Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Applied Mathematics 2023-24 All Chapters
Applied Mathematics 2023-24 All Chapters
class 11
Formula sheet
NUMBERS
BINARY NUMBER
Computer receives, stores and processes the information (or data) using two digits ‘0’ and ‘1’
called binary digits or bits. Any number using two digits 0 and 1 is called binary number.
In computers and other electronic device we use binary number system. It consists of two digits
0 and 1. So the base of this number system is 2.
BINARY SUBTRACTION
Binary subtraction is done in the same way as in decimal system.
0–0=0
1 –0=1
1–1=0
0 – 1 = 1 with a borrow of 1 from the next left column.
BINARY MULTIPLICATION
BINARY DIVISION
Binary division is done in the same way as in decimal system. Like decimal system division by 0 is meaningless in
binary system also. So, there are only two possible rules of binary division. These two rules are given below:
0÷1=0
1÷1=1
INDICES AND
LAGORITHMS
LAWS OF EXPONENTES FOR REAL NUMBERS
Laws of exponents for real numbers are :
If a, b are positive real numbers and m, n are rational numbers, then the following results hold:
𝑎𝑚
(i) am . an = am + n (ii) (am)n = amn (iii) =am-n
𝑎𝑛
𝑎 𝑚 𝑎𝑚 1
(iv) am . bm = (ab)m (v) = (vi) a-n =
𝑏 𝑏𝑚 𝑎𝑛
1Τ
(x) 𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑛
logarithms
Definition. If a is any positive real number (except 1), n is any rational number and an = b, then n is called algorithm
of b to the base a. It is written as logab (read as log of b to the base of a). Thus,
an = b if and only if logab = n
an = b is called the exponential form and logab = n is called logarithmic form
For example:
• 54 = 625 ∴ log5625 = 4
• 70 = 1, ∴ log71 = 0
• (10)-2 = ∴ log10(0.01) = -2
Important Points :
• (i) loga1 = 0 (ii) logaa = 1
where a is any positive real number (except 1).
• Logarithms to the base 10 are called common logarithms.
• logax = logay = x=y
• If no base is given, the base is always taken as 10.
For example, log 2 = log102.
standard law of Logarithms
1. logb mn= logbm + logbn
𝑚
2. logb ( )= logbm – logbn
𝑛
3. logb mp = plogbm
4. loga 1 = 0.
5. logb b = 1
6. logb bx = x
7. 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥
8. logbm= logam x logba
9. logba logab = 1
1
10. logbm =
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑚 𝑏
1
11. Logbm = - logb
𝑚
Logarithm Tables:
The logarithm of a number consists of two parts, the whole part or the integral part is called the characteristic and the decimal
part is called the mantissa where the former can be known by mere inspection, the latter has to be obtained from the logarithm
tables.
Characteristic:
The characteristic of the logarithm of any number greater than 1 is positive and is one less than the number of digits to the left
of the decimal point in the given number. The characteristic of the logarithm of any number less than one (1) is negative and
numerically one more than the number of zeros to the right of the decimal point. If there is no zero then obviously it will be –1.
The following table will illustrate it. Number Standard form Characteristic
37 3.7 x 101 1
4623 4.623 x 103 3
6.21 6.21 x 100 0
0.8 8 x 10-1 -1 = 1ത
0.07 7 x 10-2 -2 = 2ത
Mantissa
The mantissa is the fractional part of the logarithm of a given number.
Number Mantissa Logarithm Number Mantissa Logarithm
Log 4594 = (……… 6623) = 3.6623 Log 4594 = (……… 6623) 3.6623
Log 459.4 = (……… 6623) = 2.6623 Log 459.4 = (……… 6623) 2.6623
Log 45.94 = (……… 6623) = 1.6623 Log 45.94 = (……… 6623) 1.6623
Log 4.594 = (……… 6623) = 0.6623 Log 4.594 = (……… 6623) 0.6623
Log .4594 = (……… 6623) ത
1.6623
Log .4594 = (……… 6623) = 1 .6623
Antilogarithms
If x is the logarithm of a given number n with a given base then n is called the antilogarithm (antilog) of x to that base.
This can be expressed as follows:
If logan = x then n = antilog x
For example, if log 61720 = 4.7904 then 61720 = antilog 4.7904
Quantitative Aptitude
Average ::
Average is also known as mean
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Average = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3 ……𝑥𝑛
𝑥=
ҧ 𝑛
Important points :
1. If x is added to each observation then average increases by x
2. If x is subtracted to each observation then average decreased by x
Weighted Average ::
𝑤 𝑥 +𝑤2 𝑥2 +𝑤3 𝑥3 ……𝑤𝑛 𝑥𝑛
𝑥ҧ𝑤 = 1 1𝑤 +𝑤 +𝑤 ……..𝑤
1 2 3 𝑛
Important points :
1. If all the weight are equal then weighted average is same as the simple average
2. Weighted average is more accurate than the simple average.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Average velocity = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
CALENDAR
A chart showing days, weeks and months of a particular year is called calendar. It has two types of calendar years.
1. Leap year: It has 366 days.
2. Non-leap or common or ordinary year. It has 365 days.
3. A year is divided into twelve months.
4. A month is divided into weeks. A week has 7 days.
5. The international is to start the week on Monday.
6. Numbers of week in a year is 52
Odd Days
1. in a Non leap year there are 1 odd days
2. in a leap year there are 2 odd days.
3. In a century ie. 100 years, there are 5 odd days.
4. In 200 years, there are 3 odd days.
5. In 300 years, there are 1 odd day.
6. In 400 years, 0 odd days.
CLOCK
1. Clock has two hands. The shorter hand is the hour hand and the longer hand is the minute hand.
2. The face of the clock called dial is a complete circle having 360°. The dial is divided into 12 equal parts. These parts are
marked as 1, 2, 3,..., 11, 12.
3. The angle between two consecutive numbers is 30°.
4. Angle turned by an hour hand in 1 hour = 30° .
4. Angle turned by an hour hand in 1 minute = 0.5° .
5. Angle turned by minute hand in 1 minute = 6°.
6. the relative angular speed of minute hand with respect to hour hand = 6°- 0.5°= 5.5° per minute.
1
2. N𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 ′ 𝑠 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
3. 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑜 𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 ′ 𝑠 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
RELATIVE SPEED
Relative speed is defined as the speed of a moving object with respect to another object.
1. When two objects are moving in the same direction, then their relative speed is difference of their speeds.
2. When two objects are moving in the opposite direction, then their relative speed is the sum of their speeds.
3. When one object is stationary and other object is moving, then their relative speed is the speed of the moving object
SEATING ARRANGEMENT
In seating arrangement, we have to arrange a group of persons fulfilling the given conditions.
1. Linear arrangement: In this type of arrangement we have to arrange the group of persons in a line fulfilling the
given conditions.
2. Circular arrangement: In this type of arrangement we have to arrange the group of persons around a circular
table fulfilling the given conditions.
3. Arrangement around a square table: In this type of arrangement we have to arrange the group of persons
around a square table fulfilling the given conditions.
Mensuration
Differences between 2-Dimensional and 3-Dimensional Figures
There are two types of figures in geometry, one is 2-Dimensional and 3-Dimensional figures. Check out the below
table to know and understand the 2-Dimensional and 3-Dimensional figures and the differences between them.
As the name suggests, a 2D shape means that it will have only 2 Here, a 3D shape means that this figure will have 3 dimensions, which
dimensions which are length and breadth. are length, breadth, and height.
For 3D shapes, we can calculate their volume, total surface area, and
For 2D shapes, we can calculate 2 things i.e. area and perimeter.
curved/lateral surface area.
2D shapes are flat as they do not have depth and also, these cannot 3D shapes contain a depth so they can be held physically and are not
be held physically because of the lack of depth. flat like 2D shapes.
Example: Square, Rectangle, Triangle, Circle, etc. Example: Cone, Cylinder, Sphere, Cube, Prism, Pyramid, etc.
Important Terms Related to Mensuration Formula
● Perimeter: This is measured in units such as m, cm, etc and it is the measure of or sum of the continuous length
of the boundary of a figure.
● Area: This is measured in square units such as m², cm², etc and it is the surface enclosed in a figure.
● Volume: This is measured in cubic units such as m³, cm³, etc, and is nothing but the space occupied by an object.
● Curved/Lateral Surface area: This is measured in square units such as m², cm², etc and it is the area of the
curved surface in a figure.
● Total Surface area: This is measured in square units such as m², cm², etc and it is the area of the total surface in
a figure including the top and bottom portions.
Mensuration Formulas for 2-Dimensional Figures
Shape Area Perimeter
Circle πr²
2πr
Square (side)²
4 × side
Hemisphere (2/3) π r³ 2 π r² 3 π r²
Important points :
1. A set may contain either a finite or an infinite number of members or elements.
2. If any elements repeat then its sufficient to write it once .
Some standard sets of numbers
1. Natural numbers. The set of natural (or counting) numbers is denoted by N.
2. Whole numbers. The set of whole numbers is denoted by W.
3. Integers. The set of all integers is denoted by I or Z.
4. Even integers. The set of even integers is denoted by E.
5. Odd integers. The set of odd integers is denoted by O.
6. Rational numbers. The set of rational numbers is denoted by Q.
7. Real numbers. The set of real numbers is denoted by R.
8. Irrational numbers. The set of irrational numbers is denoted by T.
9. the set of all real numbers that are not rational.
10. Positive rational numbers. The set of positive rational numbers is denoted by 𝑄 +
11. Positive real numbers. The set of positive real numbers is denoted by 𝑅+
Kind of sets
1. Empty set. A set which does not contain any element is called the empty set or the null set or the void set.
There is only one such set. It is denoted by φ or { }
2. Singleton set. A set that contains only one element is called a singleton (or unit) set.
3. Finite set. A set that contains a limited (definite) number of different elements is called a finite set.
4. Infinite set. A set that contains an unlimited number of different elements is called an infinite set.
5. Equivalent sets. Two (finite) sets A and B are called equivalent if they have the same number of elements. Thus
two finite sets A and B are equivalent, written as A ⟷ B (read as A is equivalent to B), if n(A)=(B).
6. Equal sets. Two sets A and B are said to be equal if they have exactly the same elements. We write it as A = B.
Thus AB if every member of A is a member of B and every member of B is a member of A.
Note::
All infinite sets cannot be written in the roster form. For example, the set of real numbers cannot be written in
this form because the elements of this set do not follow any pattern.
2. Two finite equal set are always equivalent but two equivalent sets may not be equal.
Important points :
1. A ⊂A i.e. every set is a subset of itself, but not a proper subset. A subset which is not a proper subset is called
an improper subset.
2. Every set has only one improper subset.
3. the empty set is a subset of every set.
4. 4. Empty set is a proper subset of every set except itself.
5. If A is a set with n (A)=m, then the number of subsets of A= 2𝑚 and the number of proper subsets of A = 2𝑚 -1
Power set
The set formed by all the subsets of a given set A is called the power set of A, it is denoted by P(A)
The number of elements in a power set is 2𝑚 . n(P(A))= 2𝑚
Universal set
A set that contains all the elements under consideration in a given problem is called universal set. It is denoted by
or U. It is a kind of "parent set. Every set under discussion is a subset of universal set.
The set of all real numbers lying between a and b and including the numbers a and b is said to form a closed
interval. It is denoted by [a, b]
The set of all real numbers lying between a and b, and including the number b is said to form an open- closed
interval. This interval is open on the left but closed on the right, it is denoted by (a, b]
The set of all real numbers lying between a and b, and including the number a is said to form an open- closed
interval. This interval is closed on the left but open on the right, it is denoted by [a, b]
VENN DIAGRAMS
Most of the ideas about sets and the various relationships between them can be visualised by means of
geometric figures known as Venn diagrams ( Venn-Euler diagrams). Usually, the universal set ⋃ is denoted by a
rectangle and its subsets by closed curves with in the rectangle, such as circles, ovals (ellipse) etc.
OPERATIONS ON SET
1. Union of two sets. The union of two sets A and B written as AUB (read as 'A union B), is the set consisting of
all the elements which belong to A or B or both.
2. Intersection of two sets. The intersection of two sets △ A and B, written as A∩B (read as 'A intersection B'), is
the set consisting of all elements which belong to both A and B.
3. Two sets A and B are called disjoint if A ∩ B = φ ; otherwise, they are called joint or overlapping sets.
4. Difference of two sets. Let A, B be two sets, then A-B is the set consisting of all the elements which belong
to A but do not belong to B.
5. Symmetric difference of two sets. The symmetric difference of two sets A and B, denoted by AB, is defined
as A △ B = (A-B) U (B-A).
6. Complement of a set. Let U be the universal set and A be any set then the complement of A, denoted by A'
or 𝐴𝑐 or 𝐴,ҧ is the set consisting of all the elements of U which do not belong to A.
Some basic results about cardinal number
Representation of a relation
1. Roster form. In this form, a relation is represented by the set of all ordered pairs which belong to the given
relation. For example, let A= (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) and B (1, 2, 3, 4,, 20), and let R be the relation has as its square'
from A to B, then R= ((1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16)).
2. Set-builder form. In this form, the relation is represented as {(x, y): x ϵ A, y ϵ B, x... Y}, the blank is to be
replaced by the rule which associates x and y.
3. By arrow (ray) diagram. In this form, the relation is represented by drawing arrows (rays) from first
components to the second components of all ordered pairs which belong to the given relation.
SERIES
An expression of the form a1 + a2 + a3 + ….. + an + ............................ which is the sum of the elements of the sequenece { an } is
called a series. If the series contains a finite number of elements, it is called a finite series, otherwise called an infinite series
11. The sum of the terms equidistant from the beginning and the end of an AP is always same and equals to the sum of the
first and the last terms.
12. If the terms of an arithmetic progression (AP) are increased, decreased, multiplied or div by the same non-zero constant,
they remain in arithmetic progression.
14. If the sum of first terms of a sequence is a quadratic expression in a i.e. Sn = an2 + bn + c then it is an AP with common
difference 2a.
In a similar way, we can insert as many numbers as we like between two given numbers a and b such that the
resulting sequence is an A.P . Let A1, A2, A3….. An be n numbers between a and b such that a, A1, A2, A3, An, b is
an A.P., then the numbers A1, A2, A3, A are called n arithmetic means between a and b,
𝒂+𝒃
sum of these n arithmetic means=A1 + A2+ …..+An =n x = times the A.M. between a and b.
𝟐
Important ::
If an A.P. consists of n terms, then
(i) the sum of these n terms = n x (middle term), if n is odd
(ii) the sum of these terms = n x (arithmetic mean of two middle terms), if n is even
Geometric Progression(GP)
If in a sequence of terms each term is constant multiple of the proceeding term, then the sequence is called a Geometric
Progression (G.P). The constant multiplier is called the common ratio
Examples: 1) In 5, 15, 45, 135,….. common ratio is 15/5 = 3
2) In 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/9 … common ratio is (1/2) /1 = 1/2
3) In 2, –6, 18, –54, …. common ratio is (–6) / 2 = –3
the sequence a, ar, ar2 , ar3, …. arn-1 is generelised form of GP
𝒂𝒌
where r = 𝒂
𝒌−𝟏
1. an = arn-1
1 𝑛−1
2. nth term from end = l 𝑟
3. if three numers a, b, and c are in GP then b2 = ac
4. sum of first n terms of GP
𝑎 𝑟𝑛 − 1 𝑎 1 − 𝑟𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 0𝑟 𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1 1−𝑟
5. If product of numbers are given in GP then
𝑎
(i). three numbers are taken 𝑟 , a , ar
𝑎 𝑎 3
(ii). four numbers are taken , , a , ar
𝑟3 𝑟
𝑎 𝑎
(iii) five numbers are taken 𝑟2
, 𝑟
, a , ar , ar2
6. sum of infinite GP
𝑎
𝑠∞ = 1−𝑟 , where |r| < 1
7. geometric mean between two numbers a and b
GM = 𝑎𝑏
8. Relationship between AM and GM
AM ≥ GM
9. If a GP consist of n term ,then
(i). The product of these n terms = (middle term)n , if n is odd
(ii). The product of these n terms = (GM of two middle term)n , if n is odd
PERMUTATIONS AND
COMBINATIONS
THE FACTORIAL
Definition: The factorial n, written as n! or ∟n , represents the product of all integers from 1 to n both inclusive. To make the
notation meaningful, when n = o, we define o! Or ∟o = 1.
Thus, n! = n (n – 1) (n – 2)..... ...3.2.1
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF COUNTING
(a) Multiplication Rule: If certain thing may be done in ‘m’ different ways and when it has been done, a second thing can be
done in ‘n ‘ different ways then total number of ways of doing both things simultaneously = m × n.
Eg. If one can go to school by 5 different buses and then come back by 4 different buses then total number of ways of going to
and coming back from school = 5 × 4 = 20.
(b) Addition Rule: It there are two alternative jobs which can be done in ‘m’ ways and in ‘n’ ways respectively then either of
two jobs can be done in (m + n) ways.
Eg. If one wants to go school by bus where there are 5 buses or to by auto where there are 4 autos, then total number of ways
of going school = 5 + 4 = 9.
Note :- 1) AND - Multiply
OR - Add
PERMUTATIONS
Definition: The ways of arranging or selecting smaller or equal number of persons or objects from a group of persons or
collection of objects with due regard being paid to the order of arrangement or selection, are called permutations.
1. nPn = n!
𝒏!
2. n Pr = 𝒏−𝒓 !
3. 0! = 1.
4. Number of permutations of n distinct objects taken r at a time when a particular object is not taken in any arrangement is
n–1p
r
5. Number of permutations of r objects out of n distinct objects when a particular object is always included in any
arrangement is r. n–1pr-1
6. Permutations when some of the things are alike, taken all at a time
𝒏!
P= 𝐧 !𝐧 !𝐧 !
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
7. Permutations when each thing may be repeated once, twice,...upto r times in any arrangement. = nr
CIRCULAR PERMUTATIONS
if we arrange the objects along a closed curve viz., a circle, the permutations are known as circular permutations.
The number of circular permutations of n different things chosen at a time is (n–1)!.
the number of ways of arranging n persons along a round table so that no person has the same two neighbors is = ½ (n-1)!
the number of necklaces formed with n beads of different colours = ½ (n-1)!
COMBINATIONS
Definition : The number of ways in which smaller or equal number of things are arranged or selected from a collection of things
where the order of selection or arrangement is not important, are called combinations.
1. nCr = n!/r! ( n – r )!
2. nCr= nCn–r
3. n+1 Cr = nCr + nCr–1
4. nCo = 1
5. nCn = 1
6. n+1Cr = nCr + nCr-1
7. nPr = n-1Pr + rn-1 Pr-1
FUNCTIONS
Function
Any relation from X to Y in which no two different ordered pairs have the same first element is called a function. Let A and B be
two non-empty sets. Then, a rule or a correspondence f which associates to each element x of A, a unique element, denoted by
f(x) of B , is called a function or mapping from A to B and we write f : A→B
The element f(x) of B is called the image of x, while x is called the pre-image of f (x).
Constant Function
The function f: R → R by y = f (x) = c, x ∈ R where c is a constant and each x ∈ R is called a constant function.
Polynomial Function
A function f : R → R is said to be polynomial function if for each x in R, y = f(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + …+ anxn, where n is a
non-negative integer and a0, a1, a2,…,an ∈ R.
Rational Functions
A function is of the form f(x)/g(x), where f(x) and g(x) are polynomial functions of x defined in a domain such that g(x)
≠ 0 is called a rational function.
Modulus Function
The function f: R → R defined by y = f(x) = |x| for each x ∈ R is called the modulus function.
Signum Function
−1 , 𝑥 < 0
The function f: R → R defined by , f(x) = ቐ 0 ,𝑥 = 0
1 ,𝑥 > 0
is called the signum function. The domain of this function is R and the range is the set {–1, 0, 1}.
Greatest Integer Function
The function f: R → R defined by f(x) = [x], x ∈R assumes the greatest integer value, less than or equal to x. Such a
function is called the greatest integer function.
Exponential Function :
An exponential function is a Mathematical function in the form y = f(x) = bx, where “x” is a variable and “b” is a
constant which is called the base of the function such that b > 1.
Logarithmic Function :
If the inverse of the exponential function exists then we can represent the logarithmic function as given below:
Suppose b > 1 is a real number such that the logarithm of a to base b is x if bx = a.
The logarithm of a to base b can be written as logb a
OPERATIONS ON REAL FUNCTIONS
The algebraic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division etc. can be performed on two real valued functions
suitably in the same manner as they are performed on two real numbers
1. (f+g) (x) = f(x)+g(x), for all x ϵ X.
2. (f-g) (x) = f(x)-g(x), for all x ϵ X.
3. (fg) (x) = f(x) g(x), for all x ϵ X.
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
4. (𝑔)(x) = 𝑔(𝑥), for all x ϵ X, g(x) ≠ 0
5. (𝑓 𝑛 ) (x) = (𝑓(𝑥))𝑛 , for all x ϵ X.
1 1
6. (𝑓)(x) = 𝑓(𝑥), x ϵ X,f(x) ≠ 0
7. (cf)(x)=cf(x), for all x ϵ X.
Composition of functions
Let f , g be two real valued functions and let D = {x : x ϵ 𝐷𝑓 , f(x) ϵ 𝐷𝑔 } ≠φ, then the composite 0f f and g, denoted by gof, is the
function defined by (gof) (x) = g(f(x)) with domain D.
The composite of two functions is also called the resultant of two functions or function of a function:
In particular, if 𝐷𝑓 ⊂ 𝐷𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐷𝑔𝑜𝑓 = 𝐷𝑓
Limit and continuity
Existence of limit
If 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 𝑥 = lim− 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 𝑐 + 𝑓(𝑥) then 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 𝑥 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡
𝑥⟶𝑐 𝑥⟶𝑐 𝑥⟶ 𝑥⟶𝑐
Continuity ::
A function f(x) is said to be continuous if 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 𝑥 = lim− 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 𝑐 + 𝑓(𝑥) then 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 𝑥 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡
𝑥⟶𝑐 𝑥⟶𝑐 𝑥⟶ 𝑥⟶𝑐
Differentiation
Differentiation
Some Basic Differntiation::
𝑑
1. ( 𝑥 𝑛 ) = n 𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
2. 𝑑𝑥
(constant) = 0
𝑑
3. 𝑑𝑥
(x) = 1
𝑑 1
4. 𝑑𝑥
( 𝑥)=
2 𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑛
5. ( ) = - 𝑛+1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 𝑥
𝑑
6. (𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
7. (𝑎 𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 loga
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
8. 𝑑𝑥
(logx) =
𝑥
𝑑 𝑥
9. 𝑑𝑥
(|x|) =
|𝑥|
𝑥 ≠ 0
Rules of differentiation
1. Addition Rule
𝑑
(( f(x) + g(x)) = f’(x) + g’(x)
𝑑𝑥
2. Subtraction Rule
𝑑
(( f(x) - g(x)) = f’(x) - g’(x)
𝑑𝑥
3. Product Rule
𝑑
( f(x) g(x)) = f’(x) g(x)+ f(x)g’(x)
𝑑𝑥
4. Quotient Rule
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) f’(x) g(x)− f(x)g’(x)
( )= 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) (𝑔(𝑥))
5. Chain Rule
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑡
(f(t)) = f(t) .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
First principle method
𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓(𝑥)
F’(x) = limℎ⟶0
ℎ
(iii) The event A and B: it is denoted by A⋂B . It is the set which contain all elements of A and B both
(iv) The event A but not B: it is denoted by A-B . It is the set which contain all elements of A but not B
(i) Mutually Exclusive Events or Incompatible Events: If A⋂B = 0 then it is said to be A and B are mutually exclusive events
(i) Exhaustive Events : If union of all the event is sample space then these events are called Exhaustive events
(i) Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive Events: If union of all the event is sample space and their intersection is null set than it
is called Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive Events
AXIOMATIC OR MODERN DEFINITION OF PROBABILITY
(i) P(A) ≥ 0 for every A ⊆ S (subset)
(ii) P(S) = 1
(iii) For any sequence of mutually exclusive events A1, A2, A3,..
P(A1 ∪ A2 ∪ A3 ∪ ….) = P(A1) + P(A2) + P(A3) +…….
Important points:
(a) The probability of an event lies between 0 and 1, both inclusive.
i.e. 0≤P(A) ≤ 1
If P(A) = 0 - impossible event
If P(A) = 1- sure event.
(c) The ratio of no. of favourable events to the no. of unfavourable events is known as odds in favour of the event A and its
inverse ratio is known as odds against the event A.
i.e. odds in favour of A = mA : (m – mA)
and odds against A = (m – mA) : mA
Laws of PROBABILITY
If A and B are event associated with random experiment having sample space S and if A ⊂ B then
(i) P(A) ≤ P(B) (ii) P(B-A) = P(B)-P(A)
If E1 ,E2, E3 ….En are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events associated with sample space S of a random experiment and A is
any event associated with S then,
P(A) = p(E1)P(A/E1)+P(E2)P(A/E2)+……….+P(En)P(A/En)
Bayes theorem
If E1 ,E2, E3 ….En are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events associated with a random experiment and A is any event
associated with the experiment then,
𝑃 𝐸𝑖 𝑃(𝐴/𝐸𝑖 )
P 𝐸𝑖 /𝐴 = , where I = 1, 2, 3, …..n
∑𝑃 𝐸𝑖 𝑃(𝐴/𝐸𝑖 )
Descriptive statistics
Dispersion
The second important characteristic of a distribution is given by dispersion. Two distributions may be
identical in respect of its first important characteristic i.e. central tendency and yet they may differ on
account of scatterness.
Range
For a given set of observations, range may be defined as the difference between the largest and
smallest of observations. Thus if L and S denote the largest and smallest observations respectively
then we have
Range = L – S
Quartile:
Quartiles are the values (or observations ) which divide the data set into 4 equal parts . Thus there are 3 quartiles Q1 , Q2
, Q3 and four Quarters .
Q1 is the lower quartile or first quartile.
Q2 is middle quartile . it is same as median .
Q3 is the upper quartile or third quartile.
Quartile of ungrouped data : Quartile of grouped data :
𝑛
𝑛+1 𝑡ℎ 4
−𝐶
Q1 , = 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 Q1 = L + xh
4 𝑓
𝑛
𝑛+1 −𝐶
Q2 = ( 4 )𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 , Q2 = L + 2
xh
𝑓
3𝑛
𝑛+1 −𝐶
Q3 = 3( 4 )𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 Q3 = L + 4
xh
𝑓
Quartile deviation is a statistic that measure the deviation in the middle of the data .It is also referred as semi-inter–
quartile range which is given by
𝑄3 − 𝑄1
Q. D. = 2
Mean Deviation :
mean deviation about the mean
ഥ
Σ|𝑥𝑖 −𝑥|
For ungrouped data :: MD(𝑥)ҧ = 𝑛
, where n is the no. of observation
ഥ
Σfi|𝑥𝑖 −𝑥|
For Grouped/Descrete data :: MD(𝑥)ҧ = , where n = Σfi
𝑛
And, mean deviation about the median
Σ|𝑥𝑖 −𝑀|
For ungrouped data :: MD(M) = , where n is the no. of observation
𝑛
Σfi|𝑥𝑖 −𝑀|
For Grouped/ Descrete data :: MD(M) = , where n = Σfi
𝑛
1
Or it can be written as, σ = 𝑛Σ𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖2 − (Σ𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 )2
Σ𝑓𝑖
𝜇32
generally skewness is measured in terms of 𝛽1 = where sign of skewness is determined by the sign of 𝜇3
𝜇23
KURTOSIS
Moment Coefficient of Kurtosis : A measure of kurtosis is based on central moments given by Karl Pearson.
So, moment coefficient of kurtosis is also known as Pearson's second beta (𝛽2 ) coefficient and is defined as
𝜇4
𝛽1 =
𝜇22
where u2 and µ4 are second and fourth central moments respectively. The value of 𝛽2 measures the degree of
peakedness.
If 𝛽2 = 3 then it is normal curve or mesokurtic curve.
If 𝛽2 > 3 the curve is more peaked than mesokurtic curve then it is called leptokurtic curve
If 𝛽2 <3 the curve is less peaked than mesokurtic curve and is called platykuritc curve
Percentile rank
Percentile rank for ungrouped data
𝐿+0.5𝑥 𝐸
PR= 𝑥 100
𝑛
2. COMPOUND INTEREST
At the end of the first year (or any other fixed period), if the interest accrued is not paid to the money lender but is added to
the principal, then this amount becomes the principal for the next year (or any other fixed period) and so on. This process is
repeated until amount for the whole time is found.
The difference between the final amount and the (original) principal is called compound interest.
Compound interest and Amount formula
𝑟 𝑛 𝑟 𝑛
1. CI= P [ 1+ 100 − 1] and A= P 1 + 100
2. When the rates of interest for the successive fixed periods are r1%, r2% r3% then amount
𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟𝑛
A is given by A = P (1 + 100 ) (1 + 100 )………. (1 + 100 )
3. S.I. (simple interest) and C.I. are equal for the first conversion period on the same sum and at the same rate.
4. C.I of 2nd conversion period is more than the C.I. of 1st conversion period and C.I. of 2nd conversion period - C.I. of 1st
conversion period = C.I. on the interest of the first conversion period.
5. When the total time is not a complete number of conversion periods, we consider simple interest for the last partial period.
For example, if time is 2 years 5 months and the interest is % per annum compounded annually, then
5
𝑟 2 12
𝑟
A= P [ 1 + 1 + 100
100
6. Equivalent, nominal and effective rates of interest Two annual rates of interest with different conversion periods are called
equivalent if they yield the same compound amount at the end of the year.
𝑟 𝑝
If nominal rate is % compounded p times in year, then effective rate of interest per rupee annually is 1 + −1
100𝑝
7. Real interest rate
A real interest rate is the interest rate that takes inflation into consideration. It is also called inflation adjusted interest rate.
Real interest rate = nominal interest rate - actual inflation rate.
8. Equal installment (with compound interest)
100 100 2 100 3
Loan amount =P [100+𝑅 + + ]
100+𝑅 100+𝑅
ANNUITY
An annuity is a sequence of equal payments made at equal intervals of time.
Types of Annuities
Annuities can be classified in several ways.
Classification on the basis of payment term
(i) Annuity certain. An annuity certain is an annuity whose term begins and ends at certain fixed dates.
For example. Purchase of different products on instalments, Recurring deposits in a Bank or Post Office are the examples of
annuity certain.
(ii) Contingent annuity. A contingent annuity is an annuity whose payments continue for an uncertain period of time depending
upon the occurrence of an event the date of which cannot be accurately told in advance. For example. Purchase an insurance
policy for the marriage of his/her daughter.
(iii) Perpetual annuity or Perpetuity. A perpetual annuity is an annuity whose payment begins at a fixed date but continue
forever. For example. In college endowment funds the interest earned is used for scholarships.
Classification on the basis of time of payment
(i) Regular annuity or ordinary annuity. A regular annuity is an annuity in which payments are made at the end of each payment
period. For example. Repayment of home loan is a regular annuity.
(ii) Annuity due. An annuity due is an annuity in which payments are made at the beginning of each payment period. For
example. A recurring deposit is an annuity due (ii) Deferred annuity. A
AMOUNT OF A REGULAR ANNUITY
The amount or future value of an annuity is the sum of all payments made and the compound interest earned on them at the
end of the term i.e. sum of compound amounts of all the payments made at the end of the term.
(1+𝑖)𝑛 −1
A=R [ 𝑖 ] =𝑅 𝑆𝑛/𝑖
ത
The present value or capital value of an annuity is the sum of present values of all the payments.
1−(1+𝑖)−𝑛 −1
P=R [ =𝑅 𝑎𝑛/𝑖
ത]
𝑖
AMOUNT AND PRESENT VALUE OF ANNUITY DUE
Advantages of GST
(i) Ease of doing business (ii) Reduce tax elusion:
INCOME TAX
It is a tax imposed by central govt on the income of the individuals , companies , firm etc.
Terms related to Income tax
1. Financial Year - 1st April of current year to 31st March of next Year.
2. Assessment year – The next year after the Financial year
3. Gross income – Total income earned from different sources in a financial year
4. Exemption and deduction
5. Taxable income – It is the income used to calculate the income tax in the given financial year. By subtracting the exemptions
and deductions allowed from the gross income we can find it
6. Income Tax Slab
7. Tax rebate under section 87A- A tax rebate under section 87A is allowed to individual tax payers a maximum amount of
12500 for taxable income upto 25 lakh for Financial Year 2019-20
8. Health and Education Cess. A cess is a form of tax collected by the government for the development or welfare of Health
and Education sectors. At present 4% health and education cess is imposed on the income tax calculated.
Method to Calculate the Income Tax
(i) Find the gross income.
(ii) Subtract the exemptions HRA (if eligible) and standard deduction from the gross income.
(iii) Subtract all the deductions under different sections such as 80C, 80D, 80E, 80G etc. from the balance obtained in (if) to
obtain taxable income.
(iv) Calculate the income tax on taxable income as per the slab.
(v) Subtract tax relief under section 87A (if eligible) from the income tax obtained in (iv).
(vi) Add 4% of income tax obtained in (v) as health and education cess
Utility Bills
UTILITY BILL
A utility bill is a detailed invoice issued and paid once a month for utilities such as electricity, water, natural gas, telephone
etc.
It bears the basic information such as account number of consumer , bill number, address, billing address, time period,
date of issue, due date, units of usage, tariff rates, surcharge, tax
TARIFF RATE
Tariff rate consists of two parts:
(i) Fixed charge. It does not depend on consumption.
(ii) Variable charge. It depends on consumption.
FIXED CHARGE
Fixed charge is a part of the utility bill which a consumer has to pay even if the consumer does not use the utility.
VARIABLE CHARGE
Variable charge has to pay according to usage of services
SURCHARGE
Surcharge is an additional fee imposed on a consumer in addition to the standard basic rates of th utility. Surcharges are
also referred to by other terms such as riders, adjustment factor, recover cost etc.
Some surcharges that appear on an electricity bill are given below:
(i) Fuel Surcharge or Fuel Adjustment Charges (FAC)
(ii) Peak-hour Surcharge
(ii) AC Surcharge
(iv) Recovery Surcharge
SERVICE CHARGE
It is an amount that is added to consumer's bill for the work of the person who comes and serves the consumer.
INTERPRETATION OF ELECTRICITY BILLS
Electricity bill is determined by three elements.
1. Number of units consumed 2. Tariff category of the consumer 3. Fixed charges, Surcharge and Energy tax.
Number of units consumed means 1 kWh = 1 unit
Tariff category Tariff rates are mainly divided into two categories (i) Domestic tariff (ii) Commercial tariff.
Water Charge
It is based on consumption of water. Water consumption is measured in m³ or kilolitres (KL). Water charges are based on
two components:
(i) volume of water consumed
(ii) a set of charges other than water consumption such as meter rent, water cess, license fee maintenance charge,
development charge etc. A variant which is more common is to use a mix of two Le. fixed monthly charge (or service of an
Increasing Block Tariff (IBT).
Standard form :
Equation of a circle is simplest if its centre is at the origin.
x²+ y²= r²
Central form
Let C (h, k) be the centre of the circle and r(>0) be its radius. Let P(x, y) be a point in the plane, then P lies on the circle
(x-h)²+(y-k)²= r²,
Diameter form
General form
x2+ y² + 2gx + 2fy + c=0 , where g = h, f = k and c = h²+k2-r2