Six Months Industry Internship Report

On

Commercial Construction Site

At

Siddhivinayak Constructions

Submitted By

Bhushan Kadam
2019ACIV1101045

Under the Guidance of

Internal Guide External Guide

Dr.Ajay Dahake Er. Pravin Narke

Department of Civil Engineering

G H Raisoni College of Engineering and Management, Wagholi, Pune
(An Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to SPPU, Pune)

Academic Year 2022-23

 INDUSTRY INSTITUTE INTERACTION CELL
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Bhushan Kadam has satisfactory completed the six months industry
internship entitiled “ Shikrapur Trade Centre” at Siddhivinayak Construction From 15th June
to 15th December. During the academic year 2022-23 for the partial fulfilment of B.tech in
Civil Engineering of G H Raisoni College of Engineering and Management, Pune,
Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to SPPU, Pune.

Internal Guide External Guide

Prof. Girish Joshi Er. Pravin Narke

Dr. Ajay Dahake Prof. Amruta Lage Mr. Girish Joshi

HOD of civil department Department III Coordinator Dean III

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Dr. R. D. Kharadkar
Director
GHRCEM Pune
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the Six months internship report entitled “Shikrapur Trade Centre”
conducted at Siddhivinayak Construction from 15/12/2022 to 15/06/23 during the academic
year 2022-23 submitted by me to G H Raisoni College of Engineering and Management,
Wagholi, Pune in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of B.Tech is a
record of internship work carried out by me under the guidance of Er. Pravin Narke(Industry
mentor).

I further declare that the work reported in this report has not been submitted and will not be
submitted, either in part or in full, for the award of any other degree or diploma in this institute
or any other institute or university

Place: Pune

Mr. Bhushan Kadam

Date:15 /06 /2023

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deepest appreciation towards Dean III Mr. Girish Joshi, G. H.
Raisoni College of Engineering and Management, Pune. Prof.Girish Joshi whose invaluable
guidance supported me in completing this internship.

The success and outcome of this internship required a lot of guidance and assistance from many
people and I am extremely fortunate to have such guidance for completion of my internship. I
can indeed say without a doubt that without the constant help and guidance of Prof. Girish
Joshi, I would never have been able to complete it. And even learn so much in the process. I
respect and thank my project guide for giving me an opportunity to do this internship, providing
me with all the support and guidance despite their busy schedule. They are and always will be
my inspiration, in absence of whom I would always fall short of my mark.

I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to Er. Pravin Narke, project
manager of the company, for giving me the opportunity to do an internship at Siddhivinayak
Constructions. I would also thank him for cordial support and guidance which helped me in
completing this task. Lastly I would express my gratitude towards the employees, who have
been constant pillars of support and have helped me whenever I was overwhelmed.

Date: 15 / 06 / 2023

Place: Pune
 INDEX PAGE

Sr. No. Contents Page No

1 Introduction of Industry and Organization Structure 1

2 Introduction of project 5
3 Introduction of work assigned 7

4 Detailed study 8
5 Outcome 37

6 Participation of External and Internal Guide 38

7 Photos 39
8 Reference 40
9 6 Month Internship Certificate 41
LIST OF FIGURES
Contents Page No.
Figure 1.1 Shikrapur trade centre 1
Figure 2.1 Location of site 6
Figure 2.2 Line diagram of building 6
Figure 4.1 Cube casting 10
Figure 4.2 Concrete mixer 10
Figure 4.3 Covering in colomn 11
Figure 4.4 Covering of column 12
Figure 4.5 Making and curing of covering 12
Figure 4.6 Column after deshuttering 13
Figure 4.7 Steel binding work of column 13
Figure 4.8 Joggled bar in column 14
Figure 4.9 Making of stirrups 15
Figure 4.10 Casting of column starter 16
Figure 4.11 Column casting 18
Figure 4.12 Using of vibrator in column 19
Figure 4.13 Beams in slab 19
Figure 4.14 Steel binding work of beam 20
Figure 4.15 Section of beam 21
Figure 4.16 Shuttering of slab 22
Figure 4.17 Section of slab 23
Figure 4.18 Steel binding work of slab 23
Figure 4.19 Using binding agent 25
Figure 4.20 Installing electrical conduits 28
Figure4.21 Electrical conduits 28
Figure 4.22 Emergency exit staircase 30
Figure 4.23 Staircase for customer 30
Figure 4.24 Section of staircase 31
Figure 4.25 Rebaring agent 31
Figure 4.26 Rebaring 32
Figure 4.27 Waterproofing work by appling shahabadi tiles 33
Figure 4.28 Retaining wall of basement 34
Figure 4.29 Staggered reinforcement in retaining wall 34
Figure 4.30 Concrete mixer 35
Figure 4.31 Vibrator 36
Figure 4.32 Bar cutting machine 36
Figure 7.1 Compressive strength test report 39
Figure 8.1 Current work of phase-1 building 40
Figure 8.2 Current work of phase-2 building 40
1 INTRODUCTION OF INDUSTRY AND ORGANIZATION
STRUCTURE
1.1 Introduction:
Shikrapur Trade Centre is a commercial development in Shikrapur, Pune. The project is built
by Siddhivinaak Constructions. They are providing residential and commercial opportunities
in Pune, brings up the biggest and latest attraction for business minded people. "STC"
Shikrapur Trade Centre, a biggest market hub in Shikrapur. As shown in figure 1.1.This
opportunity of endless growth to be as this is one of the kind market place for all types of
Wholesale and Retail businesses.They provide commercial shops and office space with all
necessities .Shikrapur Trade Centre is a luxurious business centre. It is highly equipped with
the latest amenities and is ready to serve. This business centre is perfect for shops, showrooms,
offices, gyms, hotels, and many more. This business centre is a collaboration between Pride
Landmark and Karanje Properties. Being Invested and having a space in Shikrapur Trade
Centre' means preparing to reap profits from an investment are making today. With immense
potential in the fast developing areas the Location of Shikrapur Trade Centre is most ideal.

Fig.1.1: Shikrapur trade centre

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1.2 Organization structure:
1.2.1 Project manager:

The project manager has so many responsibilities at the site and in our site these positions is
accountable for the contractor or the owner and are appointed by the owner of the construction
company. The main duty of the manager is Manages the whole site work execution, Makes
payment to sub contract workers, Approves material request, Analyses the work processes,
Executes sub contracting agreements, reviews and checks the reports made by the office
engineer.

1.2.1.1 Senior engineer:

Site engineer shall be accountable for the following tasks and responsibilities:

Studying the work plan submitted by the contactor and suggests any modifications. To watch
and inspect the construction work and assure that it is done in full accordance with the
drawings, technical specifications and bills of quantities.Supervising the works on site in
accordance with the contract documents and using the template and procedure established by
the consultant.Inspecting and testing materials prior to their use at site as per sample approved
by the consultant and ensuring removal of rejected material out from site. Ensuring the correct
implementation of the works according to technical specifications, to designs and quality of
materials checking of layout and setting out of buildings with respect to existing structures and
site levels. Checking and testing of completed works before they are covered by the contractor,
taking photos on a regular basis and also on account of defective work. Ensuring that health
and safety measures are adopted and followed to the full extent. prepare weekly report and
suggest and instruct additional safety measures if needed. Maintain a filing system for all site
memos and instructions, measured quantities of work and materials on site, reports and other
documents and correspondence pertaining to the construction activities and maintain a site
order book to be made available for the consultants and senior officers to write comments or
defects in construction noticed during site visits and carrying out compliance at site.

1.2.1.2 Supervisor:
Record the store material receipt and consumption on a daily basis.Checking the stock as per
records. Receiving materials, stocking, recording of receipts, assisting J.E, to prepare quality
reports of the received materials. Issue materials as per the indent for different works. General
supervision on the site regarding wastage of material, improper use of material etc.
Recollecting any unused materials at the end of the working days. Handing over of the charge

2
of material lying in the site premises of the night security personal from the day security guards.
Prepare a list of excess material. Update the stocks periodically. Inform the concerned engineer
of the status of balance material in order to raise further indent. Follow up with material
suppliers, with prior consent from purchase department, to ensure timely supply. Maintain
records of departmental tools, machinery etc. on site. Records of empty cement bags received
from contractor. Inform the concerned engineer of the working condition of the machinery.

1.2.1.3 Sales Manager:

Achieve growth and hit sales targets by successfully managing the sales team. Design and
implement a strategic business plan that expands company’s customer base and ensure it’s
strong presence Own recruiting, objectives setting, coaching and performance monitoring of
sales representatives. Build and promote strong, long-lasting customer relationships by
partnering with them and understanding their needs. Present sales, revenue and expenses
reports and realistic forecasts to the management team. Identify emerging markets and market
shifts while being fully aware of new products and competition status.

1.2.1.4 Accountat:
Responsible for the accounting operations of the company. Communicate routinely with Project
Managers on a variety of job related topics including bonding, insurance and contract
agreements. Participate in the formation and implementation of company financial plans.
Preparation of all monthly financial reports. Provide reporting and budgeting as required by
Senior Management. Manage company and project cash flow. Supervise accounts payable and
accounts receivable staff and functions.

1.2.1.5 Contractors:
Includes RCC contractor, waterproofing contractor, plastering contractor, painting contractor.

1.2.1.5.1 Foreman:
A foreman is the worker or tradesman who is in charge of a construction crew and is a skilled
supervisor who is responsible to work side by side with the project manager, property owner,
and other construction design engineers in order to complete a project in a given time limit.
His job is to employ the suitable workers on the various tasks to complete the job, and supervise
all phases of the construction project from start to end or supervise only a portion of the
building process Normally the foreman is a construction worker with many years of experience
in a particular trade who is charged with organizing the overall construction of a particular
project. Typically the foreman is a person with specialist knowledge of a given trade who has

3
moved into the position and is now focused on an overall management of all trades rather than
any particular specialized group.

A good foreman is the keystone of their projects since they control every work more closely
than the others like project manager, site engineer etc. the Forman also have a duty of
motivating workers and choosing good workers for every aspects of work.

1.2.1.5.1.1 Skilled and non-skilled persons:

This group includes masons, carpenter, bar benders and the daily laborers. Workers of such
group are appointed only by experience these have its own advantage on the construction. They
work everything as they ordered by the forman.

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2 INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT
Shikrapur Trade Centre is a luxurious business centre. It is highly equipped with the latest
amenities and is ready to serve. This business centre is perfect for shops, showrooms, offices,
gyms, hospitals, hotels, and many more.

There are 160 shops in both Phase 1 and 2, in which

At ground floor: 54 shops

At first floor: 53 shops

At second floor: 53 shops

At third floor: restaurants

Size of phase 1: (55.360 X 48.550) M Size

of phase 2: (51.605 X 49.920) M

Area of construction:

Area of phase 1: 2687.728 sq.m

Area of phase 2: 2576.121 sq.m Specification

and amenities:

• Eco-friendly options
• Hi-fi security for entire premises
• Modern fire fighting system
• Separate loading and unloading point
• Children play area
• Project located at pune nagar road to new pabal road
• Books, offices, restaurants and shops,. Clinic under one roof one point
• Specious lift for project four lift for each building
• Reliable fast wi-fi
• Easy access to parking and transportation
• Huge parking around 300 four wheelers and 1000 two wheelers parking facilities
• Dining Option

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• Ample Out-door Space and Gain way Passage

Fig.2.1: Location of site

Fig.2.2: Line diagram of building.

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3 INTRODUCTION OF WORK ASSIGNED
3.1 Task assigned:
The work task I have been executing at site is:

• Supervising of work
• Inspecting the work and how they work
• Checking the work

The site work I have been perform was controlling how the work is going on and supervising
the work based on the given instruction to me from the office. To ensure a system of supervision
of building construction projects and as a result ensure the quality of construction.

Details of construction are specified in the drawings, technical specifications and special
conditions of the contract. My duty was to ensure that the construction works are executed in
accordance with the contract requirement. Therefore, I have been work most of my time at site
to become more familiar with site works and to get more practical knowledge. Site work in
general includes every kind of work executed at the site starting from setting out till finishing
works.

The site work that i have been through in the six month internship period was in the sub
structure work and super structure work. A normal building consists of two parts in general this
are the super structure and the sub structure.

Any structure below the ground level including the basement, retaining walls, ground slab, and
foundation is called a substructure. In most of the cases, substructure work can be categorized
as earthwork, concrete work and masonry work. I have seen that how the excavation was done,
concrete pouring, and back filling.

Super structure is the part of a building which extend above the plinth level or everything above
the sub structure includes slab, column, walls, roof etc. the purpose of the super structure is to
enclose and divide space as well as spread load safely in to the sub structure.

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4 DETAILED STUDY
4.1 Concrete work:
For all the structural works (columns, footings, beams, slab…) an ordinary Portland cement
was used at site. Concrete is made up of four ingredients: cement, crush sand, coarse aggregate
and water.

For concrete, ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade is used, and the brand of cement is roofon
cement.The size of aggregate is 20mm at site.

M25 grade of concrete is used for casting all RCC work. The proportion of of M25 grade
concrete is (1:1:2)

Table 1: Quantity of M25 grade of concrete material for 1m3 of volume

Sr no Material Quantity Unit
1 Cement 10.85 Bags
2 Sand 0.131 Brass
3 Aggregate 0.262 Brass

During concrete casting the freshly casted concrete was compacted with vibrator. It was done
to:

• Create bond between concrete particles.

• Reduce the air void.
• Increase the strength, durability and workability of the concrete mix.
• Decrease the segregation or separation of concrete particles.

4.1.1 Test on concrete:

4.1.1.1 Compressive strength test:
At the time of concreting of any RCC element, 6 cubes are casted for testing the strength of
concrete.The size of mould is (150 X 150 X 150)mm. As shown in figure 4.1.

Concrete cube strength according to days:

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7 days – 65%

14 days – 90%

28 days – 99%

Procedure for casting cubes:

1. Take random samples from the mix in a ghamela, while concreting

2. Pour concrete into the cubes in three layers.
3. Compact each layer with 35 Nos. of strokes with the tamping rod.
4. Finish the top surface by thapi/trowel after compaction of the last layer.
5. Each specimen should be taken from different locations of the proposed concreting
6. After 24 hours, remove the specimen from the mould.
7. While removing, take care to avoid breaking the edges.
8. Submerge the specimen in clean, freshwater until the time of testing.
9. Test 3 specimens for 7 days and 3 specimens for 28 days of curing.

Procedure for testing cubes:

1. Check the coding and numbers of cubes received.

2. Enter the details of cubes in the testing register.
3. Weight the cube and note the figures in the register.
4. Cube size is 150mm cube, then the volume of cube concrete is (150 x 150 x
150)=0.003375 cubic metre Then Weight of the cube is not more than the volume of
cube X concrete density, (Concrete density is 2400 kg per cubic meter)
5. If the Cube weight is not equal to the calculated weight, then we need to dry our cube
again.
6. Inform the concerned person about any damages.
7. Check the dates of casting and testing for 7 and 28 days
8. Place the cube in the testing machine, so that the load is applied to the opposite side of
the cube as cast, le, not on top and bottom.
9. Observe the appearance of concrete with the failure and note the same.
10. Calculate compressive strength = (Maximum load at failure.)/(Contact area of the cube)
11. Take the average strength of specimen cubes.
12. This average strength represents the strength of concrete of a particular portion of the
structure.

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 13. Prepare the test report and submit it to higher authorities.

Fig.4.1: Cube casting

4.2 Method of mixing:

4.2.1 Machine mixing

This method of mixing is used on site for casting of all RCC elements. It is used to
concrete produced faster rate at lesser cost and of better quality and it was done in single
mixing that is for one sack of cement. As shown in figure 4.2.

Fig.4.2: Concrete mixer

During machine mixing the following procedures is done:

• Ready the mixer for mixing concrete.

• Add some amount of water in to the empty mixer.

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 • Add aggregate and sand and 10kg fly ash simultaneously.
• Add 1 bag of cement into the mixer.
• Add water into the mixer, but the water amount should be checked.
• Use the mixed concrete after completely mixed, water can add if necessary.

4.3 Coverings:
It is a pre-cast concrete with thickness equals to clear cover and is provided between concrete
or formwork and the reinforcement bars. It is meant to maintain the required and uniform
thickness of clear cover. As shown in figure 4.3.

• Covering for column: 40mm

• Covering for beam: 25mm
• Covering for slab: 15mm
• Covering for footing: 50mm

Fig.4.3: Covering in colomn

4.3.1 Clear cover has the following crucial uses:

• To ensure good bond between reinforcement and concrete.

• To prevent the reinforcement from corrosion that may result from being exposed to the
environment.
• To prevent the reinforcement from bursting out so that it will be retained in its position.

11
 Fig.4.4: Covering of column

Fig.4.5: Making and curing of covering

4.4 Column:
Columns are reinforced structures they transmit the axial loads to the foundations. Columns
vary in size and shape. There are different shapes of columns; however, at our project site
rectangular shaped columns were used. Any building structure loads increase as we go down
to the ground and so bottom structural members are properly configured that they carry all
super structural loads above it and transfer safely to the foundation. Hence the sections of
columns in upper story are reduced as they have to carry lesser loads. After deshuttering of
column hacking was done. As shown in figure 4.6.

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 Fig.4.6: Column after deshuttering

4.4.1 Column reinforcement:

Column reinforcement was standing on the PCC on the ground. Before stand on the
reinforcement, it has been tied with the stirrups by using binding wire with a given spacing.
Stirrup used to keep the position of the column reinforcement bar with a given spacing and also
to prevent structural failures. As shown in figure 4.7.

Check the size of stirrups before tying. Hook angle in link or stirrups should be 135 degree.This
is very important from seismic considerations. This alone will increase your buildings capacity
to withstand earthquake force. Hence very important.

Fig.4.7: Steel binding work of column

13
Lapping is provided in the central half of the length and lap length is 50D (D is the diameter of
the bar). In central half of member, the lapping of bar is alternate. Joggle is provided at the
lapping of bar.

4.4.1.1 Joggled bar:

When we provide lapping in the reinforcement bars, we bend either of the two bars to align
them with each other. These bent-up bars are called joggled bars in the civil field. As shown
in figure 4.8.

Sometimes, the bars provided in the structural members offset their original position due to
technical and human errors. In such cases also, the bars are joggled, to bring them back to
their required position from eccentricity.

Uses of joggled bar:

• To maintain the uniform clear cover for the reinforcement bars.

• To bring back the drifted rebars in their specified position.
• To maintain the centre to centre distance between the rebars.
• To prevent the imbalance in the load transfer from one RCC structure to another.

Fig.4.8: Joggled bar in colomn

4.4.2 Stirrups:

The stirrup have small spacing at the bottom and the top of the column up to one meter of the
column height from bottom to top, because at the bottom and the top of the column there is
high amount of interaction of load pressure or maximum moment exist. Therefore, to prevent
structural failures and to increase the resisting capacity of the column, the amounts of stirrups
were provided with in high amount with small spacing. On the site they the steel bar of 8mm

14
diameter for stirrups. As shown in figure 4.9. For standing reinforcement of column 16mm
diameter of steel bar used for each columns.

The uses of stirrups:

• To resist shear
• To restrict the growth of diagonal tension cracks
• To tie longitudinal bars

Fig.4.9: Making of stirrups

4.4.3 Casting of column starter:

Starter is generally a casting of concrete material with equivalent width and length of column
section and comparatively smaller height of 80mm – 100mm. As shown in figure 4.10. It is
cast in such a manner that equal cover is left of all sides of the reinforcement bars of column
that is 40mm and then shuttering of column starter is provided. The main purpose of starter is
to fine tune the formwork of a column vertically to maintain spacing among column
reinforcement and shuttering. To retain the exact position of the columns in the below slab as
well as retain the column lines in number of floors easily, starter is marked.

4.4.3.1 Checklist of checking column starter:

• Shutters are made to the size of the column and the height of shutter should be normally
80mm to 100 mm.
• The shutters are fixed at the bottom of the column by checking the centre line of
columns, horizontal and vertical alignment of columns by fixing line dori.

• Check the shuttering and reinforcements of the starter.

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 Fig.4.10: Casting of column starter

4.4.4 Column shuttering:

• Check the size of shuttering for column and it should be as per drawing.
• Check centre lines of columns with respect to adjacent columns or as specified in
drawing.
• The column shuttering should be strong enough to take the pressure of fresh concrete
and remain in position during concreting, particularly when vibrator is applied.
• To hold the concrete shuttering firmly in place with proper alignment.
• The starter should be hard enough to fix shuttering around it.
• Column box or shuttering for column is made of plywood with adequate battens and
stiffeners.
• Apply water-based shuttering oil on the shutter. It helps to get the good finished surface
of the concrete. The shuttering oil enables the easy removal of column formwork after
the concrete hardens. It also increases the numbers of shutter repetition, i.e. life of
shuttering.
• Shuttering should be properly aligned to its verticality and diagonal. It is checked to
ensure the accuracy of dimensions. The column should be acceptably accurate in shape
and position with good alignment to other adjacent columns, walls etc.

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 • Plumb the formwork both ways and support it by using wooden prop. It is necessary to
check the plumb again after providing the supports. Hence check the plumb of column
shuttering by using plumb bob.
• It should be thoroughly supported to props or ties before pouring the concrete so that it
does not move horizontally or vertically during concreting.
• Sufficient quantity of tie rod should be fixed to prevent bulging of the column during
concreting. It should be fixed at a 2 feet interval. Sometimes contractors use binding
wire in place of tie rod, but in large size of columns, they are not effective.
• The gap between the joint of shutters should be sealed to prevent any leakage of cement
slurry.
• Appropriate space to be provided between the inner face of the shutter and
reinforcement by fixing cover block. This is very important to save column from failure
of corrosion of bars.
• Cover block used for casting of column have the same grade as of concrete. They are
not broken and properly positioned and should not get disturbed during concreting.
• 40 mm cover should be provided in column, at the middle and the top of the column.

Requirements of good form work:

• The material of form work should be cheap and suitable for reuse.
• It should be strong enough to withstand all coming loads.
• It should be stiff enough so that deflection becomes low.
• It should be as light as possible.
• The surface of form work should be smooth to afford easy stripping.
• Checking of Column Concreting:
• The proportion of cement, sand, aggregates and water should be correct.
• Vibrator should be used while filling column (3 times for 1 column).
• Coverings should not get disturbed during concreting.

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 Fig.4.11: Column casting

4.4.5 Instructions to construct column:

• Erecting the given bars in the given perimeter of the column. The no of bars is given
from structural drawing.
• If there is simultaneous or aligned column of the same elevated column check the
linearity of the columns by using leveling tube.
• Also check the straightness during form work construction by plumb bob.
• Pour the concrete in the column form work use vibrator for avoiding void and
segregation etc. As shown in figure 4.12.
• On the next day remove the form work of the column and cure it.

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 Fig.4.12: Using vibrator in column

4.5 Beam:
It is a building member used to carry and transfer loads to the consecutive columns and used
as a confining element for the slab. As that of supper structure beams are subjected to moments
and shear loads. Detail provision and reinforcement are provided as that of beams. But the
difference is it does not have contact with the ground and thus the construction needs bottom
formwork and bamboos for casting. When the slab and beams are to be made of the same
concrete quality they are casted. On our site all beams are rectangular dimension, some are
continuous and some are end column supported. As shown in figure 4.13.

Fig.4.13: Beams in slab

4.5.1 Beam reinforcement:

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Beam reinforcement placement was started after the form work of slab and beam were placed
and slab reinforcement started. As shown in figure 4.14. The reinforcement bar size were used
in a beam is diameter of 8 for stirrup, for main bar the diameter of the bar vary based on the
plane. During beam reinforcement placement the bottom bar over lap at the middle of the span
and the top bar overlap at the support of the span, because at the bottom tension force is high
and to resist slippery of bar. All quantity of beam reinforcement bar passes through the
supported reinforcement bar. Because to proper transfer of load without sliding of beam down
ward. When two equal span length cross each other, the top one have high amount of negative
reinforcement bar to increase the capacity of the beam. The location of stirrup on the beam
reinforcement bar changes at each tied. The use of stirrup is to hold the bar in a given spacing
and to keep the position of reinforcement bar and to keep the shape of the beam also prevent
the shear failure on the structure. Stirrups are tied on the beam reinforcement in alternate way
to resist failures.

Fig.4.14: Steel binding work of beam

4.5.1.1 Steel Binding Work of beam:

• For beam 16mm, 20mm, 25mm Bars are used.
• For stirrups 8mm bars are used.
• At bottom of beam ,curtailed bar are provided by leaving 300mm distance from both
ends of beam.

• At top of beam, curtailed bar are provided at column support and at continuous support
at distance of (L/3). L= Clear span of beam. As shown in figure 4.15.

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 • Curtailed bar are provided at pins (horizontal piece of bar of 16mm or more than 16mm
size of bar).

Fig.4.15: Section of beam

Form work for beams:

• The main form works for beam are beam bottom and side wooden plank.
• Beam bottom: a form work which could be sited on the bottom of the beam.
• Wooden plank: side form work of the beam.

4.5.2 Concrete casting beams:

• Top bars, bottom bars, curtail bar of both top and bottom and stirrups are provided
according to their spacing is to be checked
• Coverings are provided to the beam reinforcement(25mm).
• Its verticality is checked with plumb bob.
• Concrete is poured into formwork and vibrated around reinforcement.
• Formworks are removed after expiry of their period and the concrete surface is to be
cured until it sufficiently cures.

4.6 Slab:
Slab is a structural part of the building having plate shape and used to cover the distance
between beams and possibly columns. Generally slabs are constructed monolithically with
beams and concreted in one operation. The top surface of the slab is kept rough to create a
proper bond with any type of floor finish desired. At our project site they incorporated solid
slab. A concrete slab or solid slab is a common structural element of modern building. It is a
plane horizontal structural element used to support live loads and dead loads and transfer these
loads to the supporting beams or columns. As shown in figure 4.16.

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 Fig.4.16: Shuttering of slab

4.6.1 Slab reinforcement placement:

Before slab reinforcement placements were started the formwork was painted gasoline and the
formwork of the slab and the beam is carried by bamboos. Then after, reinforcements have
been placed completely. During slab reinforcement was placed, first the bottom (mesh) bar was
placed in two direction with the given spacing in plan. Then the reinforcement bar has been
tied by binding wire to keep the position of the bars and the given spacing. The bars have bend
at one end and extended up to one fifth of the slab for each partition in external side. Main bar
of slab has been placed up to one fifth of the span length from the beam or support. As shown
in figure 4.17. Because, around one fifth of the span length there is high interaction of load and
the load would be transferred to the column from different parts of the structure through this
way.

After have been finished main bar and bottom bar reinforcement placement of slab, chair and
covering was placed. Chair was made from wastage bar by bending both sides, which is placed
between main bentup bar and distribution bar reinforcement of the slab to prevent the overlap
of the main bar and the distribution bar reinforcement during concrete caste and to keep the
thickness of main bar and the distribution bar reinforcement of slab. Main bars are provided in
the shorter span of the slabs. But distribution bars are provided in the longer span of the slabs.

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 Fig.4.17: Section of slab 4.6.2

Steel binding work of slab:

Fig.4.18: Steel binding work of slab

• As per plan distribution bars and main bars are provided. As shown in figure 4.18.
• Main bars are provided at shorter span of that slab.
• Main bars are bent up at 45Degree and from (L/5) of that span.
• While steel binding of steel, some places are left for casting for passing water pipelines
or for electric wires. Hidden beam (HB) are also provided as per plan
• Covering was placed between the formwork and the bottom reinforcement of the slab
to keep the clear cover of the concrete(15mm).

4.6.3 Checklists for RCC slab and beams:

• The bottom line, level and width of the beam should be examined.

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 • The side line, level and plumb of beam should be examined.
• Based on the architectural drawings, the estimation from beam to beam should be
examined.
• Separate level and diagonal of every slab should be examined.
• The depth of beam should be examined.
• Support props for slab and beam bottoms should remain in line
• Line of exterior and the sides of peripheral beam should be examined and cross
supported so that the building can’t get out of sides.
• Deshuttering oil should be used to beam/slab shuttering.
• Reinforcement should be examined for beams and slab according to RCC drawing.
There should be perfect cover for slab.

4.6.4 Checklist while casting slab:

• Make sure that the cover blocks are at right position and stay okay while concreting.
• If the concrete is prepared at site, carefully handle the process of batching, water
content, mixing and testing of fresh concrete.
• If the concrete is prepared at site, carefully handle the process of batching, water
content, mixing and testing of fresh concrete.
• Make sure that one carpenter and one helper is always present under the shuttering slab
to confirm that it is supported well and will stay constant during and after concreting.
• Assure the presence of a bar bender to avoid displacement of steel reinforcement.
• Never permit extremely smooth finishing for the concrete slabs.
• Try not to permit sprinkling of dry cement during finishing. It will help to prevent micro
shrinkage cracks in the concrete.
• To ensure binding agent is applied at the joint of slab(SBR). As shown in figure 4.19.

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 Fig.4.19: Using binding agent

4.7 Electrical conduits in concrete slab:

4.7.1 On material ordering and shifting:

• Check the approved drawings, and order the correct size and type of pipe and its
components for the installation.
• Ensure that the conduit and its components received for installation are free from rust
and transport damages.
• Remove the packing of PVC conduits. Make sure packing materials like paper and
polythene Cover are not shifted to the concrete roof slab.
• The PVC conduit and its components are carefully shifted to the roof slab using a labour
for the installation.

4.7.2 Marking electrical point:

Ensure Slab Shuttering and bar bending (Steel) Work is completed and the roof is ready for
Electrical Work.

Step 1:

After completing the steelwork, Mark the wall location for below the slab using the
Architecture floor plan. It will be easy to locate the drops for Wall Light Points, switch and any
other drops required for the electrical system.

Step 2:
Mark the opening size in slab or beam as per the approved electrical drawing to avoid wall
conduit passing through the window, door and shaft openings.

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Step 3:

Mark the electrical points on the slab and wall conduct drop-in Beam according to the approved
electrical routing layout.

4.7.3 Checklist while installing of conduit and junction box in slab:

• Make sure the right size of conduit is used per the approved electrical pipe routing Plan.
• Before the concrete is poured, the ceiling Conduits must be laid in the prepared shutter
works of the ceiling slab. - Pipes, junction boxes, joints, etc. should be placed along the
pipes.
• Use a deep junction box for fan, spotlight, surface mounted lighting fixtures and cable
pulling.
• Use long radius bend or PVC Conduit bending spring used as per site requirement for
the wall drop.
• Suitable adhesive used for Joints between PVC conduits and fittings.
• Ensure some distance between the conduits and to avoid the overlapping of conduits.
• Ensure at least 25mm spacing gap between PVC conduits running in parallel. So, that
Placed PVC conduit is fully covered by concrete and will avoid honeycomb or structural
defects in the future.
• In wall drops where vertical conduits are used should be Concealed and brought out of
beams, All such ends should be protected on the bottom of beams using paper.

4.7.4 Checklist before slab concrete:

• The conduits should to checked before concrete for any movement or damages. The
electrical team should be present during the pouring of concrete to take care of the
conduit and to avoid any damage by others or dislocation of joints.
• PVC conduits placement
For the double reinforcement slab,
PVC conduits shall be placed at the bottom of the top layer rebar
For a single reinforcement slab,
PVC conduit should be placed at top of rebar with binding Steel Wire.
• Check PVC conduits are tied with reinforcement using binding wire.Extra binding wire
near each PVC conduit coupler, PVC bend and junction box

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 • The open ends of the conduit should be closed when concreting with caps or plugs to
avoid blockages of the entry. As shown in figure 24.

4.7.5 Material required for installing electrical conduits:

1. PVC pipes

2. Bend

3. Junction

4. Fanbox

5. Model

6. Glue

7. Binding wire

8. Waste paper

9. Insulation tape

Fig.4.20: Installing electrical conduits

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 Fig.4.21: Electrical conduits

4.8 Stair case:

Stair case is a vertical transportation component on a building. It comprises of landing, rise,
trade, to construct a stair case the following is the procedure. There are different types of stair
among those I have observed the construction process of one types of stair case. That is dog
legged type of stair.

There are three staircase for each building and two staircase are for emergengy exit purpose for
each building. As shown in figure 4.22 and 4.23.

Procedure:

• Inclined formwork is prepared.

• Inclined bars are laid on the inclined board. As shown in figure 4.24.
• Transverse bars are placed according to the design.
• Vertical board is fixed.
• Bars for landing and riser is fixed.
• After all types of bars are placed, concrete is casted slowly and vibrated, the formwork
is removed after one day.
• Curing of staircase for seven days.

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4.8.1 Checking of staircase:

• To check the size of tread, rise and midlanding.

• To check level of each step by level tube.
• To check thickness of waist slab.
• To check the height of midlanding.
• To check the number of steps.
• To check the steel bars and spacing as per plan.

Fig.4.22: Emergency exit staircase

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Fig.4.23: Staircase for customer

Fig.4.24: Section of staircase

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4.9 Rebaring:
• Rebaring technique in reinforced concrete construction is a method for proper
fabrication and placement of reinforcement bars as per the design and drawings for RCC
works.
• For rebaring MYK arment agent is used. As shown in figure 4.25.

Fig.4.25: Rebaring agent

Procedure for rebaring:

1. Clean the place where the steel bars will be inserted.

2. Markout the exact location required for insertion of steel bars.As shown in figure
4.26.
3. Drill on that markout location.
4. Make a paste of grouting agent.
5. Apply that paste to the steel bar and in the drilled hole.
6. Insert steel bars in that drilled holes.
7. Tamping on steel bars by hammer.

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 Fig.4.26: Rebaring

4.10 Waterproofing Work:

Waterproofing an existing basement begins with excavating to the bottom sides of the footings.
Once excavated, the walls are then power washed and allowed to dry. The dry walls are sealed
with a waterproofing membrane.

• Shahabadi tiles are used for waterproofing. As shown in figure 4.27.

• Size of one tile is: (450 X 600)mm
• Only cement is used for applying tiles.
• After applying tiles, cement slurry is applied between tiles and RCC wall.
• Waterproofing chemical is also mix with cement slurry.(URP)
• Plastering is done after fixing tiles, for plastering cement, crush sand, waterproofing
chemical (DR.Fixit LW).
• For platering consumption of cement bag : For 100Sq.ft 1.5 Cement bag.

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 Fig.4.27: Waterproofing work by applying shahabadi tiles

4.11 Retaining wall:

A retaining wall is a structure designed and constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil
when there is a desired change in ground elevation that exceeds the angle of repose of the soil.A
basement wall is thus one kind of retaining wall. As shown in figure 4.28.But the term usually
refers to a cantilever retaining wall, which is a freestanding structure without lateral support at
its top. These are cantilevered from a footing. The walls must resist the lateral pressures
generated by loose soils or, in some cases, water pressures.

4.11.1 Specification of retaining wall:

• Thickness of retaining wall is 200mm.

• There is double mesh reinforcement of 10mm of bar which is placed vertically and 8mm
size of bar is placed horizontally at spacing of 200mm.
• The vertical bars are staggered bars.
• For covering 200mm length of bar is provided in the shuttering of retaining wall for
spacing.

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 Fig.4.28: Retaing wall of basement

4.11.1.1 Staggered bar:

When we provide lapping in the bars, the level of the lapped part of the bar is kept in an up
and down position from one another. As shown in figure 4.29. This method of lapping in
different levels in all types of structural members is called staggering of the bars.

Fig.4.29: Staggered reinforcement in retaing wall

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Uses of staggered bar in lapping zone:

• To prevent the buckling of the RCC structure.

• To resist the lateral loads with a given factor of safety.
• To prevent the failure of the structure at the lapping zone.
• To resist the bending moment and to safely transfer the load.

4.12 Euipments and tools used at the site:

4.12.1 Mixer:

It is a machine used for mixing the concrete ingredients (water, cement,crush sand and
aggregate). As shown in figure 4.30.

Fig.4.30:Mixer

4.12.2 Vibrator:

Having secured the necessary supply, the concrete needs to be placed and compacted. These
two activities are carried out simultaneously. Placing and compaction of concrete should be
done without causing any segregation of its ingredients. For compaction the concrete, on our
sites they use a vibrator. As shown in figure 4.31. The vibrator is immersed into the concrete at
regular intervals of around one meter a part. When the concrete is vibrated, the internal friction
between the aggregate particles is reduced and the concrete becomes more fluid. As a result, it
then settles better into the forms and releases some of the air voids dispersed in the mix. When
water wells up to the surface it is slowly taken out. Vibration should not be longer than 10
seconds in one place and the vibrator should be kept away from the formwork and
reinforcement bars. Excessive vibration causes the aggregate to segregate.

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 Fig.4.31: Vibrator

4.12.3 Bar cutting machine: Used to cut the reinforcement bar to accelerate the work. As
shown in figure 4.32.

Fig.4.32:Bar cutting machine

4.12.4 Plumb bob: Used to check that a surface is level vertically.

4.12.5 Level tube: It is used to transfer a vertical level across a distance. It works based on
the principle that water seeks its own level. When the two ends of the tube are held up,
the water surfaces will always rest at the same vertical plane.

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5 OUTCOME
During our internship experience, we have benefited a lot from the internship experience. I
benefited greatly from working with the dedicated professionals in the company. The company
has provided us a conductive working atmosphere when we do our activities. Within these six
months of the program, I had the opportunity to improve our practical, interpersonal
communication, team playing, leadership skills and our theoretical knowledge. I also had the
opportunity to understand about the work ethics. I will try to describe what we have learnt in
the different aspects that we have mentioned until now.

5.1 Improving practical skill

During these four months, we have got the opportunity to learn different aspects of practical
skills. Most of the time, in the class students focused on theoretical part and it was difficult to
understand about the real work. The construction company is comfortable to me to improve
my practical skill by connecting the theoretical part with the real situation. The benefit that I
have gained during my internship time is not only from my advisor or site engineer, but also
from store keeper, Forman, carpenter, bar bender and even from day workers. Due to this I
know;

• The types of excavation like pit, trench and where they are needed to excavate
• The ratio of mix proportion
• All about form works
• Mainly about the reinforced bars and their uses
• The need to vibrating the while casting
• How to bend reinforcement bars using drawing given by drawings.

5.2 Upgrading theoretical Knowledge:

I have been able to gain a great deal of knowledge in this internship experience. Among them
are:

• Learning the methodologies used in preparation of whole design of a building.

• Learning and reading different plans that were used.
• Observing different construction works and their importance.
• Observing some of the structures. These things have widened our knowledge of the
construction work.

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6 PARTICIPATION OF INTERNALAND EXTERNAL GUIDE
6.1 Participation of internal Guide
My internal guide Dr. Ajay Dahake guided me for my internship very efficiently. He used to
take update of the work that I covered in that month. My feedback and review was submitted
by me on time to the guide. Guide always used to encourage me to learn the new skills and
technologies in construction.

6.2 Participation of external Guide

My external guide Er.Pravin Narke he is the senior engineer in the company. He used to guide
me daily and assign new tasks with deadline. I had a very friendly relationship with him. He
used clear our doubts and also help and motivate us to do something better.

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7 PHOTOS

Fig.8.1:Current Work of phase-1 building

Fig.8.2:Current Work of phase-2 building

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8 REFERENCES

1. www.wikipedia.com
2. Official website of rebaring agent Www.mykarment.com
3. Structural drawings like: Column reinforcement details
Beam reinforce ment details
Slab reinforcement detailing
Working drawing
Colomn layout plan
4. Frederick S. Merritt Jonathan T. Ricketts "Building design and construction hand book"
mcgraw hill, six edition, 2001
5. W.f. CHEN, J.y.Richard liew "The civil engineering hand book" crc press, second
edition, 2003.
6. Su.pilla, devadas menon "reinforced concrete design" Mcgraw hill, second edition,
2003. Madan mehta, Walter scarborough and Diane armpriest "building construction
principle, materials and system", prentice hall, second edition, 2013.
7. Construction material, geotechnical, quantity survey and structural handouts

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9 Six months internship certificate

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