AMHARA LEADERSHIP ACADEMY

DEPARTMENT OF PROJECT MANEGMENT

RESEARCH PROPOSAL
ON

DETERMINANTS OF SUSATINABLE SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION

PROJECT PERFORMANCE: IN MECHA WOREDA, WEST GOJJAM
ZONE, AMHARA NATIONAL REGIONLA STATE, ETHIOPIA.

By: Gizatie Bogale ID. NO. ALA.PE 000/13

Submitted to………………………….. (PhD)

May, 2021
Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
 AMHARA LEADERSHIP ACADEMY
DEPARTMENT OF PROJECT MANEGMENT

RESEARCH PROPOSAL
ON

DETERMINANTS OF SUSATINABLE SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION PROJECT

PERFORMANCE: IN SOUTH MECHA WOREDA, WEST GOJJAM ZONE, AMHARA
NATIONAL REGIONLA STATE, ETHIOPIA.

By: Gizatie Bogale ID.NO. ALA.PE 0000/13

Email: gizatiebogale@gmail.com
Privte telephone: +251913953047

Advisor:………………………… (PhD)

May, 2021
Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
 Tables of Content

Contents
CHAPTER ONE..........................................................................................................................................1
1.INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background of the Study..................................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the Problem...................................................................................................................3
1.3.1. General Objective..........................................................................................................................5
1.3.2. Specific objectives.........................................................................................................................5
1.4 Research Questions............................................................................................................................6
1.5. Research Hypothesis.........................................................................................................................6
1.6. Significance of the study...................................................................................................................6
1.7. Scope of the Study............................................................................................................................7
1.8. Organization of the Paper.................................................................................................................7
1.9. Operational Definition the key terms................................................................................................9
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................................10
2.REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE..............................................................................................10
2.1. Theoretical Literature Review........................................................................................................10
2.1.1 History of Irrigation Development and Water Resource in Ethiopia.............................................10
2.2 Importance of Irrigation Project.......................................................................................................11
Factors Affecting Small Scale Irrigation project....................................................................................13
Availability of water..........................................................................................................................14
2.3.2 Technological factor.................................................................................................................14
Institutional Factors...........................................................................................................................15
2.3.4. Financial Factors......................................................................................................................15
A review of empirical studies....................................................................................................................16
Knowledge Gaps.......................................................................................................................................17
5. Conceptual Framework..........................................................................................................................17
Dependent Variable.......................................................................................................................18
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................................19
3. Research Methodology..........................................................................................................................19
3.1 Description of the study area.........................................................................................................19
 3.2 Research Design..............................................................................................................................23
3.2.1. Research Approach......................................................................................................................23
Irrigation and Water Source Potential of Study Area.............................................................................24
Target population...................................................................................................................................25
Sample Size or Determination...............................................................................................................25
3.7. Data Collection instrument and tools..............................................................................................27
3.10. Ensuring Data Trustworthiness.....................................................................................................28
3.11. Ethical Considerations..................................................................................................................29
3.12. Model Specification..........................................................................................................................29
3.13. Variables Definition......................................................................................................................29
3.13.2. Independent Variables...........................................................................................................30
4. Work plan or Action Plan.....................................................................................................................32
Budget or Coast break down......................................................................................................................32
References.................................................................................................................................................34
 List of table

Table 1: Independent variable expected sign on model………………………………...30

 List of Figure

Figure1: Conceptual Frameworks on small scale irrigation project……………………..17

Figure 2: Map of irrigation project in the study area……..………………………………24

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ADB African Development Bank

ASDA Agricultural Sector Development Authority

CSA Central statistical Agency

EADP Ethiopia Agricultural Development Project

FAO Food Agricultural Organization

GDP Growth Domestic product

ICID International Commission for Irrigation and Drainage

MDG Millennium Development Goals

MENR Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources

MOA Ministry of Agriculture

MOFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development

MOWR Ministry of Water Resource

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

NIA National Irrigation Authority

SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science

SSSIP Sustainable Small Scale Irrigation Project

WSDP Water Sector Development Project

 CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study

The Ethiopian economy is mainly dependent on agriculture and the sector is mainly
characterized by its traditional, subsistent, and rained farming system, which is highly vulnerable
to the adverse effects of climate variability and erratic rainfall patterns. Although remarkable
efforts are being made to transform the sector from traditional, subsistent, and rain-fed to
modern, technology-intensive, mechanized, irrigated, and market-oriented with full packages of
post-harvest technologies, the sector is yet unable to sustain the food demands of the ever-
growing population of the country.

About 30% of earth’s surface is dry land and out of this only a small area has suitable
environmental conditions for agricultural productions. The rest is either cold desert as seen in
green lands, arctic and Antarctic region; or is hot desert that comprise of arid and semi-arid land
which hardly receive sufficient rainfall to support agricultural production (FAO, 2016).

Ethiopia is the second most populous country in Sub-Saharan Africa with a population of around
115 million (CSA, 2018). The country has a long history, mosaic of people and diverse culture.
The country has reasonably good resource potential for agriculture development, endowed with
rich biodiversity, water resource, minerals etc. Yet, it is faced with complex poverty, which is
broad, deep and structural (MOFED, 2010). Most of the Ethiopian population lives in rural areas
and the livelihood of the greater majority of this is based on rainfed agriculture that is subject to
highly irregular rainfall pattern with detrimental impact on agricultural production (Hamda,
2016).

Notwithstanding agriculture have its own economic and social benefits, production of different
agricultural crops in the country is mostly on a small scale and average crop yield is very low
(Kalkidan et al., 2016).Major constraints to agricultural growth of Ethiopia are population
pressure coupled with the dominance of the use of traditional agricultural production technology,
including traditional farm tools and farming practices, low application of modern inputs like
improved seeds and fertilizers and poor animal breeds. However irrigation supports the process
of transforming traditional subsistence agriculture in to market-oriented production of high value
crops (Hamda, 2016).

Ethiopia endows water resources which have 12 river basins with an annual runoff volume of
122 billion m3 of water and an estimated 2.6 - 6.5 billion m3 of ground water potential, which
makes an average of 1575 m3 of physically available water per person per year (Awulachew et
al., 2014). Sustainable small scale irrigation project in agriculture is a critical contributor to the
economic and social development of Ethiopia. If successful, irrigation in Ethiopia could
represent a cornerstone of the agricultural development of the country, contributing up to ETB
140 billion to the economy and potentially moving up to 6 million households into food security
(Awulachew et al., 2017).

According to MoA (2011) irrigation agriculture, in Ethiopia agriculture contributes to about 55%
of GDP and provides 80% employment and accounts for 60% of export and creates about 45%
of government revenue (Awulachew, 2017). Even if the country has its own irrigation potential,
there are major limitations that constrained the development of the irrigation project sub-sector
are: (i) Agriculture is subsistence and predominantly based on traditional farming systems;(ii)
Inadequate improved agricultural inputs;(iii) Limited access to improved irrigation technologies;
(iv) Inadequate trained human power;(v) Inadequate extension services and limited availability
of capital;(vi) Absence of appropriate institutions at different levels responsible for the
promotion, planning and development of irrigated agriculture and environmental constraints,(vii)
Inadequate information system on agricultural water management and irrigation development
(MOA, 2011).

There is a strong linkage between irrigation development and poverty reduction through
improving level and security of production, livelihood diversification as well as creating
employment and income opportunities (Hussian and Hanjira, 2004).

Hence, the Mecha woreda has its own irrigation potential, most of the smallholders used rainfed
agriculture. Therefore, this study focused on the determinant factors on sustainable small scale
irrigation project use and also emphasizes on how irrigation project contributes to poverty
reduction in relation to change in income levels, employment generation, and asset building
among rural communities in East Gojjam, Mecha District Keble’s using river catchment in the
study area.

According to Mecha woreda irrigation development office report (2019/20), small-scale

irrigation is being practiced in the study area since 1998 E.C. Cognizant of this fact, farmers in
Mecha District has been constructing different small-scale irrigation project program with the
objective of increasing agricultural production and productivity to improve the living standard of
the farming communities and to reduce dependency on rainfall (ADOA, 2019).

This study will help to local communities and policy makers which the findings it is apparent
that reclaiming land for agriculture production through irrigation projects will boost food
production, to meet the need of fast increasing population, create more jobs, and thus
empower people especially in rural areas and stop rural urban migration. In this cause the
researcher motivated to will conduct this study.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Committee on world food security (WFS): round table in hunger division management (Sep.
2014) FAO statistics have compiled food security indicators thus capturing various aspects of
food security. In Sub Sahara countries about 214.1 million people are undernourished. This
represents 23.5% of Africa population (FAO- 2014).

Many of these projects once initiated and implemented collapse soon after the implementing
agency pulls out. Many of them cause low or even negative returns on investment, emergency of
environmental and health problems and lack sustainability (Nijman, 2014). Even projects
intended to specifically enhance farmer‟s capacity have not succeeded. This posed as a challenge
to create a sustainable irrigation project for agricultural production and expand the same to new
areas to improve food security and livelihood.

For a country like Ethiopia which is struggling with burgeoning population while the subsistence
rainfed agriculture is under the mercy of inconsistent rainfall, water resource development is
believed to have an imperative role in the agricultural, socio-economic and industrial
development (Mesfin, 2016).
According to Lipt, (2004) irrigated agriculture project can reduce poverty through increased
production, income and reduce food prices, that helps very poor households to meet the basic
needs by improving their overall economic welfare, protect them against risks of crop loss due to
insufficient rain water supplies and promote their use of yield enhancing farm inputs which in
the long run enable them to move out of the poverty trap. Hence, though successive regimes of
Ethiopia have attempted to boost irrigated agricultural production through irrigation
development, the country still could not exploit its irrigation potential efficiently and effectively.
Instead, it is highly depend on rain fed agricultural production system (MoA, 2017).

In several recent researchers, such as Gebremeskel (2013) Bacha et al.,(2011), Gebregziabher et

al.,(2012)., and Woldegebrial(2015) have already studied these supply side initiatives of
introducing small scale irrigation , improved technologies and major constraints on participating
in small scale irrigation. Those studies also report that, irrigation has significantly increase farm
production input compared to rainfed agriculture. This study emphasis on determinants of using
SSSIP and its contribution on production levels of users and this study also evaluate the
performance of sustainable small scale irrigation project in the study area.

Similarly, Mecha district agriculture and irrigation development office report (2019/20) the main
water resources of the district are perennial streams, wells, rivers, water harvesting ponds and
ground water. In the District, there are 3 micro dams with irrigation potential and 2 river
diversions with irrigation potential of 300ha from this 123 ha of land was irrigated with 650
beneficiaries. According to South Mecha woreda of agriculture report (2019/20) the total
household of the study area (in the village) were 650 household beneficiaries of irrigation
within 123 ha of irrigated land. The study district has two main river catchments used for
irrigation purpose, namely Jema and Enguli river catchment. This study will also conducted in
those two river catchments. Jamma and Enguli River is the main that is being raised in the long
irrigation history of the district in both traditional and modern irrigation.

However, the gap of in the Mecha district lacks in-depth studies to identify the determinant
factors that influence the use of irrigation project. The issue is also not well supported by
complete research. The contribution of irrigation on household production level is not well
known and to what extent the households using irrigation are better off than those who depend
on rain- fed agriculture in the study area. Therefore, the main motivation behind this study will
be to explore the determinant factor that hinder small scale irrigation project use and whether
irrigation use in the study area is making positive change on reducing household poverty or not.

Therefore, in Mecha woreda much more needs to will be done to ensure sustainability of
irrigation projects in the study area which will go a long way in achieving the Millennium
Development Goal that aims at eradicating poverty, hunger; and empower the less advantaged
by creating employment, food sufficiency and reduction of malnutrition.

1.3. Objective of the study

1.3.1. General Objective
The General objective of this study will be: to assess the factors that affecting the sustainability
of .small scale irrigation project in Mecha Woreda, East Gojjam Zone, Amhara National
Regional State, Ethiopia.

1.3.2. Specific objectives

The specific objectives of this study will be

 To assess the situations on the sustainability of small scale irrigation project use in the study
area.
 To examine the extent to which water availability influence sustainability of small scale
irrigation projects in Mecha woreda.
 To examine technical factors influence sustainability of s m al l s ca le irrigation projects
in Mecha woreda
 To identify the extent to which institutional factors influence sustainability of Small
Scale irrigation projects in the study area.
 To evaluate how financial factors influence sustainability of irrigation projects in Mecha
woreda
 To point out possible solution to improving the use of sustainable small scale irrigation
project in Mecha woreda.
1.4 Research Questions

Research questions under this study will examine

 What are the factors that affecting and the situations of small scale irrigation project in the
study area?
 What are the significant challenges that affecting small scale irrigation project in the study
area?
 What extent does waters supply influence sustainability of small scale irrigation project
program in Mecha woreda?
 How do technical factors influence the sustainability of small scale irrigation projects
in Mecha woreda?
 What extent do institutional factors influence irrigation projects in Mecha woreda?
 How do financial factors influence sustainability of irrigation projects in Mecha woreda?

1.5. Research Hypothesis

The research hypothesis will be

HO1. Water availability has direct effect on sustainable small scale irrigation project

HO2. Technical factor has direct effect on sustainable small scale irrigation project

HO3. Institutional factor has direct effect on sustainable small scale irrigation project

HO4. Financial factor has direct effect on sustainable small scale irrigation project

1.6. Significance of the study

The findings of this study will be expected to benefit for local governments and development
practitioners in particular, policy makers in general in terms of improving the knowledge base
for impact of irrigated agriculture on enhancing household income as well as its contribution to
reduce poverty. Similarly, it will help and will be useful to National and County Governments,
NGO‟s, Donor Organization, Development Partners, the Private sector as well as researchers. To
National and County Government, the findings will be useful in developing a policy document,
strategies and standards and guide lines to address sustainability issues influencing irrigation
projects in the local and nation at large.

Finally, it will assess to donor organizations and development partners, the finding will point out
areas of weakness experienced in project implementation and take over for correction, thus
ensure the intended objectives are met. This will be the result in increased funding of similar
projects in other areas. The finding will also be useful to private sector interested in investing in
irrigation project as well as to researchers.

1.7. Scope of the Study

This study will conducted on the determinants of sustainable small scale irrigation project
performance in Mecha woreda. In this cause, this study will be focused on the factors that affect
the sustainable small scale irrigation project performance in Mecha woreda. Many factors can be
considered to analyze the on small scale irrigation project. But in this study, will focus only on
four main factors (Availability of water, institutional factor, technical factors, and financial
factor) which will affect irrigation project. Due to this study manageable; it should be covered
only by Small scale irrigation project in the study area.

1.8. Organization of the Paper

This thesis will be divided into five major parts. Chapter one is an introductory part which will
include, a background of the study, statement of the problem, the objective of the study, research
questions, research hypothesis, significance of the study, scope of the study, and operational
definition of the key terms as well as the organization of the paper. The second chapter is a
review of the study related to literature, in his section will include theoretical and experimental
models and gaps in irrigation project. The third chapter is methodology; in this section will
include; the description of the study area, presents sampling techniques, data sources, data
collection instruments, and research model specification. The other parts of chapters like chapter
four will be respondents characteristic and data analysis, and the last chapter includes
conclusion, recommendation and the other extra part of the research like references, appendixes
will be included.
1.9. Operational Definition the key terms

Arid and semi-arid lands: area that receive low amount of rainfall hardly sufficient for crops
production.

Binary logistic regression: predicts the probability that an observation falls into one of two
categories of a dichotomous dependent variable based on one or more independent variables that
can be either continuous or categorical.

Cross sectional study design: Research study being conducted at a point in time at a
geographical location or for a group of people.

Financial factors: the financing process that is rising and maintenance of adequate funds for
irrigation project, tariff setting, mode of payment and management of funds.

Institutional factors: established structures for management, knowledge base, and technical
knowhow, incentives, awareness, and strategy for capacity building.

Irrigation project: an intervention where water is artificially applied to provide sufficient

moisture in the soil for crops growth.

Poverty: is lack of basic needs and services such as food, clothing and place to sleep and rest
after the day’s work (UNDP, 2006).

Small Scale Irrigation: The artificial application of water to small plot of land ranging from 0.2
to 0.5 ha, comprising a small number of farmers containing 200 users, using relatively small
reservoirs- rivers, dams or a cluster of wells controlled by the farmers using technology
(Gebremeskel, 2013).

Sustainability: refers to operationally function irrigation system where crops are growth
continuously giving high yields for a prolonged period of time.

Technical Factors: Refer to technology used to supply water to crops, quality of material
availability of spare parts, physical design and equipment used.
 CHAPTER TWO
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. Theoretical Literature Review
2.1.1 History of Irrigation Development and Water Resource in Ethiopia
Ethiopia is endowed with plentiful amounts of water resources potential. However, the backbone
of Ethiopian economy, Agriculture, is highly rainfall dependent and the energy source relays on
fuel wood. Even though the country has enough amounts of water resources potential, clear
current figure of water resources potential especially in ground water part, utilization constraints
and future water resources utilization opportunities is not clearly known. Ethiopia is believed to
have the total potential of 3.7 million hectares of land that can be developed for irrigation
through pump, gravity, pressure, underground water, water harvesting and other mechanisms
(Awulachew, 2011).

Out of the total potential, about 10 to 12% of this potential is put under irrigated agriculture (both
traditional and modern irrigation systems). Irregular place to place and time to time sharing of
major rivers and rain fall, cross boundary nature, topographic features of the country, technical
and financial challenges are among main utilization constraints (Desalegn, 2018).

Ethiopia has twelve major river basins, which form four major drainage systems. These drainage
basins are Nile basin (including Abbay or Blue Nile, Baro-Akobo, Tekeze and Mereb) covers 33
percent of the country and drains the northern and central parts westwards; The Rift Valley
(including Awash, Danakil, Omo-Gibe and Rift vally Lakes) covers 28 percent of the country
and consists of a group of independent interior basins extending from Djibouti in the north to the
United Republic of Tanzania in the south, with nearly half of its total area being located in
Ethiopia. The Shebelli-Juba basin (including Wabi-Shebelle and Genale-Dawa) covers 33
percent of the country and drains the southeastern mountains towards Somalia and the Indian
Ocean.

Irrigation development historically started, as a response to bad agro-climate in low rainfall areas
and seasons. Irrigation development has been promoted as a means to bring about socioeconomic
transformation since the Second World War ( (Hamda, 2015).
In Ethiopia, government intervention in irrigation development is a recent phenomenon, though
farmers of high land area practiced traditional irrigation for centuries. Imperial government in
1950s through constructing water development projects initiated the development of water for
irrigation purpose. The development has concentrated in the Awash valley as part of agro-
industrial development initiative. Later it has gradually expanded to rift valley and the
Wabishebele basin (Berhanu and Peden, 2002). According to Awulachew et al., (2010), estimate
the irrigation potential of Ethiopia is 4.3 million hectares. In Ethiopia traditional irrigation
schemes cover more than 138,000 hectares whereas modern small-scale irrigation covers about
48,000 hectares (Awulachew, 2016).

2.2 Importance of Irrigation Project

2.2.1. Irrigation project and Poverty Linkage
Hussian and Hanjira, (2014), confirmed a strong direct and indirect linkage between irrigation
and poverty. Direct linkages operate through localized benefit through which irrigation increase
agricultural production and consequently reduce poverty in household level, whereas indirect
linkages operate through aggregate or sub-national and national level impacts. Irrigation enables
smallholders to adopt more diversified cropping patterns, and to shift from low-value staple
production to high-value market-oriented production, increased production makes food available
and affordable for the poor (Asayehegn, 2017).

As a production input in agriculture, irrigation water is an important socioeconomic ‘‘good’’,

with a positive role in poverty alleviation. Irrigation water can also become a socioeconomic
‘‘bad’’ when it leads to problems such as waterborne diseases (malaria, schistosomiasis), and
land degradation including waterlogging and salinity, water pollution and associated destruction
of living beings and natural ecosystems. Access to consistent irrigation water can enable farmers
to adopt new technologies and intensify cultivation, leading to increased productivity, overall
higher production, and greater returns from farming. This, in turn, opens up new employment
opportunities, both on-farm and off- farm, and can improve incomes, livelihoods, and the quality
of life in rural areas (MoWIE, 2017).

In general, access to good irrigation allows poor people only increase their production and
incomes, but also enhances their opportunities to diversify their income base, and to reduce their
vulnerability to the seasonality of agricultural production and external shocks. It should be noted
that the poor also use water for other farm and non-farm production activities, particularly
small-scale rural enterprises such as livestock rearing, fish production, brick making and so on.
These enterprises are part of the poor’s livelihood strategies and contribute to poverty alleviation.
Thus, access to good irrigation water can contribute to poverty reduction, and to moving people
from ill-being to well-being (Petros, 2016).

2.2.2. Implication of Small Scale Irrigation project on Employment

The other direct effect on poverty is via employment. There are two sources of additional
demand for labor created by irrigation projects. Irrigation projects firstly require labor for
construction and on-going maintenance of canals, wells and pumps etc. This is likely to be an
important sector of employment for the poor, especially the landless rural poor or rural
households with excess labor or seasonal excess labor. Secondly, increased farm output as a
result of irrigation will stimulate demand for farm labor both within the main cropping season
and across new cropping seasons, increasing both numbers of workers required and length of
employment period. Rural poverty levels may therefore be reduced by increased employment
opportunities (Lipton 2007).

2.2.3. Implication Small Scale Irrigation on Food Prices

Irrigation water is critical to poverty alleviation through increased production in rural areas so as
to improve food security and alleviate poverty. The role of irrigation development is increasing
food sufficiency level of households (helps to produce sufficient amount of food consumption).
Irrigation has the potential of influencing poverty via food prices. If irrigation leads to increases
in staples or non-staple food output then this may result in lower prices for staples and food in
imperfectly open economies or if there are significant transport costs internationally or from food
surplus areas to towns or food deficit areas. A rural net purchaser of food is therefore gain from
cheaper food, as will urban consumers (Beckets, 2018).

The share of food expenditure on staples and the share of expenditure on food tend to fall as
expenditure rises, and the majority of the rural poor are net food purchasers, receiving large
proportions of their income from off-farm employment activities. Hence the fall in the staple
price is likely to be poverty reducing. However low-income and possibly poor, small-farmers in
areas not affected by extra irrigation – non irrigated or already irrigated areas may be net
producers so harmed by falling prices and may even become poor, unless the increase in output
offsets the price fall. Waged agricultural laborers, in addition to increased employment, will
benefit from lower prices. Wage laborers will find their wage buys more food hence will benefit
from falling prices, apart from employment changes (Letita, 2016).

2.2.4. Stabilization and Risk Reduction

By making employment and incomes more reliable (as well as higher) irrigation protects farmers
from loss of assets and also prevents peasants from getting into debt traps. In a bad monsoon,
while rain fed crops may fail crops irrigated using groundwater usually yield well. Even if the
groundwater table falls, it can recover during a more humid period. Thus, irrigation acts as a
buffer against bad years and hence the deprivation and indebtedness that these years may entail.
Risk of disposing of assets such as mortgaging or selling land to buy food or meet debts, are
reduced.

According to Letitia (2015) describe how irrigation by poor families with hand pumps has
prevented them from becoming landless. Irrigation also liberates people from maintaining
demeaning social relations such as with money-lenders. state that “for resource poor farmers and
landless laborers alike, it ceases to be so necessary to ‘touch the shoes of the rich’ as insurance
against those dreaded bad seasons or bad times of a year when food runs out and loans are
needed to survive. Irrigation thus supports self-respecting independence (Letitita, 2015)

2.1. Factors Affecting Small Scale Irrigation project

According to Kumar (2006) sustainability concerns are being expressed that the input levels have
to be continuously increased in order to maintain the yield at the all level. This poses a threat to
the economic viability and sustainability of crop production. A sustainable farming system is a
system in which natural resources are managed so that potential yield and the stock of natural
resources do not decline over time. However each of the components of sustainable agriculture
is complex and some quantifiable measures are needed to check whether a farming system is
sustainable or not. Due to the multidimensional nature of the concept of sustainability, the
difficulties in determining specific threshold values for this dimension are not over emphasized.
The overall performance of many irrigation projects is disappointing. Evaluations document, a
wide range of problems, including: cost and time overruns; poor management; the non-
realization of full, planned benefits; adverse environmental and health impacts; and the
exacerbation of inequities in the existing social and economic distribution of assets among
farmers (FAO, 2016).

2.1.1. Availability of water

According to EADA (2014) water is becoming scarce simply because of a limited national
endowment, the growing needs of rapidly increasing population, as well as serious water
resources degradation. In addition to this scarcity, Ethiopia is highly vulnerable to rainfall
variability: droughts are now endemic and floods occur quite frequently. In addition to that, this
is despite the fact that Ethiopia’s socio-economic development goals are highly dependent on
availability of good quality and quantity water. Sustainable utilization, development and
management of water resources fundamentally underpin the achievement of long-term socio-
economic goals (FAO, 2016).

2.3.2 Technological factor

For irrigation systems to be sustainable, they require proper management to avoid salinization
and must not use more water from their source than is naturally replenish able (Tardieu, 2004).
Otherwise, the water source effectively becomes a non-renewable resource. Improvements in
water well drilling technology and submersible pump, combined with the development of drip
irrigation, and low pressure pivots, have made it possible to regularly achieve high crop yields in
areas where reliance on rainfall alone had previously made successful agriculture unpredictable.
However, this progress has come at a price. In many areas, such as the Ogallala Aquifer the
water is being used faster than it can be replenished.

According to FAO Technical Paper N. 13 (2012) Common sense dictates that the choice of
technology for irrigation should be based on its appropriateness for the cropping patterns
intended and should also consider cost-effectiveness. Irrigation engineers have in the past tended
to overlook an additional need: for the technology also to be matched to the level of
sophistication or operational capacity of the users. It has become increasingly obvious that the
design process must start from a consideration of how the users will operate the system; this
should then be designed to provide the optimum combination of efficiency in water use and cost
effective operation and maintenance.

3.2.3. Institutional Factors

According to World report on Governments and development in Washington, DC (2011),

Legitimacy refers to the way in which a population gives consent to be governed, how they are
consulted and whether the consent can be withdrawn. Accountability of politicians and officials
is tested by how they explain their role and decisions, provide information and can be held
responsible for their behavior. Improvement in irrigation performance depends on good
government, or governance. This may be an obvious assertion, but what exactly does the term
mean for irrigation? There are four main elements of governance which can be considered at the
national or the local level: the legitimacy of government; its accountability, its competence; and
its respect for human rights and the rule of law.

However, sustainable irrigation project needs for to provide additional institution support to the
community management structure (Rukunga et al., 2006). This support can be in form of
information and training to fill the gaps such as those required for maintenance works, skill
training, establish administrative and financial systems or even ensuring compliance with
national legislation.

According to the authors that, further noted that lack of support services like access roads,
market outlets, electricity, have contributed to declining pace of projects like irrigation projects
in Ethiopia. Small holder irrigation development that entails devising of a technical , social and
economic productive systems that guarantees farmers goals of increased level of income,
increased level of food security, employment and general improvement of their standard of living
through effective management systems is vital.

2.3.4. Financial Factors

Construction and operation costs for irrigation projects have risen steadily over the past four
decades as the world's best land and most of the readily available water supplies have been
developed. Majority of farmers especially those in small holder scale category lack financial
resources to invest in irrigation project (Peacock, 2005). To access credit facilities farmers are
required to provide collaterals by financial institutions. This coupled with the risk the financial
institutions experience finds it cumbersome and expensive to administer such credits, so many
small scale farmers are precluded from obtaining those credit facilities (Carruther. 2011). The
inadequacy to access those credit facilities has slowed down the development of small holder
irrigation development in Ethiopia.

In addition to that, a part from traditional irrigation systems, other opportunities exist for low
cost irrigation, particularly for localized irrigation, including systems based on the use of clay
pots for the storage and gradual release of irrigation water. These, and other similar devices,
often bring nutritional benefits to local communities because they are generally used for fruit
and vegetable production. They make efficient use of scarce water, but are in general unsuited to
large-scale food production (FAO, 2016).

3. A review of empirical studies

According to Asayehegn, (2012) irrigation development has a profound impact in alleviating

poverty. Because of small-scale irrigation increases mean annual household income, irrigating
households have lower probability of being poor than non-irrigating households. Irrigating
households’ average income is higher, while non-irrigating households’ average income is 50
percent less than the average income of irrigating households (Tadesse, 2017). There is also a
difference in total household consumption expenditure between the control and treatment groups
(Gebrehawaria, 2011).

With limited off-farm sources of income from irrigated vegetables are important for food
security in household that undertake irrigation. Thus, the poverty prevalence in non-irrigating
households is by far greater than irrigating households. In order to reduce the rural households
‘poverty status, expansion of small scale irrigation by using available water resource is a crucial
factor. Therefore, access to irrigation has got a significant and positive contribution to poverty
reduction (Hamda, 2015).

Canals and schemes should be cemented for the prevention of water logging, percolation,
changing farmland to swamps and proper aeration of soils. Thus, enhancing the capacity of water
user associations through provision of training, market linkage and finance are a necessary step
to improve irrigation performance towards poverty reduction (Bagson et al., 2013). According to
the MoWIE (2013) and MoA (2011), the main challenges of irrigation utilization in Ethiopia
especially small scale irrigation are identified as inadequate awareness of irrigation water
management, irrigation scheduling techniques, water saving irrigation technologies, water
measurement techniques, irrigation input, operation and maintenance of irrigation facilities.

In general, the above reviewed empirical studies revealed that, even if small scale irrigation
project has its own influential factors, it is an important tools for the improvement of households’
livelihood as well as poverty reduction, both in the form of liquid and tangible asset. This is also
a best mechanism that leads to the use resources more efficiently.

4. Knowledge Gaps

Gaps identified in literature review is that most of research work focus mostly on overall
performance of irrigation projects without paying attentions to sustainability of these irrigation
projects. Another gap is gender representation in overall management of irrigation project as
women are rarely included or involved in mainstream management of project but only given less
involving jobs so the immense potentials are not utilized which could see the project perform
better.

5. Conceptual Framework

This study assumes that the factors under discussion have a direct influence on irrigation project
among small scale irrigation project in Mecha woreda. The relationship between the dependent
and the independent variables in the conceptual framework is illustrated below based on the
literature. The diagram below shows conceptual framework about the relationship between
the independent, moderating, intervening and dependent variables.
Figure 2.1: Conceptual Framework Diagram

Independent Variable
Water Availability

 Water Seasonality  Soil characteristics-

fertility, drainage, pH
 Salinity
 Pests and disease
 Quantities Available
 County/government
policy

Institutional Factors
Dependent Variable
 Technical
 Strategy for capacity
building
 Suitability of scale of
Sustainability of
complexity to local Irrigation Project
capacity

Technical Factors

 Technology used
 Physical design
 Quality of materials
 Expertise availability
 Cultural factors
 Political factors
Financial Factors
 Social factors
 Availability of funds
 Book/record keeping
 Planning and budgeting

Figure 1 Factors affecting small scale irrigation project program

 Source: Banchaymolu, 2019

CHAPTER THREE
3. Research Methodology
3.1 Description of the study area
The study will conducted in Mecha woreda Mirab Gojam Zone, Amhara National Regional
State, Ethiopia. Mecha formerly knowns as Merawi is one of the woredas in the Amhara
National Regional state (one of the nine regional states of Ethiopia) at 30 K.m distance from
Bahir Dar (the city of Amhara) towards the southwest direction and 525 K.m from Addis Ababa
that means the distance far from the capital city of Ethiopia. Geographically, Amhara National
Regional State is located in the northern part of Ethiopia. There are a lot of woredas under the
East Gojam Zone. Mecha is one of the oldest woreda in the East Gojam Zone (Merawi Woreda
Administration Office, 2021).

3.1.1 Physical location of Mecha Woreda

3.1.2 Relative Location of the study area
Mecha woreda is located within different neighbor woredas. Mecha is bordered on the northeast
by Bahir Dar Zuria, on the west by the lesser Abay River which separates it from Debub Achefer
and Semen Achefer, on the east by Yilmana Densa and, on the south by Sekela (Mecha Woreda
Municipalities Office, 2021).

3.1.3, Absolute location of Mecha Woreda

Geographically, Mecha is located at latitude 11° 24' 31" North of the latitude and longitude (37.9
degrees) 37° 9' 39" East with an elevation of 1901 meter above sea level (Mecha Woreda
Municipalities Office, 2021).

3.1.4, Land use

The total area of the woreda is about 156,027 hectares. Of this, nearly half, 72,178 hectares are
used for cultivation. Forest land and the grazing land cover 18,547 hectares and 15,591 hectares
respectively. The land covered by water bodies’ accounts for about 1,386 hectares. The total
area of the woreda is about 156,027 hectares. Of this, nearly half, 72,178 hectares are used for
cultivation. Forest land and the grazing land cover 18,547 hectares and 15,591 hectares
respectively. The land covered by water bodies’ accounts for about 1,386 hectares (Mecha
Woreda Rural and Agricultural Development Office, 2021).

3.1.5. Topography

As in most parts of West Gojam, Mecha woreda is known for its flat topography, which accounts
for about 75 percent of the total area of the woreda. 13 percent of the area is characterized as
undulating topography, and the remaining 8 percent and 4 percent of the area are covered by
mountainous and valley topographies respectively. (Mecha Woreda Rural and Agricultural
Development Office, 2021).

3.1.6 Climate and Rainfall

According to the topography classification system, the study area is categorized as moderate.
Ecologically, the city climate is (locally called: woyan dega), which the altitude of the woreda
ranges from 1,800 to 2,500 m. above sea level. This means 80 percent of the woreda lies in the
mid-altitude area and the remaining 20 percent is in the dega climate zone. The mean annual
rainfall ranges from 1,000mm 2,000mm (Mecha Woreda Rural and Agricultural Development
Office, 2021).

3.1.7 Temperature

The temperature of the city is moderate. The average annual temperature of the city is 210 oc.
The highest temperature reaches 290 oc and the lowest is 130 oc (Mecha Woreda Rural and
Agricultural Development Office, 2021).

3.1.8 Demographic Characteristics

Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia
(CSA), the projected population for the year 2007 is 292, 080, an increase of 36.55 % over the
1994 census, of whom 147,611 are men and 144,469 women; 22,647 or 7.76% are urban
inhabitants with an area of 1,481.64 square kilometers, Mecha has a population density of
197.13, which is greater than the zone average of 158.25 persons per square kilometer. A total of
66,107 households were counted in this woreda, resulting in an average of 4.42 persons to a
household, and 64,206 housing units (Mecha Woreda Administrative Office, 2021).
3.1.9. Language and Religious

The official work language in the Mecha woreda is Amharic which is also (the working language
of the Federal and Regional Government); however 99.91 % of the people were Amhara, and the
remained 0.9 % of Agew. The majority of the inhabitants practiced Ethiopia Orthodox
Christianity, with 98.91% reporting that as their religion and, 1.09% were of Muslim (Mecha
Woreda Communication Office, 2021).

3.1.10. Socio - economic Activities

Mixed farming is practiced in all parts of the woreda and by each of the households in the
community. It is at subsistence level and is practiced in fragmented holdings which mostly lack
modern technologies. The average land holding at woreda level is 1.5 ha per household, and
ranges from 0 to 3 ha among the farmers in the woreda. In the crop sub-sector, the main crops
grown include maize, teff, finger millet, wheat, chickpea, beans, niger seed and cabbage. In the
livestock subsector, cattle are dominant and large numbers of poultry, sheep and goats are also
kept. Oxen, cows, heifers, bulls, calves, chickens, goats and sheep are found in numbers in most
households. Livelihood therefore depends to a large extent on agricultural production and
trading. Mecha is considered as one of the most food secure and surplus producing woredas in
the region (Mecha Woreda Rural and Agricultural Development Office, 2021).

3.1.11 Education Service in Mecha woreda

Mecha woreda has one of the oldest elementary school in the region. This elementary school is
Merawi Elementary School, which was found in 1948. In Merawi town also has an additional
public elementary school, two comprehensive high schools and one public Technic and
vocational College. Particularly in the this woreda has many elementary and Secondary schools
in the year of 2021 (Mecha Woreda Education Office, 2021).

3.1.12. Health Service in Mecha woreda

A recently the first college was established Koga Health Science College found in Merawi town.
The town has many number of private and public health clinics, one public hospital and many
health postal service are there in the woreda in the year of 2021(Mecha Woreda Health Office,
2021).

3.1.13. Transportation

Mecha woreda is connected to the surrounding cities, hinters, and kebeles by this main route and
the rural road from the city to footpaths that withdraw to the hinterland kebeles. There is a bus
station in the woreda for public transport vehicles that transport people from the worda. Mecha
woreda has only road transport activity. But this transport activity even has a problem. Besides,
Mecha woreda has different directional roads such as Wetet Abay and Birakat. Although yet a
poor quality, the road to Birakat extended to Adet. Cycling is the most common and convenient
way of traveling with in the woreda towns. Lately, Tricycle has also become a popular mean of
transportation in Mecha woreda (Mecha Woreda Transport Office, 2021).

3.1.14. Water Source and supply

Starting from 1986 E.C. has been a beneficiary of piped potable water supply. However, potable
water is not sufficiently delivered to the people; only 34.9% of the people have access to potable
water. Water is the most essential element among other basic needs of infrastructure. Without
food people maybe stay for a few days but without water, people cannot stay more than a day.
The Source of water in Mecha woreda is spring, river, sometimes rainfall is a source of water
(Mecha Woreda Water service and Supply Office. 2021).

3. 15. Historical Development of Sekota Town

Mecha is one of the woredas in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. The name, Mecha, is taken from
the name for a subdivision of the province of Gojjam. Part of the Mirab Gojjam Zone, Mecha is
bordered on the northeast by Bahir Dar Zuria, on the west by the lesser Abay River which
separates it from Debub Achefer and Semen Achefer, on the east by Yilmana Densa and, on the
south by Sekela (Mecha Woreda Communication Office, 2021).

3.2 Research Design

The study used survey design to establish factors affecting sustainability of small scale irrigation
projects in Mecha woreda. The study will be used based on an explanatory methodology using a
survey. Survey design will be employed to obtain a wide range of information related to the issue
under consideration. The survey approach helps you to compile objective data so you can use
descriptive and inferential statistics to interpret quantitatively. Besides, data will be obtained
using a survey technique can be used to indicate potential explanations for complex relationships
between variables and to create models of those relationships (Saunders et al., 2012). Therefore,
the Survey will be appropriate for this study to examine factors affecting the sustainability of
small scale irrigation projects in Mecha woreda.

3.2.1. Research Approach

There are three approaches available for researchers to design their research methodology
namely quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods research approaches (Creswell, 2003). If the
study relies on numerical data and deals with cause and effect relation of variables quantitative
methods are appropriate (Creswell, 2003). Accordingly this perspective, this study will be used a
quantitative design approach, since the study is examining cause and effect relationship between
variables. In this study, a quantitative research approach will be employed.

3.2.3. Quantitative approach

In this approach, an investigator relies on numerical data (Creswell, 2009). A researcher uses
postpositive claims for developing knowledge, such as to cause and effect thinking, reduction to
specific variables, hypotheses and questions, use of measurement and observation, and the test of
theories. Quantitative research is the systematic and scientific investigation of quantitative
properties and phenomena and their relationship. Creswell (2009) noted that quantitative
research is one in which the investigator primarily uses positivist claims for developing
knowledge.

3.2.4. Advantages of Quantitative research approach

The main advantage of this approach is that numbers are easy to work with data are readily
collected, coded, summarized, and analyzed. Besides, data collection is relatively quick and less
time-consuming, and free from bias. But, in this approach researchers know much about the
collective or average experience of research participants, and focus on theory or hypothesis
testing rather than on theory or hypothesis generation (Creswell 2009). Because of this, a
quantitative approach will be employed to examine factors affecting sustainability of small scale
irrigation projects in Mecha woreda.

3.2.4. Irrigation and Water Source Potential of Study Area

Based on the Mecha district agriculture and irrigation development office report (2019/20) the
main water resources of the district are perennial streams, wells, rivers, water harvesting ponds
and ground water. In the District, there are 3 micro dams with irrigation potential and 2 river
diversions with irrigation potential of 300ha from this 123 ha of land was irrigated with 650
beneficiaries.

According to South Mecha woreda of agriculture and irrigation development office report on
(2019/20) the total household of the study area (in the village) were 650 household beneficiaries
of irrigation within 123 ha of irrigated land. The study district has two main river catchments
used for irrigation purpose, namely Jema and Enguli river catchment. This study will also
conducted in those two river catchments.

Figure 1: Jema and, Enguli river catchment in the study area

Source, picture has been taken from the study area irrigation project by researchers (2021).

3.2.5. Target population

Population is defined as an entire group of individuals, events or objects with common

observable characteristics (Mugenda, 2003), from which a sample is taken for measurement.
According to Mecha woreda agriculture and irrigation development office report on 2019/20
that, the target populations will all farmers of small scale irrigation users currently undertaking
this type of farming in the study area. It established that there were 650 farmers of households
currently undertaking the type of farming in Mecha woreda (Mecha woreda of Agriculture
report, 2020).

3.3. Sample Size or Determination

The study will be conducted on factors that affecting the sustainable of small scale irrigation
project in Mecha woreda. According to Mecha Woreda Rural and Agriculture Office, has been
reported in 2019/20 the total population of small scale irrigation user of the farmers are 650.

To determine the representative sample size from the woreda small scale irrigation user farmers
in the study area will be used a sample size determination formula given by Yamane Taro,
(1967)

n= N/1+N(e)2 n= 650 /1+ 650 (0.05)2

n = 650 /1+ 650 x 0.0025

n=650/ 1+1.625

n=650 / 2.625

n =248

Where: n is the representative sample size,

 N is the total populations of Small scale irrigation user of farmers

e = is level of precision defined to determine the required sample size at 95% confidence
level. Based on the above formula the researcher will be selected 248 farmers in this study.

3.3.1. Sampling technique

In an attempt to will obtain a fair representation of the population of the user farmers of a small
scale irrigation project. Then in this study, techniques will be done by using a systematic
sampling technique. Systematic sampling will be used to include all sectors of the economy in
the sample.

3.5.1 Participant selection criteria

The inclusion criteria will be used for the participants to include in this study. The researcher
will be used for certain requirements. The criteria will be, residents of the respondents will be
Mecha woreda. All respondents will be small scale irrigation program user, Respondents who
will live in the study area, irrigation project user is the same issue, and respondents will be
willing to participate voluntarily in this study.

3.6 Source of Data

In this study both primary and secondary data sources will be employed to obtain relevant
information on the determinants of sustainability of small scale irrigation project performance in
South Mecha Woreda.

3.6.1. Primary Data source

Primary data will be employed. Because, it is original and relevant for the topic especially when
the researcher is interested in primary data about demographic characteristics, attitude, interest,
awareness, knowledge, intentions, motivation, and other factors. Therefore, the data required for
this research will be collected mainly from primary sources through a structured survey
questionnaire.

3.6.2. Secondary Data source

Secondary data will be employed. Because, it will be relevant for the topic especially when the
researcher is interested in secondary data about interest, awareness, knowledge, intentions,
motivation, and other factors. Therefore, the data required for this research will be collected
mainly from secondary sources through document analysis, organization report and, internet.

3.7. Data Collection instrument and tools

3.7.1. Questionnaire

In this study, primary data will be collected through a closed-ended questionnaire. These closed-
ended questionnaire items will be used to assess factors affecting the sustainable small scale
irrigation project performance in Mecha woreda.

3.7.2. Document Analysis

In this secondary data collection instrument which will use document analysis. Document is a
significance source of data in many areas and issues to investigate relevant information. In this
study, reports, publication, article, policy measurement and, internet will employed to collect
data on the determinants sustainability of small scale irrigation project performance in South
Mecha woreda, West Gojam Zone.

3.7.2. Nature of the questionnaire

The survey questionnaire will be prepared in English and translated to Amharic versions to
reduce the impact of language barriers. Each version is divided into six sections. The first section
will consist of eleven questions with multiple choice answers each that are aimed at gathering the
general information on the background of the respondents and their situation. The second section
of the questioner will be intended to analyze the determinants of small scale irrigation project.
3.8. Data Analysis and interpretation

Data collected from the primary survey will be compiled, sorted, edited, classified, coded, and
analyzed using SPSS 20. A descriptive profile of the respondents will be done, followed by a
presentation of the variables using descriptive statistics. The study will employ cross-tabulation
and correlation analysis to determine the existence of significant relationships between the
variables. Regression analysis will be followed to determine the effect of the independent
variable on the dependent variable.

3.9. Pre or pilot -Test

A pilot test will be conducted to check, revise, and determine the specificity, relevance, and
clarity of the items and to determine the reliability of the tests. Thus, the selected items
(translated into Amharic) will be administered on 15 samples in South Mecha woreda at the
same place. The participants will be selects within a similar target of Small scale irrigation users.
They will be, likely to share the same characteristics with the typical population of the target.
The main purpose of the pilot test will be to improve the quality of the instruments since the
instruments will be prepared based on reviewed documents and available literature.

3.10. Ensuring Data Trustworthiness

Data trustworthiness can be addressed through several techniques (Jensen, 2008). Since data for
this study will be collected from various sources, data triangulation will be used to ensure
validity. Another mechanism for maintaining validity will be members' check in which the
written narrative of recorded data will be given back to the interviewees and feedback will be
received. Additionally, two of Shelton's (2004) four issues of maintaining data trustworthiness:
credibility, transferability, dependability, and conformability will ensure this study.

3.11. Ethical Considerations

Ethical clearance for the study will be obtained from Amhara Leadership Academy. During the
study, full information will be given to the participants on the purpose of the research and only
those user farmers who will be willing to participate in the study will be enrolled as the
respondents of the study. Confidentiality of the information obtained from the participant will be
maintained strictly.

3.12. Model Specification

In this study, the logit model will be preferred to examine factors of small scale irrigation project
in Mecha woreda. In ordered categorical variables, measured with survey questions, ordered
probit or binary logsticic regression models are the rules. Logistic regression will be the model
used. The functional form of the Logit model is expressed as:

The general equation for the model used to will test is shown below:

Li = ln [Pi/1-Pi] = α + β1X1 + β2X2 +β3X3 + β4X4 ……. +Ɛi or (ui)

Where;

Pi - is probability of participation in irrigation

Li - is the logarithm of the odds ratio

α - Constant

Ɛi - Error term

β1 β2 β3 ……. βn will be the coefficients to be estimated

X1, X2….X4 ….. Xn will be the vectors of explanatory variables

Then, in this study, independent variables, will be: X1- Water availability, X2- Technical
factors, X3- Institutional factors and, X4- Financial factors, those will be included in this study
and those will be taken as factors of sustainable small scale irrigation project or those will be
independent variables.

3.13. Variables Definition

3.13.1. Dependent Variable: Small Scale Irrigation Project

Sustainable Small scale irrigation project will be used as dependent variable. The respondents
will be asked to rate each hypothetical question whether as a user farmers and they will be
undertake the same action if they faced the same situation.
3.13.2. Independent Variables

Conceptual framework has been identified four types of variables namely independent,
dependent, moderating and intervening variables as shown in the diagram.
1. Water availability (WA) under this independent variable there are related factors like Water
Seasonality, Salinity, quantities available and water infiltration into the soil. This is continuous
variable negative sign will expected and also the result will obtained from the model is also
negative sign (Beyene, 2013).

2. Institutional Factors (IF) comprises of technical knowhow strategy for capacity building,
suitability of the scale of complexity to local capacity, incentives and gender fairness.

3.Technical Factors (TF) in this independent variable include technical factors that comprise
of quality of materials to be used, physical design, technology chosen, availability of spare
parts and skilled labor needed to undertake operations in the project. This is continuous variable,
negative sign will expected and also the result obtained from the model will be also negative

4. Financial factors (FF) this comprise of inadequacy of funds, embezzlement and

misappropriation of funds, planning and budgeting, record of financial books and documents. ):
A farmer who does̍ t gets access to credit. This study will show that credit access will negatively
and significantly affect irrigation project user.

These independent variables have direct effect on dependent variable which includes
sustainability of project factors as continuous running of irrigation project. The sustainability is
dependent variable it entails continuous running of irrigation project, its overall performance
depicted by yields obtained and profitability level (revenue) generated by the project.

Table 2: Definition and variable sign

Independent Type Measurement Expected

Variable sign

Technical factors

Technology used Continuous Number ±

Dummy Number ±
Physical design
Socioeconomic factors
Land holding size Continuous Number +
+
Institutional factors

Access to credit Dummy 1for access to credit, otherwise 0 +

Access to training Dummy
1 for access to training, otherwise +
01

Environmental factors

Distance from water source Dummy Km −

The terrain of farming land Dummy 1 for suitable land terrain, 0 for −
Unsuitable
4. Work plan or Action Plan

N Activates Re
o that going to be Time sequence ma
done rk
June, 2021 - November 2021
perform
May Ju Ju Au Sept Oct Nov De Ja Feb M Ap
ne ly gus emb obe emb ce nu ruar ar ril
t er r er mb ary y ch
er
Identify problem X
1 or topic

Proposal x X
2 Preparation
3 Submission of X
Proposal draft
4 Revising and X
reorganizing edit
proposal
5 Data collection X X

Data analysis X
6
and
interpretation

7 Submission first X
report
8 Revising and edit X
report
9 Submission final X X
report write
1 Reflection of the X
0 final report

5. Budget or Coast break down

Budget is one of the requirement things to do this research. For this research implementation
those different material and fiancé will be needed. So the researcher estimated total budget as
follow.

Item Description of quality U Unit rate Total Remark

No. requirements nit Quantit
y Birr cent Birr cent
1 Transportation and - K.M 5 2.460 - 12,300 -
other expenditure
2 Stationeries 1 st - -
Pen No. 20 10 200
Pencil 1st No. 10 5 - 50 -
Paper 1st Desta 4 40 - 1600 -
0
Art line 1st No. 5 50 - 250 -
Not book 1st No. 10 20 - 2,000 -
0
3 Typist and printer - Page 80 20 - 1,600 -
4 Total - - - - - 18,000 -
budget
Source of budget from sponsor office

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