CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

Sulawesi Geology
‡ Western plutono-volcanic arc
‡ Central suture zone / blueschists
‡ Eastern ophiolite
‡ Microcontinental fragments

‡ Interpretation
‡ Product of arc-continent collision in Early
Miocene
‡ Many different models

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

Guntoro (1999)
after Parkinson (1991)

Simandjuntak & Barber (1996) Neogene Sulawesi Orogeny

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

Parkinson (1998)

Ali et al (1996)

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

End Eocene

Late Miocene

Charlton (2000)

East Arm
‡ Ophiolite with Indian Ocean origin, may be
composite
‡ Ages suggested range from Cretaceous to
Eocene
‡ Emplaced by Early Miocene

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

Parkinson
(1991)

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

West Sulawesi
‡ Ophiolite obduction interpreted by Bergman
et al (1996) as Late Oligocene-Early Miocene
‡ Miocene collision interpreted to result from
continent-continent collision
‡ Makassar Straits interpreted as foreland
basin between converging Neogene fold and
thrust belts
‡ Western Sulawesi magmatic arc interpreted
as continent-continent collision product

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

Bergman et al (1996)

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

South Sulawesi
‡ Long history of carbonate platform deposition
‡ No obvious record of any Miocene collision

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

Moyra Wilson
1995

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

Moyra Wilson

Moyra Wilson

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

Moyra Wilson

Alit Ngakan, 1997

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

Lariang and Karama Regions

‡ Also show no sign of Miocene collision
‡ Evidence of Eocene rifting
‡ Mainly steady subsidence through Oligocene
and Miocene
‡ Major tectonic change only in Pliocene
‡ Present high relief is very young

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

Stephen Calvert, 2000

Stephen Calvert, 2000

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

Stephen Calvert, 2000

Contraction
‡ Begins only in Pliocene
‡ Has propagated west
‡ No sign of deformation in central Makassar
Straits, even today
‡ Basement involved, not simply thin-skinned
‡ Influence of pre-existing structural trends,
especially NW-SE faults

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

Stephen Calvert, 2000

Stephen Calvert, 2000

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

Stephen Calvert, 2000

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

Stephen Calvert, 2000

Makassar Straits
‡ Central Makassar Straits undeformed
î Sediment thickens from Paternoster
Platform
î Sediment thickens from Kalimantan
‡ Asymmetrical: Kalimantan side much wider
than Sulawesi side
‡ Floored by oceanic or continental crust ?

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

Fraser et al., 2003

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

Sulawesi side
‡ Three sections, bounded by older faults,
possibly reactivated
‡ North segment
î Muddy sediment derived from east
î Mainly thrust to NW
‡ Central segment
î Sediment onlaps from west
î Little deformation offshore
‡ Southern segment
î Much sandier, clearly derived from east
î Simple detachments and folding

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

Sea bed "

Basal unconformity

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

Northern segment

Central segment

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

Central segment

Southern segment

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

Basal unconformity Seabed

Basal unconformity Seabed

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

Evolution
‡ Eocene: rifting
‡ Makassar Straits floored by continental crust?
‡ Oligocene and Miocene shelf sedimentation
in present West Sulawesi
‡ Steep slope to deep basin
‡ Pliocene shortening and rapid elevation
‡ Thrusting, folding propagates west
‡ Detachments within basement

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

Stephen Calvert, 2000

Australian Crust?
‡ Isotopic signature indicating old Precambrian
crust beneath West Sulawesi has been
interpreted to be product of Miocene collision
‡ But no evidence of Miocene collision in West
Sulawesi
‡ Was the continental crust there already?
‡ Are the magmatic rocks products of extension
not collision?

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

Late Neogene
‡ Extension initiated in Middle Miocene?
î Volcanic evidence
î Bone Gulf
î Gorontalo Bay ?
‡ Important changes in Pliocene
î Initiation of subduction
î Very late strike-slip faulting
î Palu Fault?
î Gorontalo Bay ?
î Walanae Fault?

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CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall

West Sulawesi
volcanic
activity in
Neogene has
extensional Una-Una Only one active volcano:
character. except at east end of North Arm

Unlike
subduction or
post-collision
settings.

Present seismicity
Bellier et al, 2001

GPS motions
Vigny et al, 2002

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