air, water, etc.) or not (empty).

Hum
The sound electricity makes is known as the "mains hum," and it happens
because of the way electricity is produced. The electricity that comes from power
plants uses alternating current (AC), so named because the current changes
direction, or alternates, many times per second. The number of times per second
the current alternates depends on the standard of the particular country (opens in
new tab).

Noise (for a measuring instrument)

A decibel meter is a measuring instrument used to assess noise or sound
levels by measuring sound pressure. Often referred to as a sound pressure level
(SPL) meter, decibel (dB) meter, noise meter or noise dosimeter, a sound level
meter uses a microphone to capture sound.
Fluctuations
A voltage flicker is a regular change in voltage that occurs when devices or
equipment that require a higher load are used.

Reliability (performance)
Reliability is an aspect of performance that refers to how consistently the
project management software does what it's supposed to. For example, if your
project management software takes an hour to run a basic report, there's a
performance issue.