METROLOGY

(Science of Measurement)

Systems of Measurement Standards of Measurement of Length

1 English system (Yard) 1 Fundamental / Primary Standard – Line Standard
2 Metric system (Metre) 2 Secondary / Working Standard – End Standard
3 International system (SI) 3 Wave length Standard

1 Fundamental (or) Primary Standard 2 Secondary (or) Working Standard

(LINE STANDARD) (END STANDARD)

- Distance between two lines - Derived from primary standard

- Scales - Distance between two flat parallel end faces
- Quick & easy to use - Slip gauges, micrometer, Vernier caliper etc.
- Subject to parallax errors - Not subject to parallax error
- Not convenient for close tolerance - Time consuming
- Not so accurate - Subject to wear on their measuring faces

3 Wavelength standard (SI)

- Wavelength of monochromatic light is used as unit of length

 Imperial Standard Yard (1855)
Yard – distance between two central transverse lines of the plug at 62 deg. F.

Fig 5.1

International Prototype Metre

Metre – distance between the centre portion of the section of 102 cm total length at 0 deg. C

Fig 5.2

Alloy – 90% Platinum & 10% Iridium

 Errors in Measurement

I Errors which can be largely eliminated II Errors which cannot be largely eliminated

1 Misreading an instrument 1 Scale error (Calibration is required)

2 Arithmetic error 2 Reading errors
3 Alignment errors (Sine & Cosine errors) - Depends on thickness of the rulings,
4 Parallax error spacing of the scale divisions etc.
5 Errors due to temperature

Length Measuring Instruments Angle Measuring Instruments

1 Rule 1 Spirit Level
2 Vernier caliper 2 Vernier Bevel Protractor
3 Micrometer 3 Sine bar
(External / Internal / Depth/ 4 Angle gauges
Tube / Screw thread ) 5 Dividing Head
4 Vernier Height Gauge 6 Clinometer
5 Dial Gauge 7 Auto-collimator
6 Slip Gauges
7 Limit Gauges
(Snap / Ring / screw / Plug / Plane Surface Measuring Instruments
Feeler / radius etc.)
8 Comparators 1 Spirit Level
( Mechanical / Optical / 2 Surface Gauge
Mech – Optical / Pneumatic / 3 Optical flat
Electrical / Fluid displacement) 4 Profilometer
Fig 5.3a Internal Micrometer
Fig 5.3b Depth Micrometer

Fig 5.3c Tube Micrometer Fig 5.3d Screw thread Micrometer

Fig 5.4 Vernier Height gauge
Fig 5.5 Dial Gauge
Fig 5.6 Slip Gauge Fig 5.7 Limit Gauge Fig 5.7a Snap Gauge

Fig 5.7b Plug Gauge Fig 5.7c Ring Gauge

Fig 5.7d Thickness / Feeler Gauge Fig 5.7e Screw Pitch Gauge

Fig 5.7f Radius Gauge Fig 5.8 Mechanical Comparator

Fig 5.8a Sigma Comparator (Mech)
Fig 5.9 Optical Comparator Fig 5.10 Pneumatic Comparator
 Fig 5.112 Use of Sine Bar

Fig 5.11 Vernier Bevel Protractor

Fig 5.12 Angle Gauges

Fig 5.13 Auto Collimator
COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE (CMM)

¾ Device for measuring the physical geometrical

characteristics of an object.
¾ Manually controlled by an operator or
it may be computer controlled.
¾ Measurements are defined by a probe attached
¾ Probe touches the part of interest and allows
collecting discrete points on the object's surface.

PARTS

1 The main structure which includes

three axes of motion
2 Probing system
3 Data collection and Reduction system
- typically includes a machine controller,
desktop computer and application software.

USES

¾ Dimensional measurement
¾ Profile measurement
¾ Angularity or orientation measurement
¾ Depth mapping
¾ Digitizing or imaging
¾ Shaft measurement