POINTERS TO REVIEW IN SCIENCE 10 FOURTH QUARTER

Boyle’s Law
 as the volume of gas increases the pressure decreases
 volume (V) inversely proportional to pressure (P) (at constant temperature (T)
 rectangular parabola
 straight-line parallel to the P axis
 gas mass and gas temperature is kept constant
 by Robert Boyle
Charles’ Law
 the volume of a gas is directly related to its temperature at constant pressure.
Boyle’s Law Formula: Charles’ Law Formula:

V2 = V1T2
T1
T2 = T1V2
V1

Kinetic Molecular Theory

 states that gas particles are in constant motion and exhibit perfectly elastic collisions.
 can be used to explain both Charles’ Law and Boyle’s Law
 the average kinetic energy of a collection of gas particles is directly proportional to absolute temperature
only.

BIOMOLECULES
 Carbohydrates – molecules made from aldehydes and ketones containing numerous hydroxyl group.
 green and yellow indicate the presence of sugar in carbohydrate in low amount.
 the elements are Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
 Protein (egg, milk, fish)
 Lipids (Fats)
 Nucleic Acids

Chemical Equation – a chemist shorthand way of representing chemical reaction.

Law of Conservation of Mass - states that in chemical reaction mass is neither created nor destroyed.
- the total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of products.
Significance of the Law of mass conservation
1. Investigation and creation of chemical reactions.
2. Calculate the quantities of chemical reactions.
3. By applying the law to the laboratory practices, manufacturers can increase efficiency.

Balancing Equation:
Collision Theory – explains how collision between reactant molecules may or may not result in a successful chemical
reaction. All colliding particles have the same amount of energy.

Rate of Chemical Reactions

1. Temperature – higher temperature speeds up reaction rates.
- increasing the temperature increases the number of particles so they collide more
often.
- the higher the temperature the higher or faster the reaction rate.
2. Surface Area
3. Concentration of reactants
4. Presence of catalyst
Catalyst – are substances that speeds up the reaction. It increases the activation energy, and it
provides an alternative pathway.
Reaction Rate:
 Catalyst speeds up chemical reactions but is not changed by them.
 Heat, light or change in odor can indicate chemical change.
Activation Energy – the minimum kinetic energy required for the reaction to occur.
Sample of Physical and Chemical Change
Acid Rain causes the pH of bodies of water to increase.
Water must add to Nitrogen oxide to produce Nitric acid.
Causes of Acid Rain:
1. Burning fossil fuels
2. Oil refineries
3. Electricity generation

In a reaction with Hydrochloric acid, powdered magnesium reacts faster than the same mass of magnesium ribbon
because the powdered magnesium has a bigger surface area than the magnesium ribbon.