NONG NGHIEP-NONG THON

Du Ijch nong thon: tCr ly thuyet den thifc tiin

DAO THI HOANG MAI

ihOng ndm gdn ddy, viec da dang hda sinh kecho ngadi ddn d cdc khu vUc ndng thon
^ dang trd thdnh mdi quan tdm hdng ddu tai cdc qud'c gia dang phdt trien. TrUdc sac ep
ta sUgia tdng ddn sd'vd qud trinh cong nghiip hda, do thi hda, ngdy cdng cd nhiiu lao ddng rdi
bo khu vUc ndng nghiip di chuyin sang nhOng llnh vitc khdc cd gid tri gia tdng cao hdn. Trong
boi cdnh do, viic day manh cdc hoat ddng phi ndng nghiip, trong dd du lich ndng thdn, khdng
chi dUde xem nha gidi phdp kinh tetac thdi, md vi Idu ddi, ddy chinh Id ngi dung quan trong
trong chien lUdc phdt trien nong thdn.

1. T^ng q u a n hien dflde hd't t i n h da dang va phong phfl cua

N h i l u eupe khao sat d p h a m vi toan c l u
da chi ra rang nhiing hoat ddng phi ndng
nghiep dang tao ra tfl 30% d i n 45% t h u n h a p
binh quan cua eae hd ndng dan^ O eae nflde
phat t r i l n , du lich ndng thdn ehid'm ty trpng
Idn trong tong t h u n h a p phi ndng nghiep. Do
khdng gian ndng thdn ngay cang bi t h u hep,
du lich ndng thdn d cac nflde nay cd xu hfldng
phat trien theo chieu sau, vdi eac san p h i m
cd gia tri kinh t l cao. Trong khi do, tai eae
nflde dang phat trien, trong do cd Viet Nam,
du lieh ndng thdn mdi cM b i t d i u dflde khai
thac, phat trien chu yeu theo chieu rdng va
dflde xem nhfl mot cdng cu ehd'ng ddi ngheo,
da dang hda t h u n h a p cho cfl d a n ndng thdn.
Cd nhieu ly do k M i n cho du lieh ndng
thdn ngay eang dflde cac n h a quan ly quan
t a m nMeu hdn. Trflde hd't, day dflde coi la
mdt each dd giam t a i cho eac dia diem du lich
truyen thd'ng. Thdm vao dd, vdi ap Me cua
cuoc sd'ng thfldng n h d t ngay cang gia tang,
khaeh du lich cd xu hfldng it mud'n dd'n
nhflng ehd ddng ngfldi ma c i n khdng gian
rieng tfl cho eae ky nghi. V l diem nay, du
lich ndng thdn cd ldi the' hdn so vdi cac loai
hinh du lich truyen thd'ng do cd quy mo nhd
hdn.
1.1. Khdi niem vd dinh nghia
Mae dfl du lich ndng thdn ed the h i l u ddn
gian nhfl "hoat dpng du lich d i l n r a d ndng
thdn", nhflng dinh nghia nhfl vay khdng t h i
loai Mnh boat dong nay d eac qud'c gia khac
n h a u . H i l u rdng hdn, "du lich ndng thdn bao
gom mot loat cac boat ddng, dich vu va tidn
nghi dflde cung ca'p bdi ndng dan v l ngflcii
ndng thdn n h a m t h u h u t khach du lich den
k h u vflc cua hp" (Gannon, 1988)^. Theo khai
nidm nay, du lieh ndng thdn bao gom nhilu
loai hinh du lich, trong dd ed du lieh trang
trai, du lieh ndng nghidp, du lich lang nghi,
du lich l l hdi, du lieh sinh thai...
Ban t h a n t h u a t ngfl "du lich ndng thdn"
khdng mang eflng mdt y nghia b cac nflde
khac n h a u . Vi du nhfl b P h l n Lan, nd co
ngMa la eho thud chd d, cung ca'p dich vu an
uong b ndng thdn. C Hungary, hp sii dung
t h u a t ngfl "du lieh lang" d l cM cac boat ddng
va dich vu cung ca'p trong p h a m vi lang. Cdn
t a i Slovenia, M n h thfle pho bie'n nha't eua du
lich ndng thdn la du lich tai cac t r a n g trai gia
(finh, ndi cae du k h a c h dd'n b va sinh boat
Cling vdi gia ^ n h ndng dan. Sfl khac nhau
nay xua't p h a t tfl nhflng ly do sau day:
Dao Thi Hoing Mai, TS., Vidn Kinh te' Viet Nam.
1. Ngudn: Agritena (2009), Developpement du tourisme
mral, entre rSves et reaUtes.
2. Dlin theo Ratz, T v l L. Puczkd (1998), Rural Tourism
and Sustainable Development in Hungary, trong: D. Hall -
L. O'Hanlon (chu bien): Rural Tourism Management:
Sustainable Options, International Conference, Scottish
Agricultural College, Scotland, UK, tr.450-464.

56
 Du ilcb ndng thon ...
- Nganh du lich dd thi trdn thfle t l khdng
cM gidi han trong eac dd thi ma thfldng md
rdng ra ca khu vflc ndng thdn. Vi thi, boat
dpng du lich dien ra tai ndng thdn chfla bin da
la du lich ndng thdn.
- Khu vflc ndng thdn ciing la mot khdng
gian khd xac dinh, vdi cac tidu ehuin dat ra rit
khac nhau giiia cac qu6c gia.
- Du lich vin la mdt khai mdm gin vdi dd
thi> phln Idn du khach s^ng b khu vflc dd thi.
Hoat dong du lieh troi^ khu vfle ndng thdn cd
thi chiu nhflng anh hfldng cua dd thi, the Mdn
qua sfl bien ddi vl van hda va nhiing cdng
trinh xay dflng mdi.
- Khu vflc ndng thdn von da bit diu mdt
qua trinh thay doi phfle tap, dfldi tac ddng cua
thi trfldng toan clu va nhiing tac dong ngoai
canh khae. Kit qua cua qua trinh thay dli nay
la sfl phan biet (ranh gidi) gifla thanh thi va
ndng thdn ngay eang bi md di.
- Du lieh ndng thdn phfle tap, bdi khdng ehi
dfla trdn ndng ngMdp, nd edn hdn quan din eae
ylu to van hoa, hch sfl va mdi trfldng tMen
nMdn eiia khu vflc.
Ngoai ra, cac klmi mem nhfl du lich ndng
thdn, du lich ndng ngMep va du lich trang trai
khdng phai luc imo ciing dflde phan bidt rd
rang. Vlh dl dat ra la lam thd' nao de xac dinh
dflde tinh dac trflng cua moi loai Mnh. Trdn
thfle td', ehinh sfl da dang trong each td' chfle
thfle Mdn d cac nflde, eac vung lanh tho dan
dd'n vide mdi nflde, tham cM mdi to' chflc, cd thd
dfla ra nhiing dinh ngMa khae nhau ve du lich
ndng thdn, vi du nhfl:
"Tat ca eac loai Mnh du lich diln ra trong
khu vfle ndng thdn, bao gom du lich trang trai,
nha ngM ndng thdn, cac hoat dong du lich
ngoai trdi, du lich kham pha eac thing canh tfl
nMen, van hda, am thfle dia phfldng... "
(Fiquet, 1992)^
"Tat ca cac loai hinh du lieh diln ra trong
khu vflc nong thdn" (Bourdeau, 2001)^
"La linh vflc boat dpng du lich chuyen sau"
vdi ddi tfldng tham gia la "eae du khach cd nhu
clu tfldng tac vdi moi trfldng nong thdn va cac
NghiSn ciiu Kinh teso432 - Thdng 5/2014
edng dong dia phfldng"^ (Td' ebfle Du lieh the
gidi - UNWTO).
O Vidt Nam, mdt sd' tac gia trong nflde da de
cap din nhiing khai mdm nhfl du lich ndng
ngMep, du lich sinh thai va du lich ndng thdn.
Trong dd, du hch ndng ngMep la mot loai Mnh
tao ra san pham du hch dfla trdn nen tang cua
hoat ddng san xuat ndng ngMdp. Day cung ed
the eoi la mpt boat ddng bo trd cua cac ndng hd.
Du lich ndng thdn dflde diln giai vdi khdng
gian rdng hdn du lich ndng ngMdp, kM kit hdp
vdi du lich smh thai (Bui Thi Lan Hfldng, 2010)^
Vide phan bidt va dinh ngMa cac loai hinh du
lich nong thdn ed hen quan den vide hoach dinh
cac chinh sach hd trd ddi vdi tflng loai hinh. Sfl
md ho vl khai mem dl din din sfl ehing cheo
va bat cap ve quan 1;^. Ddi kM, nd cdn cd thi din
din sfl mau thuin vl ldi ich trong cdng dong.
1.2. Du lich nong thon va phdt trien
nong thon
NhQng nam gin day, ndng thdn phai ddi
mat vdi nhiing thach thfle mdi. Vao cudi thd'
ky XX, nganh ndng ngMdp va lam ngMep,
von la nin tang eiia ndng thdn da mit din
vai trd trung tam. Qua trinh cdng nghidp hda
va dd thi hda manh me tilp tue lam thay doi
hien trang kinh t l va cMnh tri eua xa hoi
ndng thdn tren pham vi toan clu. Thu nhap
tfl ndng ngMdp ed xu hfldng giam. Sfl phat
trien vl cdng nghe, cpng vdi sfl thu hep vl
quy md din den so' vide lam trong khu vflc
ndng ngMdp giam dang kl. Thdm vao dd, lam
sdng di efl eua nhflng ngfldi tre ra cac dd thi
khien cho dan so' ndng thdn khdng nhflng
giam vl so' Ifldng ma cdn hi gia hda.
3. Din theo Mamdy, Jean-Francois, Nathalie Disez et
Monique Begon (2001), Agritourisme et territohes, le cas
du Massif central, Teoros, 20, 2 (ete), tr.45.
4. Bourdeau, Laurent (2001), La relation tourisme-
ruraUte, Teoros, 20, 2,1.
5. WTO (2002), Semmar on Rural Tourism m
Europe: Experiences and perspectives, Belgrade,
Yugoslavia, June 2002, Conclusions.
6. Bui Tlii Lan Huong (2010), Du lich nOng nghiSp va
du lich nOng th6n, N6i san thang 1, Tnrcmg Can bd quan
ly nOng nghiep va phat tri^n n6ng thOn II.
57
 Du ijch ndng thon
Trong tinh Mnh mdi nay, ngfldi t a b i t dau
quay sang ky vong vao vai trd cua du lich
ndng thdn. M. J. Keane and J. Quinn (1990)'
eho r i n g trpng t a m eua va'n de p h a t tridn
ndng thdn la da dang sinh ke. Sfl da dang
hda eac ngudn t h u n h a p ed t h i mang lai sfl
dn dinh va p h a t trien eho edng dong ndng
thdn. Du lich ndng thdn ed t h i trd t h a n h mpt
cdng cu p h a t t r i l n bdi nd phat huy dflde sflc
m a n h tong hdp tfl eae ngudn Ifle dia phfldng
nhfl didu kien tfl nMdn, eon ngfldi va van
hda. Hoat ddng nay tao ra edng a n vide lam
va tang them thu nhdp eho ndng dan.
Khi khu vflc san xua't ndng, lam nghidp
gap khd khan, cd the b i t ngudn tfl nguydn
n h a n can kidt tai nguyen thidn nhidn, mot sd'
khu vflc dang chuyin sang du lich, da dang
hda cae ho?it ddng de mong ed dflde ldi thoat
ra khdi tinh t r a n g kinh te tri trd. Vi vay, du
lich ndng thdn nhflng n a m gan day phat
trien tfldng ddi nhanh. Tuy nhidn, c i n khang
dinh r i n g du lich khdng phai la thudc chfla
bach benh eho nhflng khd k h a n kinh t l . Hdn
nfla, khdng phai ta't ca cac viing d i u cd t i l m
nang d l phat t r i l n du lich ndng thdn.
Dieu quan trong la c i n phat trien cac moi
quan hd lanh m a n h vdi ngfldi dan, bdi vi hp cd
q u y l n dfla r a mpt so' quyd't dinh lien quan de'n
tinh k h a tM cua dfl a n du lich va chat Ifldng
ciia dich vu. Ngfldi dan phai la mpt p h l n eua
boat dpng du lieh. Mot so'ngMdn cflu da n h a n
m a n h t i m quan trpng eua viec t h u h u t sfl
t h a m gia cua ngfldi dan nhfl n i n t a n g eho sfl
phat trien du lich hai hda vdi k h u vflc ndng
thdn. Theo Louis John (2009)^, cd 3 yeii to
quan trpng sau day; (1) sfl tdn trpng doi vdi
cpng ddng, v l ban s l e va tinh xac thfle; (2) ket
hdp ldi ich kinh t l va xa hdi; (3) sfl t h a m gia
ciia edng dong trong vide ra quye't dinh. Ndng
dan cd the t h a m gia vao du lich dfldi nMeu
Mnh thfle nhfl: cung c i p Ifldng thfle, thfle
p h i m , ndi an ngM, ndi t h a m quan hay ban
san p h i m cac loai eho khach du lich. Nhd cd
du lich, eha't Ifldng eudc sd'ng cua cfl dan ndng
thon cung dflde nang cao, cung vdi viec dau tfl
cd sd h a t i n g giao thdng, vd sinh y te va mang
Ifldi dien phuc vu du lich. Ciing can nha'n
58
m a n h thdm rang, trong boat ddng du lich
ndng thdn, cd rat n M l u loai cdng vide do phu
nfl dam nMdm. Vi vay, vide td chflc hoat dong
du lich cflng gdp p h a n n a n g eao vi the' cua phit
nfl trong cpng dong ndng thdn.
Tdm lai, diem m a u chd't nhlit trong phat
t r i l n du lich ndng thdn la lam h a i boa moi
q u a n hd gifla p h a t t r i l n du lieh va p h a t trien
ndng thdn ndi chung. Cac boat ddng du lieh
nay ed the m a n g lai ra't n h i l u ldi ich eho mdt
sd' k h u vfle, nhflng viec pho bie'n nd d didn
rdng se d^t ra nhflng v l n de sau: vdi khu vflc
ndng thdn qua rdng Idn, nd'u n h a n h a diu
l a m du lich thi thi trfldng khdng cd du khach
du lich de cung ca'p; dd'i vdi mdt sd' khu vflc,
viec phat trien du lich cd t h i khdng kha thi
vi qua xa, h a t i n g qua kdm, t h i l u ha'p d i n vl
eanh quan va di san,...; d l t h a n h edng, du
lieh ndng thdn ddi hoi sfl hdp tac tich cfle vh
thfldng mai hda hieu qua, tuy nhien, nhilu
k h u vfle khdng ed t r u y l n thd'ng hdp tac gifla
ndng d a n vdi n h a u hoac gifla hp vdi cac doi
tac khac.
2. D u l i c h n o n g t h d n n h i n tii g o c do
chuoi gia t r i
Hien nay, n h i l u qud'c gia coi du lich nong
thdn la mpt ddng Iflc di p h a t t r i l n ndng thdn
ndi ridng va k i n h t l ndi ehung. Nghidn eiiu
nay p h a n tich h a i md M n h p h a t t r i l n du lich
ndng thdn trdn cd sd ly thuye't v l chudi gia
tri. Trong do, P h a p la qud'c gia cd nganh du
lich ndng thdn p h a t trien h a n g d i u the gidi,
trong k h i du lich ndng thdn cua Vidt Nam chi
mdi d giai doan d i u . Cac khao sat dinh tinh
dflde thfle Men tai vCmg Bretagne va Rhdne-
Alpes (Phap), m i l n nui phia B i c va d i n g b i n g
sdng Ciiu Long (Vidt Nam) trong nam 2012 va
2013.
2.1. Du lich nong thon tqi Phdp
O P h a p , du lich ndng thdn p h a t trien tfl
r d i sdm. Nhflng n h a n g h i ndng t h d n d i u tidn
7. Keane Michael J. and Quinn J. (1990), Rural
development and Rural tourism, Galway.
8. Louis John, tham luSn tai Symposium sur le
developpement durable, UQAM, 3-2009.
NghiSn cOu Kinh tSs6432 • Thdng 5/2014
 Du iich nong thdn
md ciia ddn du khach tfl nhflng n a m 1940.
Gifla t h a p men 1970, du lich da chinh thfle
x u l t Mdn trong eac chiiih sach phat tridn ndng
thdn cua Phap. Hidn nay, cac vflng ndng thdn
nflde Phap cung e l p 52% sflc chfla cho toan
nganh du lich va la d i l m den cua 36% khach
H I N H 1: Stf d o c h u o i g i a t r i d u l i c h n o n g t h o n P h a p
Nhd cung cap
San pham / Djch vu
Lmjtnj
>•
NOng dan
/ Khach du Ijch
• — »
Dich vu an
u5ng
Hang hoa
ndng sSn
/
Ndng dan la chu t h i eMnh, cung ca'p cae
san p h i m h a n g hda, dich vu eho khaeh h a n g
thdng qua hiep hpi (kdnh n g l n ) , hoae qua cac
cdng ty Ifl h a n h (kenh dai). 6 Phap, ta't ca
cac hp ndng d a n t h a m gia boat ddng du lich
ndng thdn d i u la t h a n h vidn cua 1 trong 4 to
chflc/Mdp hpi, trong dd ed 2 to chfle cua tfl
n h a n la Gites de France va Clevacanees, 2 to
chflc ciia ndng d a n la Bienvenue a la Ferme
va Accueil P a y s a n . Vai trd cua cac Mdp hpi
nay la to chflc nghidp doan, vfla cd vai trd
bao vd q u y l n ldi cho cac hdi vien, vfla t r a n h
dflde t i n h t r a n g canh t r a n h tMeu lanh m a n h
gifla cac hdi vien. Nghien ciiu n a y lfla chpn
m a n g Ifldi cua Accueil P a y s a n lam doi tfldng
k h a o sat, bdi day la hidp hdi cd quy md nhd
nha't va cd nMeu d i l m tfldng ddng vdi trfldng
hdp Vidt N a m ndn cd cd sd d l so sanh.
Accueil Paysan, t h a n h lap n a m 1987 la
mpt to' chflc Mep hpi ndng dan, quy t u t h a n h
vidn la chu cac t r a n g t r a i nhd. V\ ly do b a n
che v l quy md, cac t r a n g t r a i n a y b i t bupc
p h a i tim each da dang hda cae boat ddng d l
tao t h e m t h u n h a p , n h i m duy tri boat ddng
NghiSn ciiu Kinh t§s6432 - Thdng 5/2014
du lich^. Hang nam, doanh thu tfl du lieh ndng
thdn cMlm 20% tong doanh thu cua toan nganh
du lich. Hoat ddng du lich cung dem lai doanh
t h u phu trdi 23% cho khu vflc ndng ngMep^".
Chudi gia tri du lieh ndng thdn ciia P h a p
cd t h e tdm t i t trong sd do sau:
Nhd phan phoi Khach hang
Ndng dSn
Hiep hpi qufict^
Cong ty 10
Khach du lich
hanh
nfii dia
eua t r a n g t r a i va t r a n h khoi nguy cd hi thdn
tinh bdi cac t r a n g trai Idn^^
Hidn nay, vdi hdn 1.100 hdi vien la cac hp
ndng dan, Accueil Paysan dflde td chfle dfldi
hinh thfle ngMdp doan quoc gia, bao gom 14
Mep hpi cap viing va 36 Mep hdi c i p tinh.
Ngan sach eho boat dpng thfldng mdn cua
ngMdp doan quoc gia vao khoang 300 tridu
EUR, trong dd, 3/4 la khoan t h u tfl hdi pM, do
eac hdi vien ddng gdp, cdn lai la tfl trd ca'p ciia
cac bd chu quan va Hdi ddng dia phfldng eac
cap. Mflc ddng pM cua cac hdi vidn Men nay la
215 EtIR/nam, ed giam trfl dd'i vdi cae hdi vien
mdi (150 EUR/nam). Rieng cac hpi vidn cM
t h a m gia hinh thfle ddn tiep eac ddi tfldng xa
hdi tM mflc pM hang nam la 100 EUR.
9. Direction du Tourisme (2003), Tourisme Rural.
Secretariat d'Etat au Tourisme, Paris.
10. Conseil national du tourisme. Section de
I'economie touristique (2010), Le poids economique et
social du tourisme.
11. Day la mot xu the r£it ro rang trong n^n nOng
nghiep Phap. Chi trong vong 20 nam, tit nam 1988 deh
nam 2007, sd lao dong n6ng nghiSp binh quftn/lOOha d^t
canh tac da giam tii 4,7 ngudi xudng con dudi 3 ngucri.
59
 Du lich ndng thdn ...
HINH 2: S d d o t ^ chijfc c u a h i d p h d i A c c u e i l P a y s a n
BO Du Ijch, BO
NOng nghiOp "*\ Hiep hdi qudc gia Accueil Paysan
J Hidp hOi c^p vCing
I Hfli vien Accueil Paysan
Hoat ddng cua to chfle Mep hdi b ckc ca'p
chu ye'u tap t r u n g vao eae mang cMnh la: (1)
quang cao, (2) dao tao, (3) k i t ndi vdi eac doi
tae va (4) xin t a i trd.
c a c loai Mnh dich vu theo tieu chuan eua
Accueil Paysan bao gom:
Phdng tro: cMa se khdng gian sinh hoat
chung vdi gia dinh ndng dan, bfla sang theo
k i l u dia phfldng vdi cac thfle p h i r a dflde san
x u l t va ehd'bie'n tai chd.
Nha trp/llu: tMch hdp cho khaeh du
lich di theo nhdm/gia dinh, tfl na'u an.
Bai d m trai: bai co va cae dich vu vd
sinh phuc vu khach e l m trai, thfldng b
nhflng vi tri cd phong canh thidn nMen dep.
Dich vu an uong; phuc vu cae mdn an
dia phfldng, cac du khach cd the ngdi chung
mdt b a n a n Idn cung gia dinh ndng dan. Day
cflng la mdt dip de du khach cd the trao doi
va Meu thdm v l v a n hda dia phfldng.
Cac s a n vat cua dia phfldng: cd t h i la
s a n p h i m ndng nghiep hoac t h u cdng nghidp,
tfly theo vflng m i l n .
Dich vu ddn tie'p tre em: cho tre em
nhflng t r a i ngMdm v l cude song tap the va
hpe hdi v l thien nhien (tim h i l u eac loai cay,
con vat nudi...), day tre each lam mpt sd'mdn
a n hay vat dung ddn gian.
Dich vu ddn tie'p eac dd'i tfldng xa hdi:
bao gdm nhflng ngfldi gia, ngfldi t a n tat,
ngfldi cd va'n d l t a m ly...
Cac hpi vien ciia Accueil P a y s a n cam kd't
thfle h a n h s a n xua't nong nghiep hflu cd va
60
- Phe duy^t cdc
hoat dOng
- Di/a ra cdc dinh
hudng
- Hfitai?h^i vi6n: bO
tieu ch[, quSng cdo,
xin tdi tra..
[*•
ndi khdng vdi cae s a n p h a m b i l n d^i gen. Vdi
muc tidu n a n g eao gia tri gia t a n g cho cac
s a n p h a m ndng nghiep, t a i cac diem ddn tiep
cua Accueil Paysan, cac du khach dflde phuc
vu cac san p h a m thfle p h i m do ndng dan tfl
s a n x u l t , tfl c h i b i l n vdi mdt ty Id td'i da eo
the.
Accueil P a y s a n dfla r a cae bd tidu cM
ridng cho tflng loai M n h dich vu. Dong thdi,
hp cung xac dinh mot mflc gia san, n h i m
d a m bao sfl canh t r a n h mpt each l a n h manh
gifla cae hdi vidn. Mfle gia binh q u a n eho mdt
khaeh ngM qua ddm kdm theo bfla sang la
khoang 30 EUR, gia mot bfla a n cMnh (trfla,
td'i) tfl 15 den 20 EUR. Gia cho t r e em b i n g
2/3 mfle gia ngfldi Idn.
Accueil Paysan la t h a n h vidn cua nMlu
mang Ifldi xa hpi tai Phap nhfl Education
populaire, Umon peuple et culture. Solidarity
Internationale, Tourisme solidaire... va cd quan
he ddi tac vdi eac td' chflc du lich, van hda, xa
hdi nhfl Avenir social, Campmg club de France,
Vacances et families... T^ chflc Nhflng ngfldi
ban cua Accueil Paysan la mdt Mnh thfle cau
lac bd nhiing ngfldi khdng phai hdi vidn nhflng
ludn sat canh va u n g hd Mdp hdi trong eac hoat
ddng xa hpi.
2.2. Du lich nong thon 6 Viet Nam
Hidn nay, vdi t h u n h a p binh quan d i u
ngfldi k h u vfle ndng thdn t h i p hdn t h a n h thi
khoang 2 lan^^ va khoang each t h u n h a p ngay
12. Theo s6 lieu thdng ke nam 2012.
NghiSn aiu Kinh tSs6432 - Thdng 5/2014
 Du iich nong thon ..,
cang ed xu hfldng gia tang, cdng vdi viec cac
cd hpi d i u tfl cung nhfl viee l a m t a p t r u n g
chu ye'u b cac dd thi, vide di d a n tfl p h a t la
khdng thd t r a n h khdi. Nhieu nghien cflu da
cM r a r i n g , viec di cfl nay la nguydn n h a n
pha v3 ed ca'u xa hoi d v u n g ndng thdn, gia
t a n g n a n p h a rijfng, d i n g thdi lam t a n g thdm
ap Iflc kinh td', xa hdi cflng nhfl mdi trfldng d
t h a n h phd'. Do vay, v l lau dai, vide t i m k i l m
eae giai p h a p t a i chd cho p h a t trien ndng
thdn, n a n g cao mflc sd'ng cho ndng dan la ra't
c i n thiet.
Kinh td' Viet N a m d a n g t r o n g thdi k y
dich ehuyen cd ca'u tfl k h u vflc ndng nghiep
sang edng nghiep va dich vu. Viec p h a t
t r i l n du lich n o n g t h o n se tao cd hdi giam
nghdo t h d n g q u a p h a t t r i e n k i n h te', duy tri
va md m a n g cae n g a n h n g h i t i l u t h u edng
nghe, dong thdi gdp p h a n bao ton di s a n v a
bao ve mdi trfldng. Ngoai r a , nd eung giup
eai t h i e n ke't ca'u h a t a n g v l n ye'u kdm cua
khu vflc ndng t h d n nhfl hd thd'ng dfldng sa,
H I N H 3: S d d o c h u o i g i a t r i d u l i c h n o n g t h o n V i e t N a m
Nhd cung c^p
Sin pham / Dich vi
COng afing, Dl tfch, thSng
ngdnh chO quin cSnh
Luu tm
• ^
1 NOng dan /
1 ^
—*. Dich vu Sn
udng
^ E>6 luu ni#m
Trong t r u d n g hdp Viet Nam, cac ho nong
dan khong tiep xiic trUc ti6'p vdi khach h a n g
ma thong qua cac c6ng ty 13 h a n h . Chinh cac
cong ty la h a n h mdi la tac n h a n co vai tro
quyet dinh t r o n g chuSi gia tri. Ket qua la,
ngUcli nfing dan, tuy vSn la chu the cung c4'p
san p h a m h a n g hoa va dich vu, nhUng ho
ludn la t a c n h a n chiu t h i § t thoi nhSit. Theo
ka't q u a k h a o sat thuc hien n&m 2013 t a i 2 xa
Ta V a n v a T a P h i n , h u y e n Sa Pa, t i n h Lao
Cai, cac ho ngUdi thi^u so khi n h a n don ti6'p
Nghidn cdu Kinh tdsd432 - Thdng 5/2014
k e n h mfldng tfldi, tieu, m a n g Ifldi didn va
t h d n g tin.
Cac loai M n h du lich ndng thdn ciia Viet
Nam bao gdm: t h a m q u a n d a n h lam t h i n g
canh, cac di tich lich sfl v a n hda, t r a n g trai,
lang nghe, t h a m gia vao cae hoat dpng cua
lang xa; che' bid'n eae mdn an, dd uong tai cho
tfl s a n p h i m ndng nghidp, phuc vu a n ud'ng
eho khaeh; b a n eae dae s a n dia phfldng, h a n g
Mu nidm; cho khaeh thud nha; eho khaeh
thud phfldng tien/dich vu van chuydn...
Hien nay, k h a i niem du lich ndng thdn
chfla dflde n h l c de'n mdt each cMnh thfle
trong v a n b a n p h a p ly h a y kd' hoach p h a t
trien cua cac dia phfldng. Tuy nhidn, trdn
thfle te', loai M n h du lich nay da x u a t Mdn
rai rac, tfl m i l n nui phia B i c cho dd'n eae
miet vfldn vflng sdng nflde dong b i n g sdng
Cflu Long.
Hidn tai, cd t h e Mnh dung chudi gia tri v l
du lich ndng thdn cua Viet Nam nhfl sd do
dfldi day:
n .r Khach hang
'\ '
Khach du lich
qudc td
Cdng ty la ^
h^nh
<
\ Khach du lich
ndi dja
'
khach do cac cong ty lfi h a n h giki d§'n thuong
phai VJEng trUdc cac chi phi va t h a n h toan sau.
Do do, khi cac cong ty h a gia de canh t r a n h
thi cac h6 d a n nay la doi tudng d^u tign chiu
thi$t thoi qua vi6c ep gia. Ngoai ra, viec
cham t h a n h toan ciing la mot rui ro thudng
xuyen cua cac ho nay. Ben canh do, chinh cac
ho d a n ciing tU h a gia de canh t r a n h vdi
nhau, khien cho cha't lUdng dich vu cang
kem. Trong khi do, mot khao sat thUc hien
n a m 2012 t a i huygn Ba B 4 t i n h B4c Can lai
61
 Du lich ndng thdn .
cho tha'y eac hd dan d b a n Pac Ngdi tfl lien
kd't vdi n h a u d l cd t h i ddn tid'p nhflng doan
khach ed so Ifldng vfldt qua sflc chfla eua mdt
hd gia dinh.
Ve q u a n ly, theo Luat Du lich, eac hd ndng
dan lam du lich phai dang ky cd sd Mu trfl va
chiu sfl quan ly cua n g a n h du lich^^ Tuy
nhien, kM chfla nhin t h i y ldi ieh eua viec
"dflde quan ly" nay d dau tM ngfldi dan da
tha'y ngay trflde m i t mpt khoan ehi phi phai
ddng cho vide t h I m dinh. CMnh vl vay, trdn
thfle te, nhieu hd ndng dan tim each dd ddn
khaeh "chui", khdng ke khai d l t r a n h m i t
khoan ehi pM nay.
Mdt nhflde diem ra't dd n h a n t h i y cua du
lich Viet Nam hidn nay, trong dd cd du lich
ndng thdn la: ngfldi ndng dan dang dflng ben
ngoai l l mpi ehfldng trinh phat trien cua
nganh du lich. Ndi each khac, sfl p h a t trien
du lieh b Viet Nam cM m a n g lai ldi ieh eho
khu vfle n h a nflde va tfl n h a n ma ehfla hfldng
tdi ngfldi dan. D i l u nay d a n dd'n cac d i l m
yd'u kem khae eua du lich Viet N a m nhfl n a n
chdo kdo khach, "chat chdm" (lfla) khach hay
cung ca'p dich vu k6m c h i t Ifldng. S a u xa
hdn, sfl p h a t tridn du lich da gay nhieu tac
dpng tieu cfle hdn la tieh cfle dd'n ddi sd'ng xa
hdi, mdi trfldng ndng thdn va lam hdng d i n
ban s i c v a n hda cua n M l u dia phfldng.
2.3. So sdnh hai mo hinh
• Ve cdc tdc nhdn tham gia chudi
Trong chudi gia tri cua Phap, Mep hdi la
mdt tae n h a n rd't quan trpng. Nhfl da ndi d
tren, doi vdi ben ngoai, hiep hoi ddng vai trd
d^i didn, thfle hidn cac t h u tue xin trd ca'p tfl
eac td chflc cMnh q u y l n va bac vd q u y l n ldi
cho hdi vien. Trong khi dd, dd'i vdi ndi bd,
hidp hdi dat r a eae quy dinh de d i l u boa
quyen ldi gifla cac hpi vidn, dam bao mpt sfl
canh t r a n h lanh manh. Cd le, vide thid'u v I n g
mpt tac n h a n tfldng tfl b Viet N a m Men nay
dang la nguyen n h d n khid'n cho cac ndng bd
v l n ludn la tac n h a n yeu the nha't trong
chudi gia tri du lich ndng thdn. Hp la nhflng
ngfldi ddng gdp cMnh vao hoat ddng du lich
ndng thdn, tfl cae s a n p h a m , dieh vu d i n di
62
s a n van hda va sinh thai, nhflng t r o n g thfle
t l lai t h u dflde ra't it ldi tfl hoat ddng
nay. Vide d l vai trd d i l u tid't chudi trong tay
cac cdng ty Ifl h a n h khid'n eho mue tidu
hfldng d i n ngfldi nghdo va ndng d a n cua du
lich ndng thdn b Viet N a m cdn ra't xa vdi.
Ve ddi tfldng khach h a n g cua du lich ndng
thdn. Men n a y dang cd sfl khac bidt Idn gifla
P h a p va Viet N a m . O P h a p , loai M n h du lich
ndng thdn chu ye'u n h i m vao d6i tflpng
khaeh h a n g npi dia. Da y la xu thd' ehung cua
cac quoc gia p h a t t r i l n , do n h u c l u di du lich
cua d a n chung cao: 6 1 % d a n s l P h a p di du
lich it n h a t 1 l l n / n a m , trong do 37,5% di hdn
2 chuyen/nam va cM 16% chpn d i l m d i n la
nflde n g o a i " . Trong k h i do, khaeh nflde ngoai
Men v l n ehiem da so' trong t h i trfldng du lich
ndng thdn Vidt Nam. Khaeh du hch ndi dia vln
tap t n m g chu y l u b cac loai Mnh cd tinh chit
t r u y l n thd'ng nhfl du lieh bien va chfla quan
t a m n M l u den khu vflc ndng tiidn. Tuy nMen,
trong dieu kidn cua mot quoc gia dang phdt
trien, nhu e i u di du lich cua dan ehung se cdn
gia tang^^
• Ve cdc liin kit trong chudi
Lien ke't la y l u to quan trpng nha't doi vdi
sfl van h a n h cua chudi gia tri. Lien k i t trong
chudi gia tri bao g I m 2 loai: hen ke't dpc va lien
k i t ngang.
Trong chudi gia tri ve du lich ndng thdn,
hen k i t dpc k i t ncfi ngfldi ndng dan la dilm
d i u vdi khaeh du lich la diem cuoi cua chuoi,
thdng qua cac tac n h a n trung gian. D ^ vdi
trfldng hdp cua Phap, cd t h i ndi, hidp hdi la tdc
n h a n dong vai tro ehu chdt trong vide eung co
eae hdn k i t trong chudi gia tri. Quan hd gifla
ndng dan (hpi vien) va Mdp hpi la mdt m6i hdn
13. Thang w s6 88/2008/IT-BVHTrDL ngiy 31-12-
2008 cua B6 Van hda. th^ thao va du lich v^ Hudng din
thuc hien Nghi dinh s6 92/2007/ND-CT ngSy 1-6-2007
cua Chiiih phu quy dinh chi tiet thi hanh mOt s6 di^u cia
Luat Du lich \k lini tni du lich.
14. Que sais-je? Le tourisme vert, 2e edition.
15. Theo sd heu cua Ting cue Du lich, sd lupng khich
du lich nOi dia hifin nay vSo khoang 31 triSu lupt/riam, tiong
khi dan s£( Viet Nam da dat m& 90 trifiu
http:/Avww. vietnamtourism.gov. vn\
Nghien aiu Kinh tes&432 - Thdng 5/2014
 Du lich nong thdn
k i t 2 cMlu, dflde rang bude chat ehe bdi cac
quy dinh v l quyen ldi va ngMa vu. Trong khi
dd, quan hd gifla Mep hoi va cac khach hang
cung khdng ddn t h u i n cM la giao dich thfldng
mai, dich vu. CMnh cac hinh thfle xay dflng
quan hd doi tae nhfl cau lac bd Nhflng ngfldi
ban Aceueil Paysan da tao ndn dflde mang Ifldi
khach hang thfldng xuydn va trung t h a n h vdi
Mep hdi.
Ngfldc lai, trong trfldng hdp cua Vidt Nam,
hen k i t doe trong chudi gia tri la ra't long leo.
Ndng dan va khach hang thfldng khdng ed
dflde h i t cac thdng t m v l nhau. Quan he giflla
cac doanh ngMdp Ifl h a n h vdi ndng dan cung
thfldng la hen k i t 1 cMlu, vdi ifu t h i ro rang
ngMdng h a n ve pMa doanh ngMep. D i l u nay
d i n d i n 2 h a u qua; tha nhdt, dich vu eua ndng
dan khd dap iing dflng ydu c l u eua khaeh
hang; tha hai, vdi tac n h a n trung gian tMdu
minh bach, khach hang cd the phai tra cao bdn
nMeu so vdi mflc gia m a ndng dan thfle sfl t h u
ve. K i t qua khao sat tai Sa Pa, Lao Cai cho
tMCy, khach du lich dd'n b lai n h a dan khdng
thanh toan trtie tiep cho chu nha ma tra qua
cdng ty du lich. Do vay, sau kM ddn tid'p khach
du hch, ngfldi dan cdn phai ehd ddi d l dflde
thanh toan, vdi mflc gia do cdng ty quyet dinh.
Cd trfldng hdp edng ty du lieh gfli kdm thfle
pham d l chu n h a chd' Men cho khach an,
nhflng luc t h a n h toan ciing cM tinh tien Iflu
tru ma khdng tinh tien bfla an.
Lien k i t ngang la hdn k i t trong npi bd tuCng
nhdm tac nhan. 6 Phap, cae hdi vien phai t u a n
thu quy dinh cua Mdp hdi v l mflc gia san. Do
vay, hp cM cd the canh t r a n h b i n g chat Ifldng
dich vu chfl khdng dflde phep pha gia. Ngoai ra,
cac hpi vidn ciing dflde hfldng thanh qua tfl
nhflng dfl a n chung, dflde triln khai b cac cap
Mep hpi, vi du nhfl cac ehfldng trinh quang cao,
gidi tMeu, tim k i l m khach hang... d ca'p Mdp
hpi, gifla cac Mdp hdi khae nhau, sfl canh t r a n h
de ldi k l o khach hang la dfldng nMdn. Tuy
nMen, do tinh cha't khae n h a u cua eac Mdp hdi,
mdi Mdp hdi cd xu hfldng xay dflng cho mmh
nhflng ban s i c ridng, n h i m vao nhiing p h a n
khuc thi trfldng khach du lich khac nhau. Vi du
Nghidn ciiu Kmh tSs6432 - Thdng 5/2014
nhfl Aceueil Paysan va Bienvenue a la ferme
d i u la nhfl!ng Mep hpi cua ndng dan. Tuy
nMdn, hdi vidn cua Accueil Paysan la nhiing
ndng dan san xua't nhd, cdn Bienvenue a la
ferme quy t u nhiing trang trai Idn hdn. Do vay,
Accueil Paysan mang dd'n eho khaeh du lich
nhiing san p h i m san x u l t theo phfldng thfle
thii edng. Khach cua AecueU Paysan cd t h i cam
n h a n cude sd'ng cua mpt gia dinh ndng dan, tfl
v l t sfla bd b i n g tay, l i e vang siia trong chai dd
lam bd, roi ngoi chung ban an vdi ca nha dd
eflng thfldng thfle nhiing san pham vfla lam ra.
Trong kM dd, Bienvenue a la ferme hd trd cae
trang trai cua hp san x u l t nhflng san p h i m ed
thfldng Meu, dflde bao hp bdi cac to' chflc cd uy
tin cua nganh ndng ngMdp. Dd'n cac trang trai
eua Bienvenue a la ferme, khaeh ed t h i thfldng
thfle va mua nhiing loai san p h i m ndng ngMdp
eha't Ifldng cao va nd'i tie'ng.
O Vidt Nam, mdi quan hd gifla eae tae n h a n
du lich ndng thdn tMen v l canh t r a n h hdn la
hdp tac. c a e hd lam du lieh eanh tranh vdi nhau,
eae edng ty du lich cung canh tranh vdi nhau.
Khao sat tai Vinh Long eho thdy, mpt so cdng
ty du lieh cdn tfl thue/mua dia diem, to chflc
eac diem homestay dd canh t r a n h vdi cac hd
dan ban dia. Day la nguydn nhan d i n den tinh
trang pha gia, gay anh hfldng dd'n c h i t Ifldng
dich vu. Trong bdi eanh do, nhiing vi du v l hdp
tac cMa se nguon khach nhfl b Pac Ngdi, Ba B l
thfle sfl la didm sang.
• Vi mdi tradng the che vd vdn di ddo tao
Vdi tfl each la thanh vidn ciia mpt Mep hdi,
cae hd ndng dan Phap t h a m gia boat ddng du
lich n h a n dflde sfl hd trd v l tai cMnh tfl ehinh
quyln cac cap. So t i l n nay dflde Mep hdi sd:
dung cho cae hoat dpng chung, ma chu ye'u la
quang eao va dao tao. Hang nam, Aceueil
Paysan len hch eho cae boat dpng dao tao. V l
npi dung dao tao, ngoai mdt so' Idp cd tinh chat
cd ban danh cho td't ca hdi vien nhfl: quan tri
n h a n Iflc, tai cMnh, cac v l n d l phap ly..., h l u
hd't cac Idp di sau vao npi dung cu the cua tCCng
loai Mnh dich vu du lich ndng thdn. V I cd ban,
cac khda dao tao nay bao triim toan bp eac npi
dung can tMe't cua tflng loai hinh dich vu. Dieu
63
 Du Ijch ndng thfin ,
nay dam bao cho mdi hdi vidn diu ed the tim
dflde nhiing ehfldng trinh phfl hdp vdi edng
vide thi^e t l cua minh. VI dia dilm, cac Idp
nay dflde to chfle Man phien b cac vflng, de
hdi vidn ed thi tham gia ma khdng phai di
chuyen qua xa.
6 Viet Nam, do du lich ndng thdn mdi chi
phat triln b giai doan manh nha, tfl phat,
chfla cd chu trfldng cu the cua chinh quyln
eae ca'p, nen cae hd ndng dan lam du lich
khdng nhan dflde bat ky sfl hd trd nao vl tai
cMnh. Ngfldc lai, de dflde xac nhan du tieu
chuin cua mdt ed sd Iflu tru, eae hd nay phai
tra chi pM kilm dinh. Ngoai ra, d dia
phfldng, khi cd nhu clu huy ddng tai cMnh tfl
dan thi cic hd lam du lich ludn la doi tfldng
dflde van ddng ddng gop nhilu hdn, bdi ngfldi
ta ludn mac dinh ring eae hd nay giau hdn
nhiing ngfldi hang xdm ciia hp. Vide td chflc
cac khda tap hua'n, dao tao thupc chflc nang
eua cac nganh dpc cd lidn quan. Chang han,
nganh y te' to chfle tap hua'n vl an toan vd
sinh thfle phim eho cac hp cd dich vu an
uong, trong khi nganh du lich md cac Idp dao
tao vl cac ngMep vu du lich. Tuy nMdn, vi du
lieh ndng thdn cM la mdt bd phan nhd trong
nganh du lich va cac dia phfldng eung ehfla
cd chu trfldng gi ridng eho du lich ndng thon,
ndn ndi dung tdp huan, dao tao thfldng cM
tap trung vao cac nghiep vu khach san. Khao
sat tai Vinh Long, Bdn Tre, Tien Giang cho
tha'y, 100% cac hp lam dich vu homestay deu
cd tham gia cac Idp tap hua'n hang nam eiia
nganh du lieh. Tuy nhidn, hp cho rang mdt sd'
npi dung nhfl ngMep vu budng phong dflde
thid't kd' cho eae khach san khdng phfl hdp vdi
dieu kien ddn tiep khach tai ndng hd, cin
phai cd nhflng Idp tap hua'n dflde thilt ke
rieng, tMch hdp hdn vdi du lieh ndng thdn.
64
Ngoai ra, cung ed mdt s l y kiln cho ring
ehfldng trinh tap hulh vl an toan vd sinh
thfle phim hlu nhfl khdng cd gi ddi mdi qua
cac nam, khien eho viec tham gia Idp hpc trb
thanh nham chan.
3. Kit luan
Vdi ldi thd' tfl cpng ding ndng dan vk din
cfl ndng thdn ddng dao, cd the khang dinh
tiem nang phat trien du lich ndng thdn tgi
Vidt Nam la cd triln vpng. Tuy nhien, vide d^
du lieh ndng thon phat triln mdt each tU
phat nhfl nhiing nam vfla qua cho tha'y nMlu
ba't In. Vdi quy md manh mun, nhd le va
thieu dong bo, khdng nhiing chfla thi khai
thlc dflde eac tilm nang du lich nong thdn,
ma tinh ben vflng cung khdng bao dam.
Trdn thfle tl, vide ehuyin doi ed clu tfl
ndng nghidp sang phi ndng nghidp ludn In
chfla nMlu rui ro va thach thfle. Du lieh
ndng thdn, trflde het la chuyen doi cd du mpt
phln, vln gifl cac hoat ddng ndng nghidp va
bl trd bang hoat ddng phi ndng nghiep. Hien
tai, du lich ndi chung, trong do cd du lich
ndng thdn dang ddng gdp tfldng d6i tot vao
tien trinh xda ddi giam ngheo, nhlt la d cac
vflng sau vung xa. Theo Mitchell va Le Chi
Phuc (2007)^^ it nha't 26% cM tidu vao du
lich den dflde tay nhfliig ngfldi nghdo. Vi vay,
ne'u coi du lich ndng thdn la sfl kd't hdp gifla
du lich ben viing va phat trien nong thdn tM
ngay tfl bfldc dau, cin cd mpt cMd'n Ifldc dflng
din cho linh vflc nky./.
16. Mitchell and Le Oii Phuc (2007), Viettiam
Participatory Tourism Value Chain Analysis in Da Nang,
Central Vietnam.
NghiSn ciiu Kmh t4sS432 - Thdng 5/2014