HARMONICS

O V E RV I E W, E F F E C T S , M I T I G AT I O N T E C H N I Q U E S A N D E VA L U AT I O N
PRESENTED BY: DENIS R ESTRELLA, PEE-IIEE

President/Managing Director
FIRST DEERS COSNSULT INC

Chief Technical Officer

HOPE ELECTRIC
CNC-ELECTRIC Philippine Distributor

Partner
MEP Global Inc
OUTLINE ❑ Power System Harmonics?
❑ Why Harmonics are Troublesome?
❑ Nonlinear Loads Producing Harmonic
Currents
❑ Harmonic Distortion?
❑ Negative Effects of Sustained
Harmonics
❑ Mitigation of the Effects of Harmonics
❑ Evaluation of AC Power System
Harmonics?
❑ Conclusions
❑ References
 WHAT ARE POWER
SYSTEM
HARMONICS?
Supply Voltage
HARMONICS OVERVIEW

Voltage is typically
supplied as a sine wave.

Current Waveform ≠ Voltage Non-linear Current

Waveform
Current waveform is non-
linear.
Harmonics occur whenever the current waveform is distorted.
Distortion → Harmonics
 HARMONICS
OVERVIEW

Any periodic waveform can be expressed as an infinite sum of

WHAT ARE POWER sine waves in integral multiples called “harmonics”.

SYSTEM HARMONICS?
 ( )

• Fourier Series Y (t ) =  ch sin ht + h
h =1

Actual Fundamental Harmonics

Y(wt) h=1

= + h=5

.. h=7
.
. ..
h=11
h=13

Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier h=17

(21 March 1768 – 16 May 1830)
Math Used to Find a Waveform’s Components
 NO ONE’S PERFECT…

WHAT ARE POWER

Input Voltage Output Voltage
SYSTEM
HARMONICS? Input Current Output Current

❑ Harmonic: a mathematical VFDs

definition, generally used when
talking about Integral orders of 1st harmonic: 60Hz
Fundamental frequencies 2nd harmonic: 120Hz
3rd harmonic: 180Hz
❑ Power system harmonics: 5th harmonics: 300Hz
currents or voltages with 7th harmonics: 420Hz
frequencies that are integer …
multiples (h=0,1,2,…N) of the …
fundamental power frequency [1]
 ❑ 60-70% of all electrical Ac Systems in the Philippines
operate with non-linear type loads

❑ Power-Quality-PQ Issues & Problems

WHY
❑ Damage to Power Factor Correction capacitors
HARMONICS ARE
TROUBLESOME? ❑ Waveform Distortion can create
SAG/SWELL/NOTCHING/RINGING/…

❑ All can cause damage effects to consumer loads and

power systems due to Over-Current/Over-Voltage or
Waveform Distortion

❑ Additional Power/Energy Losses

 NO ONE’S PERFECT…

HOW ARE
Input Voltage Output Voltage
HARMONICS
PRODUCED ? Input Current Output Current

VFDs
❑ Power system harmonics: presenting
deviations from a perfect sinusoidal-waveform
(voltage or current waveform).
❑ The distortion comes from a Nonlinearity
caused by saturation, electronic-switching
and nonlinear electric loads,
Inrush/Temporal/Arc/Converter/Limiter/Thresh
old Type Loads
 ❑ Electronic lighting ballasts/Controls

COMMON ❑ Adjustable speed Motor-Drives and Inverter AC

LOAD ❑ Electric Arc Welding Equipment

PRODUCING ❑ Solid state Industrial Rectifiers

HARMONICS? ❑ Industrial Process Control Systems

❑ Uninterruptible Power Supplies ( UPS )systems

❑ Saturated Inductors/Transformers

❑ LAN/Computer Networks

WHY HARMONICS
IS A CONCERN?
CAUSE
Harmonic currents create
heat (power loss)
Unchecked harmonics may
lead to resonance with line
inductance & capacitance
Excessive harmonics
distorts input voltage
EFFECT
Power losses in
transformers, wiring and
other components on the
power line
Resonance creates poor
reliability, premature
failure, and greater cost
in maintenance and parts
Electrical equipment may
operate erratically, fault,
or even prematurely fail
 Pushing current through
HARMONICS cables, reactors, etc. will
CAUSES HEATING create losses in the form
of heat
All line & load currents
create HEAT Only the horizontal (→)
effort will lift the weight
Only the FUNDAMENTAL
does USEFUL work Any effort outside of
horizontal movement is
simply wasted energy
HARMONICS only
create heat
WHY CARE?

Additional Cooling Oversizing of Charges or

required due to transformers and penalties from
added heating other equipment high harmonics,
low power factor
LOWER HIGHER
EFFICIENCY STARTUP COSTLY POST
HIGHER REPLACEMENT INSTALL
OPERATING COSTS COSTS CORRECTIVE
ACTIONS
WHY CARE?

Reactive power is
wasted energy
❑ Higher reactive power
increases kVA.
❑ Higher kVA requires a larger
transformer.
❑ Higher kVA can increase utility
company demand charges.
HOW TO QUANTIFY
HARMONIC DISTORTION?
❑ Total Harmonic Distortion-THD: the
contribution of all harmonic frequency
Currents/Voltages to the fundamental
current.

❑ The level of THD-for Current or Voltage is

directly related to the frequencies and
amplitudes of the Offending Quasi-Steady
State persistent Harmonics.

❑ Individual Distortion Factor-(DF)-h

quantify Distortion at h –harmonic-order
 CALCULATION OF
THD 𝐸 = 1 + 𝑇𝐻𝐷 2

• THD: Ratio of the RMS of the

harmonic content to the RMS
of the Fundamental

• Current THD-I

• Voltage THD-V

15
 NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF
HARMONICS
❑ Overheating and premature failure of distribution transformers [1]
❑ Increasing iron and copper losses or eddy currents due to
stray flux losses
❑ Overheating and mechanical oscillations in the motor-load system
[1]
❑ Producing rotating magnetic field, which is opposite to the
fundamental magnitude field.
❑ Overheating and damage of neutral ground conductors [2]
❑ Trouble sustained type Harmonics: 3rd, 9th, 15th …
❑ A 3-phase 4-wire system: single phase harmonic will add
rather than cancel on the neutral conductor
❑ Malfunction/Mal-Operation of Sensitive Tele-control and
Protection Relaying
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF
HARMONICS
❑ False or spurious Relay operations and trips of circuit breakers [2]
❑ Failure of the Firing/Commutation circuits, found in DC motor-
drives and AC drives with silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR-
Thyristor) [1]
❑ Mal-Operation instability of voltage regulator [1]
❑ Power factor correction capacitor failure [1]
❑ Reactance (impedance)-Zc of a capacitor bank decreases as
the frequency increases.
❑ Capacitor bank acts as a sink for higher harmonic currents.
❑ The System-Series and parallel Resonance can cause
dielectric failure or rupture the power factor correction capacitor
failure due to Over-Voltages & Over-Currents.
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF
HARMONICS
❑ False or spurious Relay operations and trips of circuit breakers [2]
❑ Failure of the Firing/Commutation circuits, found in DC motor-
drives and AC drives with silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR-
Thyristor) [1]
❑ Mal-Operation instability of voltage regulator [1]
❑ Power factor correction capacitor failure [1]
❑ Reactance (impedance)-Zc of a capacitor bank decreases as
the frequency increases.
❑ Capacitor bank acts as a sink for higher harmonic currents.
❑ The System-Series and parallel Resonance can cause
dielectric failure or rupture the power factor correction capacitor
failure due to Over-Voltages & Over-Currents.
 MEAUREMENT OF HARMONICS
❑HARMONICS AND PARALLEL
RESONANCE CIRCUIT
❑Harmonic currents produced by
variable speed motor-drives: can
be amplified up to 10-15 times in
parallel resonance circuit formed by
the capacitance bank and network
inductance [5]
❑Amplified/intensified harmonic
currents: leading to internal
overheating of the capacitor unit.
❑Higher frequency currents: causing
more losses than 60hz currents
having same amplitude
3.150MVA, 13.8kV
❑HARMONICS AND SERIES ❑MEASURE EQUIPMENT
RESONANCE CIRCUIT ❑Digital Oscilloscope: Wave shape,
❑The voltage of upstream AC THD and Amplitude of each harmonic
Network can be also distorted due
❑“True RMS” Multi-Meter: Giving correct
to series/parallel resonance formed readings for distortion-free sine waves
by capacitance of the capacitor
and typically reading low when the
bank and System/load inductance : current waveform is distorted
Ca cause high harmonic current
circulation through the capacitors
[5] ❑Use of Harmonic Meters-Single Phase
or three Phase
❑Parallel Resonance can also lead
to high voltage distortion.
3.150MVA, 13.8kV 3.150MVA, 13.8kV
STANDARDS FOR HARMONICS
LIMITATION IEEE/IEC
IEEE 519-1992 Standard: Recommended
Practices and Requirements for Harmonic
Control in Electrical Power Systems (Current
Distortion Limits for 120v-69kv DS)
MVAsc/
h<11 11<h<17 17<h<23 23<H<35 35<h THDi
MVAL
<20 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5
20<50 7.0 3.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 8.0
50<100 10.0 4.5 4.0 1.5 0.7 12.0
100<100
12.0 5.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 15.0
0
>1000 15.0 7.0 6.0 2.5 1.4 20.0
STANDARDS FOR HARMONICS
LIMITATION IEEE/IEC
IEEE 519-1992 Standard: Recommended
Practices and Requirements for Harmonic
Control in Electrical Power Systems (Voltage
Distortion Limits)

Bus Voltage Voltage Harmonic Limit THDv

<69kV 3.0 5.0

69kV<161kV 1.5 2.5

>69kV 1.0 1.5

MITIGATION OF HARMONICS

❑ Ranging from variable frequency motor- drive

to other nonlinear loads and equipments
❑ Power System Design:
❑ Limiting the non-linear load penetration to 30% of the
maximum transformer’s capacity
❑ Limiting non-linear loads to 15% of the transformer’s
capacity, when power factor correction capacitors are
installed.
❑ Avoiding/Detuning resonant conditions on the AC System:

(Eq-4)
hr = resonant frequency as a multiple of the fundamental frequency
kVAsc = short circuit current as the point of study
kVARc = capacitor rating at the system voltage
MITIGATION OF HARMONICS

❑ Delta-Delta and Delta-Wye Transformers

❑ Using two separate utility feed

transformers with equal non-linear
loads

❑ Shifting the phase relationship to

various six-pulse converters through
cancellation techniques
MITIGATION OF HARMONICS

❑ Isolation-Interface Transformers
❑ The potential to “voltage match” by stepping
up or stepping down the system voltage, and
by providing a neutral ground reference for
nuisance ground faults
❑ The best solution when utilizing AC or DC
drives that use SCR/GTO/SSR.. as bridge
rectifiers
❑ Line Isolation-Reactors
❑ More commonly used for their low cost
❑ Adding a small reactor in series with
capacitor bank forms a Blocking series Filter.
❑ Use diode bridge rectifier as a front end to
avoid severe harmonic power quality
problems
MITIGATION OF HARMONICS

𝐸2
❑ Harmonic-Shunt or Trap Filters: 𝑋𝑌 =
𝑘𝑣𝐴𝑅
❑ Used in applications with a high 3𝑥𝐸 2
𝑋𝐷 =
non-linear ratio to system to 𝑘𝑣𝐴𝑅
eliminate harmonic currents
𝑋𝐷/𝑌 = 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝑐
❑ Sized to withstand the RMS current
as well as the value of current for 𝑋𝑐 =
1
2𝑓𝐶
the harmonics
𝑋𝑙 = 2𝑓𝐿
❑ Providing true distortion power
factor correction
 Harmonic Filter Calculations FIRST DEERS CONSULT INC
Harmonic Filter Calculations: BAY 1; KINGDOME PROJECT

MITIGATION OF HARMONICS SYSTEM INFORMATION:

Harmonic Filter Specification (e.g., 5): 3 th Power System Fundamental Frequency: 60 Hz

Three-Phase Capacitor Bank Rating: 600 kVAr3φ Capacitor Bank Voltage Rating: 500 Voltsφφ
Rated Capacitor Bank Current: 693 Amps Capacitor Unit Frequency Rating: 60 Hz

𝐸2 Nominal Bus Voltage Rating: 400 Voltsφφ Derated Capacitor Bank Rating: 384 kVAr3φ

System Reactance for Wye Connection, 𝑋𝑌 = Capacitor Bank Current (actual): 554.3 Amps Total Harmonic Nonlinear Load: 1500 kVA3φ

𝑘𝑣𝐴𝑅 Filter Tuning Harmonic (e.g., 4.7): 8.2 th Filter Tuning Frequency (x Fundamental): 492 Hz

3𝑥𝐸 2 Capacitor Bank Reactance (wye):

Capacitor Bank Reactance (delta):
0.4167 W
1.2500 W
Capacitor Bank Capacitance (wye):
Capacitor Bank Capacitance (delta):
6366.20 mF
2122.07 mF

System reactance for Delta Connection, 𝑋𝐷 = Harmonic Filter Reactor Reactance: 0.0062 W Harmonic Filter Reactor Inductance: 0.0164 mH

𝑘𝑣𝐴𝑅 Filter Full Load Current (actual):

Filter Full Load Current (rated):
562.6 Amps
703.3 Amps
Fundamental Frequency Compensation: 390 kVAr3φ

Transformer Nameplate Rating: 1500 kVA3φ Utility Side Voltage Distortion (Vh): 5.00 %
Equivalent Reactance in Series, 𝑋𝐷/𝑌 = 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝑐 Transformer Nameplate Impedance: 5.51 % (Utility Harmonic Voltage Source)

Nonlinear Load Harmonic Current: 63.25 % Fund Nonlinear Load Harmonic Current: 1369.4 Amps

𝑘𝑉 2 1 Utility Harmonic Current: -112.6 Amps Maximum Total Harmonic Current: 1256.8 Amps

Capacitive Reactance of Filter, 𝑋𝑐 = = CAPACITOR BANK DUTY CALCULATIONS:

𝑄𝑐 2𝑓𝐶 Harmonic Filter Bank RMS Current: 1377.0 Amps Capacitor Bank Voltage (Fundamental): 406.0 Voltsφφ
234.4 VoltsφG
𝑋𝐶 Harmonic Capacitor Bank Voltage: 302.3 Voltsφφ Maximum Peak Voltage (Fundamental): 708.4 Voltsφφ

Inductive reactance of harmonic Order to be trap, 𝑋𝑙 = 2 = 2𝑓𝐿 RMS Capacitor Bank Voltage:
174.6 VoltsφG
506.2 Voltsφφ
409.0 VoltsφG

ℎ𝑛 292.3 VoltsφG Maximum Peak Current: 1819.4 Amps

Characteristic Reactance, 𝑋𝑛 = 𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝑐 CAPACITOR LIMITS: (IEEE Standard 18-2002)

Limit Contingency Actual

FILTER CONFIGURATION:

Value
400 Volt Bus

Peak Voltage: 100% 120% 141.7% 708

𝑋𝑛 RMS Current:
KVAr:
100%
100%
135%
135%
198.8%
201.2%
1377
1207
Xl = 0.0062 W

Characteristic Resistance, 𝑋𝑛 = RMS Voltage: 100% 110% 101.2% 506

600 kVAr @
500 Volts

𝑄 HARMONIC FILTER REACTOR DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS:

𝑘𝑉 2 Filter Reactor Reactance: 0.0062 W Filter Reactor Inductance: 0.0164 mH

Reactive Power of Filter, 𝑄𝑓 = Fundamental Frequency Current:

RMS Current Requirement:
562.6 Amps
1377.0 Amps
Harmonic Current:
Voltage Requirement:
1256.8 Amps
230.9 VoltsφG
𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 TOLERANCE EVALUATION, QUALITY FACTOR, AND PARALLEL RESONANCE CHECK:

ℎ2 - + Tuning Range
𝑛
xVbus
1
Capacitor Voltage, 𝑉𝐶 = ℎ2 −1 Capacitor Tolerance:
Reactor Tolerance:
0.00
2.50
10.00
2.50
ftuned = fno min al 
(1 + t r )(1 + t c )
7.72
8.30
𝑛 Filter Reactor X/R Ratio: 4.00 Quality Factor: 32.80
Resulting Parallel Resonance: 5.87 (x Fundamental)

Using these formulas, the excel file for sizing the harmonic filter is generated Information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.
Electrotek assumes no responsibility for any damages resulting from use of the information contained within.
Copyright © 2022 FIRST DEERS CONSULT INC. All rights reserved.
MITIGATION OF HARMONICS
3.150MVA, 13.8kV

❑ Tuned to a specific harmonic order such

as the 5th, 7th, 11th,… etc to meet
requirements of IEEE 519-1992 Standard

❑ The number of tuned filter-branches

depends on the offending steady-state
harmonics to be absorbed and on
required reactive power level to be
compensated
MITIGATION OF HARMONICS
❑ Isolating harmonic current to protect
electrical equipment from damage due to
harmonic voltage distortion
❑ Passive Filter-Low cost:
Built-up by combinations of capacitors, inductors
Active Front End Drive
(reactors) and resistors
most common and available for all voltage
levels
❑ Active Power Filter APF:
Inserting negative phase compensating
harmonics into the AC-Network, thus eliminating
the undesirable harmonics on the AC Power
Network.
APF-Used only for for low voltage networks
MITIGATION OF HARMONICS
❑ Unified Switched Capacitor Compensator
USCS: The single line diagram (SLD) of the
utilization (single-phase) or (three-phase- 4-
wire) feeder and the connection of the Unified
Switched- Capacitor Compensator (USCS) to
the Nonlinear-Temporal Inrush /Arc type Loads
or SMPS-Computer/LAN-Network loads.

❑ The USCS is a switched/modulated capacitor

bank using a pulse-width modulated
(PWM/SPWM) Switching Strategy. The
switching device uses either solid state switch
SSR-(IGBT or GTO).
MITIGATION OF HARMONICS
❑ Derating of Transformer Using K-rating
Harmonic currents causes additional heating in the
form of additional winding eddy current loss in
transformer [ANSI/IEEE C57.110] this standard
consider the winding eddy current losses to be
proportional to the harmonic number required,
however this estimate will result in over value for
higher harmonic frequencies. Thus a new derating
factor is develop using K-rating to describe the
most accurate derating factor of the transformers

K-rating: are weighing of the harmonic load current

according to their effects on transformer heating
 Graph of Harmoinc Currents of Table 1 Values
In x (Non Linear Loads)

MITIGATION OF HARMONICS
120.00%

100.00%

❑ K-Factor Formula 80.00%

𝑘 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡0 𝑟 = 𝛴 𝐼ℎ2 𝑥 ℎ2
❑ Where 60.00%

Ih = Harmonic Current
h = Harmonic Frequency 40.00%
Below is an example of how to generate the K rating and currents of
the non linear loads 20.00%
Harmonics In x (Non A k-Factor
(In)^2 A x h^2
Number Linear Loads) In/(S(In)^2) (In)^2 h^2
0.00%
1 100.00% 1.000000 0.626488 1.000000 0.626488
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
3 65.70% 0.431649 0.2704230 3.884841 2.433807
5 37.70% 0.142129 0.0890422 3.553225 2.226054
7 12.70% 0.016129 0.0101046 0.790321 0.495127 Calculation of Effective Current at k=10
9 4.40% 0.001936 0.0012129 0.156816 0.098243
0.5
25
11 5.30% 0.002809 0.0017598 0.339889 0.212936
13 2.50% 0.000625 0.0003916 0.105625 0.066173 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ෍ 𝐼ℎ2 = 1.596199 0.5
= 1.2634
15 1.90% 0.000361 0.0002262 0.081225 0.050887
17 1.80% 0.000324 0.0002030 0.093636 0.058662 𝑛=1
19 1.10% 0.000121 0.0000758 0.043681 0.027366
21 0.60% 0.000036 0.0000226 0.015876 0.009946 THDi = 1.264 – 1 = 26.34%, using the same calculation, the
23 0.80% 0.000064 0.0000401 0.033856 0.02121
25 0.40% 0.000016 0.0000100 0.0100000 0.006265 table of k-factors below are generated
1.596199 1.0000000 10.108991 6.333165
 Item Load Type K-Factor THD
1 Linear Loads
1.1 Incandescent Lamps k-1 0
MITIGATION OF HARMONICS 1.2 Heaters
1.3 Motors without Drives
k-1
k-1
0
0
1.4 Cntrol Transformers k-1 0
1.5 Generators k-1 0
❑ K-RATINGS OF Common Loads 1.6 Transformers k-1 0
❑ Linear Loads 2 Non Linear Loads, Low THD
❑ IDL 2.1 Electric Discharge Lightings' k-4 25.82
2.2 UPS k-4 25.82
❑ Heaters
2.3 Welders k-4 25.82
❑ Motors, Control Transformers, Transformer, Generators 2.4 Induction Heaters k-4 25.82
❑ Non Linear – Low THD 2.5 PLC and Solid State Controls k-4 25.82
❑ Electric Discharge Lamps 3 Non Linear Loads, Medium THD
❑ UPS 3.1 Telecommunications Equipment k - 13 57.74
❑ Welders and Induction Heaters 3.2 UPS without input filters k - 13 57.74
❑ PLC and Solid State Controls Multiwire Receptacle Outlets in
3.3 general areas od healthcare k - 13 57.74
❑ Non Linear – Medium THD facilities
❑ Telecoms 4 Non Linear Loads, High THD
❑ UPS 4.1 Main Frame Computers k - 20 80.94
❑ Multiwire outlets in Hospitals 4.2 VFD Driven <Motors k - 20 80.94
❑ Non Linear – High THD Multiwire receptacle outlets in
❑ Computers 4.3 Medical and Educational k - 30 123.54
Laboratories
❑ VFD Drives
4.4 Small Main Frame Computers k - 30 123.54
❑ Multiwire outlets in laboratories Other Loads identified with a very
❑ Others 4.5 k - 40 208.17
high harmonic Contents
SAMPLE CALCULATION
❑ Sample Calculation
❑ 69 kV Side
❑ MVA Fault : 200MVA
❑ Transformers : 2x12.5MVA, 69/13.8 kV
❑ Impedance, %IZ : 8%
❑ 13.8kV
❑ MVA Fault : 122MVA
❑ Transformer bay 1 : 4 x 3.15MVA, 13.8/0.4kV
❑ Load of 400V Side
❑ MVA Fault : 47MVA
❑ Loads
Drives : 1500kVA, k-20
Others : 1600kVA, k-13
❑ 13.8kV
❑ MVA Fault : 122MVA
❑ Transformer bay 1 : 3 x 3.15MVA, 13.8/0.4kV
❑ Load of 400V Side
❑ MVA Fault : 47MVA
❑ Loads
Drives : 2500kVA
Others : 600kV
 CALCULATION
❑HARMONICS THD LIMITS AS PER ❑HARMONICS THD LIMITS AS PER ❑HARMONICS THD LIMITS AS PER
IEEE/IEC IEEE/IEC IEEE/IEC
❑69kV SIDE ❑13.8kV SIDE ❑0.4kV SIDE
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑠𝑐 200 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑠𝑐 122 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑠𝑐 47
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = = =8 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑀𝑉𝐴−𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
=
12.5
= 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑀𝑉𝐴−𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
=
3.15
=
𝑀𝑉𝐴−𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 25
9.76 15
THDi = 5% THDi = 5% THDi = 5%
THDv = 5% THDv = 5% THDv = 5%

❑Projected Loads ❑Projected Loads ❑Projected Loads

Bay1-Bay7 : Bay1-Bay4 : Bay1-Bay4 :
THDi = 25.84 , 57.74, THDi = 25.84 , 57.74, THDi = 25.84 , 57.74,
Calculated THD = 63.25% > 5% Calculated THD = 63.25% > 5% Calculated THD = 63.25% > 5%

❑Resonant Frequency, hr ❑Resonant Frequency, hr ❑Resonant Frequency, hr

2 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑠𝑐 2 122 2 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑠𝑐 2 47
hr =
2 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑠𝑐
=
2 200
= 8.2 𝑥 𝐹 hr = = = 8.23 hr = = = 8.23
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑐 3 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑐 1.8 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑐 0.6

❑Calculation of Filters Below ❑Calculation of Filters Below ❑Calculation of Filters Below

 Harmonic Filter Calculations FIRST DEERS CONSULT INC
Harmonic Filter Calculations: BAY 1; KINGDOME PROJECT

SAMPLE CALCULATION
SYSTEM INFORMATION:

Harmonic Filter Specification (e.g., 5): 3 th Power System Fundamental Frequency: 60 Hz

Three-Phase Capacitor Bank Rating: 600 kVAr3φ Capacitor Bank Voltage Rating: 500 Voltsφφ
Rated Capacitor Bank Current: 693 Amps Capacitor Unit Frequency Rating: 60 Hz
Nominal Bus Voltage Rating: 400 Voltsφφ Derated Capacitor Bank Rating: 384 kVAr3φ

Capacitor Bank Current (actual): 554.3 Amps Total Harmonic Nonlinear Load: 1500 kVA3φ

Filter Tuning Harmonic (e.g., 4.7): 8.2 th Filter Tuning Frequency (x Fundamental): 492 Hz

Capacitor Bank Reactance (wye): 0.4167 W Capacitor Bank Capacitance (wye): 6366.20 mF
Capacitor Bank Reactance (delta): 1.2500 W Capacitor Bank Capacitance (delta): 2122.07 mF
Harmonic Filter Reactor Reactance: 0.0062 W Harmonic Filter Reactor Inductance: 0.0164 mH

Filter Full Load Current (actual): 562.6 Amps Fundamental Frequency Compensation: 390 kVAr3φ
Filter Full Load Current (rated): 703.3 Amps
Transformer Nameplate Rating: 1500 kVA3φ Utility Side Voltage Distortion (Vh): 5.00 %
Transformer Nameplate Impedance: 5.51 % (Utility Harmonic Voltage Source)

Nonlinear Load Harmonic Current: 63.25 % Fund Nonlinear Load Harmonic Current: 1369.4 Amps

Utility Harmonic Current: -112.6 Amps Maximum Total Harmonic Current: 1256.8 Amps
CAPACITOR BANK DUTY CALCULATIONS:

Harmonic Filter Bank RMS Current: 1377.0 Amps Capacitor Bank Voltage (Fundamental): 406.0 Voltsφφ
234.4 VoltsφG
Harmonic Capacitor Bank Voltage: 302.3 Voltsφφ Maximum Peak Voltage (Fundamental): 708.4 Voltsφφ
174.6 VoltsφG 409.0 VoltsφG
RMS Capacitor Bank Voltage: 506.2 Voltsφφ
292.3 VoltsφG Maximum Peak Current: 1819.4 Amps
CAPACITOR LIMITS: (IEEE Standard 18-2002) FILTER CONFIGURATION:
400 Volt Bus
Limit Contingency Actual Value
Peak Voltage: 100% 120% 141.7% 708
RMS Current: 100% 135% 198.8% 1377
Xl = 0.0062 W
KVAr: 100% 135% 201.2% 1207 600 kVAr @
RMS Voltage: 100% 110% 101.2% 506 500 Volts

HARMONIC FILTER REACTOR DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS:

Filter Reactor Reactance: 0.0062 W Filter Reactor Inductance: 0.0164 mH

Fundamental Frequency Current: 562.6 Amps Harmonic Current: 1256.8 Amps
RMS Current Requirement: 1377.0 Amps Voltage Requirement: 230.9 VoltsφG

TOLERANCE EVALUATION, QUALITY FACTOR, AND PARALLEL RESONANCE CHECK:

- + Tuning Range
1
Capacitor Tolerance: 0.00 10.00 ftuned = fno min al  7.72
Reactor Tolerance: 2.50 2.50 (1 + t r )(1 + t c ) 8.30

Filter Reactor X/R Ratio: 4.00 Quality Factor: 32.80

Resulting Parallel Resonance: 5.87 (x Fundamental)

Information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.

Electrotek assumes no responsibility for any damages resulting from use of the information contained within.
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