Principles of

Thermodynamics and
Review of Rankine
Cycle
DILANCO June 26, 2023
Introduction/Review Laws of Thermodynamics

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 First law of Thermodynamics
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed;
it can only be converted from one form to
another form and vice-versa

Energy Balance : Rankine Cycle

Energy IN = Energy OUT
Heat Input + Work Input = Heat Output + Work Output

Qa + Wpump = Qr + Wturbine
Wnet = Qa - Qr = Wturbine - Wpump

Qa = Heat Added
Qr = Heat Reject

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Definition of Terms
Saturation Temperature
Boiling point corresponding to the pressure of the liquid
Depends upon the pressure of the liquid
Is equal to the saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure of a
given substance

Example: Determine the saturation temperature or boiling point of liquid water

at 2kPa, 10kPa, 101.325kPa, 1MPa, and 3MPa.

Using the Steam Table 2:

1. tsat at 2kPa or 0.002MPa = 17.50 °C
2. tsat at 10kPa or 0.01MPa = 45.81 °C
3. tsat at 101.325kPa or 0.101325MPa = 100°C
4. tsat at 1MPa = 179.91 °C
5. tsat at 3MPa = 233.90 °C 4
Definition of Terms
Saturated Vapor / Saturated Steam
A vapor that is about to be condensed upon further removal of
heat
A vapor that is about to be superheated upon further addition of
heat.
A vapor at the boiling at a given liquid pressure.
Pure Vapor
No moisture Content
Quality, X=100% and percent of moisture, y=0%
X + Y = 100%

Examples:
1. Steam at 17.50 °C and 2kPa
2. Steam at 1MPa and 179.91 °C
3. Steam at 3MPa and 233.90 °C
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Definition of Terms
Saturated liquid
A liquid water or simply water that is about to be vaporized upon
further addition of heat
A liquid water at the boiling point corresponding to the given liquid
pressure
Pure Liquid
No vapor content
Quality, X = 0% and percent moisture, y = 100%
X + Y = 100%

Examples:
1. Water at 17.50 °C and 2kPa
2. Water at 1MPa and 179.91 °C
3. Water at 3MPa and 233.90 °C
4. Water at 101.325 kPa and 100 °C 6
Definition of Terms
Wet vapor

Is a mixture of saturated vapor and saturated liquid

Quality 0% < x < 100%
Percent moisture, 0% < y < 100%
x + y = 100%

Examples:
1. Steam at 101.325 kPa with a quality x=95%
2. Steam at 101.325 kPa with a percent moisture y=10%

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Definition of Terms
Superheated vapor
Steam or water vapor whose temperature is higher than the
saturation temperature corresponding to its pressure
Quality and percent moisture are meaningless in the superheated
region
There is no such quality greater than 100%; maximum value of
quality=100%

Examples:
1. Steam at 2 kPa and 30 oC = tsat at 2 kPa or 0.002 MPa = 17.50 oC
2. Steam at 1 MPa and 200 oC = tsat at 1 MPa = 179.91 oC
3. Steam at 3 MPa and 400 oC = tsat at 3 MPa = 233.90 oC

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Definition of Terms
Subcooled liquid
Liquid water whose temperature is below the saturation
temperature corresponding to its pressure
The percent moisture is meaningless in the subcooled and
compressed liquid region.

Examples:
1. Water at 16 oC and 2 kPa = tsat at 2 kPa or 0.002 MPa = 17.50 oC
2. Water at 1 MPa and 140 oC =tsat at 1 MPa = 179.91 oC
3. Water at 3 MPa and 200 oC = tsat at 3 MPa = 233.90 oC
4. Water at 101.325 kPa and 30 oC = tsat at 101.325 kPa=100 oC

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Definition of Terms
Compressed liquid
A liquid whose pressure is higher than the saturation pressure
corresponding to its temperature
Example:
1. Water at 101.325 kPa and 30 oC = Psat at 30 oC = 4.246 kPa
Quality , X
Percent by mass or weight that is saturated vapor in a given
volume/mass of wet vapor or wet steam

Quality, x = mass of its saturated vapor content / mass of the wet

vapor Percent Moisture, Y
Percent by mass or weight that is
saturated liquid in a given
volume/mass of wet vapor or wet steam

Percent Moisture, y= mass of its saturated liquid content / mass of the

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wet vapor
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 OPERATING PRESSURE
Boiler Pressure = P2 = P3 = Discharge pump pressure
Condenser Pressure = P4 = P1 = Exhaust Steam Pressure

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 Closed Systems: No flow of matter
Useful Equations No enter = No leaving of mass and matter

Closed Systems: m1=m2=m3=m4

all mass are constant
mass of condensate = mass of feedwater = mass of
throttle steam = mass of exhaust steam
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Useful Equations
HEAT SUPPLIED, QA = hout - hin = h3-h2, kj/kgthrottle
steam

Energy Balance : Ideal Steam Boiler, P=Constant

Energy IN = Energy OUT
QA + h2 = h3
QA= h3-h2

TURBINE WORK, Wturbine

Energy Balance : Ideal Turbine, Q=0 and S=C

Energy IN and Energy OUT
h3 = h4 + Wturbine
Wturbine = hin - hout = h3 - h4, kj/kgthrottle steam
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Useful Equations
Energy Balance : Actual Turbine, Q ≠ and S ≠ C
Energy IN = Energy OUT
h3 = h4 + Wturbine + Qloss --> Heat Loss
Wturbine = (h3 - h4) - Qloss, kj/kgthrottle steam
"The higher the heat loss the lower the turbine output"

HEAT REJECT , QR = hin - hout = h4 - h1, kj/kgthrottle steam

Energy IN = Energy OUT --> Condenser
h4 = h1 + Qr
PUMP WORK, Wpump = hout - hin = h2 - h1, kj/kgthrottle steam
Wpump ≈ vf1 (P2-P1), kj/kg

Thermal Efficiency, e=wnet/Qa = Qa-Qr/Qa = Wtubrine -

Wpump/Qa
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How to determine the enthalpies?

STATE 1:
CONDENSATE_SATURATED LIQUID

h1 = hf1 @ condenser pressure, P4 or P1, kj/kg

Which can be seen in Table 1 or Table 2

How to determine the enthalpies?

STATE 2:
FEEDWATER_SUBCOOLED OR COMPRESSED LIQUID

h2 = h1 + Wpump
in order to obtain the value of Wpump
Wpumpvf1 (P2 – P1),
Energy in = Energy out --> PUMP
h1 + Wpump = h2
How to determine the enthalpies?

STATE 3:
THROTTLE STEAM_SUPERHEATED OR SATURATED
VAPOR

h3 = hg3 @ P3 -->if saturated steam (Table 1 or Table 2)

s3 = sg3 @ P3 -->if saturated steam (Table 1 or Table 2)
h3 = h @ P3 and t3 -->if superheated steam (Table 3)
s3 = s @ P3 and t3 -->if superheated steam (Table 3)
How to determine the enthalpies?

STATE 4:
EXHAUST STEAM_SUPERHEATED, SATURATED VAPOR or WET

STEAM (3-4: Isentropic process, Q=0 and ∆S=0, S3=S4)

"Known properties at state 4: P4, and s4"
S3 = S4 --> ISENTROPIC EXPANSION PROCESS,
Q=0 --> No Heat Transfer
and ∆S=0,
S=C --> Entropy is constant during the process
How to determine the enthalpies?

To determine the state of exhaust steam, compare the entropy of exhaust steam
(S4) with the entropy of saturated steam at the given P4 (Sg4)
⦁ If S4 = Sg4 then it is saturated exhaust steam,
enthalpies would be h4 = hg4 @ P4 --> if saturated steam (Table 1 or Table 2)
⦁ If S4 > Sg4 then it is superheated exhaust steam, (Greater than) , (Usually needs
single or double interpolation)
h4 = h @ P4 and S4 --> if superheated steam (Table 3)
⦁ If S4 < Sg4 then it is wet exhaust steam, (Less than) ,
S4 = Sf4 + x4 (Sfg4) --> sf4 and sg4 can be determined in table 1
x4 = s4 - sf4 / sfg4
h4 = hf4 + x4 (hfg4)
Sample Problems
A turbogenerator is supplied with superheated steam at a pressure of 3MPa and
temperature 350°C. The pressure of the exhaust steam from the turbine is 0.006MPa with
a quality of 88%. Calculate the power output of the turbine in kW if it uses 0.25 kg/s.

GIVEN: Actual expansion process-irreversible adiabatic process

State 3: Throttle Steam
P3 = 3 MPa, t3= 350 °C
State 4: Exhaust Steam
P4= 0.006 MPa, x4= 88%
Mass flow rate of throttle steam, msteam= 0.25 kg/s
REQ'D: Turbine power output, Wt, kW

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Sample Problems
From Table 3:
h3 = [h at P3= 3MPa and t3= 350 °C] = 3115.3
s3 = [s at P3= 3MPa and t3= 350 °C] = 6.7428
From Table 2: at P4= 0.0060 MPa
hf4 = 151.53 ; hfg4= 2415.9
sf4 = 0.5210 ; sfg4= 7.8094
h4 = hf4 + x4 hfg4 = 151.53 + (0.88) (2415.9) = 2277.522
s4 = sf4 + x4 sfg4 = 0.5210 + (0.88) (7.8094) = 7.3933

Energy Balance: Steam Turbine

Energy Entering = Energy Leaving
msteam h3 = msteam h4 + Wturbine
Wturbine = msteam (h3 – h4)
= 0.25 (3115.3 – 2277.522) = 209.44 kW

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Sample Problems
A steam condenser receives 10kg/s of steam with an enthalpy of
2570kJ/kg. Steam condenses into liquid and leaves with an enthalpy of
160kJ/kg. Cooling water passes through the condenser with temperature
increasing from 13°C to 24°C. Calculate the cooling water flow rate in kg/s.

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Sample Problems

Heat balance: Condenser

Heat from exhaust steam = Heat to cooling water
msteam (h4 – h1) = mH2O Cp ∆T
10 (2570 – 160) = mH2O (4.187) (24- 13)
mH2O= 523.265
= 52.3265

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Sample Problems
Consider a steam power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle and has a net
power output of 45 MW. Steam enters the turbine at 7 MPa and 500°C and is cooled in the
condenser to a pressure of 10 kPa by running cooling water from a lake through the
condenser at a rate of 2000 kg/s. Determine (a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle, (b) the
mass flow rate of the steam, and (c) the temperature rise of the cooling water.

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Sample Problems
Given:
State 3: P3= 7 MPa and t3= 500 °C----throttle steam
State 4: P4= 10 kPa = 0.010 MPa -------- exhaust steam

Boiler pressure, P3= P2= 7 MPa

Condenser pressure, P4 = P1= 0.010 MPa

Other given data:

Wnet= 45 MW or 45, 000 kW
mH2O = 2000

Determination of enthalpies at various points of the Rankine cycle:

State 3: Throttle Steam (From Table 3)

h3= h at 7MPa and 500 °C = 3410.3 kJ/kg
s3= s at 7MPa and 500 °C= 6.7975 kJ/(kg-K)
State 4: Exhaust Steam
Given: P4= 0.010 MPa, s4 = s3 = 6.7975 kJ/(kg-K)
s4 = s3 = 6.7975 kJ/(kg-K) ------- isentropic expansion process
sg4 at 0.010 MPa = 8.1502 kJ/(kg-K)
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Sample Problems
To determine the state of exhaust steam, compare s4 with sg4 at 0.010 MPa,

Since sf4< s4 < sg4 at P4, therefore the exhaust steam is in wet vapor state.

Solving for the quality of exhaust steam,

s4 = sf4 + x4 sfg4
6.7975 = 0.6493 + x4 (7.5009)
x4 = 0.8197 or 81.97%
h4 = hf4 + x4 hfg4 = 191.83 + (0.8197) (2392.8) = 2153.21 kJ/kg
h4 = hg4 - y4 hfg4

State 1: Condensate (Saturated Liquid, Table 1 or Table 2)

h1 = hf1 at 0.010 MPa = 191.83 kJ/kg

State 2: Feedwater (Subcooled or Compressed Liquid)

Table 4: Properties of Subcooled and Compressed Liquid

Known property: P2= MPa 29
 Sample Problems
a.Determine the thermal efficiency, e.
e= x100 = 38.92%

QA = h3 – h2 = 3410.3 – 198.8913 = 3211.41

QR = h4 – h1 = 2153.21 – 191.83 = 1961.38

b. Find the mass flow rate of steam, msteam.

Pump Work, Wnet = QA - QR = 3211.41 – 1961.38 = 1250.03
h2 = h1 + Wpump = 191.83 + 7.0613 = 198.8913 45, 000 = msteam (1250.03)
Wpumpvf1 (P2 – P1), = (1.0102) x 10-3(7 – 0.010) msteam = 36.00 or 129,000
= 7.0613
45, 000 = Turbine power output – Pump Power Input
vf1 at 0.010 MPa = 1.0102 x 10-3 from Table 2

= msteam Turbine work – msteam Pump work

= Wnet

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Sample Problems

c. Calculate the temperature rise of the cooling water.

Heat balance: Condenser

Heat from exhaust steam = Heat to cooling water
msteam (h4 – h1) = mH2O Cp ∆T
36 (2153.21 – 191.83) = (2000) (4.187) (∆T)
∆T= 8.432 K or 8.432 °C

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Thank you
for listening!

DILANCO June 27, 2023