GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC MUNGER

( Dept. Of Science & Technology Govt. Of Bihar )

SEMINAR
SUBJECT
DESIGN

OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

JULY 2023 SESSION 2020-23

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Diploma In Engineering
THEORY
OF ELASTIC FAILURES
ABHINAV SIR
Dept. Of Mech Engineering

GPM Kharagpur

GUIDENCE
BY
 SUMAN SAURAV JYOTI KUMARI BIKKI KUMAR
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ROHIT RAJ
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
62/M/20 38/M/20 14/M/20 23/M/20
SESSION SESSION SESSION
2020-23 SESSION
2020-23 2020-23 2020-23

SEMESTER SEMESTER SEMESTER SEMESTER

MANISH KUMAR GAURAV KUMAR AMARDEEP KUMAR

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

15/M/20 55/M/20
29/M/20
SESSION SESSION SESSION
2020-23
2020-23 2020-23

PREPARED
BY SEMESTER SEMESTER SEMESTER
Contents.....................................................................................

1. What is Failure
• Introduction
• Practical Examples
2. Behaviour of material
• Ductile material
• Brittle material
3. Why The Theory Of Failure Required
4. Theory of Failure
• Maximum Principal Stress Theory
• Maximum Shear Stress Theory
• Maximum Principal Strain theory
• Maximum Strain Energy Theory
• Maximum Distortion Energy Theory
 FAILURE OF MACHINE
The meaning failure of the machine is
the non-ability of the component or a
machine to perform its function as per
requirement. Failure of a machine or any
mechanical components does not mean a
total breakdown or not operating. It can
operate but not as per our requirements
Some examples of such components are as
follows :
• I.C. engine crankshaft
• shaft
• Ceiling fan rod
The analysis of failure of material help to
know the actual reason of their failure
Material Failure
There are basically two types of mechanical
failure:
1. Yielding
Yielding results in excessive permanent
deformati
This mostly occurs in ductile materials.
2. Fracture
Fracture results in breaking the
component into two parts.
This mostly occurs in brittle materials
Key Points
A. The limiting strength for ductile
materials is yield point stress Ductile
materials usually fail by yielding i.e.
permanent deformation occurs in the
materials.
B.The limiting strength for brittle materials
is ultimate stress point. Brittle materials
usually fail by fracture
Why The Theory Of Failure Required
If the material is subjected to single type of
stress (axial, bending or torsional), then it is
easy to predict, when the failure is likely to
occur
If material is subjected to complex stress( Bi-
axial & Tri- axial ) system, then it is not easy to
predict the failure. In order to do this, the
Theories of failure are used.
THEORY OF FAILURE 2. Maximum Shear Stress Theory
Since failure of material is complex • Guest/ Tresca's Theory
phenomenon, no single theory is perfect in all • Best For Ductile Material
conditions hence there are several theory for • Shear Stress
predicting failure on basis of different criterias.
3. Maximum Principal Strain Theory
• St. Venant's Theory
• Principal Strain

4. Maximum Strain Energy Theory

• Haigh's Theory
• Strain Energy
1. Maximum Principal Stress Theory ( M.P.S.T 5. Maximum Distortion Energy Theory
• Rankine Theory • Von- Mises Theory
• Best For Brittle Material • Distortion Energy
• Basis Principal Stress • Best For Ductile Material
 MAXIMUM PRINCIPAL STRESS
1
THEORY

This theory is also known as maximum principal stress theory

or Rankine's theory, named after a Scottish civil engineer
William John Macquorn Rankine (1820–1872)
According to theory
This theory states that the failure of the mechanical component
subjected to Bi- Axial or tri-Axial stress ,when the maximum
principal stress reaches the yield or ultimate strength of the
material
σ1 ≥ Syt Or Sut
⇓ ⇓
ductile brittle
Mathematically Representation
The Principal stress

The maximum principal Stress

The minimum principal Stress For Failure

Assume
σ1 > σ2> σ3
σ1 ≥ Syt or Sut.

For Design
σ1 < Syt or Sut.
So according to this theory, taking Factor of Graphically represented For Failure
safety (FOS) into consideration,the According to this theory
maximum principal or normal stress in a bi-
axial stress system is given by

For Ductile materials where dyt is yield

point stress from simple tension test

For Brittle materials where σ is ultimate
stress from simple tension test.
The boundary of the square defines the
failure criterion. The material is safer for the
principal stresses lying within the square,
but fails when the stresses lie on or outside
the square
 2
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS THEORY
Henri Edouard Tresca, born on 12 October 1814, was a
French mechanical engineer. He discovered the Tresca
yield criterion, also called maximum shear stress theory or
Guest/ Tresca's Theory ,He is called the ‘father of
plasticity’

According to this theory,

a material fails, when the maximum shear stress developed
in the material equals to the maximum shear stress at the
yield point in the uniaxial tension test
Permissible aur working Shere Stress

Maximum Shere Stress Theory is used

for Ductile Material
 3
MAXIMUM PRINCIPAL STRAIN THEORY

This theory is also called maximum principal strain theory

or Saint Venant’s criterion in honour of a French
mathematician Saint Venan

According to this theory, the elastic failure or yielding

occurs at a point in a member when the maximum
principal (normal) strain in a bi-axial stress reaches the
limiting value of strain as determined from a simple tensile
test.
 Mathematically Represented

This theory is suitable for ductile

materials.
 4
MAXIMUM STRAIN ENERGY THEORY

According to this theory, the failure or yield occur at a

point in a member when the strain energy per unit volume
in bi-axial stress system reaches the limiting strain energy
per unit volume in simple tension test
• Maximum Strain Energy theory or total Strain Energy
theory or Heigh's Theory
STRAIN ENERGY Strain Energy

Strain Energy - The energy

stored in a body due to
deformation Strain Energy Density

Area Under the curve

⇓
Work done
⇓
Strain energy (U)
Maximum strain energy Mathematically - Graphical representation

Strain energy par unit volume in a biracial

stress system is given by

The limiting strain energy par unit bol for

yielding is given by

According To Maximum Strain Energy

Theory

This theory used for ductile materials

 5
MAXIMUM DISTORTION ENERGY THEORY

This theory is also known as von Mises yield criterion, named

after a German-American mathema- tician Richard von Mises
(1883-1953) or octahedral shear theory or maximum shear
strain energy theory

the most popular theory for predicting yielding in ductile

materials

According to this theory, a material begins yielding, when the

maximum shear strain energy (also called distortion energy)
per unit volume equals to the shear strain energy per unit
volume at the yield point in the uniaxial tension test
Graphical representation
The bounding of the ellipse defines the failure
criteria. The material is safer for the principal
stresses lying within the ellipse, but fails if the
stresses lie on or outside the ellipse
THANK YOU!