666 CHAPTER 8 Analytic Trigonometry

CHAPTER REVIEW
Things to Know
Definitions of the six inverse trigonometric functions
p p
y = sin-1 x means x = sin y where - 1 … x … 1, - … y … (p. 605)
2 2

y = cos-1 x means x = cos y where - 1 … x … 1, 0 … y … p (p. 608)

p p
y = tan-1 x means x = tan y where - q 6 x 6 q, - 6 y 6 (p. 611)
2 2
p
y = sec-1 x means x = sec y where ƒ x ƒ Ú 1, 0 … y … p, y Z (p. 618)
2
p p
y = csc-1 x means x = csc y where ƒ x ƒ Ú 1, - … y … , y Z 0 (p. 618)
2 2

y = cot-1 x means x = cot y where - q 6 x 6 q, 0 6 y 6 p (p. 618)

Sum and Difference Formulas (pp. 640, 643, and 645)

cos1a + b2 = cos a cos b - sin a sin b cos1a - b2 = cos a cos b + sin a sin b

sin1a + b2 = sin a cos b + cos a sin b sin1a - b2 = sin a cos b - cos a sin b
tan a + tan b tan a - tan b
tan1a + b2 = tan1a - b2 =
1 - tan a tan b 1 + tan a tan b

Double-angle Formulas (pp. 652 and 653)

2 tan u
sin12u2 = 2 sin u cos u cos12u2 = cos2 u - sin2 u tan12u2 =
1 - tan2 u
cos12u2 = 2 cos2 u - 1 cos12u2 = 1 - 2 sin2 u

Half-angle Formulas (pp. 656 and 658)

a 1 - cos a a 1 + cos a a 1 - cos a
sin2 = cos2 = tan2 =
2 2 2 2 2 1 + cos a

a 1 - cos a a 1 + cos a a 1 - cos a 1 - cos a sin a

sin = ; cos = ; tan = ; = =
2 A 2 2 A 2 2 A 1 + cos a sin a 1 + cos a
a
where the + or - is determined by the quadrant of .
2

Product-to-Sum Formulas (p. 662)

1
sin a sin b = 3cos1a - b2 - cos1a + b24
2
1
cos a cos b = 3cos1a - b2 + cos1a + b24
2
1
sin a cos b = 3sin1a + b2 + sin1a - b24
2

Sum-to-Product Formulas (p. 663)

a + b a - b a - b a + b
sin a + sin b = 2 sin cos sin a - sin b = 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
a + b a - b a + b a - b
cos a + cos b = 2 cos cos cos a - cos b = -2 sin sin
2 2 2 2