I S0

I N TE RN ATI ON AL S TAN D ARD 7884- 4

Fi rst ed i t i on

1 987- 1 2- 1 5

I N TE RN ATI ON AL ORG AN I ZATI ON FOR STAN D ARD I ZATI ON

ORG AN I SATI ON I N TE RN ATI ON ALE DE N ORM ALI SATI ON

M E XJ J YH AP Of l H AR OP r AH M 3 A~ M R n0 C TAH ~ AP TM 3 A~ M M

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Gl ass - Vi scosi ty an d vi scometri c fi xed poi n ts -

Part 4 :

Determi n ati on of vi scosi ty by be am ben d i n g

Re f ere n ce n u mbe r

I S0 78 8 4- 4: 1 9 8 7 ( E)
Foreword

I S0 ( the I nternati onal Org an i zat i on for Stan dardi zat i on ) is a worl d wi d e federati on of

nati onal s tan dard s bod i es ( I S0 m e m be r bodi es) . Th e work of prepari n g I nternati on al

St an d ards is n ormal l y carri ed ou t th rou g h I S0 techn i cal commi t t ees . E ach m em be r

bod y i n terested in a su bj ect for wh i ch a tech n i cal comm i t t ee h as been establ i sh ed h as

th e ri g ht to be represen t ed on that commi t t ee. I nternati onal org an i zati on s, g overn -

men t al an d n on - g overn men t al , in l i ai son wi th I SO, al so take part in th e work.

Draft I ntern ati onal St an d ard s adopt ed by th e tech n i cal com mi t t ees are ci rcu l ated to

th e m e m be r bodi es for approval before thei r accept an ce as I ntern ati onal St an d ard s by

th e I S0 Cou nci l . Th ey are approved in accordan ce wi th I S0 procedu res requ i ri n g at

l east 75 % approval by th e m e m ber bodi es voti ng .

I nternati onal St an d ard I S0 7884- 4 was prepared by Tech n i cal Com mi t t ee I SO/TC 48,

Laboratory g l ass ware an d rel ated apparatu s.

U s ers sh ou l d n ot e that al l I nternati on al St an d ard s u n derg o revi si on from t i me to t i me

an d that an y referen ce m ad e h erei n to an y oth er I nternati on al St an d ard i mpl i es i ts

l atest edi ti on, u n l es s oth erwi s e stated.

0 I nternati on al Org an i zat i on for Stan dardi zati on . 1 987 l

Pri n ted in Swi tzerl an d

 I N TERN ATI ON AL STAN D ARD I S0 7884- 4 : 1 9 87 ( E)

G l ass - Vi scosi t y an d vi scomet ri c fi xed poi n t s -

Part 4 :

Det ermi n at i on of vi scosi t y by be am ben d i n g

0 I n trod u cti on vi scosi t y is possi bl e on l y wi t h N ewt on i an or l i n ear- vi scoel asti c

beh avi ou r of th e g l ass. Th e proced u res are sen si t i ve to i n terferen ce by

I n tern ati on al St an d ard I S0 7664, Gl as s - Vi scosi t y an d devi tri fi cati on of th e sampl e. Wi t h vi scosi t i es above 1 01 2 d Pa. s th e ad -

j u st men t of th e st ru ctu re eq u i l i bri u m wi th i n th e g l ass is percept i bl y

vi scomet ri c fi xed poi n t s, con si st s of the fol l owi n g separate

d el ayed wi th respect to the temperat u re setti n g . For tests wi th i n th i s

parts:

ran g e it sh ou l d be ag reed wh et h er it i s n ecessary to wai t for th e fi n al

eq u i l i bri u m vi scosi t y at a g i ven t emperat u re or to t ake the vi scosi t y

Part 7: Pri n ci pl es f or d e&mi n i n g vi scosi t y an d vi scomet ri c

val u e correspon d i n g to a con ven t i on al t emperat u re- t i me pro g ramme

fi xed poi n t s.

( see 6. 3) .

Part 2: Det ermi n at i o n of vi scosi ty by rot at i on vi scomet ers.

Part 3: Det ermi n at i o n of vi scosi ty by fi bre el on g at i on 2 Ref eren ce

vi scomet er.

I EC Pu bl i cat i on 664- 1 , Th er mo co u pl e s - Part 1 : Re f e re n ce

Part 4: Det ermi n at i o n of vi scosi ty by b e am ben d i n g . t abl es.

Part 5: Det ermi n at i o n of wo rki n g poi n t by si n ki n g bar

vi scomet er.
3 Pri n ci pl e

Part 6: Det ermi n at i o n of so f t en i n g poi n t .

3. 1 Be ams

Part 7: Det ermi n at i on of an n eal i n g poi n t an d st rai n poi n t by

b e am ben d i n g . For th i s test proced u re, rod - sh aped test speci men s, cal l ed

beams, are prepared f rom the sampl e. Al on g th ei r l en g th I th ey

Part 8: Det ermi n at i on of fd i l atomet ri cl t ran s f ormat i on

h ave a con st an t cross- sect i on al area ( see fi g u re I) wh i ch m ay

t emperat u re. be

a) rectan g u l ar, of t h i ckn ess h, an d wi dt h b;

1 Sco pe an d fi el d of appl i cati on

b) ci rcu l ar, of d i amet er d.

Th i s part of I S0 7664 speci fi es a met h od of d et ermi n i n g th e

d yn ami c vi scosi t y of g l ass on a rod - sh aped test speci men

3. 2 Su pports, s pan

. ( cal l ed a beam) su pport ed at i ts en d s. Th e vi scou s defl ecti on

rate of the be am is meas u red u n d er a g i ven l oad at th e mi d poi n t Th e be am is pl aced h ori zon tal l y on t wo su pport s; the be am axi s

bet ween th e su pports. In addi ti on th e vi scosi t y- t emperat u re an d th e su pport s are perpen d i cu l ar.

rel ati on sh i p an d th e d epen d en ce of th e vi scosi t y on th e t h ermal

For rectan g u l ar cross- sect i on be ams th e su pport s are h ori zon -

h i st ory of th e s ampl e can be d et ermi n ed .

tal an d h ave strai g h t ed g es.

Th e vi scosi t y ran g e covered by th i s met h od ext en d s f rom 1 0s to

For ci rcu l ar cross- sect i on be am s the su pport ed g es m ay be

1 01 5 d Pas* , correspon d i n g to measu ri n g t emperat u res be-

semi - ci rcl es or n ot ch es.

t ween abou t 900 an d 400 “C for al l g l asses of n ormal bu l k-

produ ct i on composi t i on s.
Th e d i stan ce is bet ween th e su pport s is cal l ed the span . Th e

be am j u ts ou t on l y l i ttl e beyon d th e su pports, sati sfyi n g eq u a-

Th e proced u res are l i mi t ed to s mal l defl ecti on s an d to s mal l

ti on (I ) :
d efl ecti on rates ( see 3. 6) .

N OTE - Du ri n g be am ben d i n g , el on g ati on fl ows of both si g n s occu r

I,1 < L Q 1 .1 5 . . . (I )

( zero passag e wi th i n th e n eu tral pl an e) . Th e d et ermi n at i on of sh ear

‘S

dN. s
*
1 d Pas = 1 7 = 1 P

(P i s th e s ymbo l for poi se1

1
I S0 7884- 4 : 1 9 8 7 ( El

Cros s - s ect i on s of t h e be ams

A s u ppo rt s

Be ben d i n g ed g e , u n l o ad e d

B, ben d i n g ed g e , l o ad ed ( el ast i cal l y d e f o r me d be am)

B, ben d i n g ed g e , s ag g e d posi t i on Af af t er meas u ri n g t i me At CAf is the i n t erval be t we e n B, an d BP)

I b e am l en g t h

Is s pan ; posi t i on of ben d i n g ed g e at I s/2

Fc f o rce of th e l o ad

b b e am wi d t h
( rect an g u l ar cros s- sect i on )
h b e am t h i ckn ess 1

d b e am d i amet er ( ci rcu l ar cross - s ect i on )

Fi g u re 1 - Pri n ci pl e of vi scosi ty d et ermi n at i on by b e am ben d i n g

3. 3 Lo ad , l oad i n g pi eces, ben d i n g ed g e 3. 5 Fl ow

Th e l o ad con si st s of al l part s of the meas u ri n g d evi ce on wh i ch Wh e n th e f orce of th e l o ad ( d i s reg ard i n g th e d ead - wei g h t ) act s

g ravi t y act s to pr o d u ce a f o rce on the b e am by me an s of the u pon a b e am f ree f ro m d ef ect s an d s h o wi n g N e wt o n i an or

ben d i n g ed g e , i . e. th e l oad i n g pi eces ( vari abl e) an d the l oad i n g l i n ear- vi scoel ast i c beh avi ou r, an d al l el ast i c d ef o rmat i o n s af t er

ro d t o g et h er wi t h yo ke an d be n d i n g ed g e ( g i ven for the i n- appl yi n g the l o ad h ave f ad ed ou t an d t h e re u po n the s ag i s su ffi -

d i vi d u al me as u ri n g d evi ce) . Th e l o ad exert s a vert i cal l y ci en t l y smal l , the fl ow i s d es cri bed by eq u at i on ( 2) as fol l ows :

d o wn war d d i rect ed f orce Fs u po n the cen t ral cros s- s ect i on al

ar ea of the b e am ( d i s t an ce I s/2 f rom bo t h s u pport s ) . Th e be n d -

df 1 3,
Fo
i ng ed g e is h ori zon t al an d paral l el to the s u pport s . -= . . . ( 2)
dt 1 44 h a

3. 4 De ad - wei g h t
wh e re

Th e d ead - wei g h t s t ems f ro m the be am; it can b e t aken i nto ac-

dfl d t i s th e mi d poi n t d ef l ect i on rat e, wi t h wh i ch th e be n d -

co u n t by cal cu l at i on - see eq u at i o n s (1 3) to ( 1 5) . Wi t h i n the

i ng ed g e mo ve s d o wn war d ( s ee f i g u re I);
s pan , th e f orce of the d ead - wei g h t act s in the s am e sen se as

t h at of th e l oad . Th e d ead - wei g h t of the o ve rh an g i n g part s of

the b e am pr o d u ces a f orce co mpo n e n t o pp o s e d to the f orce of I, i s the cross- sect i on al m o me n t of i n ert i a of th e be am;

the l oad ; th i s part of the d ead - wei g h t can b e n eg l ect ed i f e q u a-

t i on (1 ) is res pect ed . 1 s i s the s pan ;

2
 I S0 78 8 4- 4 : 1 9 87 ( E)

q is th e d yn ami c vi sco si ty of th e g l ass. of th e be am cau sed by th e l oad an d - if n e ce ssary - th e

d efl ecti on s d u ri n g previ ou s fl o ws.

N OTE - Th e factor 1 44 co m pri se s th e Trou ton rati o 3 an d so m e i n-

teg rati on factors. Me asu ri n g d e vi ce s wi th q < 1 3 sh al l be ch e cke d by m e an s of a

be am mad e fro m a referen ce g l assI ) an d th e resu l ts em pi ri cal l y

Th e cross- secti on al momen t of i n erti a for be ams wi th a rec-

corrected , if n e ce ssary.

tan g u l ar cro ss- secti o n is d e scri bed by eq u ati on ( 3) :

Rel ati ve d efl ecti on s z > 0, 05 are n ot pe rmi ssi bl e . Be am s

d efl ected d o wn to th i s l i mi ti n g val u e may be tu rn ed over for a

I,= J$ . . .
fu rth er ru n ( se e al so 6. 3. 3) .

N OTE S
an d th at for be am s wi th a ci rcu l ar cro ss- se cti o n , by eq u ati on

( 4) : 1 Th e correcti n g cal cu l ati on s kn o wn fro m th e stati cs of an el asti c

be am wi th mod erate su pport rati os q L- 1 0 are su bj ect to th e con d i ti on

n d’, th at su pports are freel y mo vabl e ag ai n st on e an oth er i n th e d i recti on of

z, = - . . .
th e span . U si n g th e test set- u p th i s is n ot po ssi bl e for th e fl ow;
64
th erefore math e mati cal correcti on s are not avai l abl e.

Du ri n g th e me asu ri n g ti me At th e be am sag s be l o w th e ben d - 2 Th e d i me n si o n s an d l oad s re co mme n d e d in I S0 7884- 7 are taken

i ng ed g e for a d i stan ce Af. Th e vi sco si ty i s cal cu l ate d accord i n g i n to accou n t. In vi e w of a m o re u n i form temperatu re d i stri bu ti on ,

to eq u ati on ( 5) : sh orter be am s are proposed . Th e essen ti al d i fferen ce in co mpari so n

wi th I S0 7884- 7 i s th at:

a) vi sco si ti e s can be cal cu l ated fro m th e ben d i n g rates ( th erefore

( 5)
on l y con si d erabl y smal l e r rel ati ve mi d poi n t d efl ecti on s are ad mi t-

ted ) ;

b) th e vi sco si ty of th e d el i vered sampl e h avi n g i ts o wn th ermal

h i sto ry is d etermi n ed , if n e ce ssary ( th erefore th e sampl e is n ot

r~ is th e vi sco si ty in d eci pascal secon d s;

h eated up to 1 01 2 d Pas, an d fu rth ermore no vi sco si ti e s are d eter-

mi n ed for d ecreasi n g temperatu res) .

Af is th e sag of th e be am in m i l l i m e tre s d u ri n g measu ri n g

ti me At;

4 Apparatu s
Z, i s th e cro ss- se cti o n al momen t of i n erti a in m i l l i m e tre s to

th e fou rth power; Th e req u i remen ts for co mpo n e n ts of th e be am ben d i n g testi n g

d evi ce are g i ven in 4. 1 to 4. 6. Fi g u re 2 sh o ws an e xampl e of a

At is th e me asu ri n g ti me in seco n d s;
testi n g d e vi ce .

m is th e m as s of th e l oad in g rams;
4. 1 Vi sco m e te r fu rn ace

Is is th e span in mi l l i me tre s.
El e ctri cal l y h eated fu rn ace for temperatu res up to abou t

900 ‘ X. Th e i n trod u cti on of th ermo cou pl es for th e d etermi n a-

Wh e n cal cu l ati n g th e vi sco si t y it may be n e ce ssary to take cor-
ti on of temperatu re an d temperatu re d i stri bu ti on al on g th e
recti on s i n to acco u n t ( see 7. 1 to 7. 3) .
be am sh al l be possi bl e. Temperatu re d i fferen ces wi th i n th e

be am sh al l n ot e xce e d 1 OC.

3. 6 Ran g e of appl i cabi l i ty of th e si mpl i fi ed

Th e fu rn ace sh al l be con trol l ed by a d e vi ce for mai n tai n i n g a

cal cu l ati on s
con stan t temperatu re wi th i n + 1 ‘C or better wi th i n th e wo rk-

ing space of th e fu rn ace an d for th e ad j u stmen t of l i n ear

Eq u ati on s ( 2) an d ( 5) h ol d on l y for ve ry th i n be am s an d ve ry

temperatu re- ti me pro g ramme s wi th h eati n g rates up to

sm al l d efl ecti on s. Th at ran g e is ch aracteri zed by th e su pport

6 OC/mi n .
rati o q acco rd i n g to eq u ati on ( 6) or eq u ati on ( 7) :

Th e fu rn ace an d i ts con trol d e vi ce for th e temperatu re- ti me

q= $f pro g ramme sh al l be su ch th at th e fu rn ace, starti n g fro m a con -

. . .

stan t temperatu re l evel , reach e s th e req u i red h eati n g rate at th e

l atest 5 mi n afterward s an d mai n tai n s it to f 1 0 %.

1 , 21 5
4= - . . . ( 7)
d 4. 2 Temperatu re me asu ri n g an d i n d i cati n g

i n stru me n ts

an d al so by th e rel ati ve mi d po i n t d efl ecti on z:

4. 2. 1 Th e al u mi n a- i n su l ated pl ati n u m- 1 0 % rh od i u m/pl ati -

num ( type S accord i n g to I EC 564- l ) th ermoco u pl e s or n i cke l -

( 8)
ch ro mi u m/n i cke l ( type K accord i n g to I EC 564- l ) th ermo-

cou pl es sh al l exh i bi t l ow th ermal i n erti a ( th e d i ameter of th e

In eq u ati on ( 8) f is th e total mi d poi n t d efl ecti on of th e beam, wi re s sh ou l d be n ot g reater th an 0, 5 mm) . Th e wi re s sh al l h ave

i . e. f is th e su m of th e d efl ecti on Af d u ri n g th e measu ri n g ti me a su ffi ci en t l en g th wi th i n th e fu rn ace ( wi th respect to h eat con -

At accord i n g to eq u ati on ( 5) tog eth er wi th th e e l asti c d efl ecti on d u cti on al on g th e wi res) .

1 ) Se e for e xampl e I S0 7884- I : 1 987, an n ex B, “E xam p l e s of certi fi ed referen ce g l asse s for vi sco m e t ri c cal i brati on ”.

3
I S0 7 8 8 4- 4 : 1 9 8 7 ( El

5 6
/

h
\
I \
\
\
L\

1 Su ppo rt stan d , m ad e fro m vi tre o u s si l i ca 6 Te st sp e ci m e n ( be am)

2 Frame , m ad e fro m a su i tabl e te mperatu re - resi stan t l o w- 7 Lo cki n g ro d , m ad e fro m vi treo u s si l i ca

expan si o n me tal al l oy
8 Upper part of vi sco me te r fu rn ace : verti cal l y m o vabl e cap

3 su ppo r ts
9 Lo ad i n a ro d , m ad e fro m vi treo u s si l i ca

4 Lo cki n g co u n te rpo i se , m ad e fro m a su i tabl e te mpe ratu re -

A an d B : Hot j u n cti o n s of t h e rmo co u pl e s ( se e 4. 2 )
resi stan t l o w- e xpan si o n metal al l o y

5 Yo ke wi th be n d i n g edg e, l o cki n g ed g es an d su sp e n si o n of

th e l o ad i n g ro d , m ad e fro m a su i tabl e te mperatu re - resi stan t

l o w- e xpan si o n metal al l oy

Fi g u re 2 - E xam pl e of a testi n g d e vi ce for th e be am ben d i n g me th od

4
 I S0 78 8 4 - 4 : 1 9 8 7 ( El

4. 2 . 2 Co n tro l t h e rmo co u pl e s sh o u l d be l o cate d as cl o se as 4. 5 Load i n g d e vi ce

po ssi bl e to th e fu rn ace wi n d i n g s fo r fast r e sp o n se . Th e h ot

j u n cti o n of th e me asu re me n t th e rmo co u pl e s, h o we ve r, sh al l be

4. 5. 1 Yo ke an d l oad i n g rod
pl ace d i n th e i mme d i ate vi ci n i ty of th e b e am ( se e A i n fi g u re 2) .

Th e axi al t empe ratu re d i stri bu ti on al o n g th e b e am sh al l be

Th e yo ke an d be n d i n g ed g e are m ad e fro m ch ro mi u m- n i cke l
mo n i to re d by fu rth er t h e rmo co u pl e s ( se e 6 in fi g u re 2) . In ac-
al l o y or h ard po rcel ai n . Th e rad i u s of cu rvatu re of th e be n d i n g
co r d an ce wi th I S0 76 6 4- 1 , th e me asu re m e n t t h e rmo co u pl e s
ed g e can vary b e t we e n 0, 5 an d 2 mm; th e cyl i n d ri cal su rface is
sh al l be cal i brated an d th e cal i brati on ch e cke d reg u l arl y.
g rou n d an d po l i sh ed .

4. 2 . 3 Th e el ectri cal o u tpu t of th e t h e rmo co u pl e s sh al l be To p re ve n t sti cki n g of th e b e am to th e be n d i n g ed g e, stri ps of

d ete rmi n ed at ze ro cu rre n t by m e an s of po te n ti o mete rs, or pl ati n u m or n i ckel foi l ( abo u t 0 , Ol mm th i ck) m ay be i n ter-

h i g h - re si stan ce el ectro n i c ampl i fi ers h avi n g a sen si ti vi ty of 1 pV po se d .

fo r t yp e S ( acco rd i n g to I E C 5 6 4- 1 1 , o r 4 pV fo r type K ( acco rd -

i ng to I EC 564- l ) t h e rmo co u pl e s. Precau ti o n s sh al l be t ake n N OTE - A g reater rad i u s of cu rvatu re i s ad van tag eou s for mu l ti pl e u se

th at th e i ce- bath fo r th e co l d j u n cti o n is mai n tai n ed at 0 “C of th e be am after tu rn i n g it over.

th ro u g h o u t th e test. I f th e te mpe ratu re me asu ri n g e q u i pme n t is

fi tted wi th au to mati c co l d j u n cti o n co mpe n sati o n , th e i ce - bath Th e l o ad i n g ro d co n n e ct s th e yo ke wi th i n th e vi sco me te r fu r-

can be o mi tte d . n ace to th e l o ad i n g pi e ce s u n d e rn e ath . Th e l o ad i n g ro d sh al l be

m ad e fro m th e s am e materi al as th e su ppo rt st an d tu be ( se e

4. 4. 2 ) wi th re spe ct to si mi l ar th e rmal e xp an si o n ch aracte ri sti cs.

4. 3 Load i n g pi e ce s

A se t of l o ad i n g p i e ce s wi th m ass e s fro m abo u t 1 0 to 200 g ( fo r 4. 5. 2 Locki n g th e Yo ke

arran g e me n ts acco rd i n g to 6. 2. 3, up to 1 000 g) m ad e fro m

brass, n i ckel - pl ated or e q u i val e n t materi al . Th e m as s e s of th e A d e vi ce is n eed ed fo r l o we ri n g th e ben d i n g ed g e o n to th e

l o ad i n g pi e ce s sh al l be d e te rmi n e d to 0 , Ol g. Th e m as s of th e b e am an d for l i fti n g it after th e test. Th e d e vi ce sh al l e n su r e

l o ad i n g ro d i n cl u d i n g th e co re of th e d i spl ace me n t pi ck- u p th at th e paral l el i sm b e t we e n th e l o we re d be n d i n g ed g e an d th e

to g e th er wi th th e yo ke an d th e be n d i n g edg e can be l i mi ted to su pp o rt s i s be tter t h an 1 o an d th at th e ed g e i s l e ss t h an 0, 5 mm

abo u t 1 0 g.
fro m th e m e d i an pl an e.

N OTE - A d etai l ed d e vi ce wh i ch i s abl e to fu l fi l th ese req u i remen ts is

4. 4 Be am su pport

g i ven as an e xampl e in fi g u re 2.

4. 4. 1 Frame

4. 6 Eq u i pme n t for th e d etermi n ati on of th e mi d poi n t

Th e frame sh al l b e su ffi ci en tl y ri g i d ag ai n st be n d i n g an d to rsi o n d efl ecti on rate

an d be m ad e fro m a su i tabl e tempe ratu re- re si stan t l o w-

e xp an si o n metal al l o y or h ard po rcel ai n . Th e fro n t si d e s of th e

4. 6. 1 Mo vi n g i n d i cator ( i n cl u d i n g tran sd u ce r co re ) as po i n t

frame be ar su ffi ci en tl y bro ad (I O to 1 5 m m) su ppo rt s wi th a

of o bse rvati o n for th e d etermi n ati o n of th e d efl ecti o n rate,

rad i u s of cu rvatu re of abo u t 0, 5 mm, th e su rface s of th e su p-

pl ace d b e n e at h th e vi sco mete r fu rn ace .

po rts bei n g g ro u n d an d po l i sh e d . Th e span , i . e. th e d i stan ce

b e t we e n th e t wo ’ l i n es of co n t act to th e bo t to m su rface of th e

4. 6. 2 De vi ce for th e d etermi n ati on of th e mi d poi n t

be am , sh al l be d ete rmi n ed to 0, 05 mm. Paral l el i sm d evi ati o n s

d efl ecti on Af d u ri n g th e me asu ri n g ti me At acco rd i n g to

of th e t wo l i n es of co n tact sh o u l d n ot e xce e d 0, 05 mm, after

e q u ati o n ( 5) . De fl e cti o n s o f 0, l mm sh al l be d e te rmi n e d to 1 %

th e frame h as been an n e al e d . After pro l o n g e d u se , sp an an d

( se e al so tabl e s 1 an d 2) .
paral l el i sm sh al l be ch e cke d .

To p re ve n t sti cki n g of th e b e am to th e su ppo rt, stri ps of

4. 6. 3 De vi ce for th e d etermi n ati on of th e total be am

pl ati n u m or n i ckel foi l ( abo u t 0 , Ol mm th i ck) m ay be i n ter-

d efl ecti on f mo n i to ri n g th e l i mi ti n g co n d i ti o n fo r th e rel ati ve

po se d .
d efl ecti o n z < 0, 05 wi th a sen si ti vi ty of 0. 1 mm.

N O TE - Li n earl y vari abl e d i fferen ti al tran sformers ( LVDTs) wi th a

4. 4. 2 Su pport stan d

re movabl e core are su i tabl e for th e d efl ecti on d etermi n ati on . A

measu rabl e el evati on ad j u stmen t of th e coi l is th en su ffi ci en t for th e

Th e su ppo rt st an d be ars t h e frame u pon i ts u ppe r fro n t su rface .
d etermi n ati on off, wh i l st th e me asu re me n t of Affsee 4. 6. 2) i s ach i ev-
I n th e e xam pl e s h o wn i n fi g u re 2 it i s se t u p se parate l y fro m th e
ed by m e an s of th e el ectron i c me ter of th e LVDT h avi n g several sen -
fu rn ace . Th e st an d sh al l be e q u i ppe d wi th an ad j u stme n t
si ti vi ty ran g es. Wi th th i s testi n g meth od , record i n g of th e val u e s

d e vi ce fo r th e h o ri zo n tal su ppo rt of th e b e am.

measu re d sh ou l d be ai me d at. Al tern ati vel y, a measu ri n g mi cro sco pe

wi th scal e mi cro me te rs ( for Aj l an d mou n ted u pon a cath etometer

Th e su ppo rt stan d i s m ad e fro m vi treo u s si l i ca. I f te mpe ratu re s

base ( forf) m ay be u sed .

be t we e n 7 5 0 an d 900 O C are o fte n appl i ed , an d /o r i f al kal i co n -

tami n ati o n i s su sp e ct e d , al u mi n a refracto ry as a materi al fo r th e

4. 6. 4 Me asu ri n g d evi ce for ti me i n terval s ran g i n g fro m 1 0

su ppo rt st an d i s a u sefu l al tern ati ve.

to 1 0 000 s fo r th e d etermi n ati o n of th e me asu ri n g ti me At ac-

N OTE - An oth er e xam pl e for a possi bl e con stru cti o n of th e be am su p- co rd i n g to e q u ati o n ( 5) . Syste mati c d e vi ati o n s of th e me asu r-

port i s sh o wn in I S0 7664- 7. In th at case th e su pports are mach i n e d i ng d e vi ce sh al l be d e te rmi n e d to 0, 2 % an d sh al l be take n i n to

d i rectl y i n to th e top of th e stan d tu be.

acco u n t .

5
I S0 76 6 4- 4 : 1 987 ( El

4. 7 Devi ces f or meas u ri n g the b e am d i men s i o n s 5. 4 Speci al req u i remen t s

Speci al req u i remen t s co n cern i n g the t reat men t of s ampl e an d

4. 7. 1 Sl i d i n g g au g e ( vern i er di vi si on l /1 0 is su ffi ci en t) f or
b e am sh al l be ag r e e d u po n , especi al l y in the fol l owi n g cas es :
the d et ermi n at i o n of th e b e am l en g t h 1 .

a) for s ampl es d el i vered in the f orm of g rai n s, the co n d i -

t i on s for mel t i n g an d an n eal i n g the rod ( as - d rawn or cast

4. 7. 2 Mi cro met er cal i per for the d et ermi n at i o n of b e am

f ro m the mel t ) , f ro m wh i ch the t est s peci men wi l l be

d i amet er d or b e am t h i ckn es s h an d wi d t h b.

prepare d ;

b) for speci al l y an n eal e d sampl es , th e h i g h est t empe ra-

t u res to wh i ch the b e am s can be e xpo s e d wi t h ou t af fect i n g

5 Preparat i on of test speci men s
th i s an n eal i n g t reat men t .

5. 1 St at e of d el i very

6 Proced u re

Th e s u ppl i ed g l ass s ampl e sh al l be u n i f orm, bu bbl e- f ree,

h omog en eou s an d an n eal ed . It sh al l con si st of pi eces l arg e

6. 1 Cal i brat i on of the t est i n g d evi ce
en ou g h to permi t th e preparat i on of the t est s peci men s .

Gen eral l y, the b e am be n d i n g meas u r e me n t is an abs o l u t e

5. 2 Preparat i o n of the be ams d et ermi n at i o n of the vi scosi ty, i . e. the vi scosi t y is cal cu l at ed

( s ee 3. 5 an d 7. 2) f rom th e d i men s i on s of the f i n i sh ed t est

Rect an g u l ar be ams sh al l be m ad e f rom the s ampl e by col d s peci men an d f ro m th e s pan I s. An exami n at i o n i s r e co mme n -

wo rki n g , e. g . d i amo n d - s aw cu t an d mi l l g ro u n d . Cyl i n d ri cal d ed by me an s of a b e am of eq u al d i men s i o n s an d m ad e f ro m a

be am s sh al l be ei t h er f l ame d r awn or cen t rel ess g ro u n d . ref eren ce g l ass of kn o wn vi scosi t y. Th i s is n eces s ary for s u p-

po rt rat i os q < 1 3 ( see 3. 6 an d 7. 3) .

Th e be am s sh al l n ot h ave an y s crat ch es o r d ef ect s . Th e d i men -

s i on s sh al l be wi t h i n the r an g e s speci fi ed in 6. 2. 1 , 6. 2. 2 an d Th e cal i brat i on i n cl u d es the ad j u s t men t of the f rame for

6. 2. 3 an d fi g u res 3 an d 4. h ori zon t al posi t i on i n g of the pl an e d ef i n ed by bo t h s u pport s ,

Su bs eq u en t l y the h i g h est t emperat u re i s set t h at mi g h t o ccu r in

th i s t est i n g d evi ce, an d af t er cool i n g d o wn it is ch e cke d t h at

5. 3 Det ermi n at i on of b e am d i men s i o n s an d g l as s
the h ori zon t al posi t i on h as been ret ai n ed .
d en s i t y

To eval u at e the i n f l u en ce of the t h ermal expan s i o n of th e di f-

5. 3. 1 B e am l en g t h f eren t mat eri al s u sed for, the apparat u s ( mai n l y the s u ppo rt

s t an d an d th e l oad i n g rod ) , the f ol l owi n g pr o ce d u re is reco m-

It i s su ffi ci en t to d et ermi n e th e l en g t h of the b e am to 0, 5 mm. me n d e d . In pl ace of a s peci men g l as s be am, pl ace a rod of

vi t reou s si l i ca of si mi l ar d i men s i on s to the t est s peci men on th e

s u pport s, e n g ag e the l oad i n g rod , at t ach a mo d e rat e l o ad i n g

5. 3. 2 Rect an g u l ar b e am cros s- sect i on

pi ece, an d prepare th e f u rn ace for h eat i n g up in the u s u al

man n er . H eat the f u rn ace to 400 OC an d set the d evi ce for th e

Th e b e am t h i ckn ess h sh al l be me as u r e d at ni ne poi n t s

d et ermi n at i on of the mi d poi n t d efl ect i on ( 4. 6. 2) n e ar t h e mi d d l e

al t og et h er: vi ewed i n the l on g i t u d i n al d i rect i on , at t h e en d s an d

of i ts ran g e. Wi t h a d ef i n ed h eat i n g rat e, i n creas e th e

at the mi d d l e; vi ewed in th e t ran s vers e d i rect i on , n e ar to bo t h

t emperat u re to the h i g h est meas u ri n g t emperat u re.

ed g es an d at t h e cen t re. Fr o m t h es e val u es the ari t h met i c m e an

sh al l be t aken . Th e i n t erval be t we e n th e h i g h es t an d l o wes t

As a co n s e q u e n ce of expan s i o n d i f f eren ces of th e d i fferen t
me as u r e d val u es sh al l n ot e xce e d 0, 02 mm.
part s of th e apparat u s , the mo vi n g i n d i cat or s h o ws an apparen t

( posi t i ve or n eg at i ve) mi d poi n t d efl ect i on f, ; thi s i s d et ermi n ed

Th e b e am wi d t h b sh al l be d et ermi n ed n e ar t h e en d s an d at t h e
as a f u n ct i on of t emperat u re an d i s u s ed , if n eces s ary, for cor-
mi d d l e, an d the ari t h met i c m e an t aken f rom t h es e val u es. Th e
rect i on s ( s ee 7. 1 . 2) .
i n t erval be t wee n the h i g h est an d l owes t me as u r e d val u es sh al l

n ot e xce e d 0, 05 mm.
Th e t h ermo co u pl es sh al l be cal i brat ed by compari s o n wi t h a

s t an d ard t h ermo co u pl e. Th i s cal i brat i on sh al l be ch ecked at

5. 3. 3 Ci rcu l ar b e am cross - sect i on su i t abl e i n t erval s.

Th e b e am d i amet er sh al l be m e as u r e d in t h ree d i f feren t ci r-

6. 2 Prel i mi n ary est i mat i on of t i me i n t erval
cu mf eren t i al d i rect i on s, n e ar e ach en d an d at the cen t re,
an d mi d poi n t d ef l ect i on
respect i vel y. Th e i n t erval be t we e n th e h i g h es t an d l o wes t

me as u r e d val u e sh al l n ot e xce e d 0, 02 mm. -

Th e expect ed d ef ormat i o n as a fu n ct i on of l oad an d t i me i n t er-

val sh al l be es t i mat ed to en su re t h at the permi ssi bl e l i mi ti ng

5. 3. 4 B e am d en si t y val u es of the rel at i ve mi d poi n t d ef l ect i on z = 0, 05 are n ot ex-

ce e d e d d u ri n g a meas u r e me n t or a seri es of meas u re men t s . For

Th e b e am sh al l be we i g h ed to th e n eares t 0, l g. Th e d en s i t y th i s pu rpo s e t abl es 1 to 3, in co n n ect i o n wi t h fi g u res 3 an d 4,

sh al l be cal cu l at ed f ro m the d i men s i o n s an d the resu l t of sh al l be u sed ( bu t sh al l n ot be appl i ed wh e n eval u at i n g th e real

wei g h i n g . meas u remen t s ) .

6
 I S0 78 8 4- 4 : 1 9 8 7 ( El

Th e d efo rmati o n cau se d b y th e d e ad - we i g h t d u ri n g th e te mpe r- d e ad - we i g h ts, th e val u e s of tabl e 1 h ol d fo r th at cyl i n d ri cal

i ng ti me sh al l be co n si d e r e d if n e ce ssar y ( se e tabl es 1 an d 21 . b e am on a su ppo rt s p an Is = 40 mm. Th e su ppo rt rati o acco rd -

i ng to e q u at i o n ( 7) is q = 1 2, 3.

6. 2. 1 M e asu ri n g d e vi ce fo r th e me d i u m ran g e Fo r g l ass h avi n g a d e n si ty Q = 2, 5 g /cm 3 th e i n fl u en ce of th e

of vi sco si ty d e ad - we i g h t fo r th i s d e vi ce co r re sp o n d s to an ad d i ti o n al l o ad at

th e be n d i n g ed g e of 0 , 75 g.

Th e fo l l o wi n g appl i e s to d e vi ce s fo r d etermi n i n g vi sco si ti e s at

co n stan t te mpe ratu re s wi th i n th e ran g e 1 0 1 1 to 1 0 1 3 d Pas.

6. 2 . 1 . 3 Al l o wan ce fo r o th e r d i me n si o n s

6. 2. 1 .I Be am s wi th re ctan g u l ar cro ss- se cti o n

Fo r b e am s h avi n g o th e r d i me n si o n s, prel i mi n ary val u e s At; can

Th e val u e s e xpe ct e d fo r th e ti me i n terval At, i n th e ran g e ab o ve be e sti mate d fro m e q u ati o n (9) :

1 0 1 0 d Pas fo r r e co mm e n d e d l o ad s an d as a fu n cti o n of vi s-

co si ty are g i ven in tabl e 1 . Th e val u e s appl y to a b e am on a At; = AtI frfr . . .

sp an Is = 40 mm h avi n g a wi d th b = 5 mm an d a t h i ckn e ss

h = 3 mm (q = 1 3, 3) . Th e cro ss- se cti o n al momen t of i n erti a of I n e q u ati o n ( 9 ) th e co rrecti o n facto r f, t ake s i n to acco u n t sp an s

th i s d e vi ce is Z, = I I , 25 mm4. Fo r a g l ass h avi n g a d en si ty Is o th er th an 40 mm. Th e co rrecti o n facto r fI , h o we ve r , t ake s

Q = 2, 5 g /cm 3 th e i n fl u e n ce of th e d e ad - we i g h t fo r th i s d e si g n i n to acco u n t o th e r cro ss- se cti o n al d i me n si o n s. To ach i e ve th i s,

co r re spo n d s to an ad d i ti on al l o ad at th e be n d i n g ed g e of 1 g. th e cro ss- se cti o n al m o me n t of i n erti a h as to be cal cu l ate d ac-

co rd i n g to e q u ati o n s (3) an d ( 4) ; th i s is th e absci ssa val u e in

fi g u re 4. Th e val u e s fo r th e co rre cti o n facto rs f, an d fr h ave to

6. 2. 1 . 2 Be am s wi th ci rcu l ar cro ss- se cti o n be t ake n fro m th e o rd i n ate s in fi g u re 3 or fi g u re 4.

A cyl i n d ri cal b e am h avi n g th e sam e cro ss- secti o n al momen t of

N O TE - Fi g u res 3 an d 4 al so cove r th e me asu ri n g ran g es of th e

i n erti a as th e re ctan g u l ar b e am in 6. 2. 1 . 1 ( 1 I , 25 mm41 h as a d e vi ce s accord i n g to 6. 22 an d 6. 2. 3; th ese d i ag rams m ay n ot be u sed

d i ame ter of d = 369 m m. Apart fro m th e d i fferen ce s in th e except in con n ecti on wi th tabl e 1 .

Tabl e 1 - Prel i mi n ary val u e s for th e e sti mati o n of th e ti me i n terval At, an d for a mi d po i n t d efl ecti o n Af = 0, l mm,

val i d fo r th e me d i u m vi sco si ty ran g e acco rd i n g to 6. 2. 1

Th e se val u e s appl y to a b e am h avi n g a cro ss- secti o n al momen t of i n erti a Z, = 1 I , 25 mm4 ( fo r e xamp l e of d i me n si o n s, se e

6. 2. 1 .I an d 6. 2 . 1 . 2 ) . Fo r a sp an Is = 40 mm th e l arg est permi ssi bl e rel ati ve mi d po i n t d efl ecti o n z = 0, 05 i s attai n ed wi th i n 20 ti me

i n terval s AtI .

Ti m e i n terval At, , in secon d s, for a mi d poi n t d efl ecti on AJ ” = 0, l mm u n d er th e acti on of

Dyn am i c
d ead - wei g h t e xcl u si ve l y total l oad co mpri si n g d ead - wei g h t an d extern al l oad of m as s
vi sco si t y

rl
ci rcu l ar rectan g u l ar

d Pas cro ss- cro ss- 1 0 9 1 5 9 20 9 30 Cl 50 9 1 00 g

se cti o n secti on

1 0’ 0 21 0 280 23, 5 1 6, 2 1 2, 3 - -

I O” 2 1 00 2 800 235 1 62 1 23 83, 4 50. 7 25, 6

1 0’ 2 - - 2350 1 620 1 230 834 507 256

1 0' 3 - - - - - - 5 070 2 560

For mi d poi n t d efl ecti on s Af = 0, Ol mm an d Af = 0, 001 mm, an d for a ten - fol d an d h u n d red - fol d se n si ti vi ty re spe cti ve l y of th e carri er freq u en cy

bri d g e ( bel on g i n g to th e LVDT) th e At, - val u es of th i s tabl e i n d i cate vi sco si ti e s re spe cti ve l y 1 0 an d 1 00 ti m e s as hi gh. In th i s ran g e th e l i mi t for

z < 0, 05 i s sati sfi ed mo re easi l y.

7
I S0 7884- 4 : 1 9 87 ( El

<
b

$ I5

s
‘ F;

0”

0. 1

I I

35 40 ,
1 1 0 1 00
081

Span I s, mm Cross- sect i on al momen t s of i nerti a Z, , mm4

Fi g u re 4 - Correcti on factor fr for th e esti mati on of th e

Fi g u re 3 - Correct i on factorf, for th e est i mat i on of th e measu ri n g t i me At ; accord i n g to eq u ati on ( 91 , taki n g i n to

t i me i n terval At; accord i n g to eq u at i on ( 9) . taki n g i n to accou n t cross- sect i on al mo me n t s of i n erti a I, oth er th an

accou n t s pan s IS oth er th an that g i ven in tabl e 1 that g i ven in tabl e 1

6. 2. 2 Measu ri n g d evi ces for th e l ower vi scosi t y ran g e d en si t y Q = 2, 5 g /cm3 the i n f l u en ce of th e d ead - wei g h t f or

th i s d evi ce co rre s po n d s to an ad d i t i on al l oad at th e be n d i n g

Meas u ri n g d evi ces for vi scosi t i es be l o w 1 0 1 1 d P as d o wn to th e ed g e of I,6 g.

smal l est val u es access i bl e by me an s of thi s me t h o d ( abo u t

1 0 9 d Pas ) are ch aract eri zed by smal l s u ppo rt rat i os, l arg e
6. 2. 2. 3 Al l o wan ce for ot h er d i men s i on s

cross- sect i on al mo me n t s of i n ert i a an d smal l ext ern al l oad s .

Th e i n f l u en ces of the d ead - we i g h t are mo r e pred o mi n an t . See 6. 2. 1 . 3.

6. 2. 2. 1 Be ams wi t h rect an g u l ar cross- s ect i on 6. 2. 3 Measu ri n g d evi ces for th e u pper vi scosi t y ran g e

A b e am t ypi cal for a meas u ri n g d evi ce for vi scosi ti es in th e Th e meas u ri n g d evi ces f or vi scosi t i es abo ve 1 0 1 3 d P as an d f or

l ower r an g e h as a s pan Is = 40 mm, a wi d t h ZJ = 5 mm an d a smal l t i me i n t erval s are ch aract eri z ed by l arg e s u ppo rt rat i os,

t h i ckn ess h = 5 mm. Th e s u ppo rt rat i o amo u n t s to q = 8 an d smal l cross- sect i on al mo me n t s of i n ert i a an d l arg e ext ern al

the cross - sect i on al mo me n t of i n ert i a Z, = 52, l mm4. Fo r l oad s. Th e i n f l u en ce of the d e ad - wei g h t is al ways n eg l i g i bl e.

thi s me as u ri n g d evi ce an d f or a g l as s h avi n g a d en si t y Det ermi n at i on of hi gh vi scosi ti es d u ri n g s h ort meas u ri n g t i mes

Q = 2, 5 g /cm3 the i n f l u en ce of the d ead - wei g h t co rres po n d s i s ai me d at

to an ad d i t i on al l oad on th e be n d i n g edg e of I,6 g. Prel i mi n ary

a) u si n g a st ead i l y i n creasi n g meas u ri n g t emperat u re;

val u es of the t i me i n t erval s At 2 of th i s d evi ce are g i ven in

t abl e 2 for th e r e co mm e n d e d l o ad s an d as a f u n ct i on of vi s-
b) fol l owi n g the ch an g e of vi scosi ty wi t h t i me af t er a rapi d
cosi t y.
ch an g e of t emperat u re.

6. 2. 2 . 2 Be am s wi t h ci rcu l ar cros s- sect i on Tabl e 3 con t ai n s prel i mi n ary val u es for the meas u ri n g d evi ce.

For al l o wan ce for ot h er d i men s i on s, s e e 6. 2. 1 . 3.

A cyl i n d ri cal b e am h avi n g the s ame cross- sect i on al mo me n t of

i n erti a as the rect an g u l ar b e am in 6. 2. 2. 1 ( 52, l mm? h as a Lo ad i n g th e b e am wi t h s u ch hi gh mas s e s sh al l be don e wi t h

d i amet er d = 5, 71 mm. Th e val u es of t abl e 2 al so h ol d for t h at cau t i on . Th e me as u ri n g d evi ce sh al l con t ai n a cat ch i n g d evi ce

cyl i n d ri cal b e am on a s u ppo rt s pan Is = 40 mm. Th e s u ppo rt to preven t d am ag e wh i ch m ay be cau s e d by a bro ke n b e am or

rat i o acco rd i n g to eq u at i o n ( 7) i s q = 8, 41 . Fo r a g l as s h avi n g a l oad i n g rod .

8
 I S0 78 8 4- 4 : 1 987 ( El

Tabl e 2 - Prel i mi n ary val u es for th e est i mat i on of th e t i me i n terval At 2 an d for a mi d poi n t defl ecti on Af = 0, 2 mm,

val i d for th e l ower vi scosi t y ran g e accord i n g to 6. 2. 2

Th es e val u es appl y to a be am h avi n g a cross- sect i on al mo me n t of i n erti a Z, = 52, l mm4 ( for e xampl e of d i men si on s, see

6. 2. 2. 1 an d 6. 2. 2. 2) . For a span Is = 40 mm the l arg est pe rmi ssi bl e rel at i ve mi d poi n t d efl ecti on z = 0, 05 is attai ned wi t h i n 1 0 t i me

i n t erval s At p.

Ti me i n terval At, , in secon d s, for a mi d po i n t d ef l ect i on Af = 0, 2 mm u n d er th e act i on of

Dyn ami c

vi scosi t y
d e ad - we i g h t excl u si vel y t ot al l oad compr i si n g d ead - wei g h t an d ext ern al l o ad of mas s

As 1 0 1 5 20 9 30 9 50 9 1 000
g 9

1 53 2 0, 7 1 4, 4 1 1 .1 - - -
1 09

1 0' 0 1 530 207 1 44 1 1 1 75. 7 46. 4 23, 5

1 0" 2070 1 440 1 1 1 0 757 464 235

- - -
1 r- m - 4640 2350

For a mi d poi n t defl ecti on AJ = 0, 02 mm an d for a ten - fol d sen si t i vi t y of th e carri er freq u en cy bri d g e ( bel on g i n g to the LVDT) th e At p- val u es of th i s

tabl e i n d i cat e vi scosi t i es ten t i me s as h i g h . Wi t h vi scosi t i es above 1 01 1 d Pa. s it i s r e co mme n d e d to u se be ams accord i n g to 6. 2. 1 an d tabl e 1 .

Tabl e 3 - Pre l i mi n ary val u es for a measu ri n g d evi ce for vi scosi t i es in th e u pper vi scosi t y

ran g e accord i n g to 6. 2. 3

Sp an I, 50 mm 40 mm 30 mm

Load /cross- sect i on al mo me n t of

i n ert i a m/I , 1 00 g / mm4 1 60 g / mm4 280 g / mm”

Defl ect i on rat e for 1 01 3 d Pa. s 0, 85 pm/s 0, 7 pm/s 0. 51 pm/s

(= 51 u m/mi n ) (= 42 u m/mi n ) I= 31 u m/mi n )

N OTE - For a span Is = 50 mm th e e xampl e in tabl e 3 correspon d s to th e val u e for th e m/l , rati o re co m-

me n d e d in I S0 7664- 7. Fo r smal l e r span s the m/Z, rat i os are ch osen in su ch a way that the s ame rate of th e

rel ati ve mi d poi n t defl ecti on dzl d t resu l ts.

6. 3 Pe r f o r man ce of the t est 6. 3. 1 . 2 Th e r mal after- effects d u ri n g st ep- by- st ep

t emperat u re ch an g es

6. 3. 1 Det ermi n at i on of vi scosi t y at con st an t

For vi scosi t i es above 1 01 2 d Pas, after each ch an g e of l oad
t emperat u re
el ast i c after- effects occu r, wh i l e after each ch an g e of

t emperat u re th ere are t h ermal after- effects ( du e to t i me

6. 3. 1 .I Eq u i l i bri u m val u es of vi scosi t y d epen d en ce of vi scosi t y, i . e. t i me d epen d en ce of th e rate of

mi d poi n t defl ecti on as a fu n cti on of th e mech an i cal an d ther-

Set th e vi sco me t e r fu rn ace to th e t emperat u re of th e fi rst mal h i st ory) . Th erefore s o me i n format i on abou t t h ermal after-

measu ri n g poi n t. Pl ace th e be am u pon th e su pport s an d ad j u st effects on th e vi scosi t y ma y be obtai n ed if it i s possi bl e to mai n -

i ts posi ti on . As soon as th e be am h as attai n ed the testi n g tai n th e appl i ed l oad d u ri n g the ch an g e in t emperat u re an d if

t emperat u re, en g ag e th e l oad i n g d evi ce an d read th e i n i ti al th e ben d i n g rate is me as u re d i mme d i at e l y after attai ni n g th e

posi t i on of the ext en somet er for d et ermi n i n g th e total mi d poi n t n ew me asu ri n g temperat u re.

defl ecti on f ( see 4. 6. 3) . Th e n attach th e l oadi n g pi ece for th e

fi rst me asu reme n t . Wh e n th e rate of d own ward mo ve me n t of

6. 3. 2 Det ermi n at i on of vi scosi t y at i n creasi n g
th e i n di cat or h as be co me con stan t, beg i n to me as u re the mi d -
t emperat u re
poi n t defl ecti on Af an d th e rel ated t i me i n t erval At .

Wh e n a h eati n g rate ABl At is provi ded , th e vi scomet er fu rn ace

Du ri n g a ch an g e of th e test i n g t emperat u re do not r e mo ve th e
is set to a con st an t i ni ti al t emperat u re in accord an ce wi t h
l oad u n l ess rel at i ve mi d poi n t d efl ecti on s z g reater th an 0, 05 are
equ ati on ( I O) :
su spect ed f ro m prel i mi n ary est i mat i on s accord i n g to 6. 2.

Lp A= 8, - 5Ai 3l At . . . ( I O)
N OTE - Usu al l y it is r e co mme n d e d to beg i n th e seri es of

me as u r e me n t s at l ower t emperat u res an d to ad van ce to h i g h er

wh ere
temperat u res. Part i cu l arl y by thi s me an s it is possi bl e to est i mat e

vi scosi t y an d con seq u en t l y measu ri n g t i me an d d ef ormat i on for th e

fol l owi n g h i g h er measu ri n g t emperat u res accord i n g to 6. 2. r 9A is the i n i ti al t emperat u re, in d eg rees Cel si u s;
I S0 78 8 4- 4 : 1 9 87 ( E)

I& is th e starti n g temperatu re of th e i n crease ru n , in wh ere

d eg rees Ce l si u s;

Af is th e me asu re d l oweri n g of th e i n d i cator d u ri n g th e

As/At is th e h eati n g rate, in d eg rees Ce l si u s per mi n u te. ti m e i n terval At, at th e beg i n n i n g of wh i ch th e me asu re d

temperatu re in th e vi sco m e te r fu rn ace was L9t wh i l st fi n al l y

As soon as th e be am h as attai n ed th e temperatu re ti A th e ben - it was r9, ;

di ng ed g e is l owered an d th e i n i ti al val u e on th e scal e for th e

d etermi n ati on of th e total mi d poi n t d efl ecti on is n oted ( see f&t9 1 i s th e correcti on d etermi n ed accord i n g to 6. 3. 2 for an

4. 6. 3) . Su bseq u en tl y th e l oad i n g pi ece as provi d ed for th i s i d en ti cal rate of temperatu re i n crease;

se ri es of measu re me n ts is attach ed . Wh e n th e el asti c after-

effect h as red u ced to an exten t wh ere it wi l l n ot i n terfere wi th Af* is th e corrected mi d po i n t d efl ecti on d u ri n g th e ti me

th e me asu re me n ts, start th e temperatu re- ti me pro g ramme . i n terval At ( for fu rth er u se in 7. 2) .

5 mi n l ater beg i n to record th e temperatu re, mi d poi n t d efl ec-

ti on , an d ti me . N O TE - Th i s correcti on i s zero wh en th e vi sco si t y i s d etermi n ed at a

con stan t temperatu re.

Th e d i fferen ce in temperatu re between th e h ot j u n cti on of th e

th ermo cou pl e an d th e beam, wh i ch can occu r wi th th i s pro-

7. 2 Correcti on for th e l oad

ced u re, sh al l be taken i n to accou n t for th e eval u ati on ; it can be

d etermi n ed by tests accord i n g to 6. 3. 1 .

For th e eval u ati on of th e me asu re me n ts th e i n fl u en ce of th e

d ead - wei g h t is taken i n to accou n t by eq u ati on s ( 1 3) to ( 1 5) .

6. 3. 3 Te rmi n ati o n of th e te sts

681 I ; J SAt

rl = ~ m* . . . ( 1 3)
Wh e n th e seri e s of m e asu re me n ts wi th on e be am h as n ot
I &f*

al read y en d ed , it sh al l be stopped an d if n e ce ssary con ti n u ed

after tu rn i n g th e be am over ( u psi d e d own ) as soo n as th e For rectan g u l ar secti on be am s, eq u ati on ( 1 4) is val i d

rel ati ve mi d po i n t d efl ecti on z [see eq u ati on ( 81 1h as reach ed th e

val u e 0, 05. For a be am th at h as been tu rn ed over, th e l i mi ti n g my = m + 0, 000 63 Qh bl s . . . ( 1 4)

val u e is z = 0, l . On termi n ati on of th e test, th e be am sh al l be

taken ou t of th e fu rn ace an d, after cool i n g , e xami n ed for su r- For ci rcu l ar se cti on be ams, eq u ati on ( 1 5) is val i d :

face mo d i fi cati on s.

my = m + 0, 000 1 56~ c~ &l ~ . . . ( 1 5)

7 Expressi o n of resu l ts wh ere Q is th e g l ass d en si ty, in g ram s per cu bi c cen ti metre.

Th e oth er sym bo l s are expl ai n ed bel ow eq u ati on s ( 5) an d (I 1 ).

7. 1 Correcti on s for th ermal expan si on

7. 3 Correcti on to real con d i ti on s of fl o w

7. 1 . 1 Th e rmal e xp an si o n of b e am an d frame

Wh e n th e su pport rati o q be co me s l e ss th an 1 3, or wh en th e
Th e i n fl u en ce s of th e th e rmal expan si on of th e materi al fro m
exami n ati o n by m e an s of a referen ce g l assl ) resu l ts in a co rrec-
wh i ch th e frame is m ad e ( i n creasi n g span wi th ri si n g
ti on factor f, th at d i ffers esse n ti al l y fro m u n i ty, th en for th e
temperatu re) an d of th e th ermal e xpan si o n of th e g l ass (i n-

cal cu l ati on of th e d yn am i c vi sco si ty, eq u ati on ( 1 6) i s appl i ed i n-

creasi n g cross- se cti o n al m o me n t) are cou n teracti n g ; th e

stead of eq u ati on ( 1 3) :
resti n g i n fl u en ces are n ot taken i n to accou n t.

681 l 3 , At

7. 1 . 2 Th e rmal e xp an si o n of th e stan d , th e yo ke an d th e ~ m* fr . . .
’ = I , Af*
l o ad i n g ro d

Th e factor f, is d etermi n ed by measu ri n g a be am h avi n g a

Th e th ermal expan si on of al l parts wi th i n th e vi sco m e te r fu r-
cro ss- se cti o n al momen t of i n erti a I,, an d mad e fro m a
n ace wh i ch se rve for th e su pport an d th e l oad i n g of th e be am
referen ce g l ass wi th kn o wn d yn am i c vi sco si ty qr by me an s of
m ay cau se a temperatu re d epen d en ce of th e posi ti on of th e
th e sam e me asu ri n g d e vi ce ( i d en ti cal span I s, n earl y i d en ti cal
m o vi n g i n d i cator. Th erefore a correcti on f, ( d ) i s d etermi n ed ac-
effecti ve l oad m ”) . Th e e mpi ri cal correcti on factor f, is deter-
cord i n g to 6. 1 .
mi n e d accord i n g to eq u ati on ( 1 7) :

If th e vi sco si ty is d etermi n ed at i n creasi n g temperatu re ( see

VrrZcr
Af
6. 3. 2) th en th i s correcti on sh al l be appl i ed accord i n g to eq u a-
fr = . . . ( 1 7)

ti on s (1 1 ) an d ( 1 2) : 681 I g Atm*

Af* = Af - Af, . . . (1 1 1 Th e sh ape an d d i me n si o n s of th e be am m ad e fro m th e

referen ce g l ass sh al l be eq u i val en t to th ose of th e be am mad e

Af, = f, @l ) - f&h . ) . . . ( 1 2) fro m th e g l ass u n d er test.

I) Se e for e xampl e I S0 7884- l : 1 987, an n ex B, “E xam pl e s of certi fi ed referen ce g l asse s for vi sco m e t ri c cal i brati on ”.

1 0
 I S0 78 8 4- 4 : 1 9 8 7 ( E)

b) d escri pti on of th e sampl e ;

7. 4 Eval u ati on of th e measu remen ts

Th e rel ated val u es for th e measu re d mi d poi n t d efl ecti on Af an d c) me th od of sampl i n g ;

ti me i n terval At are u se d for th e cal cu l ati on of th e d yn ami c

vi sco si t y q accord i n g to eq u ati on ( 1 3) or ( 1 6) at th e correspon - d) n u mber of test spe ci m e n s;

di ng measu ri n g temperatu re, if n e ce ssary after appl i cati on of

corre cti on s accord i n g to eq u ati on s (1 1 1 , ( 1 41 , ( 1 5) an d ( 1 71 . e) me th od of preparati on an d fo rm of th e be am s ( accord -

i ng to 6. 2. 1 , 6. 2. 2 or 6. 2. 3) ;

7. 5 Represen tati on of resu l ts; preci si on

f) ti me- temperatu re- l oad pro g ramme of th e measu re -

men t;
Th e measu ri n g poi n ts are u sed for th e n u me ri cal or g raph i cal

represen tati on of th e vi sco si ty- te mpe ratu re rel ati on sh i p.

g) correcti o n s appl i ed ;

Th e error of me asu re me n t i s e sti mated fro m th e u n certai n ti es in

h) mu l ti pl e u se of tu rn ed be ams;
th e d etermi n ati on s of temperatu re, mi d po i n t d efl ecti on Af an d

cro ss- se cti o n al momen t of i n erti a Z, as we l l as fro m th e u n cer-

i) vi sco si ty- tempe ratu re rel ati on sh i p of th e sam pl e as

tai n ti es in th e e sti mati o n of th e i n fl u en ces of d ead - wei g h t an d
d escri bed in I S0 7664- l ;
th e rmal expan si on . Th e resu l ts an d th e errors sh al l be

presen ted accord i n g to I S0 7664- l . In th e u pper vi sco si ty

j) vi sco si ty- ti m e beh avi ou r, tog eth er wi th th e rmal an d
ran g e th e vi sco si ty- ti m e beh avi ou r m ay be represen ted , if re-
me ch an i cal h i story, if n e ce ssary;
q u ested , at a con stan t temperatu re an d a con stan t l oad .

k) an y ch an g e in th e g l ass, o bse rved d u ri n g an d/or after

th e test.
8 Test report

Th e test report sh al l i n cl u d e :

a) referen ce to th i s part of I S0 7664;

1 1
I S0 7 8 8 4- 4 : 1 9 8 7 ( E)

An n e x

Bi bl i og raph y

( Th i s an n e x d oes n ot fo rm an i n teg ral part of th e stan d ard . )

H AG Y, H . E. Expe ri me n tal e val u ati o n of be am- b e n d i n g me t h o d of d e te rmi n i n g g l ass vi sco si ti e s in th e ran g e 1 0 8 to 1 0 1 5 po i se s.

J. Am e r. Ce ram. Sot. , 1 963 ( Vo l . 46) . pp. 9 3 - 9 7.

1 2
I S0 78 8 4- 4 : 1 9 8 7 ( E)

U DC 8 86 . 1 1 . 0 1 : 532. 1 3

De scri pto rs : g l ass, te sts, vi sco si ty me asu re me n t, vi sco si ty.

Pri ce based on 1 2 pag es