EGTKRGN TLNMGJ\E\GN
GP\JGN ILTLRGXG]GN GNLP]LPF TGMG ]n. C
MLNHGN MFGHNKPG FCTGIPF TRK KMKN]L@]KCV
HLNLRGE GNLP]LPF BGEGN@L MLNHGN FN]\BGPF L]] NGPGE
MF R\CGJ PGIF] RP\ IGRMFNGJ IK]G ]LHGE

Mfsusun Kelj?

 Ngcg ? IJGLR\E GCFN ]RFP

]RFPL]VK
L]VK
 NFC ? 7:4741448

Tlcbfcbfnh Gigmlcfi Tlcbfcbfnh Iefnfi 

(......
(.........
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(........
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TRKHRGC P]\MF PGROGNG ]LRGTGN ILTLRGXG]GN GNLP]LPFKEKHF

AGI\E]GP ILPLJG]GN
\NFQLRPF]GP JGRGTGN BGNHPG
2427
 

G. ML
MLAF
AFN
NFPF
FPF

Fstfegj fcpgisf blrgrtf slbghfgn hfhf gtgu sleuruj hfhf ygnh tfmgi mgpgt lrupsf
mlnhgn
mln hgn slc
slcpur
purng
ng il bfm
bfmgnh
gnh kie
kieusg
usge,
e, mfi
mfigrl
grlngi
ngign
gn tlr
tlrjgc
jgcbgt
bgt kel
kelj
j hfh
hfhff slb
slbleg
legjny
jnyg,
g,
tuegnh, mgn ogrfnhgn eungi mfsliftgrnyg. Hfhf fcpgisf ouhg mgpgt tlrogmf mfigrlngign
 prksls lvkeusf clnhl`fenyg uiurgn rgjgnh slbghgf gifbgt mgrf plrubgjgn plrfegiu mgn
 pkeg cgign pgmg cgnusfg. Blblrgpg agitkr ygnh mfmuhg ouhg clnylbgbign fcpgisf
gntgrg egfn igrfls pgmg plrcuiggn mfstge ckegr ilmug, plrfikrknftfs, ifstg, jfplrpegsf
 ogrfnhgn gtgu fnalisf ekige
ekige (Gcgngt, mii., 2
247=).
47=).
Tlnleftfgn egfn clnunouign bgjwg hfhf fcpgisf ouhg mfigrlngign kelj agitkr 
hlnltfig, hgnhhugn lnmkirfnkekhfi, `legj pgegtge, rgmfgsf, hfhf suplrnuclrgrf, tlregcbgt
gtgu jfegnhnyg plrilcbgnhgn gigr, trgucg, listrgisf mfnf, gmgnyg pksfsf litkpfi, gtgu
gm
gmgn
gnyg
yg tuck
tuckrr kmkn
kmkntk
tkhl
hlnf
nfi.
i. Hf
Hfhf
hf fc
fcpg
pgis
isff ouhg
ouhg mgpg
mgpgtt clclcu
cumg
mgji
jign
gn cg cgig
igng
ngn
n
tlrplrgnhip mfsliftgr hfhf mgn ogrfnhgn eungi mfsliftgryg, sljfnhhg pgsfln clnhgegcf
ilsueftgn untui clcblrsfjignnyg, slrtg clnhgifbgtign hfhf cumgj tlrslrgnh igrfls
slrtg slrfnh clrgsg sgift (Bkurzhuf, mii, 2472)

Pl`grg ucuc mgpgt mfsfcpueign bgjwg fcpgisf hfhf clrupgign sugtu

ilgmggn mfcgng hfhf clnhgegcf ilhghgegn lrupsf sl`grg nkrcge mgegc plrtucbujgn
gifbgt tlrjgegnh kelj hfhf mgn tuegnh sliftgrnyg sljfnhhg tfmgi tlrslmfgnyg rugnhgn
ygnh `uiup. Tlngtgegisgnggn clmfs gmgegj mlnhgn clegiuign kplrgsf ygnh mfslbut
mlnhgn
mlnhg n km
kmkntli
kntlitkcf.
tkcf. Fstfegj
Fstfegj kmkntl
kmkntlitkcf
itkcf mfhungign
mfhungign mgegc tfnmg
tfnmgign
ign kplrg
kplrgsf
sf untui 
clnhleugrign hfhf fcpgisf (tlrplnmgc). Kmkntlitkcf gtgu surhf`ge lxtrg`tfkn gmgegj
cltkml
clt kml plnhgc
plnhgcbfe
bfegn
gn hfhf
hfhf mgrf
mgrf ski
skiltn
ltnyg
yg sltleg
sltlegj
j plc
plcbug
bugtgn
tgn aegp
aegp mgn cln
clnhur
hurgnh
gnhff
slbghfgn tuegnh ygnh clnhlefefnhf hfhf tlrslbut fnsfmln fcpgisf ygnh pgefnh slrfnh
tlrogmf gmgegj hfhf ckegr tfhg (arghfsiks, 2448).

B. GN
GNG]
G]KC
KCF
F MGN AF
AFPFK
PFKEK
EKHF
HF

Cueut gmgegj rknhhg eknoknh pgmg plrcueggn sgeurgn pln`lrnggn. ]lrmfrf gtgs
mug bghfgn. Bghfgn eugr ygnh slcpft, gtgu vlstfbuig, ygftu rugnh mf gntgrg husf slrtg
hfhf mlnhgn bfbfr mgn pfpf, mgn bghfgn mgegc, ygftu rknhhg cueut ygnh mfbgtgsf mf sfsf-
sfsfnyg kelj tuegnh cgxfegrfs mgn slcug hfhf, mgn mf slblegj blegignh blrsgcbunh
mlnhgn gwge agrfnx. Rknhhg cueut tlrblntgnh cuegf mgrf plrcuiggn mgegc hfhf sgcpgf
krkagrfnh. Gtgp cueut mfblntui kelj pgegtuc muruc mgn ckel. Mf bghfgn pkstlrfkr 
 pgegtuc ckel blrgijfr pgmg uvueg. Efmgj   clcblntui mgsgr cueut. Tgmg bghfgn pgefnh
 pkstlrfkr mgrf rknhhg cueut
cueut tlreltgi tknsfe mf ggntgrg
ntgrg ikeucng gntlrfkr mgn pkstlrfkr.

Rknhhg cueut
 

Cueut clrupg
Cueut clrupgign
ign oge
ogegn
gn cgs
cgsui
ui clnuou
clnuou sys
systlc
tlc pln
pln`lr
`lrngg
nggn
n mgn blr
blrfsf
fsf krh
krhgn
gn
gislsk
gislskrf
rf ygn
ygnhh blr
blrsfa
sfagt
gt mgegc
mgegc prksls
prksls gwg
gwgee pln
pln`lr
`lrngg
nggn.
n. Pl`
Pl`grg
grg ucu
ucucc tlr
tlrmfr
mfrff mgr
mgrff 2
 bghfgn, ygftu?

g. Bghfg
Bghfgnn eugr (vlstfb
(vlstfbueg)
ueg) yg
ygftu
ftu ru
rugnh
gnh mfgntgrg
mfgntgrg h
husf,
usf, h
hfhf,
fhf, b
bfbfr
fbfr mg
mgn
n pfpf
 b. Bghfgn rknhhg cueut (bghfgn) mgegc ygftu rknhhg ygnh mfbgtgsf sfsfnyg kelj tuegnh
cgisfegrfs
cgisf egrfs,, pgegtuc
pgegtuc mgn cgnmf
cgnmfbuegr
buegrfs
fs mf slble
slblegj
gj blegi
blegignh
gnh blrsg
blrsgcbunh
cbunh mlnhgn
agrfnh.

Plegputt eln
Plegpu elnmfr
mfr cueut
cueut mftutu
mftutupf
pf lpjftl
lpjftlefu
efuc
c ygn
ygnhh blr
blregp
egpfs-
fs-egp
egpfs.
fs. Mfb
Mfbgwg
gwgjny
jnygg
tlreltgi ilelnogr-ilelnogr jgeus ygnh clnhleugrign elnmfr. Plegput fnf sgnhgt igyg gign
 plcbueuj mgrgj mgn ouhg clcugt bgnygi uounh gijfr sgrga slnskrfs. Mf slblegj eugr 
cueut mftutupf kelj iueft mgn mf slblegj mgegc mftutupf kelj slegput elnmfr cuiksg. Gmg
 blblrgpg bghfgn ygnh plreu
plreu mfiltgjuf, ygftu?

g. Tgegtuc
7) Tge
Tgegtu
gtuc
c muruc
muruc ygnh tlrsusun
tlrsusun gtgs tgou
tgoui-t
i-tgou
goui
i pge
pgegtu
gtuc
c mgr
mgrff slb
slbleg
legj
j mlp
mlpgn
gn
tuegnh
tuegnh cgisfe
cgisfegrf
grfs?
s? pgegtu
pgegtuc
c muruc
muruc gmgegj
gmgegj sug
sugtu
tu struit
struitur
ur tue
tuegnh
gnh blr
blrbln
blntui 
tui 
ikniga. Bghfgn gntlrfkrnyg clcpunygf efpgtgn-efpgtgn ygnh clnknoke, gtgu
ruhgl. (swgrtz, 76:6)
2) Tgeg
Tgegtuc
tuc ckel tlr
tlreltgi
eltgi mfblegi
mfblegignh
gnh ygnh clr
clrupgig
upgignn efpgtg
efpgtgnn clnhhgn
clnhhgntunh
tunh ygnh
mgpgtt blrhlrgi,
mgpg blrhlrgi, tlrmfrf mgrf ogrfnhgn
ogrfnhgn afbrksg mgn slegp
slegput
ut elnml
elnmlr?
r? pgegt
pgegtuc
uc ckel
gmgegj sugtu mglrgj aelisfble cus`uegr mf slblegj pkstlrfkr pgegtuc muruc.
]lpff pkstlr
]lp pkstlrfkr
fkr blr
blrgij
gijfr
fr pgmg
pgmg uvu
uvueg.
eg. \vu
\vueg
eg clc
clcbgn
bgntu
tu cln
clnutu
utupp ngs
ngskag
kagrfn
rfnh
h
slegcg clnlegn.

 b. Rknhhg cueut

7) Bghf
Bghfgn
gn hfhf tlrmgpgt
tlrmgpgt hfhf gntlrf
gntlrfkr
kr ygnh sgnhgt
sgnhgt iugt ygnh tu
tuhgsny
hgsnygg clckt
clcktknh
knh
mgn
mgn hfhfhf
hf pkst
pkstlr
lrfk
fkrr ygnh
ygnh tu
tuhg
hgsn
snyg
yg cl
clnh
nhhf
hfef
efnh
nh.. Tg
Tgmg
mg ucuc
ucucny nygg ktkt
ktkt-kt
-ktkt
kt
 plnhunygj mfplrsgrgaf kelj `gbgnh cktkrfi mgrf sgrga `rgnfge il <. Trksls
clnhunygj mf ikntrke kelj nu`elus mgegc bgtgnh ktgi. Tlrgnhsgnhgn akrcgsf
rltfiu
rltfiuegr
egrfs
fs mligt
mligt pusgt
pusgt bgtgnh
bgtgnh ktg
ktgi
i unt
untui
ui plnhl`
plnhl`gpg
gpgn
n mgp
mgpgt
gt cln
clnfcb
fcbuei
ueign
gn
 plrhlrgign clnhunygj sl`grg rftcfs mgn ikntfnu. Clnhunygj cgigngn
 blrsfagt plntfnh untui pln`lrnggn slcug cgigngn, tlrutgcg untui slbghfgn
 blsgr bugj mgn sgyur-sgyurgn clntgj igrlng zgt fnf clcpunygf clcbrgnl
sleueksg ygnh tfmgi mgpgt mf`lrng mfgntgrg bghfgn-bghfgn zgt nutrfsf ygnh jgrus
mfurgfign slbleuc mgpgt mfhungign.
 

2) ]u
]ueg
egnh
nh gevl
gevlke
kegr
gr..

]uegnh gev
]uegnh gevlke
lkegr
gr tlrmfr
tlrmfrff gtgs
gtgs tuegnh
tuegnh spk
spkns
ns mf gnt
gntgrg
grg mug egpfs tue
tuegnh
gnh
ikrtfige. Tlcbueuj mgrgj mgn sgrga hfhf clnlcbus tuegnh gevlkegr il akrgcln
gp
gpf`
f`ge
ge untu
untui
i cl
clcg
cgsusuif
if rk
rknh
nhhghg puep
puepg.
g. ]u
]ueg
egnh
nh gevl
gevlke
kegr
gr `uiu
`uiup
p egbf
egbfee mgn
mgn
 blraunhsf slbghgf sucblr igesfuc sfgp pgigf untui clcplrtgjgnign igmgr 
mgrgj fkn fnf. Pltlegj jfegnhnyg hfhf plrcgnln gtgu sltlegj plrfkmkntftfs mgpgt
tlrogmf rlskrbsf nygtg mgrf tuegnh gevlkegr.

0) Hfnhfvg.

Hfnhfvg gmgegj clcbrgn cuiksg ygnh clegpfsf vlstfbuiuc mgrf rknhhg

cueut mgn clefpgt mf gtgs plrcuiggn eugr tuegnh gevlkegr. Pggt clnmligtf hfhf,
fg clnygtu mlnhgn tlpfgn bgwgj egpfs clrgj cumg ygnh elbfj iugt ygnh mfslbut
husf gtgu hfnhfvg, ygnh clrupgign bghfgn clcbrgnl cuiksg ygnh tlrfigt lrgt
 pgmg plrfkstluc irfstg tuegnh gevlkegr. Fg mfegpfsf lpftle blregpfs hlplnh mlnhgn
 bgnygi pgpfeeg ogrfnhgn
ogrfnhgn figt clnknoke pgmg mgsgrnyg.
mgsgrnyg. Lpftle fnf blrilrgtfn,
blrilrgtfn, tltgpf
mgegc efnhiunhgn bgsgj fnf fg tfmgi clcfefif strgtuc hrgnueksuc mgn sle-sle
hlplnh egpfs suplrafsfgenyg tltgp blrfntf pfinktfi.

=) Efh
Efhgcl
gclntu
ntuc
c plrfkm
plrfkmknt
kntge.
ge.
Gigr hfhf cgsfnh-cgsfnh mfbunhius egpfs ikeghln pgmgt, clcblntui 
clcbrg
clc brgnl
nl plrfkm
plrfkmknt
kntge
ge gtgu
gtgu efh
efhgcl
gclnt
nt plr
plrfkm
fkmknt
kntge
ge mf gnt
gntgrg
grg slc
slclnt
lntuc
uc mgn
tuegnh
tuegnh gevlke
gevlkegr
gr mf sliftg
sliftgrny
rnyg.
g. Plrgt-
Plrgt-slr
slrgtn
gtnyg
yg blr
blroge
ogegn
gn cfr
cfrfnh
fnh il gtggtgss mgr
mgrff
slclnt
slc lntuc
uc il tuegnh
tuegnh jfnhhg
jfnhhg tligng
tligngnn pgm
pgmgg hfh
hfhff cln
clnlig
lign
n slr
slrgt-
gt-slr
slrgt
gt ygn
ygnh
h
tlrtgngc
tlrtgngc mgegc tuegnh.
tuegnh. Efhgcln
Efhgcln plrfkmkntg
plrfkmkntgee clngj
clngjgngn hfhf pgmg sgiun
sgiunyg
yg mgn
cgsfj clcunhifnign slmfift hlrgi.

<) Tuepg.

Tuepg,
Tuep g, ygnh
ygnh clclcl
clnunujf
jf rk
rknh
nhhg
hg hfhf
hfhf,, blrg
blrgsg
sgee mgrf
mgrf ogrf
ogrfnh
nhgn
gn ygnh
ygnh
clcblntui
clcblntui pgpfeeg
pgpfeeg mlntfs
mlntfs sleg
slegcg
cg plrilcbgnh
plrilcbgnhgngn lcbrf
lcbrfknge.
knge. Grtlrfke il`fe
clcgsuif puepg clegeuf akrgcln gpf`ge mgn `gbgnh igpfelrnyg pl`gj mligt
mgsgr kmkntkbegs mgn slbghfgn tlrmgpgt mfgntgrgnyg. Clrlig fnf blregnout il
mgegc vlng il`fe ygnh eltginyg elbfj il pusgt puepg.

1) Efmgj.

Efmgj cgnusfg slblngrnyg

slblngrnyg mfblntui kelj ktkt-ktkt
ktkt-ktkt ygnh tlrbg
tlrbghf
hf gtgs 2
ilekcpki, ygftu ktkt-ktkt ygnh jgnyg tlrmgpgt mgegc efmgj (ktkt fntrfnsfi) mgn
ktkt-ktkt listrfnsfi ygnh sgegj sgtu uounhnyg clcpunygf plreligtgn mf eugr 
efmgj, ygftu pgmg tuegnh rgjgnh bgwgj mf mgsgr cueut mgn tuegnh efmgj. Ktkt
fntrfnsfi clcpunygf slrgt elbfj jgeus mgrfpgmg ktkt listrfnsfi. Ktkt-ktkt fnf
 plntfnh mgegc prksls clnhunygj mgn clnhu`gpign igtg-igtg. Tlrhlrgign
efmgj mfgtur kelj sgrga ktgi il-72. Tlrcuiggn blegignh efmgj ygnh tlrefjgt pgmg
sggt slslkrgnh clcbuig cueut mftutupf kelj slegput elnmfr ygnh clcpunygf

tknokegn-tknokegn (pgpfeeg).
untui clnhlnge rgsg cgnfs,Tgmg
gsfn, pgpfeeg
gsgc (mffnfuounh
tlrmgpgt gegt mgn
mlpgn), plnhl`gp (tgstl-bum)
pgjft (mf pgnhige
 

efmgj). Mf sgcpfnh ftu, efmgj ouhg clcpunygf uounh-uounh sgrga plrgsg ygnh
mgpgt clngnhigp slnsgsf pgngs mgn mfnhfn. Rgsg plmgs tfmgi tlrcgsui sgegj
sgtu blntui slnsgsf plnhl`gpgn, tltgpf sugtu rgsg pgngs ygnh tlrcgsui slnsgsf
ucuc. Tlnhl`gpgn mfurus kelj sgrga ktgi il-8 mgn slnsgsf ucuc kelj sgrga 
ktgi il-<. Gpgbfeg efmgj mfgnhigt il gtgs, sugtu plreligtgn cuiksg, arlnueuc,
mgpgt tlrefjgt mf bgwgj

@. TL
TLNV
NVLB
LBGB
GB

]lrmgpgt
]lrmgp gt blblrg
blblrgpg
pg agitkr
agitkr ltf
ltfkek
kekhf
hf mgrf
mgrf hfh
hfhff fcp
fcpgis
gisff cln
clnuru
urutt blr
blrhlr
hlr mge
mgegc
gc
fnmknlsfgn okurnge ka krge gnm cgxfeekag`fge surhlkn ( 244=) mgn ygftu?

7) Ag
Agit
itkr
kr ek
ekig
igee

g) Iurgn
Iurgnhnyg
hnyg rrugnhg
ugnhgn n untui
untui lrupsf
lrupsf nkrc
nkrcgege pgmg
pgmg efnhi
efnhiunhgn
unhgn h hfhf
fhf
 b) ]rgucg pgmg blnfj hfh hfhff sljfnhhg blnfj hfhf ttlrmkrknh
lrmkrknh elbfj mgegc eghf
`) Tk
Tksf
sfsf
sf llit
itkp
kpfi
fi mmgr
grff hfhf
hfhf
m) Ogr
Ogrgi
gi bl
blnfj
nfj h
hfhf
fhf il
il tlcpgt
tlcpgt llruprupsf
sf oguj
oguj
l) Fnal
Fnalis
isff pgm
pgmgg b
bln
lnfj
fj hf
hfhf
hf
a) Gmg
Gmgnyg
nyg h hfhf
fhf b
blre
lrelbf
lbfj j ygn
ygnhh lru
lrupsf
psf elbf
elbfj
j mue
mueu
u
h) Gni
Gniyek
yeksfs
sfs hfhf
hfhf pgmg
pgmg tueg
tuegnh
nh rg
rgjgn
jgnhh
j) Tlrsf
Tlrsfstlns
stlnsff hfhf sueu
sueunhnh ygnh clnylbg
clnylbgbign
bign fcpgisf
fcpgisf hfhf tltltgp
tgp mf bgwgj
bgwgjnyg
nyg
f) Cuiks
Cuiksgg hf hfnhfvg
nhfvg ygnh tlbgtlbgee slj
sljfnhhg
fnhhg sueft mf tl
tlcbus
cbus kelj hfhf
 o) Tlrhlrgign lrupsf tlrtgjgn igrlng pksfsf ygnh sgegj mgn tligngn mgrf hfhf
sgcpfnh
i) Nlkpe
Nlkpegscg
gscg / tuckr
tuckr ygnh
ygnh clnhhlsl
clnhhlslrr ilmum
ilmumuign
uign bl
blnfj
nfj hf
hfhf
hf
e) Ifstg
Ifstg mlnt
mlntfhl
fhlrku
rkuss ygnh blrilcb
blrilcbgnh gnh pgm
pgmgg blnfj hfh
hfhff ygnh cgsf
cgsfjj mgegc tgj
tgjgp
gp
 plcblntuign slrfnh igef cln`lhgj hfhf lrupsf

2) Ag
Agit
itkr
kr sfs
sfstl
tlcf
cfi 
i 

Clnurut blrhll,
Clnurut blrhll, agitk
agitkrr sfstl
sfstlcfi
cfi ygnh clnylbgbign
clnylbgbign hfhf fcpgisf mgpgt
tlrbghf mgegc 2 slbgb ?

g) Plb
Plbgb
gb prl
prlngt
ngtge
ge (jlrlm
(jlrlmftl
ftlr)
r)
Agitkr ilturungn clclhgnh plrgngn plntfnh. Agitkr ilturungn fnf tfmgi mgpgt
mfiltgjuf mlnhgn pgstf gpgigj tuegnh rgjgnh tlregeu il`fe, hfhf tlrgeu blsgr gtgu
 blnfj hfhf-hfhf ygnh eltginyg
eltginyg gbnkrcge. Mgn il
ilgmggn
gmggn cfs`lhlngtfkn
 b) Plbgb pkstngtge clrupgign slcug ilgmggn gtgu iknmfsf ygnh mgpgt
clnhhgnhhu plrtucbujgn pgmg gngi-gngi slplrtf ? rf`iltsfg, gnlcfg, sypjfefs
iknhlnftge, tb`, hgnhhugn ilelnogr lnmkirfn mgn cgenutrfsf.
f. Ileg
Ilegfn
fngn
gn ile
ilelnog
lnogrr lnm
lnmkirf
kirfn
n
 Jfpkpftuftgrf clnhgifbgtign ilegcbgtgn lrupsf
 Jfpktfrkfm clnhgifbgtign ilegcbgtgn lrupsf
ff. Cgenutrfsf
Ag
Agit
itkr
kr fn
fnff sgnh
sgnhgt
gt plnt
plntfn
fnh
h mgeg
mgegc
c plrt
plrtuc
ucbubujg
jgn
n tubu
tubuj.
j. Bfeg
Bfeg tlro
tlrogm
gmff
mlafsflnsf cgig plrtucbujgn gign tlrhgnhhu.
 

`) Il
Ilegegfn
fngn
gn plrt
plrtuc
ucbu
bujg
jgn n
f. @el
elffmk `rgn
`rgnfg
fgee mysk
myskst
stks
ksfs
fs
]lro
]l rogm
gmff pgmg
pgmg cgsgcgsg iknh
iknhln
lnft
ftge
ge mf cgcgng
ng tlro
tlrogm
gmff ilru
ilrusg
sgig
ign
n gtgu
gtgu
gbnkrcgeftgs mgrf tuegnh `rgnfge. Jge
ff. Kxy`lpjgef
Mfsgcp
Mfs gcpfnhfnh agi
agitkr
tkr-ag
-agitk
itkrr ygnh
ygnh mfs
mfslbu
lbutig
tign
n mfg
mfgtgs
tgs,, stfcue
stfcuegsf
gsf ktk
ktkt-k
t-ktkt
tkt
 plnhunygjgn ygnh iurgnh ouhg mgpgt clnylbgbign fcpgisf. Lrupsf hfhf
ygnh nkrcge jgrus mfslrtgf mlnhgn plrtucbujgn rgjgnh ygnh nkrcge.
\ntui ftu plreu gmgnyg stfcuegsf ktkt-ktkt plnhunygjgn. (myc, 2447)

M. TG
TG]J
]JKA
KAFPF
FPFKE
KEKH
KHF
F

Blblrgpg plnlftfgn clnunouiign bgjwg hgnhhugn fcpgisf hfhf mfslbgbign kelj

igrlng
igrlng ag`tkr
ag`tkr ekige
ekige mgn sfstlc
sfstlcfi.
fi. Gif
Gifbgt
bgt mgrf
mgrf gmg
gmgnyg
nyg pln
plnhgr
hgruj
uj blb
blblrg
lrgpg
pg agitkr 
agitkr 
clnfcb
cln fcbuei
ueign
gn hlogeg
hlogeg-hl
-hloge
ogegg slplrt
slplrtff hgnhhu
hgnhhugn
gn sgeurg
sgeurgn
n `lr
`lrng,
ng, sgi
sgift
ft ilp
ilpgeg
geg,, tle
tlefnh
fnhgg
 blrmlnhunh, sgift eljlr, rlcgtfi, iln`fnh cgnfs, hgnhhugn ogntunh, hgnhhugn pgmg
iueft, bgmgn `lpgt elegj. Hgnhhugn fnf slrfnh jfegnh tfcbue blrilpgnognhgn gtgu hlogeg-
hlogeg egfn pgmg tubuj ygnh tfmgi bfsg mfkbgtf cgig hfhf fnf cuegf mf`urfhgf slbghgf
 plnylbgb. Plclntgrg ftu blrbghgf hlogeg ftu ouhg slrfnh mfgegcf kelj plnmlrftg gelrhf.
Tgmgjge
Tgmgj ge igftg
igftgn
n gntgr
gntgrgg hgnhh
hgnhhugnugn pln`lrngg
pln`lrnggn,
n, hgnhhugn
hgnhhugn iueft mgn bgmgn `lpgt elegj
sl`grg tlkrf pgtkbfkekhfs tfmgi bfsg mfolegsign sl`grg bgfi igftgnnyg.

Bfeg hgnhhugn ftu blrigftgn mlnhgn plnmlrftg gelrhf, sl`grg fcunkpgtkbfkekhfs

igftgn
igftgn gntgr
gntgrgg fcpgisf
fcpgisf hfhf mgn plnmlrftg
plnmlrftg gelrhf
gelrhf bfsg mfolegsi
mfolegsign.
gn. Pl`gr
Pl`grgg tlkrf plnylbg
plnylbgb b
fcpgis
fcp gisff hfhf
hfhf gmgegj
gmgegj rlg
rlgisf
isf fna
fnaegc
egcgsfgsf nknfna
nknfnalis
lisff pgm
pgmgg ogr
ogrfnh
fnhgn
gn mf slisliftg
ftgrr hfh
hfhf.f. Pgg
Pggtt
tlrogmf plcblnhigiign tlrslbut clnlign plrsgrgagn mf sliftgrnyg ygnh clnylbgbign
rg
rgsg
sg nhfe
nhfeu
u mgn
mgn nylr
nylrff mf slif
sliftg
tgr 
r   eki
ekigsf
gsf tlr
tlrslb
slbut.
ut. Tgm
Tgmgg pln
plnmlrmlrftg
ftg gel
gelrhf
rhf sggsggtt tlr
tlrogm
ogmff
iligcbujgn
iligc bujgn bfsg clnhgifbg
clnhgifbgtign tign rligsf mf sleuruj
sleuruj krhgn tubuj tlrcgsu tlrcgsui i husf mgn
 ogrfnhgn sliftgrnyg. Tlcblnhigign tlrslbut ouhg tlrogmf pgmg mglrgj husf egfnnyg. Jge
fnfegj
fnfegj ygnh
ygnh ouhg
ouhg slrfnh
slrfnh mfileu
mfileujig
jign n pgmg
pgmg pln
plnmlr
mlrftg
ftg hfh
hfhff jfp
jfplrs
lrslns
lnsftf
ftfaa ygn
ygnhh sgnsgnhgt
hgt
cunhif
cun hifnn cli
clignfgnfscl
scl tlrogm
tlrogmff hgnhhu
hgnhhugn gn tfm
tfmgi
gi blr
blrblm
blmg.g. Mlc
Mlcfif fifgn
gn ouh
ouhgg pgm
pgmgg gnggngii mf
 bgwgj usfg 2 tgjun slrfnh tlrogmf plcblnhigiign husf slrfnh mfgnhhgp tucbuj hfhf.
]ltgpf
]ltg pf sggt hlogeg gelrh
gelrhff egfnnyg
egfnnyg clcbg
clcbgfi fi blnhigi
blnhigi tlrsl
tlrslbut
but blriu
blriurgnh
rgnh tltgpf tfmgi 
mffiutf tucbujnyg hfhf. Tlcblnhigiign ogrfnhgn pgmg hfhf ckegr ygnh tucbuj mf mgsgr 
hfhf
hfhf mgn tucb
ucbuj tfm fmgi
gi slcslcpurn
purngg clnhg
lnhgif
ifbg
bgttign
ign ml
mlsg
sgig
ign
n fnae
fnaegc
gcgs
gsff gtg
gtgu
 plcblnhigiign tlrslbut elbfj
elbfj clnhhgnhhu mgn cl
clnlign
nlign plrsgrgagn.

Jge fnf ouhg

ouhg mfo
mfoleg
legsig
sign
n kelj
kelj blblrg
blblrgpgpg pln
plnlef
leftfg
tfgn
n ygnh
ygnh cln
clnuno
unouii
uiign
gn bgj
bgjwg
wg
fcpgisf hfhf tfmgi tlrogmf pgmg hfhf ckegr iltfhg tltgpf mgpgt tlrogmf pgmg hfhf egfnnyg.
Tksfsf hfhf ygnh bleuc lrupsf slcpurng gign clcumgjign cgigngn, mlbrfs mgn bgitlrf
tlrolbgi mf bgwgj husf ygnh mf bgwgjnyg tlrmgpgt hfhf bunhsu sljfnhhg clnylbgbign
fnalisf pgmg husf ygnh mfslbut plrf`krknftfs. Ofig tfmgi slhlrg mftgnhgnf fnalisf tlrslbut
gign clnylbgr il tlnhhkrkign gtgu eljlr. Hfhf fcpgisf mgpgt clnmkrknh hfhf-hfhf egfn
mf mlpgnnyg sljfnhhg blrhlrgi mgn blrubgj pksfsf. Tksfsf hfhf fcpgisf sueft mfognhigu
sljfnhhg sueft mfblrsfjign mgn clnogmf blreubgnh. ]fmgi jgnyg hfhf fcpgisfnyg sgog
ygnh blreubgnh tltgpf hfhf mf mlpgnnyg ouhg blreubgnh igrlng sueft mfblrsfjign. Tgrg
gjef clnygtgign bgjwg <4% igsus ifstg blrjubunhgn mlnhgn hfhf hlrgjgc fcpgisf
 pgmg rgjgnh bgwgj. Cgjiktg hfhf fcpgisf tucbuj mgegc sugtu slegput. Ofig slegput
tlrs
tlrslb
lbut
ut cl
clnl
nltg
tgp
p mgeg
mgegc
c tu
tueg
egnh
nh rg
rgjg
jgnh
nh,, mgpg
mgpgtt tlrf
tlrfsf
sf kelj
kelj `g
`gfr
frgn
gn ygnh
ygnh gi
gijf
jfrn
rnyg
yg
 

clcblntui ifstg ygnh mgpgt clrusgi tuegnh, hfhf mgn sgrga. Clnhfnhgt ikcpefigsf
ygnh mftfcbueign kelj hfhf hlrgjgc fcpgisf cgig iftg plreu clnhltgjuf wgitu tlrbgfi 
hfhf tlrslbut mf`gbut. Igesfafigsf hfhf hlrgjgc bunhsu tlrogmf cuegf ucur 6 tgjun mgn
cgjiktg hfhf slelsgf tlrblntui ucur 72-7< tgjun. Ogmf hfhf hlrgjgc bunhsu sumgj
mgpgt mfefjgt clegeuf rknthln pgmg ucur 72-7< tgjun wgegupun hfhf tlrslbut bleuc
tucbuj.

L. TG]JXGV FCTGIPF

Agitkr ekige Agitkr sfstlcfi  

 b. Iurgnhnyg rugnhgn un untui

tui g. Plbg
Plbgbb pr
prln
lngt
gtge
ge (j
(jlr
lrlm
lmft
ftlr
lr))
lrupsf nkrcge pgmg  b. Plbgb pkstngtge clr
clrupgign
upgign
efnhiunhgn hfhf slcug ilgmggn gtgu iknmfsf
`. ]r
]rgu
gucg
cg pgmg
pgmg blnf
blnfjjhhfh
fhff ygnh mgpgt clnhhgnhhu
m. Tk
Tksf
sfsf
sf llit
itkp
kpfi
fi h
hfh
fhff  plrtucbujgn pgmg gngi-gngi 
gngi-gngi 
l. Ogrg
Ogrgi
i blnf
blnfj j hfhf
hfhf `. Ilegfngn plrtucbujgn
a. Fnal
Fnalis
isff pgm
pgmgg b bln
lnfjfj hf
hfhf
hf
h. Gm
Gmgn
gnyg
yg hhfh
fhff bl
blre
relb
lbfj
fj ygn
ygnhh
lrupsf elbfj mueu
j. Gn
Gniy
iyek
eksf
sfss hf
hfhf
hf pg
pgmg
mg ttue
uegn
gnh
h
rgjgnh
f. Tlrsfstlnsf hfhf sueunh

 Nylrf giut Fcpgisf hfhf

Trkslmur plcblmgjgn
Kmkntl`tkcy @lcgs

Rlsfik iltfmgilalitfagn Iltfmgilalitfagn

Rlsfik gspfrgsf
 pkeg ngags  blrsfjgn ogegn ngags
 

A. CG
CGNFA
NFALP
LP]G
]GPF
PF IE
IEFN
FNFP
FP

]gnmg mgn hlogeg mgrf hfhf fcpgisf gntgrg egfn?

g. Rgs
Rgsgg sgift
sgift mf slif
sliftgr
tgr hfhf
hfhf mgn
mgn hu
husfsf
 b. Tlcblnhigign mf sliftgr
sliftgr rgjgnh
`. Tlcb
Tlcblnhig
lnhigign
ign mgn wgrng
wgrng ilc
ilclrgjg
lrgjgnn pgmg hus
husff mf slift
sliftgr
gr hfhf ygnh
ygnh tlrfc
tlrfcpgisf
pgisf
m. Nylrf
ylrf mf rgjg
rgjgnhnh
l. Bgu ccueu
ueutt mgn rgsg
rgsg tfmgi
tfmgi nyg
nygcgn
cgn iltfi
iltfigg clnhuy
clnhuygjgj
a. Mgp
Mgpgt
gt m
mfsl
fslrtg
rtgff mlnhg
mlnhgn n rg
rgsg
sg sgif
sgiftt il
ilpge
pgegg

Bgnygi plnleftfgnygnh tlegj mfegiuign untui clefjgt hgcbgrgn fcpgisf ygnh

tlrogmf mf sleuruj munfg. Clnurut ngtfknge fnstftutl akr jlgetj gnm `efnf`ge lx`leeln`l
(nf`l)
(nf`l),, hfhf
hfhf ckegr
ckegr ygn
ygnhh clnghe
clnghegcf
gcf fcpgis
fcpgisff fnf bfe
bfegg tfm
tfmgi
gi mf`
mf`gbu
gbut,
t, cgi
cgigg gig
gign
n
clnfcb
cln fcbuei
ueign
gn cgsgeg
cgsgegj.
j. Cgsgeg
Cgsgegj j ygnh
ygnh mftfcb
mftfcbuei
ueign
gn gmgegj
gmgegj plr
plrubg
ubgjgn
jgn pgtkek
pgtkekhfs
hfs,,
slplrtf fcaegcgsf ogrfnhgn eungi sliftgr hfhf, rlgbskrbsf gigr, plnygift tuegnh gevlkegr 
mgn ogrf
ogrfnhgn
nhgn ogrfn
ogrfnhgn
hgn eungi
eungi,, ilrusging
ilrusging hfhf slble
slblegjnyg
gjnyg,, plril
plrilcbgnh
cbgnhgn gn ifstg mgn
tuckr, igrfls bgjign sgift ilpgeg gtgu sgift rgjgnh. (`jgnmg, 24489 gstutf, 2442).

Hfhf ygnh fcpgisf ouhg blrtlnmlnsf clnfcbueign cgsgegj plrfmkntge ygnh

 blrjubunhgn mlnhgn plrfikrknftfs,
plrfikrknftfs, igrfls ckegr, rlgbskrbsf
rlgbskrbsf hfhf ckegr ilmug mgn ouhg
 plcblntuign ifstg mgn tuckr fnalisf gtgu igrfls pgmg hfhf mf mligtnyg. @uiup
 bgnygi igsus igrfls pgmg hfhf ckegr mug igrlng hfhf ckegr iltfhg clnhgegcf
fcpgisf. Hfhf ckegr iltfhg clrupgign plnylbgb tlrslrfnh igrfls pgmg ckegr ilmug
igrlng rltlnsf cgigngn. Igrfls mfstge ckegr ilmug ygnh mfslbgbign kelj igrfls pksfsf
hfhf ckegr iltfhg.

H. TLC
TLCLRF
LRFIPG
IPGGN
GN T
TLN\
LN\NOG
NOGNH
NH

Rgmfkh
Rgmf khrg
rgaf
af pgnk
pgnkrg
rgcf
cfii ououhg
hg mfil
mfilng
ngee slbg
slbghg
hgff krtj
krtjkp
kpgn
gntk
tkck
ckhr
hrgc
gc gtgu
gtgu
rktgtf
rktgtfkng
kngerg
ergmfk
mfkhrg
hrgaf.
af. Rgmfkh
Rgmfkhrga
rgaff pgnkrg
pgnkrgcfi
cfi tle
tlegj
gj clnogm
clnogmff ikc
ikcpkn
pknln
ln ygn
ygnh
h pln
plntfn
tfnh
h
mgegc clcbgntu clnmfghnksfs ilegfngn cueut slegcg =4 tgjun. Rgmfkhrgaf pgnkrgcfi 
clnogmf tlinfi rgmfkhrgaf ygnh sgnhgt pkpuelr mfilmkitlrgn hfhf igrlng slcug hfhf mgn
 ogrfnhgn plnmuiunh mgpgt mftgcpfeign mgegc sgtu hgcbgr aktk mlnhgn tlinfi ygnh

rlegtfa cumgj.
J. TLN
TLNG]G
G]GEGI
EGIPGN
PGNGGN
GGN C
CLMF
LMFP
P

Kplrgsf blmgj cfnkr cueut (kmkntlitkcf)   Plble

Plbleuc
uc clegi
clegiuign
uign plcbl
plcblmgjgn
mgjgn
tlrelbfj mgjueu jgrus clnhltgjuf fnmfigsf mgn ikntrgfnmfigsf mgrf plnhgcbfegn ckegr 
tfhg fcpgisf rgjgnh bgwgj.

g. Fnmfigsfnyg gmgegj ?
7) Fnali
Fnalisf
sf igrlng
igrlng lrupsf ygnh
ygnh tlregc
tlregcbgt
bgt mgn gbnkrcge
gbnkrcge (plr
(plrfikrk
fikrknftfs
nftfs))
2) Blr
Blrilc
ilcbgn
bgnhny
hnygg ake
akefil
filee clnogm
clnogmff ilgmgg
ilgmggnn pgt
pgtkek
kekhfs
hfs (ifstg
(ifstg kmk
kmkntk
ntkhln
hlnfifi mgn
nlkpegscg)
0) \sfg cu
cumg,
mg, slsu
slsumgj
mgj gigr hfhfhf
hf tlrblntui
tlrblntui slplrtfh
slplrtfhgg sgcpgf mumugg plrtfh
plrtfhgg bghfgn
mgn slbleuc iefln cln`gpgf usfg 7: tgjun

=) Gm
Gmgn
gnyg
yg fn
fnal
alis
isff
 

<) Tlnyfcpgnhgn pgnognh elnhiunh rgjgnh mgn untui clcbgntu

clcplrtgjgnign stgbfeftgs jgsfe plrgwgtgn krtkmknsf
1) Trk
Trkstl
stltfi
tfi gtgu rlstkrgt
rlstkrgtfa
fa (mfplr
(mfplreui
euign
gn unt
untui
ui cln`g
cln`gpgfpgf ogegn cgsu
cgsuii il tlpf
hfnhfvg mfstge mgrf ckegr mug mfmligtnyg)
8) Gpg
Gpgbfe
bfegg ckegr
ckegr ilmug
ilmug mfm
mfmlig
ligtny
tnygg mf`
mf`gbu
gbutt mgn ilcu
ilcunhi
nhifng
fngn
n lru
lrupsf
psf nkrc
nkrcgege
gtgu blraunhsfnyg ckegr iltfhg fcpgisf sgnhgt il`fe
:) Plble
Plbleuc
uc tuegnh
tuegnh sgnhgt tlrcfnl
tlrcfnlrgefs
rgefsgsf
gsf mgn pgmg
pgmgtt ygftu slbl
slbleuc
euc usfg 21 tgj
tgjun
un

b. Ikntrgfnmfigsfnyg gmgegj?
7) Iefl
Ieflnn ttfmgi
fmgi clnhj
clnhjlnmgi
lnmgiff hfhfnyg
hfhfnyg mf`gb
mf`gbut
ut
2) Plble
Plbleuc
uc pgnognh
pgnognh gigr cln`
cln`gpgf
gpgf slpl
slplrtfhg
rtfhg gt
gtgu
gu mug plrtf
plrtfhg
hg mgn gpgbfeg
gpgbfeg tuegnh
ygnh clnutupfnyg tlregeu bgnygi (pln`gbutgn prlcgtur)
0) Of
Ofig
ig ilcu
ilcunh nhif
ifng
ngn
n blsg
blsgrr gi
gign
gn tlro
tlrogm
gmff ilru
ilrusg
sgig
ign
n pgmg
pgmg stru
struit
itur
ur plnt
plntfn
fnh
h
mfsliftgrnyg gtgu ilrusgign tuegnh plnmuiunh ygnh eugs

Gpgbfeg ilcgcpugn iefln untui clnhjgmgpf tfnmgign plcblmgjgn tlrhgnhhu

kelj iknmfsf afsfi gtgu clntge tlrtlntu (plmlrsln, 7661)

`. Ikcpefigsf mgrf tfnmgign plcblmgjgn kmkntlitkcf

Tgmg sggt plnhgcbfegn c0 mgpgt tlrogmf ikcpefigsf blrupg?
7) Tlrmg
Tlrmgrgjgn
rgjgn igrln
igrlngg p
plcbu
lcbueuj
euj mgrgj tlrbu
tlrbuig
ig

2) Ilru
Ilrusgign
sgign pgmg hfhf c2 igrlng
igrlng trguc
trgucgg gegt
gegt
0) Rgsg ssggift
=) Tgr
Tgrlst
lstlsf
lsf pgmg
pgmg efm
efmgj
gj mgn bfbfr.
bfbfr. Mgegc
Mgegc eftl
eftlrgt
rgtur
ur mfigt
mfigtgig
gignn bgj
bgjwg
wg 61 % ief
iefln
ln
mlnhgn trgucg pgmg n. Gevlkegrfs fnalrfkr mgn :8 % iefln mlnhgn trgucg
 pgmg n. Efhugefs
Efhugefs gign slcbuj sl`grg spkntgn
spkntgn ( myc & khel, 2 2447)
447)
<) ]rf
]rfscu
scuss ig
igrln
rlngg frftg
frftgsf
sf sy
sygrg
grga 
a 
1) Fnal
Fnalis
isf/
f/pl
plrg
rgmg
mgnh
nhgn
gn
8) Bfgs
Bfgsgn
gnyg
yg mfmfsl
slrt
rtgf
gf mlnh
mlnhgn
gn plcb
plcblnlnhi
higi
gign
gn,, mgpg
mgpgtt mftg
mftgnh
nhhu
hueg
egnh
nhff mlnh
mlnhgn
gn
clcbuig ogjftgn, frfhgsf mlnhgn egrutgn gntfslptfi mgn mfblrf gntfbfktfi 
:) Ar
Argi
gitu
turr cgnm
cgnmfbfbue
uegg
6) Lca
Lcafsl
fslcg
cg ? plcbln
plcblnhig higign
ign ygnh tfcb
tfcbue
ue igr
igrlng
lng tlro
tlrolbg
lbginy
inygg umg
umgrg
rg mf mge
mgegc
gc
 ogrfnhgn eungi gifbgt plnhhunggn bkr jfhj sp spllm.
llm.

F. ]G]
]G]G
GEEGIP
GIPGNG
GNG GNL
GNLP]L
P]LPF
PF TG
TGMG
MG B
BLMG
LMGJ
JCC\E\
\E\]
]

Olnfs gnl
Olnfs gnlstl
stlsf
sf ygn
ygnhh mfh
mfhung
ungign
ign unt
untui
ui tfnmgi
tfnmgign
gn kmk
kmkntl
ntl`tk
`tkcy
cy gmg
gmgegj
egj hln
hlnlrg
lrgee
gnlstlsf bgegn`l. Hlnlrge gnlstlsf clrupgign tfnmgign clnhjfegnhign rgsg sgift sl`grg
slntrge
slntrge mfslr
mfslrtgf
tgf jfegnhnyg
jfegnhnyg ilsgm
ilsgmgrgn
grgn (rlvl
(rlvlrsfbe
rsfbel).
l). ]fnm
]fnmgign
gign hlnlr
hlnlrge
ge gnlst
gnlstlsf
lsf tlrmg
tlrmgpgt
pgt
 blblrgpg tlinfi ygnh mgpgt mfegiuign gmgegj hlnlrge gnlstlsf mlnhhgn tlinfi fntrgvlng
gnlstlsf mgn hlnlrge gnlstlsf mlnhgn fnjgegsf ygftu mlnhgn ag`l cgsi (sunhiup cuig)
mgn mlnhgn
mlnhgn tlinfi
tlinfi fnt
fntubg
ubgsf
sf ygf
ygftu
tu plc
plcgsg
gsgnhg
nhgn n lnm
lnmktr
ktrl`j
l`jlge
lge tub
tubll gtg
gtgu
u hgb
hgbunh
unhgn
gn
ilmugnyg fnjgegsf mgn fntrgvlng (Egtfla, 2448).

]linfi ygnh mfhungign bgegn`l gnlstlsf mlnhgn fntubgsf ngsge clnhhungign

L]] nknifnifn. Clrupgign tlinfi gnlstlsf mlnhgn clcplrhungign ikcbfngsf kbgt-
kbgtgn bgfi kbgt gnlstlsf fntrgvlng cgupun kbgt gnlstlsf fnjgegsf gtgu ikcbfngsf tlinfi 
 

hlnlrge gnlstlsf mlnhgn gngehlsfg rlhfknge untui cln`gpgf trfgs gnlstlsf sl`grg kptfcge
mgn blrfcbgnh, ygftu?

7) Lal
Lali
i jfp
jfpnks
nksfs,
fs, mfplr
mfplrkel
kelj
j mlnhgn
mlnhgn clcpl
clcplrhu
rhungi
ngign
gn kbg
kbgtt jfp
jfpnkt
nktfiu
fiuc
c gtg
gtgu
u kbg
kbgtt
gnlstlsf ucuc ygnh egfn.
2) Lali gng
gngehlsf
ehlsfg,
g, mfplrkelj
mfplrkelj mlnhgn
mlnhgn clcplr
clcplrhungi
hungign
gn kbgt gngeh
gngehltfi
ltfi kpfg
kpfgtt gtgu kbgt
hlnlrge gnlstlsf gtgu mlnhgn `grg gngehlsfg rlhfknge.
0) La
Lali
li rl
rleg
egis
isgs
gsf,
f, mf
mfpl
plrk
rkel
elj
j mlnh
mlnhgn
gn clcp
clcplr
lrhu
hung
ngig
ignn kbgt
kbgt pleu
pleucp
cpujuj ktkt
ktkt gtgu
gtgu
hlnlrge gnlstlsf, gtgu mlnhgn `grg gngehlsfg rlhfknge.
Tlcgsgnhgn L]] ngsge pgmg pgsfln mlwgsg gmgegj slbghgf blrfiut ?

g. Blr
Blrftg
ftgjui
juign
gn pgmg
pgmg pln
plnmlr
mlrftg
ftg gtgu ileugrh
ileugrhgg clnclnhln
hlngf
gf prksl
prkslmur
mur tfnm
tfnmgig
gignn ygn
ygnhh
gign mfegiuign, fnmfigsf mgn ikcpefigsfnyg, mgn cfntgegj plrsltuougn mgrf
 plnmlrftg gtgu ileugrhg ( fnakrclm `knslnt)
 b. @li gegt ygnh mfplreuign, pgstfign slcug blraunhsf mlnhgn bgfi mgn pfefj
 pfpg lnmktrgilge ( L]) nkn ifnifn ygnh slsugf uiurgn mgn `li aunhsf bgekn
mlnhgn clnhlcbgnhign mlnhgn umgrg 74 ce. Ofig aunhsf bgfi, ilcplsign
 bgekn. Blrf pleucgs
pleucgs pgmg uounh pfpg L] sgcpgf sgcpgf mglrgj `uaa.
`. Elt
Eltgii
giign
gn bgnt
bgntge
ge il`f
il`fee gtgu plny
plnygnh
gnhhghg jgnm
jgnmui ui sltf
sltfnhh
nhhff 74 `c mf kisfp
kisfputut mgn
 plrtgjgnign ilpgeg slmfift listlnsf. (ofig rlsfik argitur `lrvf`ge mgpgt
mfsfnhifrign)
m. Blr
Blrfig
fign
n kbgt prl
prlclm
clmfigfigsf
sf gntf
gntfike
ikefnl
fnlrhf
rhfi 
i 
l. Blr
Blrfig
fign
n kbgt
kbgt gngehl
gngehltfi
tfi iugt mlnh
mlnhgngn knslt `lpg
`lpgtt (al
(alntg
ntgnye
nye)) ilc
ilcumf
umfgn
gn fnmui
fnmuisfsf
iefln mlnhgn kbgt slsugf fnstruisf MTOT gnlstlsf
a. Egi
Egiuig
uign n jfplr
jfplrvln
vlntfe
tfegsf
gsf cfnfcg
cfnfcgee 04 mltfi
mltfi cleg
clegeuf
euf bgh cgscgsilr
ilr mln
mlnhgn
hgn Af K2
744 % mgn blrfign cus`uek rlegxgn
h. Cgsui
Cgsuiignign L]] n nkn
kn ifni
ifnifn
fn clegeuf
clegeuf ekbg
ekbgnh
nh jfmunh
jfmunh ilcu
ilcumfgn
mfgn mkr
mkrknh
knh ple
plegn
gn
j. Buig cu cueut
eut mlnhgn
mlnhgn `grg `r `rkss
kss afnhlr
afnhlr mgn tgnhgn
tgnhgn if
ifrf
rf clcl
clclhgnh
hgnh egegrfnhk
rfnhksikp
sikp
f. Cgsuii
Cgsuiign gn bfeg
bfegjj egrfnh
egrfnhksi
ksikp
kp mlnhg
mlnhgn n elcbu
elcbutt clnle
clnleusu
usurf
rf cueut slb
slbleg
legj
j ign
igngn,
gn,
sfsfjign efmgj il ifrf.
 o. Cgsuiign bfegj slmfift mlcf slmfift sgcpgf uounh egrfnhksikp cln`gpgf
mgsgr efmgj, plrjgtfign ghgr efmgj gtgu bfbfr tfmgi tlrolpft mf gntgrg bfegj mgn
hfhf pgsfln.

i. Gnh
Gnhigt
igt egr
egrfnh
fnhksi
ksikp
kp il gtgsmg
gtgsmgnn il mlpg
mlpgnn mlnhg
mlnhgnn ilcfr
ilcfrfnhfnhgn
gn 04 sgc
sgcgpf
gpf =4
slogog
slogogrr gisfs
gisfs pln
plnhgn
hgnhgn
hgn.. Ognhgn
Ognhgn sgc sgcpgf
pgf cln
clnhhu
hhungi
ngign
gn hfhhfhff slb
slbghg
ghgff tftfi 
tftfi 
tucpu.
e. Bfeg
Bfeg pfpftg
tg sugr
sugrgg su
sumg
mgjj tl
tlre
refj
fjgt
gt,, tg
tgjg
jgnn tgrf
tgrfig
ign
n / pk
pksf
sfsf
sf egrf
egrfnh
nhksksik
ikpp mlnh
mlnhgngn
clnhhungign iliugtgn sfiu mgn plrhlegnhgn tgnhgn.
c. Olpf
Olpftt uo
uoun
unhh L] cl clnh
nhhu
hung
ngig
ignn cgcghf
hfee
ee (ogn
(ognhg
hgn
n clclnh
nhlnlngf
gf bgek
bgekn/
n/`u
`uaa
aa L]L]))
ilcumfgn grgjign il trgilg mgn mkrknh mlnhgn sckktj il agrfnh sgcpgf
 bghfgn prkisfcge mgrf `uaa L] clelwgtf pftg sugrg · 7 ‐ 2 `c gtgu pgmg krgnh
mlwgsg gtgu ilmgegcgn pfpg L] ·76 -20 `c.
n. Gnh
Gnhigt
igt egr
egrfnh
fnhksi
ksikp
kp fsf bgekn
bgekn mlnhg
mlnhgn n umgrg < ‐ 74 ce. XgitXgitu u fntub
fntubgsf
gsf tfm
tfmgi 
gi 
 bkelj elbfj mgrf 24 mltfi.
mltfi.
k. Jubun
Jubunhgnhgn pfp
pfpgg L] mlnhgn
mlnhgn gcbub
gcbubgh gh mgn egi
egiuign
uign vl
vlntfeg
ntfegsf
sf sgcbf
sgcbfee clegi
clegiuign
uign
gusiuetgsf ( gsfstln), plrtgcg pgmg egcbunh, ilcumgfgn pgmg pgru igngn mgn
ifrf sgcbfe clcplrjgtfign plnhlcbgnhgn mgmg.Bfeg tlrmlnhgr hurhefnh pgmg
egcbunh mgn mgmg tfmgi clnhlcbgnh, blrgrtf pfpg L] cgsui il lskaghus mgn
 

 plcgsgnhgn pfpg jgrus mfuegnhf sltlegj clegiuign jfplrvlntfegsf uegnh

sleg
slegcg
cg 04 mltf
mltfi.
i. Blri
Blriur
urgn
gnhn
hnyg
yg buny
bunyff ngag
ngagss mf gtgs
gtgs mgmg
mgmg ifrf
ifrf bfgs
bfgsgn
gnyg
yg
clnhfn
cln hfnmfi
mfigsf
gsfign
ign plrhlsl
plrhlslrgn
rgn pfpg il mgegc brk brkniu
niuss utg
utgcg
cg igngn mgn
clclreuign tgrfign blblrgpg `c mgrf pfpg L].
 p. Egiuign afisgsf pfpg ml mlnhgn
nhgn pelstlr ghgr tgi ttlrmkrknh
lrmkrknh gtgu tlr`gbut

O. AKI
AKI\P
\P TLNH
TLNHIGO
IGOFGN
FGN GP\
GP\JGN
JGN IL
ILTLR
TLRGXG
GXG]GN
]GN GN
GNLP]
LP]LPF
LPF
g. Tlnhigofgn
7) Fmln
Fmlntftftg
tgss Tgsfl
Tgsflnn
Clefputf
Clef putf ? ngcg,
ngcg, tlcp
tlcpgt/tg
gt/tgnhhge
nhhge egjfr
egjfr,, ucur,
ucur,olnfs
olnfs ilegc
ilegcfn,gn
fn,gngi-il,
gi-il, BB/]B,
gegcgt.
2) Il
Ileueujg
jgnn \t
\tgc
gcgg
Jge ygnh slrfnh clnogmf gegsgn iefln untui clcfntg plrtkeknhgn ilsljgtgn
ygftu nylrf pgmg hfhf.
0) Rfw
Rfwgyg
gygtt ilsl
ilsljgt
jgtgn
gn cgs
cgsgeg
gegeu
eu
g) Rfw
Rfwgyggygtt Il
Ilslj
sljgtg
gtgn
n Pli
Pligrg
grgnh
nh
Gmgnyg rfwgygt fnalisf pgmg hfhf gtgu plnylbgb ygnh egfnnyg
 b) Rfwgygt Tlnygift Mg Mgjueu
jueu
Tlnhigofgn clefputf gmgnyg plnygift ygnh plrngj mfmlrftg iefln slegfn
ileujgn sggt fnf gtgu plnhkbgtgn ygnh slmgnh mfogegnf.

=) Tlnhi
Tln
Tlnhig
higofg
ofgn
Tlnhigofg n psfiksk
gofgn
n psfi
clignksksfk
clignfscl sfkspr
fsclsprftu
ftuge
ge ygnh mfhungig
ikpfnh mfhungignn iefl
iefln
n untui clnfegf rlspkn
tlrjgmgp plnygift ygnh mfmlrftg mgn plnhrujnyg mgegc iljfmupgn sljgrf- jgrf.
<) Tl
Tlcl
clrf
rfis
isgg
ggnn Af
Afsf
sfi 
i 
Tlclrfisggn afsfi clnhungign plclrfisggn afsfi sl`grg jlgm tk-tkl.
1) Tln
Tlnhig
higofg
ofgn
n tfnhi
tfnhigtgt iilsg
lsgmgr
mgrgngn
Bghgfcgngigj ilgmggn ucuc iefln mgn tfnhigt ilsgmgrgn iefln (H@P)
8) Tln
Tlnhig
higofg
ofgn
n aunhsf
aunhsf slrlb
slrlbrge
rge,, clefputf
clefputf??
g) Pt
Ptgt
gtu
us ccln
lnttge
Kbslrvgsf plngcpfegn, tfnhigj egiu, nfegf hgyg bf`grg, lisprlsf wgogj mgn
gitfvf
gitfvftgs
tgs ckt
cktkrfkrfii ief
iefln.
ln. Tgmg
Tgmg iefiefln
ln jfm
jfmrks
rkslag
lageus
eus tgj
tgjgp
gp egn
egnout
out bfgsgn
bfgsgnyg
yg
stgtus clntge iefln clnhgegcf plrubgjgn.
 b) Tlnhigofn sgrga `rgnf`rgnfge,
ge, gpgigj gmg cgsgegj
cgsgegj plrsgrgagn clefputf
f. Pgrga F ((K
Keagitkrf).
ff. Pgrga FF (Kptfius).
fff
fff.. Pgrga
Pgrga FFF,
FFF, FFQ
Q mgn
mgn QF ((Kiu
Kiuekc
ekcktk
ktkrfs
rfs,, ]
]rki
rkielg
elgrfs
rfs,, G
Gbmu
bmu`ln
`lns)
s)
fv. Pgrga Q (]rfhlcfnfus)
v. Pgrga QFF
QFF(ag`fgefs).
vf. Pgrga QF
QFFF ((GGiustfius)
vf
vff.
f. Pg
Pgrg
rgaa FFZ
Z mgn
mgn Z( HeHeks
kska
kagr
grfn
fnhl
hlus
us mgn
mgn Q Qgh
ghus
us).
).
vfff. Pgrga ZF
ZF ((GGislskrfus)
fx. Pgrga ZF
ZFF ((JJfpkheksus).

:) Ckbfeftgs
Gpgigj iefln clnhgegcf hgnhhugn ckbfeftgs
6) Tln
Tlnhig
higofg
ofgn
n syst
systlc
lc ckt
cktkrf
krfi.
i.
Gpgigj iefln
iefln clnhgegcf cgsgegj pgmg listrlcftgs.
 

74) Tlnhi
Tlnhigofg
gofgn
n Rlael
Rlaelis.
is.
Gpgigj iefln
iefln clnhgegcf cgsgegj pgmg rlaelis
77) Tlnhigofgn systlc sl
slnskrfi.
nskrfi.
Gpgigj iefln clnhgegcf cgsgegj pgmg sy
systlc
stlc slnskrfi.

I. MF
MFGH
GHNK
NKPG
PG IL
ILTL
TLRG
RGXG
XG]G
]GN
N GN
GNLP
LP]L
]LPF
PF VG
VGNH
NH C\
C\NH
NHIF
IFN
N C\
C\N@
N@\E
\E
PLEGCG TLRFKTLRG]FA

g. Nylrf giut
 b. Gnsfltgs
`. Rls
Rlsfik
fik iltfmg
iltfmgila
ilalit
litfag
fagn
n pkeg
pkeg ngag
ngagss
m. Ilt
Iltfmg
fmgii lal
lalitf
itfagn
agn blrsf
blrsfjgn
jgn ogeg
ogegn
n nga
ngags
gs
l. Rl
Rlsf
sfik
ik gsp
gspffrg
rgsf
sf

E. FN]L
FN]LRQL
RQLNPF
NPF ILL
ILLRGX
RGXG]G
G]GN
N GNLP]
GNLP]LPF
LPF
g. Nylrf giut
7) Fmlnt
Fmlntfafig
fafigsf
sf ekigsf, igrgitlrf
igrgitlrfstfi,
stfi, murgsf,
murgsf, arliulnsf,
arliulnsf, iuge
iugeftgs,
ftgs, fntl
fntlnsftg
nsftgss nylrf
2) Fml
Fmlntf
ntfafi
afigsf
gsf sigeg
sigeg nylrf.
nylrf.
0) Blr
Blrfig
fignn tli
tlinfi
nfi nknag
nknagrcg
rcgike
ikekhf
khfss unt
untui
ui cln
clnhur
hurgnh
gnhff rgs
rgsgg nyl
nylrf
rf (cf
(cfsge
sgenyg
nyg
jypnksfs, giuprlsur, tlrgpf cusfi, bfkallmbg`i, tlrgpf pfogt, grkcgtlrgpf,

tlinfi
=) Ik
Ikeg
egbkfcgofngsf
bkrg
rgsf
sf plcbtlrbfcbfnh,
plcblrlrfg
fgn
n gn
gnge ikcprls
gehl
hlsf bfegjgnhgt/mfnhfn,
sf`` bfeg nylr
nylrff tfmgi tlrgpf
tfmgi tlrg
tlrgtg blrcgfn)
tgsf
sf mlnh
mlnhgn
gn tlrg
tlrgpf
pf
nknagrcgikekhfs

 b. Gnsfltgs
7) Igo
Igoff ttfnh
fnhigt
igt il`lcg
il`lcgsgn
sgn iefln
iefln
2) Bfn
Bfngg jujubun
bunhgn
hgn sge
sgefnh
fnh plr`gy
plr`gygg
0) Bgnt
Bgntu u pgsfln clclnhlis
nhlisprlsf
prlsfign
ign plrgs
plrgsggn
ggn cgrg
cgrgj,
j, iljfe
iljfegnhgn
gnhgn,, mgn tgiut
tgiut..
=) Igof tgnmg gnsfl
gnsfltgs
tgs vlrbge
vlrbge mgn nknvl
nknvlrvbge
rvbge..
<) Ole
Olegsi
gsign gn tlntgnh
tlntgnh prk
prkslm
slmur
ur gnlstlsf
gnlstlsf mgn plc
plcblm
blmgjg
gjgn
n mln
mlnhgn
hgn bgjg
bgjgsg
sg ygn
ygnh
h
cumgj mfpgjgcf.

`. Rls
Rlsfik
fik iltfmg
iltfmgila
ilalit
litfag
fagn
n pkeg
pkeg n
ngag
gagss
7) Blrsf
Blrsfjign
jign cueut,
cueut, j jfmunh
fmunh,, mgn sl
slirlsf
irlsf ttrg`jl
rg`jlgg mlnh
mlnhgngn tlpg
tlpgtt
2) Tlr
Tlrtgj
tgjgni
gnign
gn ilp
ilpgtl
gtlngn
ngn og
ogegn
egn ng
ngags
ags
0) Tksf
Tksfsfign
sfign pgsfln
pgsfln unt
untui
ui clcgisf
clcgisfcgei
cgeign
gn vln
vlntfeg
tfegsf
sf
=) Gusiu
Gusiuetgsf
etgsf sugrg ngags,
ngags, gmgnyg
gmgnyg sugrg tgcbg
tgcbgjgnjgn gtgu tfmgi 
<) Cknf
Cknftkrfn
tkrfnh
h stgtu
stgtuss plrngagsgn
plrngagsgn mgn kisf
kisfhlngs
hlngsff
1) @gt
@gtgt
gt plrhlr
plrhlrgig
gignn mgm
mgmg,
g, `gtgt
`gtgt iltfmg
iltfmgisf
isfclt
cltrfsg
rfsgn,
n, pln
plnhhu
hhungg
nggnn ktk
ktktt bgn
bgntu
tu
ngags, mgn rltrgisf pgmg ktkt supiegvf`ueg mgn fntlr`kstge
8) Cknf
Cknftkr
tkr pkeg ngags (cfs.,
(cfs., brgmf
brgmfpnlg,
pnlg, tgif
tgifpnlg,
pnlg, jfplr
jfplrvlntf
vlntfegsf,
egsf, plrng
plrngagsgn
agsgn
iuscgue)

m. Ilt
Iltfmg
fmgi
i lal
lalitf
itfagn
agn blrsf
blrsfjgn
jgn ogeg
ogegn
n nga
ngags
gs
7) Egiui
Egiuign gn su`t
su`tfknfn
fknfnh
h plrngsge
plrngsge mg
mgnn plrkr
plrkrge
ge pgs
pgsig
ig list
listubgsf
ubgsf
2) Ig
Igof
of au
aunh
nhsf
sf plrn
plrnga
gags
gsgn
gn..
0) Cknft
Cknftkr
kr ilcgcpu
ilcgcpugn
gn un
untui
tui clnhleugrig
clnhleugrign
n sli
slirlt.
rlt.
 

=) Bgnt
Bgntu
u iefl
iefln
n un
untu
tui
i cl
clnh
nhle
leug
ugrig
rign
n slir
slirlt
lt ml
mlnh
nhgn
gn cl
clcf
cfrfn
rfnhi
hign
gn tu
tubu
buj
j ie
iefl
fln
n mg
mgn
n
mfblrfjign mlnhgn igssg.
<) Bl
Blrf
rfig
ign
n tlr
tlrgp
gpff kisfh
kisfhln
ln..
1) Ck
Cknf
nftk
tkrr ]]Q
]]Q..

l. Rls
lsfi
fik
k gspf
gspfrgrgsf
sf
7) Cknft
Cknftkrkr tfnhigt
tfnhigt ilsg
ilsgmgrgn
mgrgn,, bgtui
bgtui,, cunt
cuntgj
gj mgn ilc
ilcgcpug
gcpugn
n clnle
clnlegn
gn
2) Ck
Cknfnftk
tkrr bun
bunyf
yf ngpg
ngpgss
0) Tlrtg
Tlrtgjgnig
jgnignn ilpgtlngn
ilpgtlngn ogegn ngpgs
ngpgs (cfs tljnfi
tljnfi jlgm tfet
tfet,, `jfn efat, og
ogw
w tjrust,
fn efnl) gtgu mlnhgn pksfsf cfrfnh.
=) Plmfg
Plmfgign
ign su`
su`tfkn
tfkn m
mligt
ligt clog
clog kplrgsf
kplrgsf mgn
mgn mfru
mfrugnh
gnh plc
plcuefjg
uefjgn n
 

C. MGA
MGA]GR
]GR T\P]
T\P]GIG
GIG

@grplnftk, E.O.(2472). Mfghnksfs
 Mfghnksfs ilplrgwgtgn ? Buiusgiu @grplnftk- ckylt9
Buiusgiu / Eynmg ougee @grplnftk- ckylt9  
gefj bgjgsg, Arurfkefng Grfgnf, Lstu]fgr9 lmftkr lmfsf bgjgsg Fnmknlsfg,
Liggnfsg Cgrmleg … Ylt geS ‐ Lmfsf 70 ‐ Ogigrtg ? LH@

Lrks`jlnik, Q. T. 2472, Gtegs
2472,  Gtegs Jfstkekhf mfafkrl.
mfafkrl. Tlnlrbft buiu ilmkitlrgn. LH@, Ogigrtg.

Tkttlr & Tlrry, (2474). Cgngolcln

(2474). Cgngolcln Nylrf.
Nylrf. Gvgfegbel gt ? www.mfhfefp.agiuetgs-
ilplrgwgtgnhkkm.joimuw/mijmay.jtce  
ilplrgwgtgnhkkm.joimuw/mijmay.jtce

Rlnmy, @elvk mgn Cgrhgrltj. 2472. Gsujgn

2472.  Gsujgn Ilplrgwgtgn Clmfigsf
Clmfigsf Blmgj mgn Tlnygift
Tlnygift
 Mgegc.. Nujg Clmfig, Vkhygigrtg
 Mgegc

Xleelr, R.B., Juntlr, J.O.G., gnm Cgnn, C.X. 247<, @efnf`ge Mlrcgtkekhy,
Mlrcgtkekhy, Afatj Lmftfkn,
Okjn Xfely gnm Pkns Etm., @jf`jlstlr.