KFLQI <
GA@J] EFK^A\A@]J KAIBEQEB@ ^AKJIJHB@
^A@ZALJB DBTB@O/GB]B ^AKATJ@\BH
I ASA
ASAII2
Ljsusu` fiah7
 Bily
 Bi ly \ur kb`
Zfsj Cadrjb`j

4>42 ^usbt ^a`ljljeb` lb` ^aibtjhb` ^DG

IE^^
 ^A@LBHQIQB@
 

Ibtbr Daibeb`o
\ardj
ardjt`
t`yb
yb ^a
^arb
rbtu
turb
rb`
` IE
IE^^
^^ @f@f.. ? \bh
bhu`
u` 4>42
4>42 tata`t
`tb`
b`oo ]LK ^DG
↔ ]L
]LKK ^D
^DG
G wbgj
wbgjd
d kakj
kakjij
ijej
ej efkp
efkpatata`
a`sj
sj lj dj
djlb
lb`o
`o ^a
^a`o
`obl
blbb
bb`` Db
Dbrb
rb`o
`o/G
/Gbs
bsb
b (^DG
(^DG)) yb`o
yb`o sa
sasu
subj
bj la`o
la`ob`
b` ]t
]tb`
b`lb
lbr 
r 
Ef
Efkp
kpatata`
a`sj
sj yb`o
yb`o ka
ka`o
`obm
bmuu pb
pblb
lb Eb
Ebku
kuss Efkp
Efkpat ata`
a`sj
sj \ae
ae`j
`js
s (EE\
(EE\)) ^D
^DGG

J`ljebtfr Eadarhbsjib`
2. Kakbhbkj ta`tb`o  Tavju tarhblbp Lfeuka` ^arsjbpb` ^a`ob
^a`oblbb`
lbb` Dbrb`o/Gbsb ^akarj`tbh
4. Kakbhbkj ta`tb`o  ^a`yusu`b` lb` ^a`gaibsb` Lfeuka` ^akjijhb`.
=. Kakbhbkj ta`tb`o  ^a`jibjb` Eubijcjebsj.
<. Kakbhbkj ta`tb`o Avbiubsj ^a`bwbrb`.
1. Kakbhbkj ta`tb`o ^a`oaifibb` ]b`oobh.
3. Kakbhbkj ta`tb`o  ^a`yusu`b` Lbctbr ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb ^akarj`tbh.
?. Kakbhbkj ta`tb`o  @aofsjbsj lbibk ^a`oblbb` Dbrb`o/Gbsb ^akarj`tbh.
^akarj`tbh.
8. Kakbhbkj ta`tb`o ^a`oblbb` Dbrb`o/Gbsb ^akarj`tbh la`ob` ^arsybrbtb` Ehusus lb`/btbu ]pasjcje.
:. Kakbhbkj ta`tb`o  Tjsj
 Tjsjef
ef pblb ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb ^akarj`tbh.
2>. Kbkpu ka`ojla`tjcjebsj lb` ka`oukpuieb`
ka`oukpuieb` dbhb`, lbtb,
lbtb, lb`/btbu
lb`/btbu j`cfrkbsj yb`o ljdutuheb`
ljdutuheb` pblb
^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb ^akarj`tbh.

Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2

 4
 

Obkdbrb` ukuk
Lfeuka` ^arsjbpb` ^a`oblbb` kaibiuj ^a`yaljb

Tavju fiah QE^DG/^agbdbt ^a`oblbb`

^a`oblbb`

Ka`atbpeb` Katfla ^akjijhb`, Katfla Avbiubsj

^a`bwbrb`, lb` Katfla ^a`ybkpbjb` Lfeuka`
^a`bwbrb`
\bhbpb` ^arsjbpb`
^a`yusu`b`
^a`yusu`b` Gblwbi ^akjijhb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb.

^a`yusu`b` Lfeuka` ^akjijhb`

Lfeuka` ^akjijhb`

Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2

 =
<
 
 

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DBTB @O/GB]B ^AKATJ@\BH..
^AKATJ@\BH

KB\ATJ ^A@ZQ]Q@B@
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 <

B. ^a`oartjb`
Tavju lfeuka` parsjbpb` pa`oblbb` dbrb`o/gbsb lbpbt
dbrb`o/gbsb lbpbt ljlacj`jsjeb` sadbobj betjcjtbs

’
ka`aibbh lfeuka` parsjbpb` pa`oblbb` dbrb`o/gbsb la`ob` tugub` u`tue kakbstjeb`

 
dbhwb lfeuka` parsjbpb` pa`oblbb` dbrb`o/gbsb ka`lueu`o prfsas pakjijhb` pa`yaljb

dbrb`o/gbsb yb`o sasubj la`ob` prj`sjp-prj`sjp pa`oblbb` dbrb`o/gbsb.

’
Lfeuka` parsj bpb` pa`oblbb`
pa`oblbb` dbrb`o/gb
d brb`o/gbsb
sb kaibiuj pa`yaljb ljtatbpeb`
l jtatbpeb`
fiah ^^
^^E,
E, yb`o kaijputj7
• ]pasjcjebsj \ae`js btbu Earb`oeb Bmub` Eargb (EBE)5
• Hbrob ^arejrbb` ]a`ljrj (H^])5 lb`
• Tb`mb`ob` ef`trbe5 yb`o ljlbibk`yb ka`obtur b`tbrb ibj`7 eata`tub` ub`o kueb, gbkj`b` ub`o
kueb, gbkj`b` paibesb`bb`, gbkj`b` pakaijhbrbb`, sartjcjebt obrb`sj, lb` pa`yasubjb` hbrob.

Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2

 1

D. Ij`oeup Tavju Lfeuka` ^arsjbpb`

 

^a`oblbb` Dbrb`o/Gbsb

Lfeuka` ^arsjbpb` ^a`oblbb` Dbrb`o/Gbsb

ljsbkpbjeb` eapblb ^fegb ^akjijhb`/^agbdbt

^a`oblbb` ljibkpjrj la`ob` 7

2. ]urbt Eaput
Eaputusb`
usb` ^a`at
^a`atbpb`
bpb` ^^E.
4. Lfe
Lfeuka
uka`` B`o
B`oobr
obrb`.
b`.
=. JL ^be
^beat
at TQ^
TQ^..
<. Ta`
Ta`mb`
mb`bb wbe
wbetu
tu pa`
pa`oou
oou`bb
`bb``
^fegb ^akjijhb`/^agbdbt ^agbdbt ^akdubt
^a`oblbb` Dbrb`o/Gbsb.
Efkjtka`

Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2

 3
 

Hbi-hbi yb`o ^ariu Ljravju

 

2. ]pasjcjebsj \ae`js btbu

Earb`oeb Bmub` Eargb (EBE)

8. Qrbjb` paeargbb`, jla`tjcjebsj 4. Hbrob ^arejrbb` ]a`ljrj (H^])

dbhbyb, lb` pa`atbpb` rjsjef
paeargbb` tarebjt easaibkbtb`

^FEGB
?. B`bijsjs ^bsbr =. Tb`mb`ob` Ef`trbe

3. _betu pa`oou`bb` *<. Lfeuka` B`oobrb` Daib`gb

dbrb`o/gbsb
*(LJ^B/L^B btbu TEB-EI/TEB-^L yb`o taibh ljtatbpeb`)

1. JL pbeat TQ^
Jla`tjtbs pbeat yb`o tarmb`tuk lbibk TQ^

Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2

 ?

M. \j`lbe Ibgut Hbsji Tavju Lfeuka` ^arsjbpb`

 

^a`oblbb` Dbrb`o/Gbsb

’parudbhb` darlbsbreb` ravju yb`o taibh ljibeueb`,

  ’
Lbibk hbi tarlbpbt hbi-hbi yb`o pariu u`tue ljibeueb`
lji beueb`, kbeb
^fegb ^akjijhb` btbu ^agbdbt ^a`oblbb` ka`ousuieb`
eapblb ^^E u`tue ljibeueb` parudbhb`.

Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2

 8
:
 
 

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  DBTB@O/GB
DB TB@O/GB]B
]B ^AKATJ@\
^AKATJ@\BH.
BH.

KB\ATJ ^A@ZQ]Q@B@
^A@ZQ]Q@B@ LB@ ^A@GAIB]B@ LFEQKA@ ^AKJIJHB@
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 4 ^A@JIBJB@
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  Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
 :

 
B. ^a`oartjb`

’ j`cfrkbsj lb` eata`tub` yb`o hbrus ljtbbtj fiah pbrb pjhbe lbibk pakjijhb`
Lacj`jsj lbrj lfeuka`
lbrj lfeuka` pakjijhb` blbibh
pakjijhb` blbibh lfeuka` yb`o ljtatbpeb` fiah

  ’
^fegb ^akjijhb`/^agbdbt ^a`oblbb`/Boa` ^a`oblbb` yb`o kakubt

^a`yaljb. (^arpras @f 23 \bhu` 4>28 lb` parudbhb``yb).

Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2

 2>

D. \ugub` Lb` Kb`cbbt Lfeuka` ^akjijhb`

 

\ugub` lbrj pa`yusu`b`

Kb`cbbt lfeuka` pakjijhb`
lfeuka` pakjijhb`

Kakdarjeb` j`cfrkbsj yb`o ia`oebp ^akbhbkb` yb`o sbkb ljb`tbrb pbrb

ta`tb`o tbtb mbrb paibesb`bb` prfsas pjhbe yb`o pa`yaljb
pakjijhb` tarijdbt lj dbrb`o/gbsb5
lbibk prfsas
pakjijhb` pa`yaljb dbrb`o/gbsb5

\arwugul`yb tugub` lbrj prfsas pakjijhb`

Kakdarjeb` j`cfrkbsj yb`o ia`oebp pa`yaljb dbrb`o/gbsb, ybjtu ka`atbpeb`
ta`tb`o eata`tub`-eata`tub` paibesb`bb` pa`yaljb yb`o pfta`sjbi u`tue
paeargbb`5 lb` kaibesb`beb` pa`oblbb` dbrb`o/gbsb5
lb`/btbu

Ka`yaljbeb` bmub` dboj pasartb pakjijhb` \arsaljb duetj beu`tbdjijtbs lb`

pa`yaljb dbrb`o/gbsb u`tue ka`yusu` eatarduebb` j`cfrkbsj frob`jsbsj
pa`bwbrb` pakarj`tbh eapblb pudije.

Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2

 22
 

M. \bhbpb` ^a`yusu`b` Lfeuka` ^akjijhb`

❒   Katfla ^akjijhb`

❒   Katfla Eubijcjebsj
❒   Katfla Avbiubsj
❒   Katfla ^a`ybkpbjb`
^a`bwbrb`

Jla`tjcjebsj ^a`atbpb` ]jstak Jla`tjcjebsj Kflai ^arukusb`

^a`atbpb`
Ebrbetarjstje ^a`oblbb` & Lfeuka` Lfeuka`
^aeargbb` Jla`tjcjebsj Ga`js ^a`oblbb` Lfeuka` ^akjijhb`
Ef`trbe ^akjijhb`

❒   ]pasjebsj \ae`js/EBE
❒   H^] ❒ IE^^ (KL^)
❒   Tb`mb`ob` Ef`trbe ❒ Iakdbob Lf`fr /
❒   Lfeuka` ^ara`mb`bb` ^akdarj ^j`gbkb` /Hjdbh
❒   Lfeuka` B`oobrb`

Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2

 24
 

L. Hbi-hbi Zb`o ^ariu Ljparhbtjeb` Lbibk ^a`yusu`b`

Lfeuka` ^akjijhb` ^a`oblbb` Dbrb`o/Gbsb ^akarj`tbh

=. ^a`atbpb`
2. ^a`atbpb` Katfla
Katfla Avbiubsj
^akjijhb` ^a`bwbrb` <. ^a`atbpb`
4. ^a`atbpb`
Katfla Katfla
^a`ybkpbjb`
Eubijcjebsj ^a`bwbrb`

Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2

 2=
 

A. Ij`oeup Lfeuka` ^akjijh

^akjijhb`
b` ^a`oblbb` Dbrb`
Dbrb`o/Gbsb
o/Gbsb ^akarj`tbh
Lfeuka` Eubijcjebsj Lfeuka` \a`lar/]aiaesj
a`lar/]aiaesj /^a
Ib`osu`o/^a`oblbb` /^a`u`
`u` gueb`
Ib`osu`o

2. ^atu`
atu`guguee pa
pa`o
`ojsjsjb
jb`` cf cfrk
rkui
uijr
jr js
jsjb
jb`
` 2. Q`lb`ob`/
Q`lb`ob`/pa`o
pa`oukuk
ukukb` b` eap
eapblb
blb mb
mbif`
if`
eubijcjebsj5 pa`yaljb dbrb`o/gb
dbrb`o/gbsb
sb
4. Cfrkuijr
Cfrkuijr jsjb` eubij
eubijcjebs
cjebsj5j5 4. J`struesj Eapblb ^asartb (JE^)
=. J`st
J`stru
rues
esjj eaeapb
pblb
lb pa pasa sart
rtb
b (JE^
(JE^),
),
tark
tarkbs
bsueue tbtbtb
tb mb mbrb
rb pa pa`y
`ybk
bkpb
pbjb
jb`
` =. Iakdbr
Iakdbr Lbtb ^ak
^akjijhb
jijhb`
` (IL^)
(IL^)
<. Tb`mb`ob
Tb`mb`ob`
` Ef`t
Ef`trbe 
rbe 
lfeuka` Eubijcjebsj5
<. Iakdbr
Iakdbr Lbtb EubiEubijcjebs
jcjebsjj (I
(ILE)5
LE)5 1. Lbctbr
Lbctbr Eub`
Eub`tjtbs
tjtbs lb` Hbrob
Hbrob
1. ^betb
^betb j`taor
j`taorjtbs
jtbs55 lb`/
lb`/btbu
btbu 3. ]pasjc
]pasjcjeb
jebsj
sj tae
tae`js
`js,, obk
obkdbr
dbr, lb`
lb`/bt
/btbu
bu
3. \btb mbrb avbiubsj eubijcjebsj. Earb`oeb Bmub` Eargb (EBE)
?. Da`tue
Da`tue surb
surbtt pa`b
pa`bwbr
wbrb`
b`
8. Da`tue
Da`tue Gbkj`
Gbkj`b`b` ^a`o
^a`oblbb
blbb`
`
Tb`mb`ob` Ef`trbe tarljrj lbrj7 :. Mf`tfh-mf`tfh cfrkuijr yb`o pariu ljjsj
b. ^fef
^fefe-p
e-pfefe
fefe pargb`gjb`
pargb`gjb`
2>. Da`tue Lfeuka`
d. ]ybrbt
]ybrbt ukuk Ef`t
Ef`trbe 
rbe 
m. ]ybrbt
]ybrbt ehusu
ehususs Ef`trbe 
Ef`trbe 
l. Lfeuka`
Lfeuka` ibj` yb`
yb`o
o karupbeb`
karupbeb`
dbojb` lbrj Ef`trbe 

Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2

 2<
 

C. ^a`gaibsb` Lfeuka` ^akjijhb`

\ugub` 6

Q`tue ka`lbpbteb` kbsueb` btbs

Q`tue ka`aobseb` hbi-hbi yb`o
erjtjs btbu yb`o lbpbt ka`jkduieb`
pardalbb` parsapsj lbrj jsj
Lfeuka` ^akjijhb`.
jsj Lfeuka` ^akjijhb`, tarebjt
eaku`oej`b` blb`yb easbibhb` Ka`oatbhuj sadarbpb dasbr kj`bt
btbu eatjlbesasubjb` lbibk mbif` pa`yaljb u`tue
Lfeuka` ^akjijhb` yb`o taibh ka`ybkpbjeb` pa`bwbrb`.
ljsusu`..
ljsusu`

Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2


Eata`tub` ^akdarjb` ^a`gaibsb`
2. ^fegb ^akjijhb` kaibesb`beb` pakdarjb`
pa`gaibsb` pakjijhb` pa`yaljb kaibiuj
bpijebsj ]^]A btbu kb`ubi sasubj la`ob`
 gblwbi yb`o taibh ljtatbpeb`.
<. Eukpuib` tb`ybgbwbd lb` eatarb`ob` ibj`
pblb sbbt pakdarjb` pa`gaibsb` karupbeb`
Darjtb Bmbrb ^akdarjb` ^a`gaibsb` (DB^^)
21
4. Ibkb wbetu/lurbsj
ljsasubjeb` pakdarjb` pa`gaibsb`
la`ob` efkpiaesjtbs paeargbb` =. ^fegb ^akjijhb` saoarb ka`gbwbd satjbp
partb`ybb` yb`o ljbgueb` fiah ^asartb
sbkpbj la`ob` dbtbs behjr pakdarjb`
pa`gaibsb`
1. Gjeb ljdutuheb` pa`j`gbub` ibpb`ob`, ^fegb
^akjijhb` lbpbt kaibeueb` pa`j`gbub` 3. Lbibk hbi hbsji pakdarjb` pa`gaibsb`
ibpb`ob` darsbkb-sbkb la`ob` ^asartb lb` lb`/btbu partb`ybb` tartuijs yb`o
ljib`guteb` la`ob` pakdarjb` pa`gaibsb` lj ljsbkpbjeb` fiah ^asartb ka`obejdbteb`
ibpb`ob` parudbhb` Lfeuka` ^akjijhb`, kbeb
parudbhb` tarsadut hbrus ljtub`oeb` lbibk
 Bla`luk Lfeuka` ^akjijhb`.
?. Bpbdji
Bpbdjibb parudbhb` tjlbe ljtub`oeb` lbibk
 Bla`luk Lfeuka` ^akjijhb` btbu tjlbe
ljsatuguj fiah ^^E, kbeb parudbhb` tarsadut
ljb`oobp tjlbe blb lb` eata`tub` yb`o daribeu
blbibh Lfeuka` ^akjijhb` bwbi
Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
 23
2?
 
 

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KB\ATJ  4 ^A@ZQ
^A@ZQ]Q@B@
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^AKJIJHB@
KAIBEQEB@  = ^A@JIBJB@ EQBIJCJEB]J.
^AKJIJHB@ ^A@ZALJB
DBTB@O/GB]B  < AS
ASBI
BI QB]J ^A@B
^A@B_
_BTB
BTB@@

^AKATJ@\BH
IASAI 2
 1 ^A@OAIFIBB@ ]B@OOBH
^A@ZQ]Q@B@
^A@ZQ]Q@B@ LBC\BT
LBC\BT ^A@Z
^A@ZALJB
ALJB DB TB@O/GB]B
 3 ^AKATJ@\BH
@AOF]JB]BJ LBIBK ^A@OBLBB@/DBTB@O/GB]B
 ? ^AKATJ@\BH
^A@OB
OBLB
LBB@
B@ DBTB@
DBTB@OO/G
/GB]
B]B
B ^AKATJ@\BH LA@
LA@OB
OB@@
 8 ^AT]Z
^AT]ZBTB\
BTB\B@
B@ EHQ]Q] LB@/B\
LB @/B\BQ
BQ ]^A]JCJE.
TJ]JEF ^BL
BLB
B ^AKJIJ
IJH
HB@ ^A@ZALJB ^A@OBL
BLBB
BB@
@
 : DBTB
DBTB@O/GB]B
@O/GB]B ^AKA
^AKATJ@\
TJ@\BH
BH
LB\B LB
LB\ LB@@ J@C
@CF
FTKB
KB]]J ^BL
BLB
B ^AKJIJ
IJHB
HB@
@ ^A@ZALJB

  DBTB@O/GB]B
DBTB @O/GB]B ^AKA
^AKATJ@\
TJ@\BH
BH
Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
 2?

B. ^a`oartjb`
’
 

Eubijcjebsj sambrb ukuk lbpbt ljbrtjeb` la`ob` eakbkpub`

yb`o ljkjijej u`tue kaibeueb` subtu paeargbb`. ^blb

  ’
pa`oblbb` dbrb`o/gbsb, u`tue kakjijh pa`yaljb dbrb`o/gbsb
yb`o pfta`sjbi, saibj` ljibeueb` pa`jibjb` eubijcjebsj guob
ljibeueb` avbiubsj pa`bwbrb`

^bsmbeubijcjebsj ^rbeubijcjebsj

^a`jibjb` eubijcjebsj ljibeueb` ^a`jibjb` eubijcjebsj ljibeueb` sadaiuk

darsbkbb` la`ob` paibesb`bb` pa`yaljb dbrb`o/gbsb ka`ybkpbjeb`
avbiubsj pa`bwbrb`. pa`bwbrb`.

Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2

 28
 

D. Eata`tub` Eubijcjebsj ^a`oblbb` Dbrb`o/Gbsb ^akarj`tbh

Ga`js ^a`oblbb`
E u bi j c j e bs j ^a` j i bj b`
• Dbrb`o/Gbs
Dbrb`o/Gbsb
b ibj``yb/^a
ibj``yb/^aeargb
eargbb`
b` ^b
^bsm
smeu
eub
bij
ijcj
cjeb
ebsj
sj Bs
Bspa
pae
e blkj`
lkj`js
jstr
trb
bsj lb
lb`
` ta
tae`
e`js
js lj
lj`
`ji
jibj
bj la
la`o
`ob`
b` ]j
]jst
sta
ak
Ef`struesj
Ef`struesj yb`o tjlbe efkpi
efkpiaes.
aes. Ouour.

• Gbsb
Gbsb Ef`sui
Ef`suitb`
tb`sj
sj ^ar
^arfrb
frb`ob
`ob`.
`.
•   •

Dbrb`o/Gbsb ibj``yb/^aeargbb` ^rbeubijcjebsj  Bspae blkj`jstrbsj lb` tae`js lj`jibj la`ob` ]jstak
Ef`struesj
Ef`struesj yb`o efkpia
efkpiaes.
es. Ouour
Ouour pbl
pblb
b pakjij
pakjijhb`
hb` pa`ya
pa`yaljb
ljb Dbrb`o
Dbrb`o/Gb
/Gbsb
sb

• Gbsb Ef`suitb`s
Ef`suitb`sjj Dblb` Qsbhb.
Qsbhb. ibj``yb/^a
ibj``yb/^aeargb
eargbb`
b` Ef`struesj
Ef`struesj lb` ^a`u`gueb`
^a`u`gueb`
Ib`osu`o.
• ^a`u`gueb`
^a`u`gueb` Ib`os
Ib`osu`o.
u`o.
•

 Bspae blkj`jstrbsj lj`jibj la`ob` ]jstak Ouour lb`

bspae
bspae tae`js
tae`js lj`jib
lj`jibjj la`ob`
la`ob` ]jstak
]jstak ^akdfd
^akdfdftb
ftb`
`
la`ob`
la`ob` Bkdb`o
Bkdb`o Dbtbs
Dbtbs pblb
pblb pakjij
pakjijhb`
hb` pa`ya
pa`yaljb
ljb Gbsb
Gbsb
Ef`suitb`sj.

Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2

 2:
  

E u bi j c j e bs j Hbs j i E u bi j c j e bs j   Guki bh Kj`jkbi

^bsmbeubijcjebsj Lbctbr ^asartb \a`lar/ ]aiaesj ^bij`o saljejt 2 (sbtu) ^asartb

Gbsb Ef`f`s
sui
uittb`
b`ssj ^arsarsafrb`
b`o
ob` \a`lar/]aiaesj Gbsb
yb`o
yb`o Iui
Iuius
us Eu
Eubij
bijcj
cjebs
ebsj.
j. Ef`suitb`sj ^arsafrb`ob`
yb`o
yb`o Iui
Iuius
us Eu
Eubij
bijcj
cjebs
ebsj.
j.
^rbeubijcjebsj   • Lbctbr pasartb
pasartb \a`lar ^bij`o saljejt = (t
• (tjob)
job)
Dbrb`o/^aeargbb` pasartb \a`lar5 btbtbu
bu
Ef`struesj/Gbsb Ibj``yb5 btbu • ^bij`o saljejt = (tjo
(tjob)
b) lb`
• Lbctbr
Lbctbr pa`l
pa`lae
ae pasa
pasartb
rtb ]ai
]aiaesj
aesj pbij`o
pbij`o db`y
db`ybe
be ? (tuguh
(tuguh))
Gbsb Ef`suit
Ef`suitb`sj
b`sj Dblb` pasar
pasartb
tb ]a
]aia
iaesj
esj Gbs
Gbsb b
Qsbhb. Ef`suitb`sj
Ef`suit b`sj Dblb` Qsbhb.

Djib hbsji eubijcjebsj tjlbe kaka`uhj gukibh kj`jkbi, kbeb7

•   \a`lar/]aiaesj lj`ybtbe
lj`ybtbeb`
b` obobi bpbdjib ka`oou`beb
ka`oou`beb`` ^bsmbeubijcjeb
^bsmbeubijcjebsj5
sj5 btbu
•   ^rbeubijcjebsj lj`ybtbeb
lj`ybtbeb`` obobi bpbdjib \
\a`lar/]aiaesj
a`lar/]aiaesj yb`o k
ka`oou`beb`
a`oou`beb` ^rbeubijcje
^rbeubijcjebsj
bsj

Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2

 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
4>
 

M. Hbi-hbi Zb`o ^ariu Ljparhbtjeb` Lbibk ^a`jibjb` Eubijcjebsj

^a`oblbb` Dbrb`o/Gbsb ^akarj`tbh.

 Bspae Eubijcjebsj
 Blkj`jstrbsj/Iaobijtbs
 Bspae Eubijcjebsj \
\ae`js
ae`js

•  Jgj` usbhb. •  ^a`obibkb` paeargbb` saga`js la`ob`

•   ^arpbgbeb`. paeargbb` yb`o beb` ljibesb`beb`.
•  Eubijcjebsj lb` eibsjcjebsj. usbhb. •  Kakjijej eakbkpub` u`tue

•
ka`yaljbeb` sukdar lbyb yb`o
  ^ar`ybtbb`. ljpariueb` u`tue kaibesb`beb`
paeargbb`, kaijputj7 ta`bob eargb lb`
parbibtb`.
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
42
44
 
 

TAS
TASJQ
JQ \AT
\ATHBLB^
HBLB^ LFEQK
LFEQKA@
A@ ^AT
^AT]JB^
]JB^B@
B@ ^A@
^A@OBLBB@
OBLBB@
  DBTB@O/GB
DB TB@O/GB]B
]B ^AKATJ@\
^AKATJ@\BH.
BH.

KB\ATJ  4 ^A@ZQ
^A@ZQ]Q@B@
]Q@B@ LB@ ^A@GAIB ]B@ LFEQKA@ ^AKJIJHB@
^AKJIJHB@
KAIBEQEB@  = ^A@
^A@JIBJB@
JIBJB@ E QBIJCJEB]J.
^AKJIJHB@ ^A@ZALJB
DBTB@O/GB]B  < AS
ASBI
BI QB]J ^A@B_
^A@B_BTB@
BTB @

^AKATJ@\BH
IASAI 2
 1 ^A@OAIFIBB@ ]B@OOBH
^A@ZQ]Q@B@
^A@ZQ]Q@B@ LBC\BT
LBC\BT ^A@Z
^A@ZALJB
ALJB DB TB@O/GB]B
 3 ^AKATJ@\BH
@AOF]JB]BJ LBIBK ^A@OBLBB@/DBTB@O/GB]B
 ? ^AKATJ@\BH
^A@OB
OBLB
LBB@
B@ DBTB@
DBTB@OO/G
/GB]
B]B
B ^AKATJ@\BH LA@
LA@OB
OB@@
 8 ^AT]Z
^AT]ZBTB\
BTB\B@
B@ EHQ]Q] LB@/B\
LB @/B\BQ
BQ ]^A]JCJE.
TJ]JEF ^BL
BLB
B ^AKJIJ
IJH
HB@ ^A@ZALJB ^A@OBL
BLBB
BB@
@
 : DBTB
DBTB@O/GB]B
@O/GB]B ^AKA
^AKATJ@\
TJ@\BH
BH
LB\B LB
LB\ LB@@ J@C
@CF
FTKB
KB]]J ^BL
BLB
B ^AKJIJ
IJHB
HB@
@ ^A@ZALJB
  DBTB@O/GB]B
DBTB @O/GB]B ^AKA
^AKATJ@\
TJ@\BH
BH
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
44

B. ^a`oartjb`
 

’ ka`jibj pa`bwbrb` yb`o

Avbiubsj pa`bwbrb` lbpbt
ljlacj`jsjeb` sadbobj betjcjtbs Lfeuka` ^akjijhb`  
Avbiubsj
^a`bwbrb`
Lfeuka` ^a`bwbrb`

ljsbkpbjeb` pasartb pakjijhb`

2. Bspae
Bspae Blk
Blkj`j
j`jstrb
strbsj
sj ^a`bw
^a`bwbrb
brb`
`
pa`yaljb dbrb`o/gbsb lbibk 4. Bspae \ae`j
=. Bspae
\ae`js
Bspae Hbrob
s ^a`bw
^a`bwbrb`
Hbrob ^a`bw
^a`bwbrb
brb`
brb`
`

lfeuka` pa`bwbrb` la`ob`

ka`obmu pblb eata`tub` pakjijhb` Hbsji Avbiubsj
^a`bwbrb`
pa`yaljb dbrb`o/gbsb yb`o Mbif` ^aka`b`o
^aka`b`o lb` M
Mbif`
bif`

    
^aka`b`o
^aka` b`o Mblb
Mblb`ob`
`ob`

tarmb`tuk lbibk lfeuka`

pakjijhb`
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
4=
 

D. Hbi-hbi Zb`o
Zb`o ^ariu Ljparhbtjeb` Lbibk Avbiubsj ^a`bwbrb`
^blb ^a`oblbb` Dbrb`o/Gbsb ^akarj`tbh

Bspae lbibk Avbiubsj ^a`bwbrb`

 Blkj`jstrbsj \ae`js Hbrob
2.   Eabdsbhb` surbt 2.   ]pasjcjeb
]pasjcjebsjsj \ae`js. 2.   Hbrob pa`bwbrb` tarhblbp

pa`bwbrb`. 4.   Gb`oeb wbetu paibesb`bb`. hbrob pa`bwbrb` pasartb ibj`.

4.   Eabdsbhb` gbkj`b` =.   ^arsf`ji. 4.   Easasubjb` tarhblbp H^]

pa`bwbrb` (djib <.   ^arbibtb`. btbu ^bou B`oobrb`.

ljpariueb`). 1.   Katfla ^aibesb`bb`. =.   Eawbgbrb` Hbrob ^a`bwbrb`

3.   ^a`obibkb` (gbsb (tarkbsue hbrob sbtub`

ef`suitb`sj). pa`bwbrb`).
?.   ^rfpfsbi \ae`js (gbsb

ef`suitb`sj).
8.   Eubijcje
Eubijcjebsj
bsj \a`bob Bhij (gbsb
ef`suitb`sj).
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
4<
 

Mbrb ^a`jibjb` pblb Kbsj`o  ” kbsj`o Bspae Avbiubsj ^a`bwbrb`

@f. Bspae ^a`jibjb` Katfla Avbiubsj
2.   Blkj
Blkj`j
`jst
strb
rbsj
sj Kakd
Kakdar arje
jeb`
b` pa`j
pa`jib
ibjb
jb`` daru
darupb
pb pa`yb
pa`ybtb
tbb`
b`   ‘Kaka`uhj‚ ]aiuruh katfla avbiubsj.
btbu  ‘ \jlbe Kaka`uhj‚ pblb satjbp u`sur blkj`jstrbsj.

4.   \ae
\ae`j
`jss Kak
akddar arje
jeb`
b` pa
pa`j
`jiibj
bjb`
b` da
daru
rupb
pb pa
pa`y
`ybt
btbb
bb``   ‘Kaka`uhj‚ Djbyb \ara`lbh ]jstak Ouour 
btbu  ‘ \jlbe Kaka`uhj‚ pblb satjbp u`sur tae`js
Kakdarjeb`
Kakd arjeb` pa`jibjb`
pa`jibjb` lbibk da`tue b`oeb (smfra) •   Djbyb \ara`lbh la`ob` Bkdb`o Dbtbs
pblb satjbp u`sur tae`js. •   ]jstak @jibj
•   Eubijtbs
•   Eubijtbs lb` Djbyb
•   ^bou B`oobrb
^bou B`oobrb``
•   Djbyb \ara`lbh
Kakdarjeb` pa`jibjb` lbibk da`tue `jibj ub`o pblb •   ^a`jibjb` Djbyb ]aibkb Qkur Aef`fkjs
satjbp u`sur tae`js.
=.   Hbrob pa`bwbrb` Kakdarjeb` pa`jibjb` lbibk da`tue `jibj ub`o pblb •   Djbyb \ara`lbh ]jstak Ouour 
tarhblbp hbrob hbrob pa`bwbrb`. •   Djbyb \ara`lbh la`ob` Bkdb`o Dbtbs
pa`bwbrb` pasartb •   ^a`jibjb` Djbyb ]aibkb Qkur Aef`fkjs
ibj` •   ^bou B`oobrb
^bou B`oobrb``
•   Djbyb \ara`lbh
Kakdarjeb`
Kakdarjeb` pa`jibjb`
pa`jibjb` lbibk da`tue b`oeb (smfra) •   ]jstak @jibj
pblb hbrob pa`bwbrb`. •
  Eubijtbs
•   Eubijtbs lb` Djbyb
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2

M. Lfeuka`tbsj Avbiubsj ^a`bwbrb`

Lfeuka` pakjijhb` yb`o ka`gblj bmub` lbibk kaibeueb` avbiubsj
pa`bwbrb`

Lfeuka` pa`bwbrb` yb`o ka`gblj fdyae ljibeueb``yb avbiubsj

pa`bwbrb`.

Eartbs Eargb Avbiubsj.

Darjtb Bmbrb Eibrjcjebsj (gjeb blb).

Darjtb Bmbrb Avbiubsj ^a`bwbrb`.

 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
43

L. ^a
^a`atbpb`
`atbpb` Lb`
Lb` ^a`oukuk
^a`ouk ukb`
b` Hbsj
Hbsjii ^akjijh
^akji jhb`
b` ^a`yalj
^a`yalj b
 

Dbrb`o/Gbsb

•   \a`lar 
Katfla •  \a`lar Mapbt
^akjijhb`
•  ]aiaesj

^fegb ^akjijhb` ^B/E^B

ljibeueb` fiah7
•  D/^E/GI7 ^bou B`oobrb` sbkpbj
la`ob` Tp.2>>.>>>.>>>.>>>,- (sarbtus
kjijbr rupjbh)
•  Gbsb Ef`suitb`sj7
Ef`suitb`sj 7 ^bou B`oobrb`
sbkpbj la`ob` Tp.2>.>>>.>>>.>>>,-
(sapuiuh kjijbr rupjbh)
•  D/^E/GI7 ^bou B`oobrb` lj btbs
Tp.2>>.>>>.>>>.>>>,- (sarbtus kjijbr
rupjbh).
•  Gbsb Ef`suitb`sj7
Ef`suitb`sj 7 ^bou B`oobrb` lj
btbs Tp.2>.>>>.>>>.>>>,- (sapuiuh
kjijbr rupjbh).
•  Darlbsbreb` usuib` lbrj ^fegb
^akjijhb`
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
4?
48
 
 

TAS
TASJQ
JQ \AT
\ATHBLB^
HBLB^ LFEQK
LFEQKA@
A@ ^AT
^AT]JB^
]JB^B@
B@ ^A@
^A@OBLBB@
OBLBB@
  DBTB@O/GB
DB TB@O/GB]B
]B ^AKATJ@\
^AKATJ@\BH.
BH.

KB\ATJ  4 ^A@ZQ
^A@ZQ]Q@B@
]Q@B@ LB@ ^A@GAIB ]B@ LFEQKA@ ^AKJIJHB@
^AKJIJHB@
KAIBEQEB@  = ^A@
^A@JIBJB@
JIBJB@ E QBIJCJEB]J.
^AKJIJHB@ ^A@ZALJB
DBTB@O/GB]B  < AS
ASBI
BI QB]J ^A@B
^A@B_
_BTB
BTB@@

^AKATJ@\BH
IASAI 2
 1 ^A@OAIFIBB@ ]B@OOBH
^A@ZQ
^A@ZQ]Q@B@
]Q@B@ LBC\BT
LBC\BT ^A@Z
^A@ZALJB
ALJB DB TB@O/GB]B
 3 ^AKATJ@\BH
@AOF]JB]BJ LBIBK ^A@OBLBB@/DBTB@O/GB]B
 ? ^AKATJ@\BH
^A@OB
OBLB
LBB@
B@ DBTB@
DBTB@O
O/G
/GB]
B]B
B ^AKATJ@\BH LA@
LA@OB
OB@
@
 8 ^AT]Z
^AT]ZBTB\
BTB\B@
B@ EHQ]Q] LB@/B\
LB @/B\BQ
BQ ]^A]JCJE.
TJ]JEF ^BL
BLB
B ^AKJIJ
IJH
HB@ ^A@ZALJB ^A@OBL
BLBB
BB@
@
 : DBTB
DBTB@O/GB]B
@O/GB]B ^AKA
^AKATJ@\
TJ@\BH
BH
LB\B LB
LB\ LB@@ J@C
@CF
FTKB
KB]]J ^BL
BLB
B ^AKJIJ
IJHB
HB@
@ ^A@ZALJB
  DBTB@O/GB]B
DBTB @O/GB]B ^AKA
^AKATJ@\
TJ@\BH
BH
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
48

 
B. ^a`oartjb`

’ sadbobj sadubh db`tbhb`/prftas lbrj pasartb pakjijhb` yb`o

Lbibk eaojbtb` ^a`oblbb` Dbrb`o/Gbsb, kbeb sb`oobh ljbrtjeb`

kakbsueb` lfeuka` eubijcjebsj btbu lfeuka` pa`bwbrb` ebra`b

karbsb ljruojeb` btbs tarhblbp eaputusb` lbrj pagbdbt pakdubt

    ’
eaputusb` hbsji prbeubijcjebsj btbu pa`atbpb` paka`b`o pakjijhb`
pa`yaljb dbrb`o/gbsb.
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
4:
 

D. Eata`tub` \a`tb`o ]b`oobh

  ]b`oobh ljsbkpbjeb` lbibk wbetu 1

]b`oobh lbpbt ljbgueb` kaibiuj ]^]A
(ijkb) hbrj eargb sataibh pa`oukukb`

 Bpbdjib sb`oobh lj`ybtbeb`

Gb
Gbwb
wbdb
db`` sbsb`o
`oob
obhh ljljda
darj
rjeb
eb`` kaib
kaibiu
iujj
da`br/ljta
jtarjk
jkbb, ^fegb ^akjijijjhb`
bpijebsj ]^]A btbs sakub sb`oobh pbij`o
kaibeu
kaibeueb`
eb` avbavbiub
iubsj
sj uib`o,
uib`o, pakbsu
pakbsueb` eb`
ibkdbt
ibk dbt = (tjob)
(tjob) hbrj
hbrj eargb
eargb sat
sataib
aibhh behjr 
behjr 
lfeuka` pa`bwbrb` uib`
ib`o, btbu
kbsb sb`oobh
pakjijhb` ^a`yaljb uib`o

 Bpbdjib sb`oobh lj`ybtbeb`

lj`ybtbeb` sbibh/tjlbe ljtarjkb kbeb7
b. ^a`oblbb` Dbrb`o/Gbsb Ibj``yb/Gbsb Ef`suitb`sj, ^fegb ^akjijhb` kaib`guteb` prfsas
pakjijhb` la`ob` ka`ybkpbjeb` hbsji pakjijhb` eapblb ^agbdbt ^a`b`lbtb`ob` Ef`trbe
d. ^a`oblbb` ^aeargbb` Ef`struesj, lbibk hbi pa`yb`oobh tjlbe satugu la`ob` gbwbdb`
sb`oobh kbeb pa`yb`oobh lbpbt ka`ybkpbjeb` sb`oobh db`lj`o.
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
=>
 

M. Eata`tub` \a`tb`o ]b`oobh Db`lj`o

@f Eata`tub` _betu
2 ]b`oo
]b`oobh
bh Db
Db`l
`lj`
j`oo ljsb
ljsbkp
kpbj
bjeb
eb`` samb
sambrb
rb tart
tartui
uijs
js ea
eapbl
pblbb E^
E^B
B lb
lb`` lj
ljtak
takdu
duse
seb`
b` ea
eapb
pblb
lb B^J
B^J^
^ Kbes
Kbesjk
jkbi
bi 1 hbrj
hbrj eargb
eargb satai
sataibh
bh gbwb
gbwbdb`
db`
sb`oobh ljkubt pblb bpijebsj ]^]A
4   •   Gbkj`b` ]b`obh Db`lj`o ljsarbheb` sadasbr 2% lbrj `jibj tftbi H^]. •   Kbsb daribeu => hbrj ebia`lar sagbe
tb`oobi pa`obgub` ]b`oobh
Db`lj`o
•   Q`tue ^aeargbb` Ef`struesj tarj`taorbsj, 2% lbrj ^bou B`oobrb`

= ^fegb ^akjijhb`
^akjijhb` ka`oei
ka`oeibrjcj
brjcjebsj
ebsj btbs eada`brb`
eada`brb` Gbkj`b`
Gbkj`b` ]b`oobh Db`lj`o eapblb pa`ardj
pa`ardjtt gbkj`b`
gbkj`b` lb` -
E^B tjlbe beb` ka`j`lbeib`gutj ]b`oob
]b`oobhh Db`lj`o sadaiuk ka`lbpbteb` hbsji eibrjcjebsj ^fegb ^akjijhb`
< E^
E^BB ka`ybk
ka`ybkpbjeb`
pbjeb` gbwbdb
gbwbdb`` ]b`oobh
]b`oobh Db`lj`o,
Db`lj`o, la`ob` takdus
takdusb`
b` eap
eapblb
blb QE^DG
QE^DG pbij`o
pbij`o iibkdbt
bkdbt 2< (ak
(akpbt
pbt -
daibs) hbrj eargb sataibh ka`arjkb
ka`a rjkb eibrjcjebsj lbrj ^fegb ^akjijhb`. Gjeb E^B tjlbe kakdarjeb` gbwbdb`,
kbeb E^B ljb`oobp ka`arjkb ]b`oobh Db`lj`o.
1 Bpbdji
Bpbdjibb ]b`oobh
]b`oobh Db`lj`o lj`ybtbeb`
lj`ybtbeb` da`br/ljtarj
da`br/ljtarjkb,
kb, QE^DG kakarj`tbheb
kakarj`tbheb`` ^feg
^fegbb ^ak
^akjijh
jijhb`
b` kaibeue
kaibeueb`
b` -
avbiubsj uib`o btbu pakjijhb` ^a`yaljb uib`o
3 Bpbdji
Bpbdjibb ]b`oobh Db`lj`o lj`ybtbeb`
lj`ybtbeb` sbibh/tjlbe
sbibh/tjlbe ljtarjkb,
ljtarjkb, kbeb7 -
b. ^fegb ^akjijhb`
^akjijhb` kaib`guteb` prfsas pakjijhb`
pakjijhb` la`ob` ka`ybkpbjeb` hbsji pakjijhb` eapblb
^agbdbt ^a`b`lbtb`ob` Ef`trbe5 lb`
d. QE^DG ka`mbjreb`
ka`mbjreb` Gbk
Gbkj`b`
j`b` ]b`oobh Db`lj`o lb` ljsatfreb` ea ebs `aobrb/lbarbh5

? ]b`oobh Db`lj`o ka`oha`tjeb` prfsas \a`lar. -

8 ]b`oobh Db`lj`o
Db`lj`o yb`o
yb`o lj
ljsbkpbj
sbkpbjeb`
eb` dueb` eapblb E^
E^B,
B, btbu
btbu ljsbkpbje
ljsbkpbjeb`
b` lljiubr
jiubr kbsb ]b`oobh Db`lj`
Db`lj`o,
o, -
 ljb`oobp sadbobj pa`oblub` lb` ljprfsas sadbobjkb`b pa`b`ob`b` pa`oblub`

L. ^rfsalur ^a`b`ob`b` ]b`oobh

Dbob` Bijr \j`lbe Ib`gut ]b`oobh

 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
=4
==
 
 

TASJQ
TAS JQ \AT
\ATHBLB^
HBLB^ LFEQK
LFEQKA@
A@ ^AT
^AT]JB^
]JB^B@
B@ ^A@
^A@OBLBB@
OBLBB@
  DBTB@O/GB
DB TB@O/GB]B
]B ^AKATJ@\
^AKATJ@\BH.
BH.

KB\ATJ  4 ^A@ZQ
^A@ZQ]Q@B@
]Q@B@ LB@ ^A@GAIB ]B@ LFEQKA@ ^AKJIJHB@
^AKJIJHB@

KAIBEQEB@  = ^A@
^A@JIBJB@
JIBJB@ E QBIJCJEB]J.
^AKJIJHB@ ^A@ZALJB
DBTB@O/GB]B  < ASBIQB]J ^A@BTB@
^AKATJ@\BH  1 ^A@OAIFIBB@ ]B@OOBH
IASAI 2 ^A@ZQ]Q@B@ LBC\BT ^A@ZALJB DBTB@O/GB]B
 3 ^AKATJ@\BH
@AOF]JB]BJ LBIBK ^A@OBLBB@/DBTB@O/GB]B
 ? ^AKATJ@\BH
^A@OB
OBLB
LBB@
B@ DBTB@
DBTB@OO/G
/GB]
B]B
B ^AKATJ@\BH LA@
LA@OB
OB@@
 8 ^AT]Z
^AT]ZBTB\
BTB\B@
B@ EHQ]Q] LB@/B\
LB @/B\BQ
BQ ]^A]JCJE.
TJ]JEF ^BL
BLB
B ^AKJIJ
IJH
HB@ ^A@ZALJB ^A@OBL
BLBB
BB@
@
 : DBTB
DBTB@O/GB]B
@O/GB]B ^AKA
^AKATJ@\
TJ@\BH
BH

LB
LB\
\B @O/GB]B
LB@
LB @ J@C
@CF
FTKB
KB]]JBH^BL
BLB
B ^AKJIJ
IJHB
HB@
@ ^A@ZALJB
  DBTB@O/GB]B
DBTB ^AKATJ@\
^AKATJ@\BH
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
==

 
B. ^a`oartjb`

’
^a`yusu`b` lbctbr pa`yaljb dbrb`o/gbsb lbpbt ljlacj`jsjeb`

    ’
sadboj prfsas u`tue ka`atbpeb` paibeu usbhb btbu pa`yaljb

dbrb`o/gbsbu`tue
yb`okaka`uhj
lj`jibj pfta`sjbi darlbsbreb`
eadutuhb` erjtarjb tarta`tu
dbrb`o/gbsb

    ’
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
=<
 

^fta`sj Ej`argb ^a`yaljb

Eakbkpub` blkj`jstrbsj

Eakbkpub` tae`js ukuk

Eakbkpub` eaub`ob`

Eakbkpub` E=II
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
=1
 

\ugub` lbrj pa`yusu`b` lbctbr pa`yaljb dbrb`o/gbsb

\arsaljb`yb \arsaljb`yb Kakj`jkbieb`

j`cfrkbsj pbsbr yb`o j`cfrkbsj pbsbr yb`o tbhbpb` prfsas
ljpariueb`b`bijsjs
kaibeueb` u`tue ljpariueb` u`tue
kaibeueb` pakjijhb` pa`yaljb
dbrb`o/gbsb
pbsbr  pakdj`bb` tarhblbp
paibeu usbhb.
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
=3
 

\bhbpb`
D. \bhbpb` ^a`yusu`b` Lbctbr ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb

Kaibeueb` pakatbb`
(kbppj`o )
dbrb`o/gbsb (btbu Ka`oobkdbreb`
eaifkpfe Ka`a`tueb` strbtaoj hbsji pa`jibjb` lb`
Kaibeueb` dbrb`o/gbsb) ea pa`oblbb`, tarkbsue pakarj`oebtb` lbrj
b`bijsb pakdaijb` lbibk Kflai ^fsjsj  ga`js, ebrbetar, lb` Ka`a`tueb` erjtarjb pbrb ^a`yaljb ea
(spa`l b`biysjs)
b`biysjs) ^bsfeb` (]uppiy
(]uppiy hudu`ob` djs`js pa`jibjb` tarhblbp lbibk orbcje
^fsjtjf`j`o la`ob` pa`yaljb pfta`sj ej`argb yb`o eakbkpub`-
tarhblbp sakub
dbrb`o/gbsb Kflai/]^FK) yb`o ljj`oj`eb` beb` ljueur  kftjvbsj.

2   4   = < 1 3   ? 8    : 2>

Ka`oebtaofrjeb` Kakjijh Ka`oobij j`cfrkbsj Kaibeueb` Ka`atbpeb`

dbrb`o/gbsb yb`o ta`tb`o pfta`sj pa`jibjb` tarhblbp pa`yaljb yb`o iuius
lb`
ka`oaifkpfeb` beb` ljavbiubsj ej`argb (darlbsbreb` pfta`sj ej`argb darlbsbreb`
pa`yaljb`yb eakbkpub` lb` pa`yaljb, parj`oebt lb`
 ga`js dbrb`o/gbsb kftjvbsj) pa`yaljb ka`mb`tukeb` ea
sambrb ka`lbibk. lbibk lbctbr
pa`yaljb dbrb`o/gbsb
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
=?
 

]jcbt Eadutuhb` lb` ]jcbt Dbrb`o/Gbsb Lbctbr ^a`yaljb

@ f. ]jcbt Eadutuhb` ]jcbt Dbrb`o/Gbsb Da`tue Lbctbr ^a`yaljb
2.   •
  Tutj`. •
  Dbrb`o/gbsb stb`lbr btbu lbpbt •
  ^a`yaljb taibh tareubijcjebsj.
•   Gukibh eadutuhb` dasbr. ljstb`lbreb`. •   Lbctbr ^a`yaljb ka`mb`tukeb`7
•   Eadutuhb` daruib`o. •   Hbrob raibtjc tjlbe darciuetubtjc. j. @bkb
@bkb ^a`
^a`ya
yalj
ljb.
b.
•   Db`ybe karae lb` paibeu usbhb lj pbsbr. jj. @bkb ^rflue Dbrb`o/
Dbrb`o/Gbsb.
Gbsb.
jjj. ]pasjcjebsj
]pasjcjebsj Dbrb`o/Gbsb.
Dbrb`o/Gbsb.
jv. Hbrob Dbrb`o/
Dbrb`o/Gbsb.
Gbsb.
Mf`tfh7
Ebtbifo Aiaetrf`je.
4.   •   \jlbe rutj`. •   Dbrb`o/gbsb stb`lbr btbu la`ob` ebrbetar
ebrbetar •   ^aibeu Qsbhb taibh tareubijcjebsj.
•   Gukibh eadutuhb` saljejt. spasjcje. •   Lbctbr ^aibeu Qsbhb ka`mb`tukeb`7
•   Eadutuhb` tjlbe daruib`o. •   Hbrob lbpbt darciuetubtjc sasubj ef`ljsj j. @bkb
@bkb ^aibeu
^aibeu Qsb
Qsbhb.
hb.

•
pbsbr. paibeu usbhb lj pbsbr.
  Db`ybe jj. Ebtaofrj
Ebtaofrj ^rflue Dbrb`o/G
Dbrb`o/Gbsb.
bsb.
Mf`tfh7
•   ]jstak J`cfrkbsj Ej`argb ^a`yaljb (]JEB^)

=.   •   Eadutuhb` darsjcbt u`je.   •   Dbrb`o/gbsb la`ob` ebrbetar spasjcje. •   ^aibeu usbhb daiuk tareubijcjebsj.
•   \jlbe db`ybe paibeu usbhb lj pbsbr. •   ^aibeu usbhb taibh tarvarjcjebsj.
• •

  Hbrob darvbrjbsj sasubj ebrbetarjstje

paeargbb`.   ^aibeu
Lbctbr ^a`yaljb
usbhb. ka`mb`tukeb`7 @bkb
 Mf`tfh7
•   Lbctbr ^aibeu Qsbhb \arvarjcjebsj I^]A.
=:
 
 

TAS
TASJQ
JQ \AT
\ATHBLB^
HBLB^ LFEQK
LFEQKA@
A@ ^AT
^AT]JB^
]JB^B@
B@ ^A@
^A@OBLBB@
OBLBB@
  DBTB@O/GB
DB TB@O/GB]B
]B ^AKATJ@\
^AKATJ@\BH.
BH.

KB\ATJ  4 ^A@ZQ
^A@ZQ]Q@B@
]Q@B@ LB@ ^A@GAIB ]B@ LFEQKA@ ^AKJIJHB@
^AKJIJHB@

KAIBEQEB@  = ^A@
^A@JIBJB@
JIBJB@ E QBIJCJEB]J.
^AKJIJHB@ ^A@ZALJB
DBTB@O/GB]B  < AS
ASBI
BI QB]J ^A@B
^A@B_
_BTB
BTB@@

^AKATJ@\BH  1 ^A@OAIFIBB@ ]B@OOBH

IASAI 2 ^A@ZQ]Q@B@
^A@ZQ]Q@B@ LBC\BT
LBC\BT ^A@Z
^A@ZALJB
ALJB DB TB@O/GB]B
 3 ^AKATJ@\BH
@AOF]JB]BJ LBIBK ^A@OBLBB@/DBTB@O/GB]B
 ? ^AKATJ@\BH
^A@OB
OBLB
LBB@
B@ DBTB@
DBTB@O
O/G
/GB]
B]B
B ^AKATJ@\BH LA@
LA@OB
OB@
@
 8 ^AT]Z
^AT]ZBTB\
BTB\B@
B@ EHQ]Q] LB@/B\
LB @/B\BQ
BQ ]^A]JCJE.
TJ]JEF ^BL
BLB
B ^AKJIJ
IJH
HB@ ^A@ZALJB ^A@OBL
BLBB
BB@
@
 : DBTB@O/GB]B
DBTB @O/GB]B ^AKA
^AKATJ@\
TJ@\BH
BH

LB
LB\
\B @O/GB]B
LB@
LB @ J@C
DBTB@O/GB]B
DBTB @CF
FTKB
KB]]JBH^BL
^AKATJ@\
^AKATJ@\BH BLB
B ^AKJIJ
IJHB
HB@
@ ^A@ZALJB
  
Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
=:

 
B. ^a`oartjb`
Lbibk ef`taes pa`oblbb`, `aofsjbsj blbibh Hbrob tara`lbh

    ’
prfsas yb`o ka`ob`tbreb` eapblb easapbebtb`
ta`tb`o ef`ljsj ef`trbe, kaibiuj ljseusj b`tbrb @aofsjbsj
pakjije paeargbb` btbu pakdaij lb` pa`yaljb
dbrb`o/ gbsb btbu pa`gubi

    ’
^a`bwbrb` yb`o
kaka`uhj lb` tu`lue
pblb parsybrbtb`
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
<>
 

@ Q`sur @aofsjbsj
A Karupbeb` sadubh prfsas
O
Kaijdbteb` frb`o-frb`o lbrj lub pjhbe btbu iadjh
F
]
Kakpu`ybj eapa`tj`ob` darsbkb
J
\arlbpbt partuebrb` sukdar lbyb btbu j`cfrkbsj,
B
]
dbje la`ob` mbrb tbwbr ka`bwbr btbu partuebrb`

j Dartugub` ka`mbpbj easapbebtb`

 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
<2
 

^a`arbpb` @aofsjbsj
]aiaesj Gbsb Ef`suitb`sj ^a`u`gueb` Ib`osu`o**

^a`oblbb` Dbrb`o/Gbsb lbibk ^a`oblbb` Ib`osu`o la`ob` da`tue

^a`b`ob`b` Eablbb` Lbrurbt ef`trbe ]^E

A-^urmhbsj`o  (pakdaijb`
 (pakdaijb` kaibiuj ^rfsas ^a`mb`tukb` ^a`yaljb Ebtbifo
Ebtbifo Aiaetrf`je) Aiaetrf`je

- \a`lar la`ob` Katfla ^akbsueb` ^a`bwbrb` Lub \bhbp

\bhbp
- \a`lar ljkb`b pasartb yb`o kakbsueb` pa`bwbrb` & iuius avbiubsj tae`js hb`yb 2 pasartb
- \a`lar paeargbb` ef`struesj ljkb`b pasartb yb`o iuius avbiubsj tae`js hb`yb 2(sbtu) pasartb
 **Eablbb` \arta`tu lb` \a`lar/]aiaesj
\a`lar/]aiaesj Qib`o Obobi ljkb`b eadutuhb` dbrb`o/gbsb
Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
tjlbe lbpbt ljtu`lb btbu tjlbe mueup wbetu u`tue kaibesb`beb` \a`lar/]aiaesj
<4
 

D. ^aibesb`bb` @aofsjbsj

]adaiuk ]aib
]aibkb
kb ^a
^aib
ibes
esb`
b`bb
bb`
`
^aib
^aibes
esb`
b`bb
bb`
` Ef
Ef`t
`trb
rbe
e Ef`trbe
• ]adaiuk pa`u
]adaiuk pa`u`gue
`gueeb`
eb` • ]adaiuk lji
]adaiuk ljibeue
beueb``y
b``yb
b
pa`yaljb vbrjbsj
vbrjbsj/pa
/parud
rudbhb`
bhb` ef`
ef`trb
trbe
e
• •

]a
]ada
daiu
iuk
ef`trbek tb
tb`l
`lb
b tb
tb`o
`ob`
b` ]a
]atj
tjbp
bp eb
saibkb
saibkb ebij
ij kbsbi
paibkb
paibesbsbibh
bh tjkd
esb`bb`
`bb` tjkdui
ui
ef`trbe.
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
<=
 

D. \QGQB@ @AOF]JB]J
2. Kakparfiah hbrob yb`o 4. Kaybej`eb` eagaibsb` =. Kawuguleb` beu`tbdjijtbs
sasubj la`ob` hbrob pbsbr yb`o sudstb`sj tae`js, katfla, lb` prfsas ^a`oblbb`
daribeu lb` sambrb tae`js djbyb Dbrb`o/Gbsb ^akarj`tbh

<. Kakdarjeb` rub`o eadadbsb`

lbibk ka`atbpeb` jsj 1. Kakparfiah easapbebtb`
easapbebtb`
easapbebtb` pblb pa`a`tub` djbyb yb`o acjsja` lb` acaetjc 
hbrob lb` eubijtbs tae`js
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
<<
 

M. ^brb ^jhbe Lbibk @aofsjbsj ^a`oblbb` Dbrb`o/Gbsb

^akarj`tbh

^fegb ^agbdbt ^^E   ^asartb Mbif`

^akjijhb` ^a`oblbb` ^aka`b`o
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
<1
<3
 
 

TAS
TASJQ
JQ \AT
\ATHBLB^
HBLB^ LFEQK
LFEQKA@
A@ ^AT
^AT]JB^
]JB^B@
B@ ^A@
^A@OBLBB@
OBLBB@
  DBTB@O/GB
DB TB@O/GB]B
]B ^AKATJ@\
^AKATJ@\BH.
BH.

KB\ATJ  4 ^A@ZQ
^A@ZQ]Q@B@
]Q@B@ LB@ ^A@GAIB ]B@ LFEQKA@ ^AKJIJHB@
^AKJIJHB@

KAIBEQEB@  = ^A@
^A@JIBJB@
JIBJB@ E QBIJCJEB]J.
^AKJIJHB@ ^A@ZALJB
DBTB@O/GB]B  < AS
ASBI
BI QB]J ^A@B
^A@B_
_BTB
BTB@@

^AKATJ@\BH  1 ^A@OAIFIBB@ ]B@OOBH

IASAI 2 ^A@ZQ]Q@B@ LBC\BT
^A@ZQ]Q@B@ LBC\BT ^A@Z
^A@ZALJB
ALJB DB TB@O/GB]B
 3 ^AKATJ@\BH
@AOF]JB]BJ LBIBK ^A@OBLBB@/DBTB@O/GB]B
 ?
^AKATJ@\BH
^A@OBLB
OBLBB@
B@ DBTB@
DBTB@OO/G
/GB]
B]B
B ^AKATJ@\BH LA@
LA@OB@
OB@
 8 ^AT]ZBTB\
^AT]Z BTB\B@
B@ EHQ]Q] LB@/B\
LB @/B\BQ
BQ ]^A]JCJE.
TJ]JEF ^BL
BLB
B ^AKJIJ
IJH
HB@ ^A@ZALJB ^A@OBL
BLBB
BB@
@
 : DBTB@O/GB]B
DBTB @O/GB]B ^AKA
^AKATJ@\
TJ@\BH
BH

LB\
LB\B LB@
LB@ J@C
@CF
FTKB
KB]
]J ^BL
BLB
B ^AKJIJ
IJHB
HB@
@ ^A@ZALJB
   DBTB@O/GB]B
DBTB @O/GB]B ^AKA
^AKATJ@\
TJ@\BH
BH
Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
<3

 
B. ^a`oartjb`

’ ka`oou`beb` eata`tub` ukuk ebra`b ka`oj`obt ebrbetarjstje paeargbb`

^a`oblbb` dbrb`o/gbsb la`ob` parsybrbtb` ehusus lb` btbu spasjcje blbibh
pa`oblbb` dbrb`o/gbsb yb`o tjlbe lbpbt ljibeueb` pa`laebtb` la`ob`

pa`oblbb` dbrb`o/gbsb`yb, sahj`oob kakdutuheb` pakdaribeub`

    ’
    ’
parsybrbtb`-parsybrbtb` ehusus lb`/btbu spasjcje
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
<?
 

^a`arbpb` ^DG la`ob` ^arsybrbtb` Ehusus lb`/btbu ]pasjcje

=. ^a`oblb
^a`oblbb`
b` Dblb
Dblb`
`
2. ^aeargbb` tarj`taorbsj   4.j`tar`bsjfb`bi
\a`lar/saia
a`lar /saiaesj
esj Qsbhb
Qsbhb ^a
^aibe
ibesb
sb`b
`b E^
E^DQ
DQ
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
<8

2. ^aeargbb` \arj`taorbsj

^aeargbb` \arj`taorbsj
\arj`taorbsj blbibh eatjeb ij`oeup paeargbb` lbibk sbtu
pbeat paeargbb` tarljrj iadjh lbrj 2(sbtu) ga`js pa`oblbb`

La`ob` blb`yb pa`oblbb` dbrb`o/gbsb yb`o ljibeueb` sambrb

tarj`taorbsj, parsybrbtb` yb`o ljou`beb` beb` dardalb la`ob`
parsybrbtb` yb`o ljou`beb` u`tue pa`oblbb` dbrb`o/gbsb
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
<:
 

4. \a`lar/]aiaesj
\a`lar/]aiaesj J`tar`bsjf`bi Lb` Lb`b ^j`gbkb` Iubr @aoarj Btbu Hjdbh Iubr @aoarj.

^a`oblbb
^a`o blbb`
`DDbrb`o/Gbsb
brb`o/Gbsb yb`o
Ljibesb`beb` la`ob` Ka`obmu
\a`lar/saiaesj J`tar`bsjf`bi
pblb Eata`tub` ^akdarj
^j`gbkb`/Hjdbh Iubr @aoarj
^asar
^asartb
tb pak
pakjijijhb
jhb`
` lbp
lbpbt
bt dar
darbsb
bsbii
lbrj
lbrj pa
paib
ibeu
eu us
usbh
bhbb `b
`bsj
sjf`
f`bi
bi lb
lb`
` ^j`gbkb` Iubr @aoa
^j`gbkb` @aoarjrj blbi
blbibh
bh satjb
satjbpp
pakdjbybb`
pakdjbyb b` kaib
kaibiujiuj utb`o yb`o
yb`o ljpar
ljparfiah
fiah
paib
pa ibeu
eu us
usbh
bhbb bs
bsj`
j`o
o ^akarj
^ak arj`tb
`tbh
h lbr
lbrjj ^a
^akda
kdarjrj ^j`
^j`gbk
gbkb`
b` Iub
Iubr 
r 
@aoarj
@aoa rj yb`o ljjebt
ljjebt fiah subtu
subtu pargb
pargb`gjb`
`gjb`
pj`gbk
pj`gbkb`
b` lb` tjl
tjlbe
be dar
darda`
da`tue
tue sur
surbt
bt dar
darhbr
hbrob
ob
`aobrb,
`aobr b, yb`o hbrus ljdby
ljdbybrbr eakd
eakdbij
bij la`ob
la`ob` `
parsybrbtb
parsy brbtb`
` tarta
tarta`tu
`tu (^^ 2> \bhu`
\bhu` 4>2
4>22)
2)

Hjdbh blb
Hjdbh blbibh
ibh sat
satjbp
jbp pa`
pa`arj
arjkb
kbb`b` `ao
`aobrb
brb lbi
lbibk
bk
da`tue
da`tu e lavjs
lavjsb,
b, lavjsb yb`o ljrupjbheb
ljrupjbheb`, `,
rupjbh,
rupjbh, dbrb`o
dbrb`o,, gbsb
gbsb lb`/
lb`/btbu
btbu surbt darhb
darhbrob
rob
yb`o
yb` o ljp
ljparf
arfiah
iah lbr
lbrjj ^ak
^akdar
darjj Hjd
Hjdbh
bh yb
yb`o
`o tjlbe
pariu ljdb
ljdbybr
ybr eakd
eakdbij,
bij, yb`o darbs
darbsbi bi lbrj lbib
lbibkk
`aoarj
`aoa rj btbu iubr `aoar
`aoarjj (^^ 2> \bhu`
\bhu` 4>2
4>22)2)
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
1>
 

=. ^a`oblbb` Dblb`La`ob`
Qsbhb ^aibesb`b Eargbsbkb ^akarj`tbh
Dblb` Qsbhb

Eargbsbkb ^akarj`tbh la`ob` Dblb` Qsbhb (E^DQ

(E^DQ)) blbibh eargbsbkb b`tbrb
pakarj`tbh lb` Dblb` Qsbhb lbibk ^a`yaljbb` J`crbstruetur u`tue eapa`tj`ob`
ukuk la`ob` ka`obmu pblb spasjcjebsj yb`o taibh ljtatbpeb` sadaiuk`yb fiah
Ka`tarj/Eapbib Iakdbob/Eapbib Lbarbh/ Dblb` Qsbhb Kjije @aobrb/Dblb`
Qsbhb Kjije Lbarbh, yb`o sadbojb` btbu saiuruh`yb ka`oou`beb` sukdar lbyb
Dblb` Qsbhb la`ob` kakparhbtjeb` pakdbojb` rjsjef ljb`tbrb pbrb pjhbe.
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
12

 
^a
D. ^a`o
`ob
blbb
lbb`
` Eh
Ehus
usus
us

’
^a`oblb
^a`o blbb`
b` dbrb`
dbrb`o/
o/gbs
gbsbb yb`
yb`oo pa
pariu
riu lj
ljdal
dalbebeb`
b` eat
eata`t
a`tub`
ub`--
eata
eata`t
samb
sa
^a`ob
^a`oblb
`tub
mbrb
ub``

lbb`
``yb
rb uk
b` Db
yb eb
ukuk
Dbrb
ebra
uk ea
ra`b
eata
rb`o/
`o/Gb
`b tjlb
ta`t
Gbsb
tjlbe
`tub
ub`
sb ^a
e ka
` ^a
kaku
^arb
^aka
ku`o
rbtu
karj
turb
rj`t
`oej
rb`
`tbh
ej`e
` ^r
bh be
`eb`
^ras
bejd
asjl
jdbt
 
b` pa
pa`a
jla`
`arb
a` ta
bt sub
rbpb
ta`t
subtu
pb`
`tb`
b`o
tu ea
o
eablb
`

blbb`b`
’
tarta`tu, kaijputj7

^a`oblbb` dbrb`o/gbsb
lbibk rb`oeb pa`b`ob`b` ^a`oblbb` dbrb`o/gbsb lj
iubr `aoarj5 ^a`oblbb` dbrb`o/gbsb
yb`o ljeamubijeb`5
eablbb` lbrurbt5

^a`oblbb` dbrb`
^a`oblbb` dbrb`o/gbsb
o/gbsb
yb`o paibesb`bb``yb
\a`lar/saiaesj ka`obmu
ka`obm u pblb eata`tub
eata`tub``
^a`aijtjb`5
j`tar`bsjfb`bi5 lb` pa`oblbb`
pa`obl bb` dbrb`o
dbrb`o/gbsb
/gbsb
yb`o ljeaiubreb` iakdbob
pakdarjj pj`g
pakdar pj`gbkb`/h
bkb`/hjdbh.
jdbh.
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
14
 

^a`oblbb` Dbrb`o/Gbsb Lbibk Tb`oeb ^a`b`ob`b`

Eablbb` Lbrurbt

^a`oblbb` Dbrb`o/Gbsb
blbibh eaojbtb` lbibk
^a`oblbb` ^a`b`ob`b`
Dbrb`o/Gbsb Eablbb`
lbibk kbsbLbrurbt
stbtus
eablbb` lbrurbt yb`o ljtatbpeb` fiah pjhbe yb`o darwa`b`o.

**]t
**]tbt
btus
us ea
eabl
blbb
bb`
` lbru
lbrurrbt da`m
da`mb`
b`b
b ljta
ljtatb
tbpe
peb`
b` sa
sasu
subj
bj Q`lb
Q`lb`o
`o-Q
-Q`l
`lb`
b`o
o @f.
@f. 4< \bhu`
bhu` 4>>?
4>>? ta
ta`t
`tb`
b`o
o
pa`b`oouib`ob`
pa`b`oouib`ob` da`mb`b
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
1=
 

Eablbbb` yb`o ljsadbdeb` fiah da`mb`b bibk, da`mb`b `f` bibk lb`/btbu da`mb`b sfsjbi

sataibh ljtatbpeb` ]tbtus Eablbb` Lbrurbt sasubj eata`tub` parbturb` paru`lb`o-u`lb`ob`

^aibesb`bb` fparbsj pa`mbrjb` lb` partfif`ob` pblb subtu sjtubsj ljkb`b ljpariueb` fparbsj
pa`mbrjb` lb` partfif`ob` ij`tbs j`stjtusj yb`o darsjcbt saoarb,

Earusbeb` sbrb`b/prbsbrb`b yb`o lbpbt ka`oob`oou paibyb`b` pudije ^blb subtu sjtubsj
ljkb`b tarlbpbt sbrb`b/prbsbrb`b pudije yb`o sambrb j`sjla`tji btbu ka`lblbe ka`obibkj
Eablbb` lbrurbt earusbeb`/ob`ooub` sahj`oob paibyb`b` pudije tarob`oou sambrb sjo`jcjeb`/tarha`tj lb`
hbrus saoarb ljeakdbijeb` cu`osj`yb pblb ef`ljsj `frkbi

Da`mb`b bibk, da`mb`b `f` bibk, da`mb`b sfsjbi, pareakdb`ob` sjtubsj pfijtje lb`
eabkb`b` ljiubr `aoarj yb`o kakjijej lbkpbe ib`osu`o ib`osu`o tarhblbp easaibkbtb` lb`
eatartjdb` wbrob `aobrb J`lf`asjb lj iubr `aoarj
 ^akdarjb` db`tub` eakb`usjbb` eapblb `aobrb ibj` yb`o tarea`b da`mb`b

Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2

^a`oblbb` Dbrb`o/Gbsb Lj Iubr @aoarj

Lbsbr hueuk u`tue pa`oblbb` dbrb`o/gbsb lj

iubr `aoarj ka`ojeutj eata`tub` ^arbturb`
^arbturb`
^rasjla` @f. 23/4>28 j`j, lbibk hbi tjlbe lbpbt
ljibesb`beb` kbeb lbpbt ka`yasubjeb` la`ob`
eata`tub` pa`oblbb` dbrb`o/gbsb `aobrb
satakpbt.
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
11
 

^a`oamubijb`

^a`oblbb` Dbrb`o/Gbsb
yb`o ljibesb`beb` ^a`oblbb` Dbrb`o/Gbsb
^a`oblbb` Dbrb`o/Gbsb
darlbsbreb` tbrjc  yb`o ljibesb`beb` sasubj
pblb Dblb` Ibyb`b`
dbrb`o/gbsb yb`o la`ob` prbetje djs`js
Qkuk (DIQ) ljpudijebsjeb` sambrb iubs yb`o sulbh kbpb`
eapblb kbsybrbebt

^a`oblbb` Dbrb`o/Gbsb
yb`o ljbtur la`ob`
eata`tub` parbturb`
paru`lb`o-u`lb`ob`
ibj``yb
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
13
 

^a`aijtjb`
^a`aijtjb` blbibh eaojbtb` yb`o ljibeueb` ka`urut ebjlbh lb` katfla jikjbh sambrb sjstakbtjs u`tue kakparfiah j`cfrkbsj,
lbtb, lb` eatarb`ob` yb`o darebjtb` pakbhbkb` lb` pakduetjb` eada`brb` btbu eatjlbeda`brb` subtu bsuksj lb`/btbu
hjpftasjs lj djlb`o jiku pa`oatbhub` lb` tae`fifoj lb` ka`brje easjkpuib` jikjbh dboj eapariub` eakbgub` jiku pa`oatbhub`
lb`/btbu tae`fifoj.

^a`aijtjb` ljibeueb` fiah7

^a`yaia`oobrb pa`aijtjb` ^B/E^B pblb E/I/^L

^B/E^B E /I/^L

J`ljvjlu btbu eaifkpfe j`ljvjlu kaijputj Bpbrbtur ]jpji @aobrb

^aibesb`b pa`aijtjb`
lb` @f` Bpbrbtur ]jpji @aobrb

Eaka`tarjb`/iakdbob/parb`oebt
Eaka`tarjb`/iakdbob/parb`oebt lbarbh Ljpjijh kaibiuj7
b. EfEfkpa
kpatjs
tjsjj
^arourub` \j`ooj @aoarj btbu ^arourub` \j`ooj ]wbstb5
d. ^a^a`uo
`uobsb
bsb``
Frob`jsbsj Eakbsybrbebtb`
 Dblb` Qsbhb
Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
1?
 

\bhbpb` Eaojbtb`
Eaojb tb` ^a`ai
^a`aijtjb`
jtjb`

Eata`tub` iadjh ib`gut ka`oa`bj pa`aijtjb` ljbtur la`ob` parbturb` ka`tarj yb`o ka`yaia`oobrbeb` urusb`
pakarj`tbhb` lj djlb`o rjsat, tae`fifoj, lb` pa`ljljeb` tj`ooj.
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
18
1:
 
 

TAS
TASJQ
JQ \AT
\ATHBLB^
HBLB^ LFEQK
LFEQKA@
A@ ^AT
^AT]JB^
]JB^B@
B@ ^A@
^A@OBLBB@
OBLBB@
  DBTB@O/GB
DB TB@O/GB]B
]B ^AKATJ@\
^AKATJ@\BH.
BH.

KB\ATJ  4 ^A@ZQ
^A@ZQ]Q@B@
]Q@B@ LB@ ^A@GAIB ]B@ LFEQKA@ ^AKJIJHB@
^AKJIJHB@

KAIBEQEB@  = ^A@
^A@JIBJB@
JIBJB@ E QBIJCJEB]J.
^AKJIJHB@ ^A@ZALJB
DBTB@O/GB]B  < AS
ASBI
BI QB]J ^A@B
^A@B_
_BTB
BTB@@

^AKATJ@\BH  1 ^A@OAIFIBB@ ]B@OOBH

IASAI 2 ^A@ZQ]Q@B@
^A@ZQ]Q@B@ LBC\BT
LBC\BT ^A@Z
^A@ZALJB
ALJB DB TB@O/GB]B
 3 ^AKATJ@\BH
@AOF]JB]BJ LBIBK ^A@OBLBB@/DBTB@O/GB]B
 ?
^AKATJ@\BH
^A@OBL
^A@O BLBB@
BB@ DBTDBTB@
B@O/
O/GB]
GB]B
B ^A
^AK
KAT
ATJ@
J@\\BH LALA@O
@OB@
B@
 8 ^AT]Z
^AT]ZBTB\B@
BTB\B@ EHQ]Q]
E HQ]Q] LB@/B\BQ ]^A]JCJE.
TJ]JEF ^BLB
BLB ^AKJIJ
IJH
HB@ ^A@ZALJB ^A@OBLBB
BLBB@
@
 : DBTB
DBTB@O/GB]B
@O/GB]B ^AKATJ@\
^AKATJ@\BH
BH
 LB\B LB
LB\ LB@@ J@C
@CF
FTKB
KB]]J ^BL
BLB
B ^AKJIJ
IJHB
HB@
@ ^A@ZALJB
  DBTB@O/GB]B
DBTB @O/GB]B ^AKA
^AKATJ@\
TJ@\BH
BH
Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
1:
 

Dada
Dadarb
rbpb
pb mf`t
mf`tfh
fh rjsj
rjsjef
ef yb`o
yb`o eaku
eaku`o
`oej
ej`b
`b`
` beb`
beb` ljhb
ljhblb
lbpj
pj fiah
fiah pa`o
pa`oai
aifi
fib
b ^a`o
^a`obl
blbb
bb`
`
Dbrb`o
Dbrb`o/Gb
/Gbsb
sb ^akarj
^akarj`tb
`tbh
h pblb
pblb satjbp
satjbp tbhbpb
tbhbpb`
` pakjij
pakjijhb`
hb` pa`yal
pa`yaljb
jb dbrb`o
dbrb`o/gb
/gbsb7
sb7
@f \bhbpb` Tjsjef ^a`yadbd Lbkpbe ^a`b`ob`b`
2 Tavju Hbsji ravju tarhblbp • Eurb`o
Eurb`o`yb
`yb lbt
lbtb
b lue
lueu`o
u`o yb`o
yb`o tarsalj
tarsaljb
b Lfeuka` • ^rfsalur
^rfsalur pa`yusu`b`
pa`yusu`b`
tarhblbp lfeuka` parsjbpb` yb`o ka`gblj lbsbr pa`yusu`b` parsjbpb` EBE/]pasjcjebsj
Lfeuka` kakdar
arjjeb` rae
aef
fka`
a`lb
lbs
sj EB
EBE/
E/ ]p
]pas
asjc
jcje
jebs
bsjj \ae
ae`j
`js,
s, Tb
Tb`m
`mb`
b`ob
ob`
` pa`obl
pa`oblbb`
bb` tjlbe
tjlbe \ae`js, H^], lb`
^arsjbpb` yb`o tjlbe sasubj la`ob` Ef`trbe,
Ef`trbe, H^]. sasubj la`ob` Tb`mb`ob`
Tb`mb`ob` Ef`trbe.
Ef`trbe.
^a`oblbb` eata
eata`t
`tub
ub`
` lb`/
lb`/bt
btbu
bu eb
ebjl
jlbh
bh-- • Tavj
Tavju
u ljib
ljibeu
eueb
eb`
` fiah
fiah pjhb
pjhbe
e yb`o
yb`o tjlb
tjlbe
e eata`tub`, • ^a`j`oebtb`
ebjlbh
ebjlbh pa`yus
pa`yusu`b
u`b`
` lfe
lfeuka
uka`
` efkpata`. ebrbetarjstje ebp
bpbs
bsjjtbs
tbs pa
pa`o
`oai
aif
fib
parsjbpb`
parsjbpb` pa`ob
pa`oblbb`.
lbb`. paear
arggbb`, lb` pa`oblbb`.
ef`ljsj
ef`ljsj pbsbr.
pbsbr.

4 ^a`yusu`b` Lfeuka
Lfeuka`
` ^ak
^akjij
jijhb`
hb` tjl
tjlbe
be • Eurb`o`yb racara`sj yb`o lbpbt ^akjijhb` • ^rfsalur
^rfsalur pa`yusu`b`
pa`yusu`b`
Lfeuka`
^akjijhb` sasubj
sasubj la`ob`
la`ob` eata`
eata`tub`,
tub`, ljg
ljgblj
bljeb
eb`
` bmub
bmub`
` u`
u`tu
tue
e pa
pa`y
`yus
usu`
u`b`
b` pa`yaljb lfeuka`
lfeuka` pakjijhb`.
pakjijhb`.
btbu ebrbe
ebrbetarjs
tarjstje
tje paeargbb`.
paeargbb`. lfeuka`
lfeuka` pakji
pakjijhb`.
jhb`. dbrb`o/gbsb • ^a`j`oebtb`
• ^a`yusu`b` lfeuka` pakjijhb` ka`obibkj ebp
bpbs
bsjjtbs
tbs pa
pa`o
`oai
aif
fib
ljibeueb` fiah pjhbe yb`o tjlbe eaobobib`. pa`oblbb`.
efkpata`.
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
3>
 

@f \bhbpb` Tjsjef ^a`yadbd Lbkpbe ^a`b`ob`b`

= ^a`gaibsb` ^asart
^asartb
b ka`
ka`arj
arjkb
kb j`c
j`cfrk
frkbsj
bsj ^akdar
^akdarjb`
jb` pa`
pa`gai
gaibsb
bsb`
` ljibeu
ljibeueb`
eb` ^a`b
^a`bwb
wbrb
rb`
` pas
asar
artb
tb • ^r
^rfs
fsal
alur
ur pa
pakd
kdar
arjb
jb`
`
Lfeuka`
^akjijhb` yb`o
yb`o tjl
tjlbe
be sasubj
sasubj.. fia
fiah
h pjh
pjhbe
be yb`o
yb`o tjl
tjlbe
be efk
efkpat
pata`.
a`. tjlb
tjlbe
e sas
asub
ubjj la`
a`o
ob` pa`gaibsb`.
parsybrbtb`. • ^a`j`oebtb`
ebpb
ebpbsj
sjtb
tbs
s pa
pa`o
`oai
aifi
fib
b
pa`oblbb`.

< ^a`jibjb` Hbsji eubijcjebsj dueb` • ^asa

^asart
rtb
b ka
ka`y
`ybk
bkpb
pbje
jeb`
b` lbtb
lbtb ^asartb lbrj hbsji • ^rfsalur
^rfsalur pakdue
pakduetjb`
tjb`
Eubijcjebsj
^asartb karupbeb` eakbkpub` eubijc
eubijcjeb
jebsj
sj yb`o
yb`o tjlbe
tjlbe da`
da`br
br.. eubijcjebsj tjlbe eubijcjebsj.
^akjijhb` pasartb yb`o • ^a`jib
^a`jibjb`
jb` eub
eubijc
ijcjeb
jebsj
sj ljibeu
ljibeueb`
eb` kakjij
kakjijej
ej eak
eakbkp
bkpub`
ub` • ^a`j`oebtb`
sasu`oouh`yb. fiah pjhbe yb`o tjlbe kaibeueb` ebpb
ebpbsj
sjtb
tbs
s pa
pa`o
`oai
aifi
fib
b
efkpata`. paeargbb`. pa`oblbb`.

1 Avbiubsj ^a`bwb
^a`bwbrb`
rb` yb`
yb`o
o ljt
ljtatb
atbpeb
peb`
` Av
Avbi
biub
ubsj
sj pa`b
pa`bwb
wbrb
rb`
` ljib
ljibeu
eueb
eb`
` ^aibesb`bb` ^a
^a`j
`j`o
`oeb
ebtb
tb`
` ebpb
ebpbsj
sjtb
tbs
s
^a`bwbrb`
sadbobj paka`b`o tjlbe fia
fiah
h pjh
pjhbe
be yb`o
yb`o tjl
tjlbe
be efk
efkpat
pata`.
a`. paeargbb`
paeargbb` ka`obibkj
ka`obibkj pa`oaifib
pa`oaifib pa`oblbb`.
pa`oblbb`.
kaka`uhj
kaka`uhj parsy
parsybrbtb`
brbtb`.. eaobobib`.
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
32
 

@f \bhbpb` Tjsjef ^a`yadbd Lbkpbe ^a`b`ob`b`

3 ^a`oaifibb` ^a`oaifibb` sb`oobh ^a`oaifbb` sb`oobh ^aib`oobrb` • ^rfsalur 
]b`oobh
tj
tjl
lbe lji
ljibeu
beueb
eb`
` sam
sambrb
brb ljibeueb` fiah pjhbe yb`o tarhblbp pa`oaifibb`
da`br sasub
sasubjj eata`
eata`tub`
tub`.. tjlbe
tjlbe efkp
efkpata`
ata`.. eata`tub`. sb`oobh.
• ^a`j`oebtb`
ebpbsjtbs
pa`oaifib
pa`oblbb`.
? @aofsjbsj Hbsji `aofsjbsj tjlbe • @a
@aof
ofsj
sjbs
bsjj lj
ljib
ibeu
eueb
eb`
` tb
tb`p
`pb
b @jibj ef`trbe • ^rfsalur 

kaka`uhj prj`sjp lueu`o

lueu`ob`
b` lbt
lbtb
b beu
beurbt
rbt.. taribiu
taribiu kbhbi.
kbhbi. `aofsjbsj.
acj
acjsja
sja`
` lb` aca
acaetj
etjc.
c. • @aof
@aofsj
sjbs
bsj.
j. lj
ljib
ibeu
eueb
eb`
` fi fiah
ah • ^a`j`oebtb`
pjhbe
pjhbe yb`o
yb`o tjlbe
tjlbe efk
efkpat
pata`.
a`. ebpbsjtbs
pa`oaifib
pa`oblbb`.
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
34
3=
 
 

TAS
TASJQ
JQ \AT
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DB TB@O/GB]B
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BH.

KB\ATJ  4 ^A@ZQ
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Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2

3=

^a`oartjb`
 

Lbtb
Mbtbtb` btbs eukpuib` cbetb ta`tb`o frb`o, takpbt,
eagbljb`, lb` sasubtu
sa subtu yb`o
yb`o pa`tj`o
pa`tj `o lbibk sadubh
frob`jsbsj

J`cfrkbsj

]aeukpuib`
la`ob` lbtb
lbtb/cbetb
/cbetb
mbrb tarta`tu
ta rta`tu yb`o taibh
sahj`oob ljtbtb lb`
kakpu`ybj brtjljfibh
ljfi
brtj bh
dboj
yb`o kakdbmb

(_hjtta` b`l Da`tiay, 4>>?) 

 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
3<
 

Lb
Lbtb
tb lb` J`cfrk
J`cfrkbsj
bsj ^ak
^akjij
jijhb`
hb` ^a`
^a`ya
yaljb
ljb Db
Dbrb`
rb`o/G
o/Gbsb
bsb 2/4

@f \bhbp ]ukdar Dbhb`/Lbtb/J`cfrkbsj

2 Tavju tarhblbp Lfeuka` • ^^E • Lfeuka` ^arsjbpb`
Lfeuka` ^arsjbpb` ^a`oblbb`.
^a`oblbb`.
^arsjbpb`
^arsjbpb` ^a`ob
^a`oblbb`
lbb` • ^fegb ^akji
^akjijhb`.
jhb`. • Darjtb
Darjtb Bmbrb
Bmbrb Tavju Lfeuka
Lfeuka`
`
• ^agbdbt
^agbdbt ^a`oblbb`.
^a`oblbb`. ^arsjbpb`
^arsjbpb` ^a`oblbb`.
^a`oblbb`.
4 ^a`yusu`b` Lfeuka` • ^fegb ^akjijhb`. • Lfeuka
Lfeuka`
` ^akjij
^akjijhb`
hb` ^a`ya
^a`yaljb
ljb
^akjijhb` • ^agbdbt ^a`oblbb`. Dbrb`o/Gbsb.
•  Bla`luk Lfeuka` ^akjijhb`
^a`yaljb
^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbs
Dbrb`o/Gbsb.
b.
= ^a`gaibsb` Lfeuka` • ^fegb ^akjijhb`. • Darjtb Bmbrb ^akdarjb` ^a`gaibsb`.
^akjijhb` • ^agbdbt ^a`oblbb`. • Lbctbr partb`yb` lb` gbwbdb`.
< ^a`jibjb` Eubijcjebsj   • ^asartb ^akjijhb`. • Lfeuka
Lfeuka`
` Eubijc
Eubijcjeb
jebsj
sj ^asart
^asartb
b
• ^fegb ^akjijhb`. ^akjijhb`.
• ^agbdbt ^a`oblbb`. • Eartbs
Eartbs Eargb
Eargb Avbiub
Avbiubsj.
sj.
 •
Darjtb
Darjtb Bmbrb
Bmbrb ^a`jib
^a`jibjb`
jb` Eubijc
Eubijcjeb
jebsj.
sj.

Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2

31
 

Lbtb
Lbtb lb` J`cfrk
J`cfrkbsj
bsj ^ak
^akjij
jijhb`
hb` ^a
^a`ya
`yaljb
ljb Dbr
Dbrb`o
b`o/Gb
/Gbsb
sb 4/4

@f \bhbp ]ukdar Dbhb`/Lbtb/J`cfrkbsj

1 Avbiubsj ^a`bwbrb` • ^asartb ^akjijhb`. • Lfeuka` ^a`bwbrb` ^asartb
• ^fegb ^akjijhb`. ^akjijhb`.
• ^agbdbt ^a`oblbb`. • Eartbs Eargb Avbiubsj.
•

^a`oaifibb` ]b`oobh Darjtb Bmbrb Avbiubsj ^a`bwbrb`.

3 • ^asartb
^asartb ^akjijhb`.
^akjijhb`. • ]urbt ]b`oobh/ ]b`oobh Db`lj`o.
• ^fegb ^akji
^akjijhb`.
jhb`. • Gbwbdb` ]b`oobh/ ]b`oobh
• ^agbdbt
^agbdbt ^a`oblbb`.
^a`oblbb`. Db`lj`o.
• Gbkj`b` ]b`oobh Db`lj`o.
? @aofsjbsj pa`oblbb`   • ^fegb ^akjijhb`. Darjtb
Darjtb Bmbrb
Bmbrb Hbsji
Hbsji @aofsj
@aofsjbsj
bsj..
• ^agbdbt ^a`oblbb`.
 Ga`js Efkpata`sj Kaibeueb` ^akjijhb` ^a`yaljb Dbrb`o/Gbsb Iavai 2
33
 

\arj
rjkb
kb Eb
E bs jh
jh..
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