เฉลยใบงานเคมี 2

๔
เฉลยใบงานวิชาเพิ่มเติมวิทยาศาสตร์ ชั้นมัธยมศึกษาปีที่
เคมี เล่ม ๒
อิงตามผลการเรียนรู้
กลุ่มสาระการเรียนรู้วิทยาศาสตร์ (ฉบับปรับปรุง 2560)
ตามหลักสูตรแกนกลางการศึกษาขั้นพื้นฐาน พ.ศ. 2551
เพจ : สื่อ ใบงานดี เคมี ม.ปลาย

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ãº§Ò¹·Õè 6 àÃ×èÍ§ ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹‹ÇÂ¤ÇÒÁà¢ŒÁ¢Œ¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ 7
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ãº§Ò¹·Õè 8 àÃ×èÍ§ ÊÁºÑµÔºÒ§»ÃÐ¡ÒÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ 9
º··Õè 6 »ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÒÃÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ (ÃÇÁ 50 Ë¹ŒÒ)
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ãº§Ò¹·Õè 6 àÃ×èÍ§ ÊÒÃ¡íÒË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³ 7
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ãº§Ò¹ àÃ×Íè § ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ
ÇÔªÒà¤ÁÕ ªÑ¹é Á.4
º··Õè 4 âÁÅáÅÐÊÙµÃà¤ÁÕ ª×èÍ ……………….....…………………......……...ªÑé¹ ………. àÅ¢·Õè ………….
µÃÇ¨ÊÍº¤ÇÒÁÃÙ¡é Íè ¹àÃÕÂ¹
ãÊèà¤Ã×Íè §ËÁÒÂ  Ë¹éÒ¢éÍ¤ÇÒÁ·Õ¶è ¡Ù µéÍ§ áÅÐà¤Ã×Íè §ËÁÒÂ × Ë¹éÒ¢éÍ¤ÇÒÁ·ÕèäÁè¶¡Ù µéÍ§


.........................1) ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§¸ÒµØ»ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂÍ¹ØÀÒ¤·ÕèÊÓ¤ÑÞ 3 ª¹Ô´ ¤×Í â»ÃµÍ¹ ¹ÔÇµÃÍ¹ áÅÐÍÔàÅç¡µÃÍ¹
× 2) ÍÔàÅç¡µÃÍ¹ÁÕÁÇÅÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒâ»ÃµÍ¹»ÃÐÁÒ³ 1800 à·èÒ
........................
 3) â»ÃµÍ¹áÅÐ¹ÔÇµÃÍ¹ÁÕÁÇÅã¡Åéà¤ÕÂ§¡Ñ¹ «Öè§ÁÕ¤èÒ»ÃÐÁÒ³ 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
........................
 4) 4He à»ç¹ÊÑÞÅÑ¡É³ì¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÃì¢Í§¸ÒµØÎÕàÅÕÂÁ
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........................ 6) àÁ·Ò¹ÍÅÁÕÊÙµÃà¤ÁÕà»ç¹ CH3OH à»ç¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡ÍºäÍÍÍ¹Ô¡
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........................ 7) á¤Åà«ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì (CaCl2) à»ç¹ÊÒÃâ¤àÇàÅ¹µì
 8) àÍ·Ò¹ÍÅ (CH3CH2OH) 1 âÁàÅ¡ØÅÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹¸ÒµØÍ§¤ì»ÃÐ¡Íºà·èÒ¡Ñºä´àÁ·ÔÅÍÕà·ÍÃì (CH3OCH3)
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1 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ
 9) àÍ·Ò¹ÍÅÁÕ¤ÇÒÁË¹Òá¹è¹ 0.789 ¡ÃÑÁµèÍÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ ¶éÒµéÍ§¡ÒÃà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂà»ç¹¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁµèÍÅÔµÃ
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1 kg 1000 mL
µéÍ§ãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ 1000 g
áÅÐ 1L
 10) ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡ÍºäÍÍÍ¹Ô¡äÁèÁÕÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ à¹×èÍ§¨Ò¡ÁÕâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§µèÍà¹×èÍ§ä»à»ç¹ÊÒÁÁÔµÔ
........................
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ÁØÁ¤ÇÒÁÃÙé
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ (Atomic mass)

ÊÒÁÒÃ¶ËÒä´é¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì´Ñ§¹Õé
ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ 1 ÍÐµÍÁ (¡ÃÑÁ)
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì =
1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ n ÍÐµÍÁ (¡ÃÑÁ) x 1

ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì =
n 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
⇒ ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ 1 ÍÐµÍÁ (¡ÃÑÁ) = ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì x 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
Ë¹éÒ 1
¤ÓªÕáé ¨§: ¨§µÍº¤Ó¶ÒÁµèÍä»¹Õé
1. ¨Ò¡¢éÍÁÙÅ·Õè¡ÓË¹´ãËé ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¢Í§¸ÒµØµèÍä»¹Õé
1) ¸ÒµØ¡ÓÁÐ¶Ñ¹ (S) 1 ÍÐµÍÁ ÁÕÁÇÅ 32 x 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì S = ÁÇÅ¢Í§ S 1 ÍÐµÍÁ (¡ÃÑÁ)
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑ Á ¾Ñ · ¸ì S = 32 x 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¢Í§ S = 32
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
§¹Ñé¹ ¸ÒµØ¡ÓÁÐ¶Ñ¹ (S) ÁÕÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ìà·èÒ¡Ñº 32
2) ¸ÒµØÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O) 1 ÍÐµÍÁ ÁÕÁÇÅ 2.656 x 10-23 ¡ÃÑÁ

ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì O = ÁÇÅ¢Í§ O 1 ÍÐµÍÁ (¡ÃÑÁ)
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì S = 2.56 x 10-23 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¢Í§ O = 16.0
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¸ÒµØÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O) ÁÕÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ìà·èÒ¡Ñº 16.0
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) ¸ÒµØÅÔà·ÕÂÁ (Li) 2 ÍÐµÍÁ ÁÕÁÇÅ 2.324 x 10-23 ¡ÃÑÁ

ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¢Í§ Li = ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ Li 2 ÍÐµÍÁ (¡ÃÑÁ) x 1
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¢Í§ B = 2.324 x 10-23 (¡ÃÑÁ) x 1
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¢Í§ Li = 7.00
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
§¹Ñé¹ ¸ÒµØÅÔà·ÕÂÁ (Li) ÁÕÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ìà·èÒ¡Ñº 7.00
4) ¸ÒµØâºÃÁÕ¹ (Br) 10 ÍÐµÍÁ ÁÕÁÇÅ 1.326 x 10-21 ¡ÃÑÁ

ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¢Í§ Br = ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ Br 10 ÍÐµÍÁ (¡ÃÑÁ) x 1
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
10 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
10 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¢Í§ Br = 79.9
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¸ÒµØâºÃÁÕ¹ (Br) ÁÕÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ìà·èÒ¡Ñº 79.9
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 2
2. ¨Ò¡¢éÍÁÙÅ·Õè¡ÓË¹´ãËé ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅà»ç¹¡ÃÑÁ¢Í§¸ÒµØµèÍä»¹Õé
1) ¸ÒµØäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ (H) 1 ÍÐµÍÁ (¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¢Í§¸ÒµØ H à·èÒ¡Ñº 1.01)
ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ H 1 ÍÐµÍÁ = n x ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì H x 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 1 x 1.01 x 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ H 1 ÍÐµÍÁ = 1.68 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¸ÒµØäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ (H) 1 ÍÐµÍÁ ÁÕÁÇÅà·èÒ¡Ñº 1.68 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) ¸ÒµØ·Í§¤Ó (Au) 5 ÍÐµÍÁ (¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¢Í§¸ÒµØ Au à·èÒ¡Ñº 196.97)

ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ Au 5 ÍÐµÍÁ = n x ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì Au x 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 5 x 196.97 x 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ Au 5 ÍÐµÍÁ = 1.63 x 10-21 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¸ÒµØ·Í§¤Ó (Au) 5 ÍÐµÍÁ ÁÕÁÇÅà·èÒ¡Ñº 1.63 x 10-21 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) ¸ÒµØ¿ÅÙÍÍÃÕ¹ (F) 100 ÍÐµÍÁ (¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¢Í§¸ÒµØ F à·èÒ¡Ñº 19.00)

ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ F 100 ÍÐµÍÁ = 100 x ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì F x 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 100 x 19.00 x 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ F 100 ÍÐµÍÁ = 3.15 x 10-21 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
§¹Ñé¹ ¸ÒµØ¿ÅÙÍÍÃÕ¹ (F) 100 ÍÐµÍÁ ÁÕÁÇÅà·èÒ¡Ñº 3.15 x 10-21 ¡ÃÑÁ
´Ñ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
***********************************************************************************************************
ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ A ¨Ó¹Ç¹ a ÍÐµÍÁ (¡ÃÑÁ)
⇒ ¡ÒÃà»ÃÕÂºà·ÕÂºÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ =
ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ B ¨Ó¹Ç¹ b ÍÐµÍÁ (¡ÃÑÁ)
¡ÒÃà»ÃÕÂºà·ÕÂºÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ = a x ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¢Í§¸ÒµØ A (¡ÃÑÁ)

b x ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¢Í§¸ÒµØ B (¡ÃÑÁ)
⇒ ¸ÒµØ A ¨Ó¹Ç¹ a ÍÐµÍÁ ÁÕÁÇÅà»ç¹ 5 à·èÒ¢Í§¸ÒµØ B ¨Ó¹Ç¹ b ÍÐµÍÁ (¡ÓË¹´ãËé A áÅÐ B ÁÕÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ
à·èÒ¡Ñº m áÅÐ n µÒÁÅÓ´Ñº) à¢ÕÂ¹à»ç¹¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìàªÔ§ÊÁ¡ÒÃä´éÇèÒ
ÁÇÅ¸ÒµØ A ¨Ó¹Ç¹ a ÍÐµÍÁ = 5 x ÁÇÅ¸ÒµØ B ¨Ó¹Ç¹ b ÍÐµÍÁ
a x ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¸ÒµØ A = 5 x b x ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¸ÒµØ B
axm = 5xbxn
Ë¹éÒ 3
3. ¨§ËÒÇèÒ¸ÒµØ A 1 ÍÐµÍÁ ÁÕÁÇÅà»ç¹¡Õèà·èÒ¢Í§¸ÒµØÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O) 2 ÍÐµÍÁ
(¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¢Í§¸ÒµØ A áÅÐ O à·èÒ¡Ñº 128 áÅÐ 16 µÒÁÅÓ´Ñº)
ÁÇÅ¸ÒµØ A 1 ÍÐµÍÁ (¡ÃÑÁ) = 1 x ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¢Í§¸ÒµØ A
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅ¸ÒµØ O 2 ÍÐµÍÁ (¡ÃÑÁ) 2 x ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¢Í§¸ÒµØ O
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 1 x 128
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 x 16
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 4
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹¸ÒµØ A 1 ÍÐµÍÁ ÁÕÁÇÅà»ç¹ 4 à·èÒ¢Í§¸ÒµØÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ 2 ÍÐµÍÁ
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. ¨§ËÒÇèÒ¸ÒµØÎÕàÅÕÂÁ (He) 50 ÍÐµÍÁ ÁÕÁÇÅà»ç¹¡Õèà·èÒ¢Í§¸ÒµØ¹ÕÍÍ¹ (Ne) 5 ÍÐµÍÁ
(¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¢Í§¸ÒµØ He áÅÐ Ne à·èÒ¡Ñº 4 áÅÐ 20 µÒÁÅÓ´Ñº)
ÁÇÅ¸ÒµØ He 50 ÍÐµÍÁ (¡ÃÑÁ) = 50 x ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¢Í§¸ÒµØ He
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅ¸ÒµØ Ne 5 ÍÐµÍÁ (¡ÃÑÁ) 5 x ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¢Í§¸ÒµØ Ne
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 50 x 4
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5 x 20
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 2
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹¸ÒµØÎÕàÅÕÂÁ 50 ÍÐµÍÁ ÁÕÁÇÅà»ç¹ 2 à·èÒ¢Í§¸ÒµØ¹ÕÍÍ¹ 5 ÍÐµÍÁ
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5. ¨§ËÒÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¢Í§¸ÒµØÊÁÁµÔ B àÁ×èÍ¸ÒµØ B 2 ÍÐµÍÁ ÁÕÁÇÅà»ç¹ 3 à·èÒ¢Í§¸ÒµØ¡ÓÁÐ¶Ñ¹ (S) 2 ÍÐµÍÁ
(¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¢Í§¸ÒµØ¡ÓÁÐ¶Ñ¹ à·èÒ¡Ñº 32)
ÁÇÅ¸ÒµØ B 2 ÍÐµÍÁ = 3 à·èÒ¢Í§ÁÇÅ¸ÒµØ S 2 ÍÐµÍÁ
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 × ÁÇÅ¸ÒµØ B 1 ÍÐµÍÁ = 3 × 2 × ÁÇÅ¸ÒµØ S 1 ÍÐµÍÁ
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 × ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¸ÒµØ B = 3 × 2 × ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¸ÒµØ S
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 × ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¸ÒµØ B = 3 × 2 × 32
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 × ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¸ÒµØ B = 96
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹¸ÒµØÊÁÁµÔ B ÁÕÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ìà·èÒ¡Ñº 96
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1
6. ¨§ËÒÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¢Í§¸ÒµØÊÁÁµÔ Y àÁ×èÍ¸ÒµØ Y 1 ÍÐµÍÁ ÁÕÁÇÅà»ç¹ 6 à·èÒ¢Í§¸ÒµØáÁ¡¹Õà«ÕÂÁ (Mg)
3 ÍÐµÍÁ (¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¢Í§¸ÒµØáÁ¡¹Õ1à«ÕÂÁà·èÒ¡Ñº 24)
ÁÇÅ¸ÒµØ Y 1 ÍÐµÍÁ = à·èÒ¢Í§ÁÇÅ¸ÒµØ Mg 3 ÍÐµÍÁ
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6
1
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅ¸ÒµØ Y 1 ÍÐµÍÁ = × 3 × ÁÇÅ¸ÒµØ S 1 ÍÐµÍÁ
6
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1
1 × ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¸ÒµØ Y = × 3 × ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¸ÒµØ Mg
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6
1
1 × ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¸ÒµØ B = × 3 × 24
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6
2 × ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¸ÒµØ B =
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
12
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹¸ÒµØÊÁÁµÔ Y ÁÕÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ìà·èÒ¡Ñº 12
Ë¹éÒ 4
(A × %)
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁà©ÅÕèÂ¢Í§¸ÒµØ = Σ 100
àÁ×èÍ Σ á·¹ ¼ÅÃÇÁ

A á·¹ ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§áµèÅÐäÍâ«â·»
% á·¹ ÃéÍÂÅÐ»ÃÔÁÒ³¢Í§äÍâ«â·»·ÕèÁÕã¹¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔ
7. ¨§ËÒÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁà©ÅÕÂè ¢Í§¸ÒµØ¹ÕÍÍ¹ (Ne) «Öè§ÁÕ 2 äÍâ«â·» ¤×Í 20Ne áÅÐ 22Ne «Öè§ÁÕ¢éÍÁÙÅµÒÁµÒÃÒ§¹Õé
äÍâ«â·» ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§äÍâ«â·» »ÃÔÁÒ³ÃéÍÂÅÐã¹¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔ
20Ne 20 80
22Ne 22 20
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁà©ÅÕèÂ¢Í§ Ne = (80 × 20) + (20 × 22)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁà©ÅÕèÂ¢Í§ Ne = 1,600 + 440
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁà©ÅÕèÂ¢Í§ Ne = 2,040
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁà©ÅÕèÂ¢Í§ Ne = 20.40100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁà©ÅÕèÂ¢Í§¸ÒµØ¹ÕÍÍ¹à·èÒ¡Ñº 20.40
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8. ¸ÒµØ«ÔÅÔ¤Í¹ (Si) ·Õè¾ºã¹¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔÁÕ 3 äÍâ«â·» ÁÕÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§áµèÅÐäÍâ«â·»à·èÒ¡Ñº 27.98, 28.98

áÅÐ 29.97 â´ÂÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒ³ÃéÍÂÅÐ 92.21, 4.70 áÅÐ 3.09 µÒÁÅÓ´Ñº ¨§ËÒÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁà©ÅÕèÂ¢Í§¸ÒµØ«ÔÅÔ¤Í¹
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁà©ÅÕèÂ¢Í§ Si = (27.98 × 92.21) + (28.98 × 4.70) + (29.97 × 3.09)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁà©ÅÕèÂ¢Í§ Ne = 2,580.04 + 136.21 + 92.61
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁà©ÅÕèÂ¢Í§ Ne = 2,808.86
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁà©ÅÕèÂ¢Í§ Ne = 28.0886 ≅ 28.09
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁà©ÅÕèÂ¢Í§¸ÒµØ«ÔÅÔ¤Í¹à·èÒ¡Ñº 28.09
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 5
9. ¸ÒµØâºÃÁÕ¹ (Br) ÁÕÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁà©ÅÕèÂà·èÒ¡Ñº 79.90 «Öè§¸ÒµØ¹ Õé·Õè¾ºã¹¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔÁÕ 2 äÍâ«â·» ä´éá¡è 79Br
áÅÐ 81Br â´Â 81Br ÁÕÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ 80.92 ¤Ô´à»ç¹»ÃÔÁÒ³ 49.31% ¨§ËÒÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ 79Br
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁà©ÅÕèÂ¢Í§ Br = (% ¢Í§ 79Br × ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ 79Br) + (% ¢Í§ 81Br × ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ 81Br)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁà©ÅÕèÂ¢Í§ Br = [(100 - % ¢Í§ 81Br) × ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ 79Br] + (% ¢Í§ 81Br × ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ 81Br)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
79.90 = [(100 – 49.31) × A] + (49.31 × 80.92)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
79.90 = (50.69 × A) + 3,990
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
50.69A = 7,990 – 3,990
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A= 4,000 = 78.91
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
50.69
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§äÍâ«â·» 79Br à·èÒ¡Ñº 78.91
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
10. ¸ÒµØ Â Ù â Ãà¾Õ Â Á (Eu) ¾ºã¹¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔ 2 äÍâ«â·» ¤× Í 151Eu ÁÕ Á ÇÅÍÐµÍÁà·è Ò ¡Ñ º 150.92

áÅÐ 153Eu ÁÕ Á ÇÅÍÐµÍÁà·è Ò ¡Ñ º 152.92 ¶é Ò ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁà©ÅÕ è Â ¢Í§¸ÒµØ Â Ù â Ãà¾Õ Â Áà·è Ò ¡Ñ º 151.96
¨§ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒ³ÃéÍÂÅÐ¢Í§¸ÒµØÂÙâÃà¾ÕÂÁáµèÅÐäÍâ«â·»
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁà©ÅÕ èÂ¢Í§ Eu = (% ¢Í§ 151Eu) × ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ 151Eu) + (% ¢Í§ 153Eu × ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ 153Eu)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁà©ÅÕ èÂ¢Í§ Eu = (A% × ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ Eu) + [(100 - A%) × ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ 153Eu)] 151
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
151.96 = (A × 150.92) + [(100 – A) × 152.92]
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
15,196 = 150.92A + 15,292 – 152.92A
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2A = 15,292 – 15,196
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2A = 96
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A = 96 = 48
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ·Õè¾ºã¹¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔ¢Í§äÍâ«â·» 151Eu à·èÒ¡Ñº 48%
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
áÅÐ¢Í§äÍâ«â·» 153Eu à·èÒ¡Ñº 100 – 48 = 52%
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 6
ãº§Ò¹ àÃ×Íè § ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ
º··Õè 4 âÁÅáÅÐÊÙµÃà¤ÁÕ ª×èÍ ……………….....………………...………...... ªÑé¹ ……….……… àÅ¢·Õè ………….
ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅäÁèÁÕË¹èÇÂ
ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ (Molecule mass)
áµèÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ 1 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ
ÊÒÁÒÃ¶ËÒä´é¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì´Ñ§¹Õé ÁÕË¹èÇÂà»ç¹¡ÃÑÁ (g)
ÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ 1 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ (¡ÃÑÁ)
ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ =
1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
ÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ n âÁàÅ¡ØÅ (¡ÃÑÁ) x 1
ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ =
n 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
ÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ 1 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ (¡ÃÑÁ) = ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ x 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ

1. ¨Ò¡¢éÍÁÙÅ·Õè¡ÓË¹´ãËé ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØµèÍä»¹Õé
1) ¼ÅÖ¡¡ÓÁÐ¶Ñ¹ 1 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ ÁÕÁÇÅ 256 x 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§¼ÅÖ¡¡ÓÁÐ¶Ñ¹ = ÁÇÅ¢Í§¼ÅÖ¡¡ÓÁÐ¶Ñ¹ 1 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ (¡ÃÑÁ)
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
-24
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì S = 256 x 1.66 x 10 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§¼ÅÖ¡¡ÓÁÐ¶Ñ¹ = 256
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
§¹Ñé¹ ¼ÅÖ¡¡ÓÁÐ¶Ñ¹ ÁÕÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅà·èÒ¡Ñº 256
2) á¡êÊÊÁÁµÔª¹Ô´ A 1 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ ÁÕÁÇÅ 2.822 x 10-23 ¡ÃÑÁ

ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅá¡êÊ A = ÁÇÅ¢Í§á¡êÊ A 1 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ (¡ÃÑÁ)
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì S = 2.822 x 10-23 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅá¡êÊ A = 17.0
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ á¡êÊ A ÁÕÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅà·èÒ¡Ñº 17.0
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 1
3) ÊÒÃÊÁÁµÔ B 5 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ ÁÕÁÇÅ 3.32 x 10-22 ¡ÃÑÁ
ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ B = ÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ B 5 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ (¡ÃÑÁ) x 1
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ B = 40.0
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃ B ÁÕÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅà·èÒ¡Ñº 40.00
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4) ÊÒÃÊÁÁµÔ C 100 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ ÁÕÁÇÅ 2.988 x 10-21 ¡ÃÑÁ
ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ C = ÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ C 100 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ (¡ÃÑÁ) x 1
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑ Á¾Ñ·¸ì¢Í§ B = 2.988 x 10-21 (¡ÃÑÁ) x 1
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ C = 18.0
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃ C ÁÕÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅà·èÒ¡Ñº 18.0
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. ¨Ò¡¢éÍÁÙÅ·Õè¡ÓË¹´ãËé ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅà»ç¹¡ÃÑÁ¢Í§ÊÒÃµèÍä»¹Õé
1) á¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ (H2) 1 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ (¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§á¡êÊ H2 à·èÒ¡Ñº 2)
ÁÇÅ¢Í§á¡êÊ H2 1 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ = n x ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ H2 x 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 1 x 2 x 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅ¢Í§á¡êÊ H2 1 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ = 3.32 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ á¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ 1 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ ÁÕÁÇÅà·èÒ¡Ñº 3.32 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) á¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (CO2) 5 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ (¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ CO2 à·èÒ¡Ñº 44)
ÁÇÅ¢Í§á¡êÊ CO2 5 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ = n x ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ CO2 x 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 5 x 44 x 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅ¢Í§á¡êÊ CO2 5 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ = 3.65 x 10-22 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ á¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì 5 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ ÁÕÁÇÅà·èÒ¡Ñº 3.65 x 10-22 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) á¡êÊä¹âµÃà¨¹ (N2) 100 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ (¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ N2 à·èÒ¡Ñº 28)
ÁÇÅ¢Í§á¡êÊ N2 100 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ = 100 x ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ N2 x 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 100 x 28 x 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅ¢Í§á¡êÊ N2 100 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ = 4.65 x 10-21 ¡ÃÑÁ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
§¹Ñé¹ á¡êÊä¹âµÃà¨¹ 100 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ ÁÕÁÇÅà·èÒ¡Ñº 4.65 x 10-21 ¡ÃÑÁ
´Ñ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 2
= 1 mole
ãº§Ò¹ àÃ×èÍ§ âÁÅ
º··Õè 4 âÁÅáÅÐÊÙµÃà¤ÁÕ ª×èÍ ……………….....………………………..……….............…..….. ªÑé¹
Í¹ØÀÒ¤µèÍâÁÅ
¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§âÁÅáÅÐàÅ¢ÍÒâÇ¡Òâ´Ã
ÊÒÃã´ æ 1 âÁÅ ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹Í¹ØÀÒ¤ = àÅ¢ÍÒâÇ¡Òâ´Ã (Avogadro’s number)
= 6.02×1023 Í¹ØÀÒ¤
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§àªè¹
• ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ (C) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 1 âÁÅ ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹Í¹ØÀÒ¤ 6.02×1023 ÍÐµÍÁ ÍÒàÁà´âÍ ÍÒâÇ¡Òâ´Ã
• ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (CO2) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 1 âÁÅ ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹Í¹ØÀÒ¤ 6.02×1023 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ
• «ÑÅà¿µäÍÍÍ¹ (SO42-) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 1 âÁÅ ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹Í¹ØÀÒ¤ 6.02×1023 äÍÍÍ¹
¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³·Õàè ¡ÕÂè Ç¢éÍ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§âÁÅ áÅÐ¨Ó¹Ç¹Í¹ØÀÒ¤
á¹Ç¤Ô´·Õè 1 ãªéÊÙµÃ
N
n =
6.02x1023 ¡ÓË¹´ÊÑÞÅÑ¡É³ìá·¹»ÃÔÁÒ³µèÒ§ æ
n á·¹ ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ (mol)
N á·¹ ¨Ó¹Ç¹Í¹ØÀÒ¤ (ÍÐµÍÁ âÁàÅ¡ØÅ áÅÐäÍÍÍ¹)
á¹Ç¤Ô´·Õè 2 ãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ
á¿¡àµÍÃì·Õèà¡ÕèÂÇ¢éÍ§ ä´éá¡è
1 mol ÊÒÃã´ æ ËÃ×Í 6.02x1023 Í¹ØÀÒ¤
6.02x1023 Í¹ØÀÒ¤ 1 mol ÊÒÃã´ æ
*** à·¤¹Ô¤ã¹¡ÒÃãªéá¿¡àµÍÃì ***

»ÃÔÁÒ³áÅÐË¹èÇÂ·ÕèµéÍ§¡ÒÃ »ÃÔÁÒ³áÅÐË¹èÇÂàÃÔèÁµé¹
»ÃÔÁÒ³áÅÐË¹èÇÂ·ÕèµéÍ§¡ÒÃ
= × × ×
áÊ´§¡ÒÃµÑ´á¿¡àµÍÃì
ÊèÇ¹¢Í§á¿¡àµÍÃì¡èÍ¹Ë¹éÒáÅÐàÈÉ¢Í§á¿¡àµÍÃìµÑÇ¶Ñ´ä»¨Ðà»ç¹Ë¹èÇÂà´ÕÂÇ¡Ñ¹ ¶Ö§µÑ´áÅÐËÑ¡ÅéÒ§Ë¹èÇÂ¡Ñ¹ä´é
Ë¹éÒ 1
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³·Õàè ¡ÕÂè Ç¢éÍ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§âÁÅáÅ¨Ó¹Ç¹Í¹ØÀÒ¤¢Í§ÊÒÃ
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 1 ¸ÒµØÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 1.204x1023 ÍÐµÍÁ ¤Ô´à»ç¹¡ÕèâÁÅ
ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 1 : ãªéÊÙµÃ ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 2 : ãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ
N = 1.204x1023, n = ? mol O = 1 mol O × 1.204x1023 atom O
n = 1.204x1023 6.02x1023 atom O
6.02x1023 mol O = 0.200 mol O
n = 0.200 âÁÅ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¸ÒµØÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 1.204x1023 ÍÐµÍÁ ¤Ô´à»ç¹ 0.200 âÁÅ
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 2 ¹éÓ (H2O) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 3 âÁÅ ÁÕ¡ÕèâÁàÅ¡ØÅ

n = 3, N = ? 6.02x1023 molecule H2O
molecule H2O = × 3 mol H2O
N = 6.02x1023 x 3 1 mol H2O
molecule H2O = 1.806x1023 molecule H2O
n = 1.806x1023 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¹éÓ (H2O) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 3 âÁÅ ÁÕ 1.806x1023 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ

1. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃµèÍä»¹Õé â´ÂáÊ´§ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´·Ñé§ 2 áºº
1.1 ÎÕàÅÕÂÁ (He) 1.02x1022 ÍÐµÍÁ
N = 1.02x10 , n = ? 22
................................................................................. mol He = 1 mol He × 1.02x1022 atom He
..................................................................................................................................................
n = 1.02x1022
................................................................................. 6.02x1023 atom He
..................................................................................................................................................
6.02x1023
................................................................................. mol He = 1.69x10-2 mol He
..................................................................................................................................................
n = 1.69x10-2 âÁÅ
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÎÕàÅÕÂÁ 1.02x1022 ÍÐµÍÁ ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ........................... 1.69x10-2 âÁÅ
Ë¹éÒ 2
1.2 àËÅç¡ (Fe) 3.61x1020 ÍÐµÍÁ
N = 3.61x10 , n = ? 20
................................................................................. mol Fe = 1 mol Fe × 3.61x1020 atom Fe
..................................................................................................................................................
n = 3.61x1020
................................................................................. 6.02x1023 atom Fe
..................................................................................................................................................
6.02x1023 mol Fe = 6.00x10-2 mol Fe
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
n = 6.00x10-2 âÁÅ
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ àËÅç¡ 3.61x1020 ÍÐµÍÁ ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ............................................ 6.00x10-2 âÁÅ
1.3 á¡êÊáÍÁâÁà¹ÕÂ (NH3) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 3.01x1025 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ

N = 3.01x1025, n = ?
................................................................................. mol NH3 = 1 mol NH3 × 3.01x1025 atom NH3
..................................................................................................................................................
n = 3.01x1025
................................................................................. 6.02x1023 atom NH3
..................................................................................................................................................
6.02x1023
................................................................................. mol NH3 50.0 mol NH3
..................................................................................................................................................
n = 50.0 âÁÅ
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ á¡êÊáÍÁâÁà¹ÕÂ 3.01x1025 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ........................... 50.0 âÁÅ
1.4 ¡ÓÁÐ¶Ñ¹ (S) 1 ÍÐµÍÁ

N = 1, n = ?
................................................................................. mol S = 1 mol S × 1 atom S
..................................................................................................................................................
6.02x10 atom S 23
n= 1
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
6.02x10 23
................................................................................. mol S = 1.66x10-24 mol S
..................................................................................................................................................
n = 1.66x10-24 âÁÅ
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¡ÓÁÐ¶Ñ¹ 1 ÍÐµÍÁ ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ..................................... 1.66x10-24 âÁÅ
1.5 â¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁäÍÍÍ¹ (K+) 100 äÍÍÍ¹

N = 100, n = ?
................................................................................. mol K+ = 1 mol K+ × 100 atom K
+
..................................................................................................................................................
n= 100
................................................................................. 6.02x10 23 atom K+
..................................................................................................................................................
6.02x1023 mol K+ = 1.66x10-22 mol K+
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
n = 1.66x10-22 âÁÅ
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ â¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁäÍÍÍ¹ 100 äÍÍÍ¹ ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ..................................... 1.66x10-22 âÁÅ
Ë¹éÒ 3
2. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¨Ó¹Ç¹Í¹ØÀÒ¤¢Í§ÊÒÃµèÍä»¹Õé
2.1 ÍÒÃì¡Í¹ (Ar) 3.00 âÁÅ
n = 3, N = ?
................................................................................. atom Ar = 6.02x1023 atom Ar × 3 mol Ar
..................................................................................................................................................
N = 6.02x1023 x 3
................................................................................. 1 mol Ar
..................................................................................................................................................
n = 1.806x1023 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ
................................................................................. atom Ar = 1.806x1024 atom Ar
..................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÍÒÃì¡Í¹ 3.00 âÁÅ ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ..................................... 1.806x1024 ÍÐµÍÁ
2.2 àËÅç¡ (Fe) 8.50 âÁÅ

n = 8.50, N = ?
................................................................................. atom Fe = 6.02x1023 atom Fe × 3 mol Fe
..................................................................................................................................................
N = 6.02x1023 x 8.50
................................................................................. 1 mol Fe
..................................................................................................................................................
n = 5.12x1024 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ
................................................................................. atom Fe = 1.806x1024 atom Fe
..................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ àËÅç¡ 8.50 âÁÅ ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ..................................... 5.12x1024 ÍÐµÍÁ
2.3 ¹éÓµÒÅ«Ùâ¤ÃÊ (C12H22O11) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 5.00 âÁÅ

n = 5, N = ?
.................................................................................
23
C12H22O11 = 6.02x10 molecule C12H22O11 × 5.00 mol C12H22O11
..................................................................................................................................................
molecule
1 mol C12H22O11
N = 6.02x1023 x 5
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
n = 3.01x10-21 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ
................................................................................. molecule C12H22O11 = 3.01x1021 molecule H2O
..................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¹éÓµÒÅ«Ùâ¤ÃÊ 5.00 âÁÅ ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ..................................... 3.01x10-21 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ
2.4 ÍÍ¡ä«´ìäÍÍÍ¹ (O2-) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 0.001 âÁÅ

n = 0.001, N = ?
................................................................................. ion O2- = 6.02x1023 ion O2- × 0.001 mol O2-
..................................................................................................................................................
N = 6.02x1023 x 0.001 1 mol O2-
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
n = 6.02x1020 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ
................................................................................. ion O2- = 6.02x1020 ion O2-
..................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÍÍ¡ä«´ìäÍÍÍ¹ 0.001 âÁÅ ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ..................................... 6.02x1020 äÍÍÍ¹
2.5 ä¹à·ÃµäÍÍÍ¹ (NO3-) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 1.0x10-5 âÁÅ

n = 1.0x10 -5, N = ?
................................................................................. ion NO3- = 6.02x1023 ion NO3- × 1.0x10-5 mol NO3-
..................................................................................................................................................
N = 6.02x1023 x 1.0x10-5 1 mol NO3-
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
n = 6.02x1018 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ
................................................................................. ion NO3- = 6.02x1018 ion NO3-
..................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ä¹à·ÃµäÍÍÍ¹ 1.0x10-5 âÁÅ ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ..................................... 6.02x1018 äÍÍÍ¹
Ë¹éÒ 4
3. â¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁ«ÑÅà¿µ (K2SO4) 0.1 âÁÅ ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹â¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁäÍÍÍ¹ (K+) áÅÐ«ÑÅà¿µäÍÍÍ¹ (SO42-) ÍÂèÒ§ÅÐ¡ÕèâÁÅ
(¤Ó¹Ç³â´ÂÇÔ¸Õá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ)
⇒ ËÒ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§ K+
ion K+ = 6.02x1023 ion K+ × 2 mol K+ × 0.1 mol K2SO4
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 mol K+ 1 mol K2SO4
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ion K+ = 1.204x1023 ion K+
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
⇒ ËÒ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§ 2-
SO42-
ion SO4 = 6.02x1023 ion SO42- × 1 mol SO42- × 0.1 mol K2SO4
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2-
1 mol SO4 1 mol K2SO4
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ion SO42- = 6.02x1022 ion SO42-
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ â¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁ«ÑÅà¿µ 0.1 âÁÅ ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹â¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁäÍÍÍ¹ .............................................. 1.204x1023 äÍÍÍ¹
6.02x10 22
áÅÐ«ÑÅà¿µäÍÍÍ¹ .............................................. äÍÍÍ¹
4. ÍÐÅÙÁÔà¹ÕÂÁ«ÑÅà¿µ (Al2(SO4)3) ¡ÕèâÁÅ·ÕèÊÒÁÒÃ¶ãËéÍÐÅÙÁÔà¹ÕÂÁäÍÍÍ¹ (Al3+) 6.02x1022 äÍÍÍ¹ áÅÐã¹»ÃÔÁÒ³

ÊÒÃ´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇÁÕ«ÑÅà¿µäÍÍÍ¹ (SO42-) ¡ÕèäÍÍÍ¹
⇒ ËÒ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§ Al2(SO4)3
mol Al2(SO4)3 = 1 mol Al2(SO4)3 × 1 mol Al3+ × 6.02x1022 ion Al3+
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 mol Al3+ 6.02x1023 ion Al3+
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
mol Al2(SO4)3 = 5.00x10-2 mol Al2(SO4)3
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
⇒ ËÒ¨Ó¹Ç¹äÍÍÍ¹¢Í§ SO42-
ion SO42- = 6.02x1023 ion SO42- × 3 mol SO42- × 5.00x10-2 mol Al2(SO4)3
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 mol SO42- 1 mol Al2(SO4)3
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ion SO42- = 9.03x10-22 ion SO42
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÁÕÍÐÅÙÁÔà¹ÕÂÁ«ÑÅà¿µ ...................................5.00x10-2 âÁÅ ·ÕèÊÒÁÒÃ¶ãËéÍÐÅÙÁÔà¹ÕÂÁäÍÍÍ¹ 6.02x1022 äÍÍÍ¹ áÅÐã¹»ÃÔÁÒ³¢Í§
ÊÒÃÍÐÅÙÁÔà¹ÕÂÁ«ÑÅà¿µ´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇ ¨ÐÁÕ«ÑÅà¿µäÍÍÍ¹ÍÂÙè ....................................... 9.03x10-22 äÍÍÍ¹
Ë¹éÒ 5
ÁÇÅµèÍâÁÅ
• ÁÇÅµèÍâÁÅ ËÁÒÂ¶Ö§ ÁÇÅà»ç¹¡ÃÑÁ¢Í§Ë¹èÇÂÍ¹ØÀÒ¤âÁÅÊÒÃ
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§àªè¹
C ÁÕÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁà·èÒ¡Ñº 12 áÊ´§ÇèÒ C 1 âÁÅ ÁÕÁÇÅà·èÒ¡Ñº 12 ¡ÃÑÁ
H2 ÁÕÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅà·èÒ¡Ñº 2 áÊ´§ÇèÒ H2 1 âÁÅ ÁÕÁÇÅà·èÒ¡Ñº 2 ¡ÃÑÁ
NaCl ÁÕÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅà·èÒ¡Ñº 58.5 áÊ´§ÇèÒ NaCl 1 âÁÅ ÁÕÁÇÅà·èÒ¡Ñº 58.5 ¡ÃÑÁ
¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³·Õàè ¡ÕÂè Ç¢éÍ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§âÁÅáÅÐÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ
g (¡ÃÑÁ) ¡ÓË¹´ÊÑÞÅÑ¡É³ìá·¹»ÃÔÁÒ³µèÒ§ æ
n=
Mw (¡ÃÑÁµèÍâÁÅ) n á·¹ ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ (mol)
g á·¹ ÁÇÅà»ç¹¡ÃÑÁ¢Í§ÊÒÃ (g)
Mw á·¹ ÁÇÅµèÍâÁÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ (g/mol)
á¹Ç¤Ô´·Õè 2 ãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ (ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁËÃ×ÍÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ)
1 mol ÊÒÃã´ æ ËÃ×Í ÁÇÅµèÍâÁÅ (g)
ÁÇÅµèÍâÁÅ (g) 1 mol ÊÒÃã´ æ
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 3 ¸ÒµØÍÐÅÙÁÔà¹ÕÂÁ (Al) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 2.70 ¡ÃÑÁ ¤Ô´à»ç¹¡ÕèâÁÅ (ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ Al à·èÒ¡Ñº 27)
g = 2.70 ,Mw = 27,n = ? mol Al = 1 mol Al × 2.70 g Al
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
n = 2.70
................................................................................. 27 g Al
..................................................................................................................................................
27 mol Al = 0.100 mol Al
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
n = 0.100 âÁÅ
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¸ÒµØÍÐÅÙÁÔà¹ÕÂÁ ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 2.70 ¡ÃÑÁ ¤Ô´à»ç¹ ..................................... 0.100 âÁÅ
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 4 ÊÒÃâ«à´ÕÂÁä¹àµÃµ (NaNO3) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 0.05 âÁÅ ¨ÐÁÕÁÇÅ¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ NaNO3 à·èÒ¡Ñº 85)
n = 0.05 ,Mw = 85, g = ?
................................................................................. g NaNO3 = 85 g NaNO3 × 0.05 mol NaNO3
..................................................................................................................................................
g = 0.05 x 85 1 mol NaNO3
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
g = 4.25 ¡ÃÑÁ
................................................................................. g NaNO3 = 4.25 g NaNO3
..................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃâ«à´ÕÂÁä¹àµÃµ 0.05 âÁÅ ¨ÐÁÕÁÇÅ ..................................... 4.25 ¡ÃÑÁ
Ë¹éÒ 6
5. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃã¹¢éÍµèÍä»¹Õé â´ÂáÊ´§ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´·Ñé§ 2 áºº
5.1 ¸ÒµØ´ÕºØ¡ (Sn) 17.5 ¡ÃÑÁ ¤Ô´à»ç¹¡ÕèâÁÅ (ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ Sn à·èÒ¡Ñº 119)
g = 17.5 ,Mw = 119 ,n = ? mol Sn = 1 mol Sn × 17.5 g Sn
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
n = 17.5 119 g Sn
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
119 mol Sn = 0.147 mol Sn
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
n = 0.147 âÁÅ
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¸ÒµØ´ÕºØ¡ 17.5 ¡ÃÑÁ ¤Ô´à»ç¹ ..................................... 0.147 âÁÅ
5.2 àÅ´(II)ä¹à·Ãµ (Pb(NO3)2) 82.75 ¡ÃÑÁ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ Pb(NO3)2 à·èÒ¡Ñº 283)

mol Pb(NO3)2 = 1 mol Pb(NO3)2 × 82.75 g Pb(NO3)2
g = 82.75 ,Mw = 283 ,n = ? ..................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................
n = 82.75
................................................................................. 283 g Pb(NO3)2
..................................................................................................................................................
283
................................................................................. mol Pb(NO3)2 = 0.29 mol Pb(NO3)2
..................................................................................................................................................
n = 0.29 âÁÅ
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ àÅ´(II)ä¹à·Ãµ 82.75 ¡ÃÑÁ ¤Ô´à»ç¹ ..................................... 0.29 âÁÅ
6. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃã¹¢éÍµèÍä»¹Õé â´ÂáÊ´§ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´·Ñé§ 2 áºº

6.1 ¸ÒµØ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ (C) 2.25 âÁÅ ¨ÐÁÕÁÇÅ¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ (ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ C à·èÒ¡Ñº 12)
n = 2.25 ,Mw = 12, g = ?
................................................................................. g NaNO3 = 85 g NaNO3 × 0.05 mol NaNO3
..................................................................................................................................................
g = 2.25 x 12
................................................................................. 1 mol NaNO3
..................................................................................................................................................
g = 27.0 ¡ÃÑÁ
................................................................................. g NaNO3 = 4.25 g NaNO3
..................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¸ÒµØ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ 2.25 âÁÅ ¨ÐÁÕÁÇÅ ..................................... 27.0 ¡ÃÑÁ
6.2 ¡Ã´«ÑÅ¿ÔÇÃÔ¡ (H2SO4) 0.80 âÁÅ ¨ÐÁÕÁÇÅ¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ Pb(NO3)2 à·èÒ¡Ñº 98)
n = 0.80 ,Mw = 98, g = ?
................................................................................. g H2SO4 = 98 g H2SO4 × 0.80 mol H2SO4
..................................................................................................................................................
g = 0.80 x 98
................................................................................. 1 mol H2SO4
..................................................................................................................................................
g = 78.4 ¡ÃÑÁ
................................................................................. g H2SO4 = 78.4 g H2SO4
..................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¡Ã´«ÑÅ¿ÔÇÃÔ¡ 0.80 âÁÅ ¨ÐÁÕÁÇÅ ..................................... 78.4 ¡ÃÑÁ
Ë¹éÒ 7
7. ¹éÓµÒÅ¡ÅÙâ¤Ê (C6H12O6) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 90 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨Ð»ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂ¸ÒµØäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ (H) ¸ÒµØ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ (C) áÅÐ¸ÒµØ
ÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O) ÍÂèÒ§ÅÐ¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ (ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ H ,C áÅÐ O à·èÒ¡Ñº 1, 12 áÅÐ 16 µÒÁÅÓ´Ñº)
(¤Ó¹Ç³â´ÂÇÔ¸Õá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ)
⇒ ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ H ã¹ C6H12O6 ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 90 ¡ÃÑÁ
gH= 1gH × 12 mol H × 1 mol C6H12O6 × 90 g C6H12O6
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 mol H 1 mol C6H12O6 180 g C6H12O6
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
gH= 6gH
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
⇒ ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ C ã¹ C6H12O6 ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 90 ¡ÃÑÁ
g C = 12 g C × 6 mol C × 1 mol C6H12O6 × 90 g C6H12O6
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 mol C 1 mol C6H12O6 180 g C6H12O6
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
g C = 36 g C
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
⇒ ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ O ã¹ C6H12O6 ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 90 ¡ÃÑÁ
g O = 16 g O × 6 mol O × 1 mol C6H12O6 × 90 g C6H12O6
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 mol O 1 mol C6H12O6 180 g C6H12O6
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
g O = 48 g O
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¹éÓµÒÅ¡ÅÙâ¤Ê 90 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨Ð»ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂ¸ÒµØäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ ........................... 6 ¡ÃÑÁ ¸ÒµØ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ ......................... 36 ¡ÃÑÁ
áÅÐ¸ÒµØÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ .......................... 48 ¡ÃÑÁ
8. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§á¡êÊ«ÑÅà¿ÍÃìä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (SO2) ·ÕèÁÕ¸ÒµØ¡ÓÁÐ¶Ñ¹ (S) à»ç¹Í§¤ì»ÃÐ¡Íº»ÃÔÁÒ³ 0.4 ¡ÃÑÁ

áÅÐ¨§ËÒÇèÒã¹»ÃÔÁÒ³¢Í§á¡êÊ«ÑÅà¿ÍÃìä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇÁÕ¸ÒµØÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O) à»ç¹Í§¤ì»ÃÐ¡Íº»ÃÔÁÒ³¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ
(ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ O áÅÐ S à·èÒ¡Ñº 16 áÅÐ 32 µÒÁÅÓ´Ñº) (¤Ó¹Ç³â´ÂÇÔ¸Õá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ)
⇒ ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ SO2 ·ÕèÁÕ S à»ç¹Í§¤ì»ÃÐ¡ÍºÍÂÙè 0.4 ¡ÃÑÁ
g SO2 = 64 g SO2 × 1 mol SO2 × 1 mol S × 0.4 g S
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 mol SO2 1 mol S 32 g
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
g SO2 = 0.8 g SO2
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
⇒ ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ O ã¹ SO2 ·ÕèÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒ³µÒÁ¢éÍ (4.1)
gO= 16 g O × 2 mol O × 1 mol SO2 × 0.8 g SO2
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 mol O 1 mol SO2 64 g SO2
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
g O = 0.4 g SO2
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÁÇÅ¢Í§á¡êÊ«ÑÅà¿ÍÃìä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì·ÕèÁÕ¸ÒµØ¡ÓÁÐ¶Ñ¹à»ç¹Í§¤ì»ÃÐ¡ÍºÍÂÙè 0.4 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨Ðà·èÒ¡Ñº ................................. 0.8 ¡ÃÑÁ
áÅÐã¹»ÃÔÁÒ³¢Í§«ÑÅà¿ÍÃìä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì¹Õé ¨ÐÁÕÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹à»ç¹Í§¤ì»ÃÐ¡ÍºÍÂÙè ................................... 0.4 ¡ÃÑÁ
Ë¹éÒ 8
»ÃÔÁÒµÃµèÍâÁÅ
• à»ÃÕÂºà·ÕÂº»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊµèÒ§ æ ãªéÍØ³ËÀÙÁÔ 0 Í§ÈÒà«Åà«ÕÂÊ (273 à¤ÅÇÔ¹) áÅÐ¤ÇÒÁ´Ñ¹ 1 ºÃÃÂÒ¡ÒÈ
(760 ÁÔÅÅÔàÁµÃ»ÃÍ·) à»ç¹ÀÒÇÐÁÒµÃ°Ò¹ àÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ ÍØ³ËÀÙÁÔáÅÐ¤ÇÒÁ´Ñ¹ÁÒµÃ°Ò¹ (standard temperature
and pressure) àÃÕÂ¡ÂèÍÇèÒ STP
• ·Õè STP á¡êÊã´ æ ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 1 âÁÅ ¨ÐÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ 22.4 ÅÔµÃ àÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ »ÃÔÁÒµÃµèÍâÁÅ¢Í§á¡êÊ (molar volume)
¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³·Õàè ¡ÕÂè Ç¢éÍ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§âÁÅáÅÐ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊ
V (ÅÔµÃ) ¡ÓË¹´ÊÑÞÅÑ¡É³ìá·¹»ÃÔÁÒ³µèÒ§ æ
n=
22.4 (ÅÔµÃ/âÁÅ) n á·¹ ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ (mol)
V á·¹ »ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊ (L)
á¹Ç¤Ô´·Õè 2 ãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ
1 mol á¡êÊã´ æ ËÃ×Í 22.4 ÅÔµÃ
22.4 ÅÔµÃ 1 mol á¡êÊã´ æ
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 5 á¡êÊâÍâ«¹ (O3) »ÃÔÁÒµÃ 11.2 ÅÔµÃ·Õè STP ¤Ô´à»ç¹¡ÕèâÁÅ

V = 11.2 ,n = ? mol O3 = 1 mol O3 × 11.2 L O3
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
n = 11.2
................................................................................. 22.4 L O3
..................................................................................................................................................
22.4
................................................................................. mol O3 = 0.5 mol O3
..................................................................................................................................................
n = 0.5 âÁÅ
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ á¡êÊâÍâ«¹ 11.2 ÅÔµÃ·Õè STP ¤Ô´à»ç¹ ..................................... 0.5 âÁÅ
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 6 á¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ (H2) 0.25 âÁÅ ÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¡ÕèÅÔµÃ·Õè STP

n = 0.25 ,V = ?
................................................................................. L H2 = 22.4 L H2 × 0.25 mol H2
..................................................................................................................................................
V = 0.25 x 22.4
................................................................................. 1 mol H2
..................................................................................................................................................
g = 5.6 ÅÔµÃ
................................................................................. L H2 = 5.6 L H2
..................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ á¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ 0.25 âÁÅ ÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ ............................. 5.6 ÅÔµÃ·Õè STP
Ë¹éÒ 9
9. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§á¡êÊã¹¢éÍµèÍä»¹Õé â´ÂáÊ´§ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´·Ñé§ 2 áºº
9.1 á¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O2) 1.12 ÅÔµÃ·Õè STP
V = 1.12 ,n = ?
................................................................................. mol O2 = 1 mol O2 × 1.12 L O2
..................................................................................................................................................
n = 1.12
................................................................................. 22.4 L O2
..................................................................................................................................................
22.4
................................................................................. mol O2 = 0.05 mol O2
..................................................................................................................................................
n = 0.05 âÁÅ
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ á¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ 1.12 ÅÔµÃ·Õè STP ¤Ô´à»ç¹ ..................................... 0.05 âÁÅ
9.2 á¡êÊÁÕà·¹ (CH4) 6.72 ÅÔµÃ·Õè STP

V = 6.72 ,n = ?
................................................................................. mol CH4 = 1 mol CH4 × 6.72 L CH4
..................................................................................................................................................
n = 6.72 22.4 L CH4
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
22.4 mol CH4 = 0.3 mol CH4
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
n = 0.3 âÁÅ
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ á¡êÊÁÕà·¹ 6.72 ÅÔµÃ·Õè STP ¤Ô´à»ç¹ ..................................... 0.3 âÁÅ
10. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ·Õè STP ¢Í§á¡êÊµèÍä»¹Õé â´ÂáÊ´§ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´·Ñé§ 2 áºº

10.1 á¡êÊä¹âµÃà¨¹ (N2) 0.01 âÁÅ ¨ÐÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¡ÕÅè ÔµÃ·Õè STP
n = 0.01 ,V = ?
................................................................................. L N2 = 22.4 L N2 × 0.01 mol N2
..................................................................................................................................................
V = 0.01 x 22.4
................................................................................. 1 mol H2
..................................................................................................................................................
g = 0.224 ÅÔµÃ
................................................................................. L N2 = 0.224 L N2
..................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ á¡êÊä¹âµÃà¨¹ 0.01 âÁÅ ÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ ............................. 0.224 ÅÔµÃ·Õè STP
10.2 á¡êÊÍÒÃì¡Í¹ (Ar) 5.00 âÁÅ ¨ÐÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¡ÕèÅÔµÃ·Õè STP

n = 5.00 ,V = ?
................................................................................. L Ar = 22.4 L Ar × 5.00 mol Ar
..................................................................................................................................................
V = 5.00 x 22.4
................................................................................. 1 mol Ar
..................................................................................................................................................
g = 112 ÅÔµÃ
................................................................................. L Ar = 112 L Ar
..................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ á¡êÊÍÒÃì¡Í¹ 5.00 âÁÅ ÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ ............................. 112 ÅÔµÃ·Õè STP
Ë¹éÒ 10
ãº§Ò¹ àÃ×Íè § ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§âÁÅ ¨Ó¹Ç¹Í¹ØÀÒ¤
ÁÇÅ áÅÐ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊ
º··Õè 4 âÁÅáÅÐÊÙµÃà¤ÁÕ ª×èÍ ……………….....…………..……….............…..….. ªÑé¹ …………… àÅ¢·Õè ………….
¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§âÁÅ ¨Ó¹Ç¹Í¹ØÀÒ¤ ÁÇÅ áÅÐ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊ

à¢ÕÂ¹á·¹´éÇÂÊÙµÃ ä´é´Ñ§¹Õé
g N V
n = = =
Mw 6.02x102 22.4
àÁ×èÍ n á·¹¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ (mol)
N á·¹¨Ó¹Ç¹Í¹ØÀÒ¤ (ÍÐµÍÁ âÁàÅ¡ØÅ áÅÐäÍÍÍ¹)
m á·¹ÁÇÅà»ç¹¡ÃÑÁ (g)
Mw á·¹ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁáÅÐÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ (g/mol)
V á·¹»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊ·Õè STP ã¹Ë¹èÇÂÅÔµÃ (L)
ËÃ×Íà¢ÕÂ¹¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¢Í§âÁÅ¡Ñº»ÃÔÁÒ³µèÒ§ æ ¢Í§ÊÒÃã¹ÃÙ»á¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂä´é´Ñ§¹Õé
22.4 L
22.4 L
Ë¹éÒ 1
¨Ó¹Ç¹Í¹ØÀÒ¤áÅÐÁÇÅ
• ¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³â´ÂãªéÊÙµÃ
g N
=
Mw 6.02x1023
• ËÃ×Í¤Ó¹Ç³â´Âãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 1 ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ÍÐÅÙÁÔà¹ÕÂÁ (Al) 3.01 x 1023 ÍÐµÍÁ (ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ Al = 27)

ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 1 : ãªéÊÙµÃã¹¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 2 : ãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ
ÊÙµÃ g = N
g Al = 27 g Al x 1 mol Al x 3.01 x 1023 atom Al
Mw 6.02 x 1023
g 23 1 mol Al 6.02 x 1023 atom Al
= 3.01 x 10 23
27 6.02 x 10 = 1.35 g Al
23
g = 3.01 x 10 x 27
6.02 x 1023
g = 1.35 ¡ÃÑÁ
1.35
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÍÐÅÙÁÔà¹ÕÂÁ 3.01 x 1023 ÍÐµÍÁ ¨ÐÁÕÁÇÅà·èÒ¡Ñº ......................... ¡ÃÑÁ
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 2 ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§á¡êÊä¹âµÃà¨¹ÁÍ¹Í¡ä«´ì (NO) 60 ¡ÃÑÁ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ NO = 30)

ÊÙµÃ N g
=
6.02 x 1023 Mw molecule NO = 6.02 x 1023 molecule NO x 1 mol NO x 60 g NO
N = 60 1 mol NO 30 g NO
6.02 x 1023 30
= 1.204 x 1024 molecule NO
N = 60 x 6.02 x 10 23
30
N = 1.204 x 1024 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ
24
1.204 x 10
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹á¡êÊä¹âµÃà¨¹ 60 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨ÐÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹à·èÒ¡Ñº ................................................... âÁàÅ¡ØÅ
Ë¹éÒ 2
1. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃµèÍä»¹Õé
1.1 µÐ¡ÑèÇ (Pb) 1 ÍÐµÍÁ (ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ Pb = 207)
ÊÙµÃ g N
= 207 g Pb 1 mol Pb
Mw 6.02 x 1023 g Pb = x x 1 atom Pb
g 1 1 mol Pb 6.02 x 1023 atom Pb
=
207 6.02 x 1023
1 = 3.44 x 10-22 g Pb
g = x 207
6.02 x 1023
g = 3.44 x 10-22 ¡ÃÑÁ
-22
3.44 x 10
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹µÐ¡ÑèÇ 1 ÍÐµÍÁ ¨ÐÁÕÁÇÅà·èÒ¡Ñº ......................................... ¡ÃÑÁ
1.2 ¿ÍÊ¿ÍÃÑÊ (P) 6.02 x 1022 ÍÐµÍÁ (ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ P = 31)

ÊÙµÃ g N
= 31 g P 1 mol P
Mw 6.02 x 1023 gP = x x 6.02 x 1022 atom P
g 22 1 mol P 23
6.02 x 10 atom P
= 6.02 x 10 23
31 6.02 x 10
22 = 3.1 g P
g = 6.02 x 10 23 x 31
6.02 x 10
g = 3.1 ¡ÃÑÁ
3.1
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹¿ÍÊ¿ÍÃÑÊ 6.02 x 1022 ÍÐµÍÁ ¨ÐÁÕÁÇÅà·èÒ¡Ñº ......................................... ¡ÃÑÁ
1.3 á¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (CO2) 1.81 x 1024 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ CO2 = 44)

ÊÙµÃ g N
= 44 g CO2 1 mol CO2
Mw 6.02 x 1023 g CO2 = x x 1.81x1024 molecule CO2
g 24 1 mol CO2 6.02x1023 molecule CO2
= 1.81 x 10 23
44 6.02 x 10
24 = 132.3 g CO2
g = 1.81 x 10 23 x 44
6.02 x 10
g = 132.3 ¡ÃÑÁ
132.3
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹á¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (CO2) 1.81 x 1024 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ ¨ÐÁÕÁÇÅà·èÒ¡Ñº ......................................... ¡ÃÑÁ
Ë¹éÒ 3
1.4 àÅ´(II)ä¹à·Ãµ (Pb(NO3)2) «Öè§ÁÕä¹à·ÃµäÍÍÍ¹ (Pb2+) 3.01 x 1023 äÍÍÍ¹ (ãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ)
(ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ Pb(NO3)2 = 331)
ãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ
g Pb(NO3)2 = 331 g Pb(NO3)2 1 mol Pb(NO3)2 1 mol Pb2+

x x x 3.01 x 1023 ion Pb2+
1 mol Pb(NO3)2 2+
1 mol Pb 6.02 x 1023 ion Pb2+
= 165.5 g Pb(NO3)2
2. ¨§ËÒ¨Ó¹Ç¹Í¹ØÀÒ¤¢Í§ÊÒÃµèÍä»¹Õé
2.1 ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ (C) 4 ¡ÃÑÁ (ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁà·èÒ¡Ñº 12)
N g
ÊÙµÃ = 1 mol C
23 Mw atom C = 6.02 x 1023 atom C x x 4gC
6.02 x 10
N 4 1 mol C 12 g C
=
6.02 x 1023 12 = 2.01 x 1023 atom C
N = 4 x 6.02 x 1023
12
N = 2.01 x 1023 ÍÐµÍÁ
23
2.01 x 10
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ 4 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨ÐÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹ .......................................... ÍÐµÍÁ
2.2 àÎ¡à«¹ (C6H14) 43 ¡ÃÑÁ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅà·èÒ¡Ñº 86)

N g
ÊÙµÃ =
6.02 x 1023 Mw molecule C6H14 = 6.02 x 1023 molecule C6H14 1 mol C6H14 43 g C H
x x 6 14
N 43 1 mol C6H14 86 g C6H14
=
6.02 x 1023 86
= 3.01 x 1023 molecule C6H14
N = 43 x 6.02 x 1023
86
N = 3.01 x 1023 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ
23
3.01 x 10
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹àÎ¡à«¹ 43 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨ÐÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹ .......................................... ÍÐµÍÁ
Ë¹éÒ 4
2.3 á¡êÊä¹âµÃà¨¹ÁÍ¹Í¡ä«´ì (NO) 30 ¡ÃÑÁ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅà·èÒ¡Ñº 30)

N g
ÊÙµÃ =
6.02 x 10 23 Mw 6.02 x 1023 molecule NO 1 mol NO
molecule NO = x x 30 g NO
N 30 1 mol NO 30 g NO
=
6.02 x 1023 30
= 6.02 x 1023 molecule NO
N = 30 x 6.02 x 1023
30
N = 6.02 x 1023 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ
2.4 ä¹à·ÃµäÍÍÍ¹ (NO3-) ã¹àÅ´(II)ä¹à·Ãµ (Pb(NO3)2) 82.75 ¡ÃÑÁ (ãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ)

(ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ Pb(NO3)2 = 331)
6.02 x 1023 ion NO3- 2 mol NO3- 1 mol Pb(NO3)2
ion NO3- = x x x 82.75 g Pb(NO3)2
1 mol NO3- 1 mol Pb(NO3)2 331 g Pb(NO3)2
= 3.01 x 1023 ion NO3-
3. ¡Ã´«ÑÅ¿ÔÇÃÔ¡ (H2SO4) 9.8 ¡ÃÑÁ á¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ (H2) 2 ¡ÃÑÁ áÅÐá¡êÊäÎâ´Ã¤ÅÍÃÔ¡ (HCl) 36.5 ¡ÃÑÁ
¨§ËÒÇèÒÊÒÃã´ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁàÅ¡ØÅ¹éÍÂ·ÕèÊØ´ (ãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ)
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´
1) ËÒ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ H2SO4 9.8 g (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ H2SO4 = 98)
molecule H2SO4 = 6.02 x 1023 molecule H2SO4 x 1 mol H2SO4 x 9.8 g H2SO4
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 mol H2SO4 98 g H2SO4
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 6.02 x 1022 molecule H2SO4
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) ËÒ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ H2 2 g (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ H2 = 2)
molecule H2 = 6.02 x 1023 molecule H2
...................................................................................................................................................... 1 mol H2
x 2 g H2
x .................................................................................................
1 mol H2 2 g H2
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 6.02 x 1023 molecule H2
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) ËÒ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ HCl 36.5 g (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ HCl = 36.5)
molecule HCl = 6.02 x 1023 molecule HCl x 1 mol HCl x 36.5 g HCl
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 mol HCl 36.5 g HCl
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 6.02 x 1023 molecule HCl
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¡Ã´«ÑÅ¿ÔÇÃÔ¡ (H2SO4)
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÒÃ·ÕèÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁàÅ¡ØÅ¹éÍÂ·ÕèÊØ´ ä´éá¡è ..............................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 5
ÁÇÅáÅÐ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊ
g V
=
Mw 22.4
22.4 L
22.4 L
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 3 ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§á¡êÊÎÕàÅÕÂÁ (He) »ÃÔÁÒµÃ 11.2 ÅÔµÃ ·ÕèÀÒÇÐ STP (ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ He = 4)

ÊÙµÃ g V
= 4 g He 1 mol He
22.4 g He = x x 11.2 L He
Mw 1 mol He 22.4 L He
g
= V
4 22.4 = 2 g He
g = 11.2 x 4
22.4
g = 2 ¡ÃÑÁ
2
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹á¡êÊÎÕàÅÕÂÁ 11.2 ÅÔµÃ ·ÕèÀÒÇÐ STP ¨ÐÁÕÁÇÅà·èÒ¡Ñº ......................... ¡ÃÑÁ
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 4 ¨§ËÒá¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ (H2) 0.4 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨ÐÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¡ÕèÅÔµÃ·ÕèÀÒÇÐ STP (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ H2 = 2)

ÊÙµÃ V = g 1 mol H2
L H2 = 22.4 L H2 x x 22.4 L H2
22.4 Mw 1 mol H2
V = 0.4 22.4 L H2
22.4 2 = 4.48 L H2
V = 0.4 x 22.4
2
V = 4.48 ÅÔµÃ
4.48
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹á¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ 0.4 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨ÐÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ .................................. ÅÔµÃ·ÕèÀÒÇÐ STP
Ë¹éÒ 6
4. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§á¡êÊµèÍä»¹Õé
4.1 á¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (CO2) 3.36 ÅÔµÃ·Õè STP (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ CO2 = 44)
ÊÙµÃ g V= 1 mol CO2
Mw 22.4 g CO2 = 44 g CO2 x x 3.36 L CO2
g 1 mol CO2 22.4 L CO2
= 3.36 = 6.6 g CO2
44 22.4
g = 3.36 x 44
22.4
g = 6.6 ¡ÃÑÁ
6.6
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹á¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì 3.36 ÅÔµÃ·Õè STP ¨ÐÁÕÁÇÅ ............................................. ¡ÃÑÁ
4.2 á¡êÊÁÕà·¹ (CH4) 1.12 ÅÔµÃ ·Õè STP (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ CH4 = 16)
ÊÙµÃ g V = 1 mol CH4
Mw 22.4 g CH4 = 16 g CH4 x x 1.12 L CH4
g 1 mol CH4 22.4 L CH4
= 1.12 = 0.8 g CH4
16 22.4
g = 1.12 x 16
22.4
g = 0.8 ¡ÃÑÁ
0.8
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹á¡êÊÁÕà·¹ 1.12 ÅÔµÃ·Õè STP ¨ÐÁÕÁÇÅ ............................................. ¡ÃÑÁ
5. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊµèÍä»¹Õé·ÕèÀÒÇÐ STP
5.1 á¡êÊÍÒÃì¡Í¹ (Ar) 2 ¡ÃÑÁ (ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ Ar = 40)
ÊÙµÃ V = g
22.4 L Ar 1 mol Ar
22.4 Mw L Ar = x x 2 g Ar
2 1 mol Ar 40 g Ar
V =
22.4 40 = 1.12 L H2
V = 2 x 22.4
40
V = 1.12 ÅÔµÃ
1.12
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹á¡êÊÍÒÃì¡Í¹ 2 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨ÐÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ .................................. ÅÔµÃ·ÕèÀÒÇÐ STP
Ë¹éÒ 7
5.2 á¡êÊ¤ÅÍÃÕ¹ (Cl2) 2.40 ¡ÃÑÁ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ = 71)
ÊÙµÃ V = g
22.4 L Cl2 1 mol Cl2
22.4 Mw L Cl2 = x x 2.40 g Cl2
1 mol Cl2 71 g Cl2
V = 2.40
22.4 71 = 0.76 L Cl2
V = 2.40 x 22.4
71
V = 0.76 ÅÔµÃ
¨Ó¹Ç¹Í¹ØÀÒ¤áÅÐ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊ
N V
=
6.02 x 1024 22.4
22.4 L
22.4 L
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 5 á¡êÊÎÕàÅÕÂÁ (He) »ÃÔÁÒµÃ 11.2 ÅÔµÃ·Õè STP ¨ÐÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹¡ÕèÍÐµÍÁ

ÊÙµÃ N V
= 6.02 x 1023 atom He 1 mol He
6.02 x 1023 22.4 atom He = x x 11.2 L He
N 11.2 1 mol He 22.4 L He
=
6.02 x 1023 22.4 = 3.01 x 1023 atom He
N = 11.2 x 6.02 x 1023
22.4
N = 3.01 x 1023 ÍÐµÍÁ
23
3.01 x 10
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹á¡êÊÎÕàÅÕÂÁ 11.2 ÅÔµÃ·Õè STP ¨ÐÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹Í¹ØÀÒ¤ .................................................. ÍÐµÍÁ
Ë¹éÒ 8
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 6 á¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ (H2) 1.204 x 1024 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ ¨ÐÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¡ÕèÅÔµÃ·ÕÀè ÒÇÐ STP
ÊÙµÃ V = N
22.4 6.02 x 1023 22.4 L H2 1 mol H2
L H2 = x x 1.204x1024 molecule H2
V = 1.204 x 1024 1 mol H2 6.02x1023 molecule H2
22.4 6.02 x 1023
1.204 x 1024 x 22.4 = 2 L H2
V =
6.02 x 1023
V= 2 ÅÔµÃ

6. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¨Ó¹Ç¹Í¹ØÀÒ¤¢Í§á¡êÊµèÍä»¹Õé
6.1 á¡êÊ¤ÅÍÃÕ¹ (Cl2) »ÃÔÁÒµÃ 44.8 ÅÔµÃ·ÕÀè ÒÇÐ STP
ÊÙµÃ N V
=
6.02 x 1023 22.4 6.02 x 1023 molecule Cl2 1 mol Cl2
molecule Cl2 = x x 44.8 L Cl2
N = 44.8 1 mol Cl2 22.4 L Cl2
6.02 x 10 23 22.4
= 1.204 x 1024 molecule Cl2
N = 44.8 x 6.02 x 1023
22.4
N = 1.204 x 1024 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ
24
1.204 x 10
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹á¡êÊ¤ÅÍÃÕ¹ 44.8 ÅÔµÃ·ÕÀè ÒÇÐ STP ¨ÐÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹Í¹ØÀÒ¤ ............................................... âÁàÅ¡ØÅ
6.2 á¡êÊÁÕà·¹ (CH4) »ÃÔÁÒµÃ 6.72 ÅÔµÃ·ÕÀè ÒÇÐ STP

ÊÙµÃ N = V
6.02 x 1023 22.4 6.02 x 1023 molecule CH4 1 mol CH4
molecule CH4 = x x 6.72 L CH4
N = 6.72 1 mol CH4 22.4 L CH4
6.02 x 10 23 22.4
= 1.806 x 1024 molecule CH4
N = 6.72 x 6.02 x 1023
22.4
N = 1.806 x 1023 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ
24
1.806 x 10
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹á¡êÊÁÕà·¹ 6.72 ÅÔµÃ·ÕÀè ÒÇÐ STP ¨ÐÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹Í¹ØÀÒ¤ ............................................... âÁàÅ¡ØÅ
Ë¹éÒ 9
7. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³»ÃÔÁÒµÃ·ÕèÀÒÇÐ STP ¢Í§á¡êÊµèÍä»¹Õé
7.1 á¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹«ÑÅä¿´ì (H2S) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 1.505 x 1024 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ
ÊÙµÃ V = N 22.4 L H2S 1 mol H2S
22.4 6.02 x 1023 L H2 S =
x
V 1.505 x 1023 1 mol H2S 6.02 x 1023 molecule H2S
=
22.4 6.02 x 1023 x 1.505 x 1024 molecule H2S
x 1023
1.505
V = x 22.4 = 5.6 L H2S
23
6.02 x 10
V = 5.6 ÅÔµÃ
5.6
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹á¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹«ÑÅä¿´ì 1.505 x 1024 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ ¨ÐÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ ............................. ÅÔµÃ ·ÕèÀÒÇÐ STP
7.2 á¡êÊâÍâ«¹ (O3) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 9.03 x 1023 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ

ÊÙµÃ V = N 22.4 L O3 1 mol O3
x 9.03 x 1023 molecule O3
L O3 = x
22.4 6.02 x 1023 23
V 23 1 mol O3 6.02 x 10 molecule O3
= 9.03 x 1023
22.4 6.02 x 10 = 33.6 L O3
V = 9.03 x 1023 x 22.4
6.02 x 1023
V = 33.6 ÅÔµÃ
33.6
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹á¡êÊâÍâ«¹ 9.03 x 1023 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ¨ÐÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ ............................. ÅÔµÃ ·ÕèÀÒÇÐ STP
Ë¹éÒ 10
¡ÒÃ»ÃÐÂØ¡µìà¾×Íè ËÒÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 7 ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§á¡êÊª¹Ô´Ë¹Öè§«Öè§ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁË¹Òá¹è¹·Õè STP à»ç¹ 1.79 ¡ÃÑÁµèÍÅÔµÃ
g á¡êÊ = 1.79 g á¡êÊ 22.4 L á¡êÊ
x
mol á¡êÊ 1 L á¡êÊ 1 mol á¡êÊ
= 40 g/mol
40
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹á¡êÊª¹Ô´¹Õé ÁÕÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅà·èÒ¡Ñº ...............................................

8. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§á¡êÊµèÍä»¹Õé
8.1 á¡êÊÊÁÁµÔ A ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁË¹Òá¹è¹·Õè STP à»ç¹ 1.43 ¡ÃÑÁµèÍÅÔµÃ
g á¡êÊ A 1.43 g á¡êÊ A
= x 22.4 L á¡êÊ A
mol á¡êÊ A 1 L á¡êÊ A 1 mol á¡êÊ A
= 32 g/mol
32
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹á¡êÊÊÁÁµÔ A ÁÕÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅà·èÒ¡Ñº ...............................................
8.2 á¡êÊÊÁÁµÔ B ÁÕÁÇÅ 0.74 ¡ÃÑÁ áÅÐÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ 34 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ ·Õè STP

g á¡êÊ B 0.74 g á¡êÊ B 1,000 mL á¡êÊ A 22.4 L á¡êÊ A
= x x
mol á¡êÊ B 34 mL á¡êÊ B 1 L á¡êÊ A 1 mol á¡êÊ A
= 48.75 g/mol
48.75
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹á¡êÊÊÁÁµÔ A ÁÕÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅà·èÒ¡Ñº ...............................................
Ë¹éÒ 11
ãº§Ò¹ àÃ×èÍ§ ¡®·Ã§ÁÇÅ
º··Õè 4 âÁÅáÅÐÊÙµÃà¤ÁÕ ª×èÍ ……………….....………………………..……….............…..….. ªÑé¹
¡®·Ã§ÁÇÅ
• ÍÍ§µÇ¹ âÅÃÍ§ ÅÒÇÑÇ«ÕàÂ (Antoine Laurent Lavoriser) ä´é·Ó¡ÒÃ·´ÅÍ§à¡ÕèÂÇ¡ÑºÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ
áÅÐÊÃØ»à»ç¹¡® àÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ ¡®·Ã§·Ã§ÁÇÅ (law of conservation of mass)
ã¹»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕã´ æ
ÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ·Ñé§ËÁ´¡èÍ¹·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ
à·èÒ¡ÑºÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ·Ñé§ËÁ´
ËÅÑ§·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ
ÍÍ§µÇ¹ âÅÃÍ§ ÅÒÇÑÇ«ÕàÂ

¹Ñ¡ÇÔ·ÂÒÈÒÊµÃìªÒÇ½ÃÑ§è àÈÊ
à¢ÕÂ¹à»ç¹¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìä´éÇèÒ
ÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ·Ñ§é ËÁ´¡èÍ¹·Ó»¯Ô¡ÃÔ ÂÔ Ò = ÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ·Ñ§é ËÁ´ËÅÑ§·Ó»¯Ô¡ÃÔ ÂÔ Ò
• ¡ÒÃ¾Ô¨ÒÃ³ÒÇèÒ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕÂè ¹á»Å§¹Ñ¹é à»ç¹ÃÐºº»Ô´ËÃ×ÍÃÐººà»Ô´

1. ã¹ÃÐººÁÕÊÒÃã¹Ê¶Ò¹Ðá¡êÊà¡ÕèÂÇ¢éÍ§ ¶éÒ·Ó¡ÒÃ·´ÅÍ§ã¹ÀÒª¹Ð·Õèà»Ô´ ⇒ à»ç¹ÃÐººà»Ô´
¶éÒ·Ó¡ÒÃ·´ÅÍ§ã¹ÀÒª¹Ð·Õè»Ô´ ⇒ à»ç¹ÃÐºº»Ô´
2. ã¹ÃÐººäÁèÁÕÊÒÃã¹Ê¶Ò¹Ðá¡êÊà¡ÕèÂÇ¢éÍ§ ⇒ à»ç¹ÃÐºº»Ô´àÊÁÍ!!!
¹éÓ
CO2
âÅËÐ ÊÒÃ´Ù´¤ÇÒÁª×é¹
¡Ã´
ÃÐºº»Ô´ ÃÐººà»Ô´
Ë¹éÒ 1
¤ÓÊÑè§ : ¨§µÍº¤Ó¶ÒÁµèÍä»¹Õé
1. ¨§¾Ô¨ÒÃ³ÒÇèÒ»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒµèÍä»¹Õé ¶éÒÍÂÙèã¹ÀÒª¹Ðà»Ô´¨Ðà»ç¹ÃÐºº»Ô´ËÃ×ÍäÁè
·Õè »¯Ô¡ÃÔ ÂÔ Ò ÃÐººà»Ô´ ÃÐºº»Ô´
1.1 ¡ÒÃà¼ÒäËÁé¢Í§ C2H6 √
1.2 ¡ÒÃÊÅÒÂµÑÇ¢Í§ËÔ¹»Ù¹ CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g) √
1.3 »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒÃÐËÇèÒ§¡Ã´«ÑÅ¿ÔÇÃÔ¡¡Ñºâ«à´ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ì √
H2SO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaH2PO4(aq) + H2O(l)
1.4 N2(g) + H2(g) → NH3(g) √
1.5 MaSO4(aq) + Na3PO4(aq) → Mg3(PO4)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq) √
»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ·Ø¡ª¹Ô´à»ç¹ä»µÒÁ¡®·Ã§ÁÇÅ áµè»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ·Õèà¡Ô´ã¹ÃÐººà»Ô´·ÓãËéÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ¶èÒÂà·ÊÙèÊÔè§áÇ´ÅéÍÁ
ÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ¡èÍ¹áÅÐËÅÑ§à¡Ô´»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒäÁèà·èÒ¡Ñ¹
2. ¨§áÊ´§ÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃ¤Ô´ËÒÇèÒ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕèÂ¹á»Å§µèÍä»¹Õéà»ç¹ä»µÒÁ¡®·Ã§ÁÇÅËÃ×ÍäÁè
2.1 á¡êÊÁÕà·¹ (CH4) 4 ¡ÃÑÁ à¼Ò¡Ñºá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O2) 0.25 ¡ÃÑÁ ä´é¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ìà»ç¹á¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì
(CO2) 3.50 ¡ÃÑÁ áÅÐäÍ¹éÓ (H2O) 0.75 ¡ÃÑÁ
CH4(g) + O2(g)
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕèÂ¹á»Å§·Õèà¡Ô´¢Ö¹é ¤×Í .................................................................... → ...................................................................
CO2(g) + H2O(g)
ÁÇÅ CH4 + ÁÇÅ O2 = 4 + 0.25 = 4.25 g
⇒ ÁÇÅ¡èÍ¹·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ à·èÒ¡Ñº .......................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅ CO2 + ÁÇÅ H2O = 3.50 + 0.75 = 4.25 g
⇒ ÁÇÅËÅÑ§·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ à·èÒ¡Ñº .......................................................................................................................................................
à·èÒ¡Ñº (à·èÒ¡Ñº/äÁèà·èÒ¡Ñº) ÁÇÅËÅÑ§·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ
¾ºÇèÒ ÁÇÅ¡èÍ¹·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ ÁÕ¤èÒ ......................
à»ç¹
� ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕèÂ¹á»Å§ã¹¢éÍ¹Õé ..................... (à»ç¹/äÁèà»ç¹) ä»µÒÁ¡®·Ã§ÁÇÅ
2.2 á¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O2) 1.5 ¡ÃÑÁ ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡Ñºá¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ (H2) 3.125 ¡ÃÑÁ àÁ×èÍ»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ´Óà¹Ô¹ä»¨¹ÊÔé¹ÊØ´
¾ºÇèÒã¹ÃÐººàËÅ×Íá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ 0.25 ¡ÃÑÁ áÅÐá¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ 0.125 ¡ÃÑÁ «Öè§ä´é¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ìà»ç¹¹éÓ (H2O)
»ÃÔÁÒ³ 2.725 ¡ÃÑÁ
O2(g) + H2(g)
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕèÂ¹á»Å§·Õèà¡Ô´¢Ö¹é ¤×Í .................................................................... H2O(g)
→ ...................................................................
⇒ ÁÇÅ¡èÍ¹·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ à·èÒ¡Ñº ÁÇÅ O2 ·Õèãªé + ÁÇÅ H2 ·Õèãªé = (1.5 – 0.25) + (3.125 – 0.125) = 4.25 g
.......................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅ H2O ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ = 2.725 g
äÁèà·èÒ¡Ñº (à·èÒ¡Ñº/äÁèà·èÒ¡Ñº) ÁÇÅËÅÑ§·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ
¾ºÇèÒ ÁÇÅ¡èÍ¹·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ ÁÕ¤èÒ ..........................
äÁèà»ç¹ (à»ç¹/äÁèà»ç¹) ä»µÒÁ¡®·Ã§ÁÇÅ
� ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕèÂ¹á»Å§ã¹¢éÍ¹Õé .....................
Ë¹éÒ 2
3. ÊÒÃ A 3 ¡ÃÑÁ ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡ÑºÊÒÃ B 5 ¡ÃÑÁ à¡Ô´ÊÒÃ C áÅÐÊÒÃ D ¾ºÇèÒÁÕÊÒÃ C à¡Ô´¢Öé¹ 2.5 ¡ÃÑÁ
¨§ËÒÇèÒ¨Ðà¡Ô´ÊÒÃ D ·Ñé§ËÁ´¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ
A+B
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕèÂ¹á»Å§·Õèà¡Ô´¢Ö¹é ¤×Í .................................................................... → ...................................................................
C+D
ÁÇÅ A + ÁÇÅ B = 3 + 5 = 8 g
ÁÇÅ C + ÁÇÅ D = 2.5 + D g
à¹×èÍ§¨Ò¡¡ÒÃ·´ÅÍ§¹Õéà»ç¹ä»µÒÁ¡®·Ã§ÁÇÅ¨Ðä´éÇèÒ ÁÇÅ¡èÍ¹·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ = ÁÇÅËÅÑ§·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ
á·¹¤èÒ 8 = 2.5 + D
.................................................................................................................................................................................
D = 8 - 2.5 = 5.5 g
.................................................................................................................................................................................
5.5
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹¨Ðà¡Ô´ÊÒÃ D ·Ñé§ËÁ´ ..................................... ¡ÃÑÁ
4. ¶éÒ¹Ó·Í§á´§ (Cu) 6.3 ¡ÃÑÁ ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡Ñº¼§¡ÓÁÐ¶Ñ¹ (S) 3.2 ¡ÃÑÁ áÅéÇä´éÊÒÃ¤Í»à»ÍÃì(II)«ÑÅà¿µ

(CuS) 9.2 ¡ÃÑÁ ¶éÒ¡ÒÃ·´ÅÍ§¹Õéà»ç¹ä»µÒÁ¡®·Ã§ÁÇÅ ¨§ËÒÇèÒ¨ÐàËÅ×Í·Í§á´§¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ
Cu(s) + S(s)
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕèÂ¹á»Å§·Õèà¡Ô´¢Ö¹é ¤×Í .................................................................... CuS(s)
→ ...................................................................
ÁÇÅ Cu ·Õèãªé + ÁÇÅ S ·Õèãªé = (6.3 – A) + 3.2 = (9.5 – A) g
ÁÇÅ CuS ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ = 9.2 g
á·¹¤èÒ 9.5 – A = 9.2
.................................................................................................................................................................................
A = 9.5 – 9.2 = 0.3 g
.................................................................................................................................................................................
0.3
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹¨ÐàËÅ×Í·Í§á´§·Ñé§ËÁ´ ..................................... ¡ÃÑÁ
5. àÁ×èÍÅÐÅÒÂÊÒÃâ¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁäÍâÍ´Õ¹ (KI) 1.66 ¡ÃÑÁã¹¹éÓáÅéÇàµÔÁÊÒÃàÅ´(II)ä¹àµÃµ (Pb(NO3)2 1. 65 ¡ÃÑÁ

»ÃÒ¡®ÇèÒÊÒÃ·Ñé§ÊÍ§·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡Ñ¹ËÁ´¾Í´Õ ¾ºÇèÒä´éÊÒÃãËÁèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹¤×ÍÊÒÃàÅ´(II)äÍâÍä´´ì (PbI2) áÅÐÊÒÃâ¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁ
ä¹àµÃµ (KNO3) ¶éÒÁÕÊÒÃàÅ´(II)äÍâÍä´´ìà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ 2.30 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨§ËÒÇèÒ¨ÐÁÕÊÒÃâ¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁä¹àµÃµà¡Ô´¢Öé¹¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕèÂ¹á»Å§·Õèà¡Ô´¢Ö¹é ¤×Í KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)
.................................................................... →PbI...................................................................
2(s) + KNO3(s)

ÁÇÅ KI + ÁÇÅ Pb(NO3)2 = 1.66 + 1.65 = 3.31 g
ÁÇÅ PbI2 + ÁÇÅ KNO3 = (2.30 + A) g
á·¹¤èÒ 3.31 = 2.30 + A
.................................................................................................................................................................................
A = 3.31 – 2.30 = 1.01 g
.................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹¨ÐÁÕÊÒÃâ¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁä¹àµÃµà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ ..................................... 1.01 ¡ÃÑÁ
Ë¹éÒ 3
ãº§Ò¹ àÃ×Íè § ¡®ÊÑ´ÊèÇ¹¤§·Õè
º··Õè 4 âÁÅáÅÐÊÙµÃà¤ÁÕ ª×èÍ ……………….....………………………..………............ ªÑé¹ ……..…. àÅ¢·Õè ………
¡®ÊÑ´ÊèÇ¹¤§·Õè
• â¨à«¿ ÅØÂ ¾ÃÙÊ·ì (Joseph Louis Proust) ä´é·´ÅÍ§ÈÖ¡ÉÒ»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡ÒÃÃÇÁµÑÇ¢Í§¸ÒµØà¡Ô´à»ç¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº
áÅÐÊÃØ»à»ç¹¡®àÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ ¡®ÊÑ´ÊèÇ¹¤§·Õè (law of definite proportions) ´Ñ§¹Õé
àÁ×èÍ¸ÒµØµÑé§áµè 2 ª¹Ô´¢Öé¹ä»ÃÇÁµÑÇà¡Ô´à»ç¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº
ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹â´ÂÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ·Õèà»ç¹Í§¤ì»ÃÐ¡ÍºÁÕ¤èÒ¤§·ÕèàÊÁÍ
äÁèÇèÒÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº¹Ñé¹¨ÐàµÃÕÂÁ¢Öé¹â´ÂÇÔ¸Õã´
â¨à«¿ à¾ÃÒÊµì ¹Ñ¡ÇÔ·ÂÒÈÒÊµÃìªÒÇ½ÃÑè§àÈÊ
áÊ´§ä´é´Ñ§¹Õé
¸ÒµØ A + ¸ÒµØ B → ÊÒÃ C
1. ⇒ ÃÇÁ¾Í´Õ¡Ñ¹
2. ⇒ ÁÕ A ÁÒ¡à¡Ô¹¾Í
3. ⇒ ÁÕ B ÁÒ¡à¡Ô¹¾Í
4. ⇒ ÃÇÁ¾Í´Õ¡Ñ¹
àÁ×èÍá·¹ á·¹ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§¸ÒµØ A áÅÐ á·¹ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§¸ÒµØ B

ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§ A : B = 1 : 2 ÍÐµÍÁàÊÁÍ àÁ×èÍÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹¢Í§¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍÐµÍÁ¤§·Õè ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹â´ÂÁÇÅ¨Ð¤§·Õè´éÇÂ
Ë¹éÒ 1
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 1 àÁ×èÍà¼ÒâÅËÐáÁ¡¹Õà«ÕÂÁ (Mg) 2.64 ¡ÃÑÁ ã¹ÍÒ¡ÒÈ ä´éáÁ¡¹Õà«ÕÂÁÍÍ¡ä«´ì (MgO) à¡Ô´¢Öé¹ 4.40 ¡ÃÑÁ
áÅÐàÁ×èÍ¹ÓâÅËÐáÁ¡¹Õà«ÕÂÁ 2.42 ¡ÃÑÁ ÁÒà¼Ò¡ÑºÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O2) 1.61 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨Ðà¡Ô´à»ç¹áÁ¡¹Õà«ÕÂÁÍÍ¡ä«´ì·Ñé§ËÁ´
¨§ËÒÇèÒ 1) ¼Å¡ÒÃ·´ÅÍ§¹Õéà»ç¹ä»µÒÁ¡®ÊÑ´ÊèÇ¹¤§·ÕèËÃ×ÍäÁè
2) ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹â´ÂâÁÅà©ÅÕèÂ¢Í§áÁ¡¹Õà«ÕÂÁµèÍÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹·Õè·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñ¹à»ç¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº¹ÕéÁÕ¤èÒà·èÒã´
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ 1) ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹â´ÂÁÇÅ
¡ÒÃ·´ÅÍ§ ÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ (¡ÃÑÁ) ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹â´ÂÁÇÅ
·Õè âÅËÐáÁ¡¹Õà«ÕÂÁ á¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ áÁ¡¹Õà«ÕÂÁÍÍ¡ä«´ì ¢Í§ Mg : O
(Mg) (O2) (MgO)
1 2.64 4.40 - 2.64 = 1.76 4.40 2.64 1.76
:
(¡®·Ã§ÁÇÅ) 1.76 1.76
1.5 : 1
2 2.42 1.61 4.03 2.42 1.61
:
(¡®·Ã§ÁÇÅ) 1.61 1.61
1.5 : 1
�¾ºÇèÒ·Ñé§ 2 ¡ÒÃ·´ÅÍ§ÁÕÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹â´ÂÁÇÅ¢Í§ Mg : O ·Õèà·èÒ¡Ñ¹ áÊ´§ÇèÒà»ç¹ä»µÒÁ¡®ÊÑ´ÊèÇ¹¤§·Õè
2) ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹â´ÂâÁÅà©ÅÕÂè
Mg : O àÁ×èÍÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ Mg = 24
ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹â´ÂÁÇÅ = 1.5 : 1 áÅÐÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ O = 16
1.5 g 1g
âÁÅ (mol) = :
24 16
= 0.0625 : 0.0625
0.0625 0.0625
ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹ÍÂèÒ§µèÓ¢Í§âÁÅ = :
0.0625 0.0625
= 1 : 1
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹â´ÂâÁÅà©ÅÕèÂ¢Í§ Mg : O = 1 : 1
Ë¹éÒ 2
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 2 àÁ×èÍà¼Òá¤Åà«ÕÂÁ (Ca) 4 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨ÐÃÇÁµÑÇ¾Í´Õ¡Ñºá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O2) 1.6 ¡ÃÑÁ à¡Ô´à»ç¹á¤Åà«ÕÂÁ
ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (CaO) ¶éÒÁÕ¸ÒµØá¤Åà«ÕÂÁ 10 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªéá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ÍÂèÒ§¹éÍÂ·ÕèÊØ´¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ áÅÐà¡Ô´á¤Åà«ÕÂÁÍÍ¡ä«´ì
ÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ
4 g Ca
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ â¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹â´ÂÁÇÅ¢Í§ Ca : O = 4 : 1.6 ⇒ à¢ÕÂ¹à»ç¹á¿¡àµÍÃìä´éÇèÒ 1.6 g O
1) ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§á¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹·Õèãªé·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡Ñº Ca 10 ¡ÃÑÁ (ãªéÇÔ¸Õá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ)

1.6 g O2
g O2 = × 10 g Ca = 4 g O2
4 g Ca
2) ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ CaO ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹

¨Ò¡¡®·Ã§ÁÇÅ ÁÇÅ¡èÍ¹·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ = ÁÇÅËÅÑ§·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ
ä´éÇèÒ ÁÇÅ Ca + ÁÇÅ O2 = ÁÇÅ CaO
ÁÇÅ CaO = 10 + 4 = 14 ¡ÃÑÁ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªéá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ÍÂèÒ§¹éÍÂ·ÕèÊØ´ 4 ¡ÃÑÁ áÅÐ¨Ðà¡Ô´á¤Åà«ÕÂÁÍÍ¡ä«´ìÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´ 14 ¡ÃÑÁ

1. ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ (C) 1.20 ¡ÃÑÁ ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡ÑºÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O) 3.20 ¡ÃÑÁ ä´éá¡êÊäÁèÁÕÊÕª¹Ô´Ë¹Öè§ á¡êÊª¹Ô´à´ÕÂÇ¡Ñ¹¹Õé
ÊÒÁÒÃ¶àµÃÕÂÁä´é¨Ò¡»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒÃÐËÇèÒ§¡Ã´äÎâ´Ã¤ÅÍÃÔ¡ (HCl) ¡Ñºá¤Åà«ÕÂÁ¤ÒÃìºÍà¹µ (CaCO3) «Öè§ÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìáÅéÇ¾ºÇèÒ
á¡êÊ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ 100 ¡ÃÑÁ »ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ (C) 27.25 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨§ËÒ¡ÒÃ·´ÅÍ§µèÍä»¹Õé à»ç¹ä»µÒÁ¡®ÊÑ´ÊèÇ¹¤§·Õè
ËÃ×ÍäÁèà¾ÃÒÐàËµØã´

·Õè ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ (C) ÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O) á¡êÊäÁèÁÕÊÕª¹Ô´Ë¹Öè§ ¢Í§ C : O
1 1.2 3.2 4.4 1.2 3.2
:
1.2 1.2
(¡®·Ã§ÁÇÅ)
1 : 2.67
2 27.25 72.75 100 27.25 72.75
:
27.25 27.25
(¡®·Ã§ÁÇÅ)
1 : 2.67
¾ºÇèÒ·Ñé§ 2 ¡ÒÃ·´ÅÍ§ÁÕÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹â´ÂÁÇÅ¢Í§ C : O ·Õèà·èÒ¡Ñ¹ ¤×Í 1 : 1.78

´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
áÊ´§ÇèÒà»ç¹ä»µÒÁ¡®ÊÑ´ÊèÇ¹¤§·Õè
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 3
2. ¹Ñ¡à¤ÁÕ¤é¹¾ºÊÒÃµÑÇÍÂèÒ§ 3 ª¹Ô´ «Öè§·Ñé§ 3 ª¹Ô´»ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂ¸ÒµØ X áÅÐ Y à·èÒ¹Ñé¹ ã¹ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹´Ñ§¹Õé
ª¹Ô´·Õè 1 ¾ºÇèÒÁÕ X 4.31 ¡ÃÑÁ áÅÐ Y 7.69 ¡ÃÑÁ
ª¹Ô´·Õè 2 àÁ×èÍÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡ÍºÊÅÒÂµÑÇ ¨Ðä´é X 35.9% áÅÐ Y 64.1%
áÅÐ¶éÒ¹Ó X 0.718 ¡ÃÑÁ ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡Ñº Y à¡Ô´ÊÒÃª¹Ô´·Õè 3 Ë¹Ñ¡ 2 ¡ÃÑÁ
¨§áÊ´§ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´à¾×èÍà»ç¹¡ÒÃÂ×¹ÂÑ¹ÇèÒ¡ÒÃà¡Ô´ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº¹Õéà»ç¹ä»µÒÁ¡®ÊÑ´ÊèÇ¹¤§·Õè Å§ã¹µÒÃÒ§µèÍä»¹Õé
ÊÒÃª¹Ô´ ÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ (¡ÃÑÁ) ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹â´ÂÁÇÅ

·Õè ¸ÒµØ X ¸ÒµØ Y ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº ¢Í§ Mg : O
1 4.31 7.69 12 4.31 7.69
: 4.31
4.31
(¡®·Ã§ÁÇÅ) 1 : 1.78
2 35.9 64.1 100 35.9 64.1
: 64.1
35.9
(¡®·Ã§ÁÇÅ) 1 : 1.78
3 0.718 2 – 0.718 = 1.282 2 0.718 1.282
: 0.718
0.718
(¡®·Ã§ÁÇÅ) 1 : 1.78
3. ã¹¡ÒÃà¼ÒàËÅç¡ (Fe) 11.17 ¡ÃÑÁ ¡Ñº¡ÓÁÐ¶Ñ¹ (S) 9.00 ¡ÃÑÁ ¾ºÇèÒÁÕÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡ÍºäÍÃìÍÍ¹(II)«ÑÅä¿´ì (FeS)
à¡Ô´¢Öé¹áÅÐÁÕ¡ÓÁÐ¶Ñ¹àËÅ×ÍÍÂÙè 2.59 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹â´ÂÁÇÅ áÅÐÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹â´ÂâÁÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ Fe : S
ã¹¡ÒÃà¡Ô´ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº¹Õé (¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ Fe áÅÐ S à·èÒ¡Ñº 55.8 áÅÐ 32 µÒÁÅÓ´Ñº)
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ 1) ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹â´ÂÁÇÅ
·Õè àËÅç¡ (Fe) ¡ÓÁÐ¶Ñ¹ (S) äÍÃìÍÍ¹(II)«ÑÅä¿´ì ¢Í§ Fe : S
(FeS)
11.17 ÁÕ 9.00 17.58 11.17 6.41
:
6.41 6.41
àËÅ×Í 2.59 (¡®·Ã§ÁÇÅ) 1.74 : 1
ãªé 9 – 2.59 = 6.41
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹â´ÂÁÇÅ¢Í§ Fe : S à·èÒ¡Ñº 1.74 : 1
2) ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹â´ÂâÁÅ Fe : S
ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹â´ÂÁÇÅ = 1.74 : 1
1.74 g 1g
âÁÅ (mol) = :
55.8 32
= 0.0312 : 0.0312
0.0312 0.0312
ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹ÍÂèÒ§µèÓ¢Í§âÁÅ = :
0.0312 0.0312
= 1 : 1
Ë¹éÒ 4
4. ¡ÒÃà¡Ô´ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡ÍºáÁ¡¹Õà«ÕÂÁÍÍ¡ä«´ì (MgO) ¨ÐµéÍ§¸ÒµØáÁ¡¹Õà«ÕÂÁ (Mg) ¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ¨Ö§¨Ð·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ
¡Ñº¸ÒµØÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ 4 ¡ÃÑÁ (¡ÓË¹´ãËéÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹ÁÇÅ·Õè·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñ¹¢Í§ Mg : O à·èÒ¡Ñº 4 : 1)
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ �´Ñ §¹ÑÇé¹¹â´ÂÁÇÅ¢Í§
ÍÑµÃÒÊè ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹â´ÂâÁÅ¢Í§
Mg : OFe= :4S: à·è1 Ò¡Ñº 1 : 1
4 g Mg
⇒ à¢ÕÂ¹à»ç¹á¿¡àµÍÃìä´éÇèÒ ..........................................................
1gO
⇒ ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ Mg ·Õèãªé·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡Ñº O 4 ¡ÃÑÁ (ãªéÇÔ¸Õá¿¡àµÍÃìµÑ´Ë¹èÇÂ)

4 g Mg
g Mg = 1 g O × 4 g O
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 16 g Mg
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªéáÁ¡¹Õà«ÕÂÁÍÂèÒ§¹éÍÂ·ÕèÊØ´�16 .............. ¡ÃÑÁ ¨Ö§¨Ð·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñº¸ÒµØÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ 4 ¡ÃÑÁ
5. ¸ÒµØâ«à´ÕÂÁ (Na) 2.30 ¡ÃÑÁ ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡Ñ¹¾Í´Õ¡Ñºá¡êÊ¤ÅÍÃÕ¹ (Cl2) 3.55 ¡ÃÑÁ à¡Ô´à»ç¹ÊÒÃâ«à´ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì

(NaCl) ¶éÒ¹ÓÊÒÃâ«à´ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì 2.92 ¡ÃÑÁ ÁÒ·ÓãËéÊÅÒÂµÑÇ¨Ðä´éâ«à´ÕÂÁáÅÐá¡êÊ¤ÅÍÃÕ¹ÍÂèÒ§ÅÐ¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹â´ÂÁÇÅ¢Í§ Na : Cl2 : NaCl = 2.30 : 3.55 : 5.85
2.30 g Na 3.55 g Cl2
⇒ à¢ÕÂ¹à»ç¹á¿¡àµÍÃìä´éÇèÒ ..............................................................................................................................................................
áÅÐ
5.85 g NaCl 5.85 g NaCl
⇒ ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ Na ·Õèä´é¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÊÅÒÂµÑÇ¢Í§ NaCl 2.92 ¡ÃÑÁ (ãªéÇÔ¸Õá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ)

g Na = 2.30 g Na × 2.92 g NaCl
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5.85 g NaCl
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................
g Na = 1.15 g Na
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................
⇒ ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ Cl2 ·Õèä´é¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÊÅÒÂµÑÇ¢Í§ NaCl 2.92 ¡ÃÑÁ
¨Ò¡ ÁÇÅ¢Í§ NaCl = ÁÇÅ¢Í§ Na + ÁÇÅ¢Í§ Cl2
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¨Ðä´éÇèÒ ÁÇÅ¢Í§ Cl2 = ÁÇÅ¢Í§ NaCl - ÁÇÅ¢Í§ Na
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................
á·¹¤èÒ ÁÇÅ¢Í§ Cl2 = 2.92 – 1.15 = 1.77 ¡ÃÑÁ
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.15
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¶éÒ¹ÓÊÒÃâ«à´ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì 2.92 ¡ÃÑÁ ÁÒ·ÓãËéÊÅÒÂµÑÇ¨Ðä´éâ«à´ÕÂÁ ......................... ¡ÃÑÁ
1.77
áÅÐá¡êÊ¤ÅÍÃÕ¹ .......................... ¡ÃÑÁ
Ë¹éÒ 5
ãº§Ò¹ àÃ×Íè § ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ
º··Õè 4 âÁÅáÅÐÊÙµÃà¤ÁÕ ª×èÍ ……………….....………………………..………............ ªÑé¹ ……….…àÅ¢·Õè ………….
ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ
â´Â·ÑèÇä»ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹â´ÂÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ·Õèà»ç¹Í§¤ì»ÃÐ¡Íºã¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº¨Ð¹ÔÂÁáÊ´§ã¹ÃÙ»¢Í§ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅ
«Öè§ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØã¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡ÍºáµèÅÐª¹Ô´¨Ðà»ç¹¤èÒ¤§·Õè ÊÒÁÒÃ¶¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒä´é¨Ò¡ËÅÒÂÇÔ¸Õ¢Öé¹ÍÂÙè¡Ñº¢éÍÁÙÅ·ÕèÁÕ
´Ñ§¹Õé
ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 1 : ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ àÁ×Íè ·ÃÒºÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØáµèÅÐª¹Ô´ã¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº
ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ A
ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ A ã¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº = x 100
ÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº
ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 2 : ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ àÁ×Íè ·ÃÒºÊÙµÃà¤ÁÕ¢Í§ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº
¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§¸ÒµØ A × ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§¸ÒµØ A
ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ A ã¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº = x 100
ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº

1. ¿ÍÃìÁÒ´ÕäÎ´ìÁÕÊÁºÑµÔà»ç¹á¡êÊ¾ÔÉ·ÕèÁÕ¡ÅÔè¹©Ø¹ãªéÁÒ¡ã¹ÍØµÊÒË¡ÃÃÁ¾ÅÒÊµÔ¡áÅÐ¡ÒÃ´Í§ÊÑµÇì «Öè§ÊÒÃ¹Õé»ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂ¸ÒµØ
¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ (C) äÎâ´Ãà¨¹ (H) áÅÐÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O) ¶éÒ¹Ó¿ÍÃìÁÒ´ÕäÎ´ìÁÒ 300 ¡ÃÑÁ áÅéÇÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ·Õèà»ç¹
Í§¤ì»ÃÐ¡Íº¾ºÇèÒÁÕ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹áÅÐäÎâ´Ãà¨¹à»ç¹Í§¤ì»ÃÐ¡Íº 120 ¡ÃÑÁ áÅÐ 20 ¡ÃÑÁ µÒÁÅÓ´Ñº
¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØÍ§¤ì»ÃÐ¡ÍºáµèÅÐª¹Ô´ã¹¿ÍÃìÁÒ´ÕäÎ´ì
¸ÒµØ ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØáµèÅÐª¹Ô´ áÊ´§ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅ

ã¹ÊÒÃ¿ÍÃìÁÒ´ÕäÎ´ì 300 ¡ÃÑÁ à¾×èÍËÒÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ ¢Í§¸ÒµØ
C 120 120 40
%C = x 100 = 40
300
H 20 20 6.67
%H = x 100 = 6.67
300
O 160 160 53.33

%O = x 100 = 53.33
300
¼ÅÃÇÁ¢Í§ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅ¢Í§·Ø¡¸ÒµØã¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº¨Ðà·èÒ¡Ñº 100
à¤ÁÕ¤ÃÙºÍÂ Ë¹éÒ 1
2. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ÁÇÅà»ç¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ¢Í§¸ÒµØáµèÅÐª¹Ô´ã¹ÊÒÃµèÍä»¹Õé
¡ÓË¹´ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§¸ÒµØ´Ñ§¹Õé
¸ÒµØ H C N O F P S Cl Ca Sn
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ 1 12 14 16 19 31 32 35.5 40 119
¢éÍ ÊÒÃ ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØáµèÅÐª¹Ô´
2.1 C6H4Cl2 = 6(12)+4(1)+2(35.5) %C = 6x12 x100 %H = 4x1 x100 %Cl =
2x35.3
x100
147 147 147
= 72+4+71 = 48.98 = 2.72 = 48.30
= 147
1x119 2x19
2.2 SnF2 = 1(119)+2(19) %Sn = x100 %F = x100
157 157
= 119+38 = 75.80 = 24.20
= 157
= 2(1)+1(32)+4(16) 2x1 1x32 4x16
2.3 H2SO4 %H = x100 %S = x100 %O = x100
98 98 98
= 2+32+64 = 2.04 = 32.65 = 65.31
= 98
= 2(14)+4(1)+3(16) 2x14 4x1 3x16
2.4 NH4NO3 %N = x100 %H = x100 %O = x100
80 80 80
= 28+4+48 = 35 =5 = 60
= 80
3x40 2x31 8x16
2.5 Ca3(PO4)2 = 3(40)+2(31)+8(16) %Ca = x100 %P = x100 %O = x100
310 310 310
= 120+62+128 = 38.71 = 20 = 41.29
= 310
3. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅ¢Í§â«à´ÕÂÁ (Na) ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ (C) ÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O) áÅÐ¹éÓ (H2O)

ã¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº Na2CO3⋅10H2O (¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ H = 1, C = 12, O = 16 áÅÐ Na = 23 )
ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ Na2CO3⋅10H2O = 2(23)+1(12)+3(16)+10(18) = 46+12+48+180 = 286
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2x23
%Na ã¹ Na 2 CO 3 ⋅10H 2 O = 286
x100 = 16.08
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1x12
%C ã¹ Na2CO3⋅10H2O = 286 x100 = 4.20
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3x16
%O ã¹ Na 2 CO 3 ⋅10H 2 O = 286
x100 = 16.78
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
10x18
%H O ã¹ Na 2 CO 3 ⋅10H 2 O = 286
x100 = 62.94
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2
ã¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº Na2CO3⋅10H2O »ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂ Na ÃéÍÂÅÐ 16.08, C ÃéÍÂÅÐ 4.20, O ÃéÍÂÅÐ 16.78
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
áÅÐ¹éÓ ÃéÍÂÅÐ 62.94
Ë¹éÒ 2
¡ÒÃ¹Ó¤èÒÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅä»ãªé»ÃÐâÂª¹ì
1) à»ÃÕÂºà·ÕÂºÇèÒÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íºª¹Ô´ã´ÁÕ¸ÒµØª¹Ô´Ë¹Öè§à»ç¹Í§¤ì»ÃÐ¡ÍºÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒËÃ×Í¹éÍÂ¡ÇèÒ
2) ãªé¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§¸ÒµØã¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íºä´é àÁ×èÍ·ÃÒºÁÇÅÃéÍÂÅÐ¢Í§¸ÒµØã¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº¹Ñé¹
â´ÂÍÒÈÑÂËÅÑ¡¡ÒÃ ¤×Í ÁÇÅÃéÍÂÅÐ¢Í§¸ÒµØã¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íºà´ÕÂÇ¡Ñ¹µéÍ§ÁÕ¤èÒà·èÒ¡Ñ¹
4. ¨§à»ÃÕÂºà·ÕÂºÇèÒÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íºª¹Ô´ã´ÁÕ¸ÒµØÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O) à»ç¹Í§¤ì»ÃÐ¡ÍºÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´áÅÐ¹éÍÂ·ÕèÊØ´

(¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ H = 1, B = 11, O = 16, Na = 23 áÅÐ S = 32)
ÊÒÃ ¡ÒÃËÒÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ áÊ´§ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅ
¢Í§ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº à¾×èÍËÒÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ O ¢Í§¸ÒµØ O
2x16
H2O2 = 2(1) + 2(16) %O = x100 94.12
34
= 2 + 32 = 34 = 94.12
4x16 65.31
H2SO4 = 2(1) + 1(32) + 4(16) %O = x100
98
= 2 + 32 + 64 = 98 = 65.31
7x16
Na2B4O7 = 2(23) + 4(11) + 7(16) %O = x100 55.45
202
= 46 + 44 + 112 = 202 = 55.45
2x16
SO2 = 1(32) + 2(16) %O = x100 50
64
= 32 + 32 = 64 = 50
H2O2
¼Å¡ÒÃà»ÃÕÂºà·ÕÂº¾ºÇèÒ ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº·ÕèÁÕ¸ÒµØÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹à»ç¹Í§¤ì»ÃÐ¡ÍºÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´ ä´éá¡è ............................................................
SO2
ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº·ÕèÁÕ¸ÒµØÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹à»ç¹Í§¤ì»ÃÐ¡Íº¹éÍÂ·ÕèÊØ´ ä´éá¡è ...........................................................
5. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ K5 ÁÕ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ 69.36 â´ÂÁÇÅ áÅÐÁÕÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ 173 ¨§ËÒÇèÒã¹ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ K5 ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 1 âÁÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ

»ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂ¸ÒµØ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹¡ÕèâÁÅÍÐµÍÁ (¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ C à·èÒ¡Ñº 12)
¡ÓË¹´ãËé ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ K5 ÁÕ¸ÒµØ C = a âÁÅÍÐµÍÁ
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§¸ÒµØ C × ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§¸ÒµØ C
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¨Ò¡ ÁÇÅÃéÍÂÅÐ C ã¹ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ K5 = x 100
ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ K
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
a × 12
á·¹¤èÒ 69.36 = 173 x 100
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
69.36 x 173
a = 100 x 12
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
a = 10
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ã¹ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ K5 ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 1 âÁÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ »ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂ¸ÒµØ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ .................................. 10 âÁÅÍÐµÍÁ
Ë¹éÒ 3
6. ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº Na2CrO4⋅nH2O ÁÕ¸ÒµØâ¤ÃàÁÕÂÁ (Cr) à»ç¹Í§¤ì»ÃÐ¡ÍºÃéÍÂÅÐ 15.2 â´ÂÁÇÅ ¨§ËÒÇèÒ n ÁÕ¤èÒà·èÒäÃ
(¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ Cr à·èÒ¡Ñº 52 )
1. ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ Na2CrO4⋅nH2O
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§¸ÒµØ Cr × ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§¸ÒµØ C
¨Ò¡ ÁÇÅÃéÍÂÅÐ Cr ã¹ Na2CrO4⋅nH2O =
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x 100
ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ Na2CrO4⋅nH2O
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 × 52
á·¹¤èÒ 15.2 = A x 100
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1x 52 x 100
A =
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
15.2
A = 342
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. ËÒ¤èÒ n
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ Na2CrO4⋅nH2O = 2(Na) + 1(Cr) + 4(O) + n(H2O)
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¨Ò¡
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
342 = 2(23) + 1(52) + 4(16) + n(18)
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
342 = 46 + 52 + 64 + 18n
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
18n = 180
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
n = 10
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ n ã¹ Na2CrO4⋅nH2O ÁÕ¤èÒà·èÒ¡Ñº .................................. 10
7. ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìâ´Â¡ÒÃà¼ÒäËÁéÊÒÃµÑÇÍÂèÒ§ 0.500 ¡ÃÑÁ »ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂ¸ÒµØ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ (C) äÎâ´Ãà¨¹ (H) áÅÐ
ÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O) àÁ×èÍà¼ÒäËÁéÍÂèÒ§ÊÁºÙÃ³ì ¾ºÇèÒà¡Ô´á¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (CO2) 0.687 ¡ÃÑÁ áÅÐäÍ¹éÓ (H2O)
0.140 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅ¢Í§¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ (C) áÅÐäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ (H) áÅÐÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ã¹ÊÒÃµÑÇÍÂèÒ§
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ 1) ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ C ¢Í§ÊÒÃµÑÇÍÂèÒ§ «Öè§ËÒ¨Ò¡»ÃÔÁÒ³ã¹ CO2 0.687 ¡ÃÑÁ
g C = 12 g C × 1 mol C × 1 mol CO2 × 0.500 g CO2
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 mol C 1 mol CO2 44 g CO2
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
g C = 0.136 g C ⇒ ¤Ô´à»ç¹ %C ã¹ÊÒÃµÑÇÍÂèÒ§ = 0.136 x100 = 27.2%
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.500
2) ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ H ¢Í§ÊÒÃµÑÇÍÂèÒ§ «Öè§ËÒ¨Ò¡»ÃÔÁÒ³ã¹ H2O 0.140 ¡ÃÑÁ

gH= 1gH × 2 mol H × 1 mol H2O × 0.140 g H2O
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 mol H 1 mol H2O 18 g H2O
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.156
g H = 0.156 g H ⇒ ¤Ô ´ à»ç ¹ %H ã¹ÊÒÃµÑ Ç ÍÂè Ò § = x100 = 31.2%
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.500
3) ËÒÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅ¢Í§ O ã¹ÊÒÃµÑÇÍÂèÒ§
%O = 100 – (%C + %H ã¹ÊÒÃµÑÇÍÂèÒ§)
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 100 – (27.2 + 31.2) = 100 – 58.4 = 41.6
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ã¹ÊÒÃµÑÇÍÂèÒ§¹Õé»ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂ¸ÒµØ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ ..................... 27.2 â´ÂÁÇÅ ¸ÒµØäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ ..................... 31.2 â´ÂÁÇÅ
áÅÐ¸ÒµØÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ ..................... 41.6 â´ÂÁÇÅ
Ë¹éÒ 4
ãº§Ò¹ àÃ×Íè § ¡ÒÃËÒÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅáÅÐÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ
º··Õè 4 âÁÅáÅÐÊÙµÃà¤ÁÕ ª×èÍ ……………….....……………..……….............…..….. ªÑé¹ ………… àÅ¢·Õè ……….
¡ÒÃËÒÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅáÅÐÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ
• ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ ¤×ÍÊÙµÃà¤ÁÕ·ÕèáÊ´§¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§¸ÒµØÍ§¤ì»ÃÐ¡Íº·ÕèÁÕÍÂÙè¨ÃÔ§ã¹ 1 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ¹Ñé¹ æ

àªè¹ ¹éÓµÒÅ¡ÅÙâ¤Ê ÁÕÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅà»ç¹ C6H12O6 ËÁÒÂ¤ÇÒÁÇèÒ ¹éÓµÒÅ¡ÅÙâ¤Ê 1 âÁÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ
»ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂ C 6 âÁÅÍÐµÍÁ H 12 âÁÅÍÐµÍÁ áÅÐ O 6 âÁÅÍÐµÍÁ
• ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂËÃ×ÍÊÙµÃàÍÁ¾ÔÃ¤Ô ÅÑ ¤×ÍÊÙµÃà¤ÁÕ·ÕèáÊ´§ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹ÍÂèÒ§µèÓ¢Í§¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§¸ÒµØ·Õèà»ç¹Í§¤ì»ÃÐ¡Íº
àªè¹ ¹éÓµÒÅ¡ÅÙâ¤Ê ÁÕÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅà»ç¹ C6H12O6 ÁÕÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹âÁÅÍÂèÒ§µèÓ¢Í§ C : O : H à·èÒ¡Ñº 1 : 2 : 1
¨Ö§ÁÕÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂà»ç¹ CH2O
 ¢éÍ¤ÇÃÃÙé ÊÒÃâ¤àÇàÅ¹µì¨ÐÁÕ·Ñé§ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅáÅÐÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ áµèÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡ÍºäÍÍÍ¹Ô¡¨ÐÁÕà©¾ÒÐÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ
à¾ÃÒÐÊÙµÃà¤ÁÕ¢Í§ÊÒÃäÍÍÍ¹Ô¡à¡Ô´¨Ò¡ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹ÍÂèÒ§µèÓÃÐËÇèÒ§äÍÍÍ¹ºÇ¡áÅÐäÍÍÍ¹ÅºÍÂÙèáÅéÇ !!!
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂËÃ×ÍÊÙµÃàÍÁ¾ÔÃ¤Ô ÅÑ
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 1 âÅËÐÊÁÁµÔ M ÁÕÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁà·èÒ¡Ñº 200 àÁ×èÍ¹ÓâÅËÐ M 16 ¡ÃÑÁ ä»à¼Ò¡Ñº¡ÓÁÐ¶Ñ¹·ÕèÁÒ¡à¡Ô¹¾Í
¾ºÇèÒàÁ×èÍÊÔé¹ÊØ´»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ ÁÕÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº«ÑÅä¿´ìà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ 19.84 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨§ËÒÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ¢Í§ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº«ÑÅä¿´ì¹Õé
(¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ S = 32)
¢Ñ¹é µÍ¹·Õè ÇÔ¸ËÕ Ò¤ÓµÍº ¸ÒµØÊÁÁµÔ M ¸ÒµØ S
1 ÊÑ´ÊèÇ¹ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØã¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº (¡ÃÑÁ) 16 g 19.84 – 16 = 3.84 g
g 16 g 3.84 g
2 âÁÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ (n = Mw) = 0.08 mol = 0.12 mol
200 g/mol 32 g/mol
3 ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹âÁÅÍÂèÒ§µèÓ 0.08 mol 0.12 mol

=1 = 1.5
0.08 mol 0.08 mol
(ËÒÃµÅÍ´´éÇÂ¤èÒâÁÅµèÓ·ÕèÊØ´)
4 ·ÓãËéÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹âÁÅÍÂèÒ§µèÓà»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ 1x2=2 1.5 x 2 = 3
5 à¢ÕÂ¹ã¹ÃÙ»ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ M2S3
ÇÔ¸¡Õ ÒÃ»Ñ´¤èÒ·È¹ÔÂÁ
àÁ×èÍÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹â´ÂâÁÅÍÂèÒ§µèÓ·Õèä´éÁÕµÑÇàÅ¢ËÅÑ§¨Ø´·È¹ÔÂÁ
• ¹éÍÂ¡ÇèÒËÃ×Íà·èÒ¡Ñº 0.2 ⇒ ãËé»Ñ´Å§àÅÂâ´ÂäÁèµéÍ§ËÒàÅ¢ÁÒ¤Ù³ àªè¹ 1.1 : 1 ãËé»Ñ´à»ç¹ 1 : 1 ËÃ×Í 1.2 : 1 ãËé»Ñ´à»ç¹ 1 : 1
• ÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒËÃ×Íà·èÒ¡Ñº 0.8 ⇒ ãËé»Ñ´¢Öé¹àÅÂâ´ÂäÁèµéÍ§ËÒàÅ¢ÁÒ¤Ù³ àªè¹ 1.8 : 1 ãËé»Ñ´à»ç¹ 2 : 1 ËÃ×Í 1.9 : 1 ãËé»Ñ´à»ç¹ 2 : 1

• ÍÂÙèÃÐËÇèÒ§ 0.2 - 0.8 (0.2 < x < 0.8) ⇒ ãËé¤Ù³´éÇÂµÑÇàÅ¢·Õè¹éÍÂ·ÕèÊØ´áÅéÇä´éà»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ
àªè¹ 1 : 1.7 µéÍ§¤Ù³´éÇÂ 3 ¨Ðä´é (1x3) : (1.7x3) = 3 : 5.1 = 3 : 5
Ë¹éÒ 1
¤ÓªÕéá¨§ : ¨§µÍº¤Ó¶ÒÁµèÍä»¹Õé
1. àÁ×èÍ¿ÍÊ¿ÍÃÑÊ (P) 9.29 ¡ÃÑÁ à¡Ô´¡ÒÃà¼ÒäËÁé¨Ðä´éÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡ÍºÍÍ¡ä«´ìË¹Ñ¡ 21.29 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨§ËÒÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ
¢Í§ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡ÍºÍÍ¡ä«´ì¢Í§¿ÍÊ¿ÍÃÑÊ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ (ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ O = 16 áÅÐ P = 31)
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´
¢Ñ¹é µÍ¹·Õè ÇÔ¸ËÕ Ò¤ÓµÍº ¸ÒµØ P ¸ÒµØ O
1 ÊÑ´ÊèÇ¹ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØã¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº (¡ÃÑÁ) 9.29 g 21.29 – 9.29 = 12.00 g
g 9.29 g 12.00 g
2 âÁÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ (n = ) = 0.30 mol = 0.75 mol
Mw 31 g/mol 16 g/mol

=1 = 2.5
0.30 mol 0.30 mol
4 ·ÓãËéÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹âÁÅÍÂèÒ§µèÓà»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ 1x2=2 2.5 x 2 = 5
5 à¢ÕÂ¹ã¹ÃÙ»ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ·Õèä´é P2O5
P2O5
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº¹ÕéÁÕÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ ¤×Í ..................................................................................................................................................................
2. ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡ÍºäÎâ´Ã¤ÒÃìºÍ¹»ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂ¸ÒµØ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ (C) ÃéÍÂÅÐ 80 áÅÐ¸ÒµØäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ (H) ÃéÍÂÅÐ 20 â´ÂÁÇÅ

ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ¢Í§ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº¹Õéà»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§äÃ (ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ C = 12 áÅÐ H = 1)
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´
¢Ñ¹é µÍ¹·Õè ÇÔ¸ËÕ Ò¤ÓµÍº ¸ÒµØ C ¸ÒµØ H
1 ÊÑ´ÊèÇ¹ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØã¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº (¡ÃÑÁ) 80 g 20 g
g 80 g 20 g
2 âÁÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ (n = ) = 6.67 mol = 20 mol
Mw 12 g/mol 1 g/mol
3 ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹âÁÅÍÂèÒ§µèÓ 6.67 mol 20 mol

=1 =3
6.67 mol 6.67 mol
4 ·ÓãËéÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹âÁÅÍÂèÒ§µèÓà»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ 1 3
5 à¢ÕÂ¹ã¹ÃÙ»ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ·Õèä´é CH3
CH3
Ë¹éÒ 2
3. ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íºª¹Ô´Ë¹Öè§¾ºÇèÒ»ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂ¸ÒµØ¡ÓÁÐ¶Ñ¹ (S) ÃéÍÂÅÐ 50 â´ÂÁÇÅ áÅÐ¸ÒµØÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹
(O) ÃéÍÂÅÐ 50 â´ÂÁÇÅ ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ¢Í§ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº¹Õéà»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§äÃ (ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ O = 16 áÅÐ S = 32)
¢Ñ¹é µÍ¹·Õè ÇÔ¸ËÕ Ò¤ÓµÍº ¸ÒµØ S ¸ÒµØ O
1 ÊÑ´ÊèÇ¹ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØã¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº (¡ÃÑÁ) 50 g 50 g
g 50 g 50 g
2 âÁÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ (n = ) Mw 32 g/mol 16 g/mol
= 1.5625 mol = 3.125 mol
=1 =2
1.5625 mol 1.5625 mol
4 ·ÓãËéÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹âÁÅÍÂèÒ§µèÓà»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ 1 2
5 à¢ÕÂ¹ã¹ÃÙ»ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ·Õèä´é SO2
SO2
4. ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íºª¹Ô´Ë¹Öè§»ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ (C) äÎâ´Ãà¨¹ (H) áÅÐÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O) à·èÒ¹Ñé¹ ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËì¾ºÇèÒÁÕ

¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ 48.83 áÅÐäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ 8.12 â´ÂÁÇÅ ¨§ËÒÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ¢Í§ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº¹Õé
(ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ H = 1 ,C = 12 áÅÐ O = 16)
ÇÔ¸Õ¤´Ô
¢Ñ¹é µÍ¹ ÇÔ¸ËÕ Ò¤ÓµÍº ¸ÒµØ C ¸ÒµØ H ¸ÒµØ O
·Õè
1 ÊÑ´ÊèÇ¹ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØã¹ 48.83 g 8.12 g 100 - (48.83 + 8.12)
ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº (¡ÃÑÁ) = 43.05 g
2 âÁÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ 48.83 g 8.12 g 43.05 g
g 12 g/mol 1 g/mol 16 g/mol
(n = Mw) = 4.07 mol = 8.12 mol = 2.69 mol
3 ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹âÁÅÍÂèÒ§µèÓ 4.07 mol 8.12 mol 2.69 mol
= 1.5 =3 =1
2.69 mol 2.69 mol 2.69 mol
4 ·ÓãËéÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹âÁÅÍÂèÒ§µèÓ 1.5 x 2 = 3 3x2=6 1x2=2
à»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ
5 à¢ÕÂ¹ã¹ÃÙ»ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ·Õèä´é C3H6O2
C3H6O2
Ë¹éÒ 3
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 2 ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËì¡ÒÃà¼ÒäËÁé¢Í§ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íºª¹Ô´Ë¹Öè§ «Öè§»ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ (C) áÅÐäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ (H)
¾ºÇèÒà¡Ô´»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒáÅéÇãËéá¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (CO2) 0.0497 ¡ÃÑÁ áÅÐäÍ¹éÓ (H2O) 0.0249 ¡ÃÑÁ
¨§ËÒÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ¢Í§ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº¹Õé (ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ H = 1 áÅÐ C = 12)
ÇÔ¸Õ¤´Ô
1) ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ C áÅÐ H ã¹ CO2 áÅÐ H2O µÒÁÅÓ´Ñº
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
g C = 12 g C × 1 mol C 1 mol CO2 = 0.0136 g C
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
× × 0.0497 g CO2
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
g H = 1 g H × 2 mol H 1 mol H2O = 0.0027 g C
× × 0.0249 g CO2
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.0136 0.0027
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ã¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº¹ÕéÁÕÍ§¤ì»ÃÐ¡Íºä´éá¡è¸ÒµØ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ ................................. ¡ÃÑÁ áÅÐ¸ÒµØäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ ................................. ¡ÃÑÁ
2) ËÒÊÙµÃàÍÁ¾ÔÃÔ¤ÑÅ
1 ÊÑ´ÊèÇ¹ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØã¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº (¡ÃÑÁ) 0.0136 g 0.0027 g
g 0.0136 g 0.0027 g
2 âÁÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ (n = ) = 0.0011 mol = 0.0027
Mw 12 g/mol 1 g/mol
mol
=1 = 2.45
0.0011 mol 0.0011 mol
4 ·ÓãËéÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹âÁÅÍÂèÒ§µèÓà»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ 1x2=2 2.45 x 2 = 4.9
≅5
5 à¢ÕÂ¹ã¹ÃÙ»ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ·Õèä´é C2H5
C2H5
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº¹ÕéÁÕÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ ¤×Í .................................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 4
5. àÁ×èÍ¹ÓÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡ÍºäÎâ´Ã¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ª¹Ô´Ë¹Öè§ÁÒà¼ÒäËÁéÍÂèÒ§ÊÁºÙÃ³ì ¨Ðä´éá¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (CO2) 6.60 ¡ÃÑÁ
áÅÐäÍ¹éÓ (H2O) 4.10 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨§ËÒÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ¢Í§ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº¹Õé (ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ H = 1 ,C = 12 áÅÐ O = 16)
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´
1) ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ C áÅÐ H ã¹ CO2 áÅÐ H2O µÒÁÅÓ´Ñº
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
g C = 12 g C × 1 mol C 1 mol CO2 = 1.8 g C
× × 6.60 g CO2
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
g H = 1 g H × 2 mol H 1 mol H2O = 0.46 g C
× × 4.10 g CO2
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.8 0.46
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ã¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº¹ÕéÁÕÍ§¤ì»ÃÐ¡Íºä´éá¡è¸ÒµØ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ ................................. ¡ÃÑÁ áÅÐ¸ÒµØäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ ................................. ¡ÃÑÁ
2) ËÒÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ
1 ÊÑ´ÊèÇ¹ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØã¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº (¡ÃÑÁ) 1.8 g 0.46 g
g 1.8 g 0.46 g
2 âÁÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ (n = ) = 0.15 mol = 0.46 mol
Mw 12 g/mol 1 g/mol

=1 = 3.07
0.15 mol 0.15 mol
4 ·ÓãËéÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹âÁÅÍÂèÒ§µèÓà»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ 1 ≅3
5 à¢ÕÂ¹ã¹ÃÙ»ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ·Õèä´é CH3
CH3
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº¹ÕéÁÕÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ ¤×Í .................................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 5
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÊÙµÃÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ
ËÅÑ§¨Ò¡·ÕèËÒÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂä´éáÅéÇ ÊÒÁÒÃ¶¹ÓÁÒËÒÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃä´é â´Âãªé¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì´Ñ§¹Õé
(ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ)n = ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ àÁ×èÍ n ËÒ¨Ò¡

ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ
ÁÇÅÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 3 ¨§ËÒÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃã¹µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 2 ¶éÒÊÒÃ´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇÁÕÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅà·èÒ¡Ñº 58

ÇÔ¸Õ¤´Ô 1) ËÒÁÇÅÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ
C2H5 ⇒ ÁÕÁÇÅÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂà·èÒ¡Ñº ...............................................................................................
C2H5 = 2(12) + 5(1) = 24 + 5 = 29
ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ ¤×Í .....................
2) ËÒ¤èÒ n
ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ 58 2
¨Ò¡ n = á·¹¤èÒä´é n = ........................... = .............
ÁÇÅÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ 29
3) ËÒÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ
¨Ò¡ ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ = (ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ)n
á·¹¤èÒ ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ = ........................................................... C4H10
(C2H5)2 = .........................................................
C4H10
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃã¹µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 2 ¤×Í .......................................
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 4 ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íºª¹Ô´Ë¹Öè§»ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂ¸ÒµØä¹âµÃà¨¹(N) áÅÐ¸ÒµØ¡ÓÁÐ¶Ñ¹(S) à·èÒ¹Ñé¹ â´ÂÁÕ¡ÓÁÐ¶Ñ¹à»ç¹

Í§¤ì»ÃÐ¡ÍºÃéÍÂÅÐ 69.6 â´ÂÁÇÅ ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº¹Õé
(¡ÓË¹´ãËéÊÒÃ¹ÕéÁÕÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅà·èÒ¡Ñº 184 ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ N = 14 áÅÐ S = 32)
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 1 ËÒÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ
¢Ñ¹é µÍ¹·Õè ÇÔ¸ËÕ Ò¤ÓµÍº ¸ÒµØ N ¸ÒµØ S
1 ÊÑ´ÊèÇ¹ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØã¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº (¡ÃÑÁ) 100 – 69.6 = 30.40 g 69.6 g
g 30.4 g 69.6 g
2 âÁÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ (n = Mw) = 2.17 mol = 2.18 mol
14 g/mol 32 g/mol

=1 = 1.004
2.17 mol 2.17 mol
4 ·ÓãËéÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹âÁÅÍÂèÒ§µèÓà»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ 1 ≅1
5 à¢ÕÂ¹ã¹ÃÙ»ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ·Õèä´é NS
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 2 ËÒÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ
ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§ ¤×Í NS ¨Ò¡ ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ = (ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ)n
ÁÕÁÇÅÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ = 1(14) + 1(32) = 46 ¨Ðä´é ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ = (NS)4
ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ 184 = N4S4
ËÒ¤èÒ n = = =4
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÒÃ¹Õé¨Ö§ÁÕÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ à·èÒ¡Ñº N4S4
Ë¹éÒ 6
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 5 ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íºª¹Ô´Ë¹Öè§ÁÕÍ§¤ì»ÃÐ¡Íºà»ç¹¸ÒµØ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹(C) ¸ÒµØäÎâ´Ãà¨¹(H) ¸ÒµØÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹(O) áÅÐ
¸ÒµØ ä ¹âµÃà¨¹(N) ¶é Ò ¹ÓÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº 1.85 ¡ÃÑ Á ä»à¼ÒÍÂè Ò §ÊÁºÙ Ã ³ì àÁ× è Í ÊÔ é ¹ ÊØ ´ »¯Ô ¡ Ô Ã Ô Â Ò¾ºÇè Ò à¡Ô ´ á¡ê Ê
¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (CO2) 2.02 ÅÔµÃ·Õè STP ¹éÓ(H2O) 0.68 ¡ÃÑÁ áÅÐá¡êÊä¹âµÃà¨¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì(NO2) 0.34
ÅÔ µ Ã·Õ è STP µÒÁÅÓ´Ñ º ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÊÙ µ ÃâÁàÅ¡Ø Å ¢Í§ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº¹Õ é « Ö è § ÁÕ Á ÇÅâÁàÅ¡Ø Å à·è Ò ¡Ñ º 126
(¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ H = 1, C = 12, N = 14 áÅÐ O = 16)
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ 1) ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ C, H, O áÅÐ N ã¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡ÍºµèÒ§ æ
1.1) ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ C ¨Ò¡»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ CO2 2.02 L ·Õè STP
g C = 12 g C × 1 mol C 1 mol CO2
× 2.02 L CO2 = 1.080 g C
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
×
1 mol C 1 mol CO2 22.4 L CO2
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.2) ËÒÁÇÅ H ¨Ò¡ÁÇÅ¢Í§ H2O 0.68 g
g H = 1 g H × 2 mol H 1 mol H2O = 0.075 g H
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
× × 0.68 g CO2
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.3) ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ N ¨Ò¡»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ NO2 0.34 L ·Õè STP
g N = 14 g N × 1 mol N 1 mol NO2
× 0.34 L CO2 = 0.210 g N
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
×
1 mol N 1 mol NO2 22.4 L CO2
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.4) ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ O ã¹¨Ò¡ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¨Ò¡ ÁÇÅ O = ÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº - ÁÇÅ C - ÁÇÅ H - ÁÇÅ N
á·¹¤èÒ ÁÇÅ O = 1.850 – 1.008 – 0.075 – 0.210 = 0.485 ¡ÃÑÁ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
·Õè ÇÔ¸ËÕ Ò¤ÓµÍº ¸ÒµØ C ¸ÒµØ H ¸ÒµØ O ¸ÒµØ N
1 ÊÑ´ÊèÇ¹ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ 1.080 g 0.075 g 0.485 g 0.210 g
ã¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº (¡ÃÑÁ)
2 ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ 1.080 g 0.075 g 0.485 g 0.210 g
12 g/mol 1 g/mol 16 g/mol 14 g/mol
= 0.090 mol = 0.075 mol = 0.030 mol = 0.015 mol
3 ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹âÁÅÍÂèÒ§µèÓ 0.090 mol 0.075 mol 0.030 mol 0.015 mol
0.015 mol 0.015 mol 0.015 mol 0.015 mol
=6 =5 =2 =1
4 ·ÓãËéà»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ 1 5 2 1
5 à¢ÕÂ¹ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ CH5O2N
ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§ ¤×Í CH5O2N ¨Ò¡ ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ = (ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ)n
ÁÕÁÇÅÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ = 1(12) + 5(1) + 2(16) + 1(14) = 63 ¨Ðä´é ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ = (CH5O2N)2
ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ 126 = C2H10O4N2
ËÒ¤èÒ n = = =2
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÒÃ¹Õé¨Ö§ÁÕÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ à·èÒ¡Ñº C2H10O4N2
Ë¹éÒ 7
6. ¡Ã´«ÍÃìºÔ¡ (sorbic acid) ãªé¼ÊÁã¹ÍÒËÒÃà¾×èÍÂÑºÂÑé§¡ÒÃà¨ÃÔÞàµÔºâµ¢Í§¨ØÅÔ¹·ÃÕÂìºÒ§ª¹Ô´ ÊÒÃ¹ÕéÁÕÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ
à·èÒ¡Ñº 112 »ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂ¸ÒµØ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹(C) ÃéÍÂÅÐ 64.3 ¸ÒµØäÎâ´Ãà¨¹(H) ÃéÍÂÅÐ 7.2 áÅÐ¸ÒµØÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹(O)
ÃéÍÂÅÐ 28.5 â´ÂÁÇÅ ¨§ËÒÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº¹Õé
·Õè ÇÔ¸ËÕ Ò¤ÓµÍº ¸ÒµØ C ¸ÒµØ H ¸ÒµØ O
1 ÊÑ´ÊèÇ¹ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ 64.3 g 7.2 g 28.5 g

2 ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ 64.3 g 7.2 g 28.5 g
12 g/mol 1 g/mol 16 g/mol
= 5.36 mol = 7.20 mol = 1.78 mol
1.78 mol 1.78mol 1.78 mol
= 3.01 = 4.04 =1
4 ·ÓãËéà»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ 3 4 1
5 à¢ÕÂ¹ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ C3H4O
ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§ ¤×Í C3H4O ¨Ò¡ ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ = (ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ)n
ÁÕÁÇÅÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ = 3(12) + 4(1) + 1(16) = 56 ¨Ðä´é ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ = (C3H4O)2
ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ 112 = C6H8O2
ËÒ¤èÒ n = = =2
C6H8O2
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§¡Ã´«ÍÃìºÔ¡¨Ö§à·èÒ¡Ñº ...................................................
Ë¹éÒ 8
7. ¨§ËÒÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡ÍºÍÔ¹·ÃÕÂìª¹Ô´Ë¹Öè§ «Öè§·ÕèÁÕÍ §¤ì»ÃÐ¡Íº¢Í§¸ÒµØ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹(C) ÃéÍ ÂÅÐ 40
¸ÒµØäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ(H) ÃéÍÂÅÐ 6.67 áÅÐ·ÕèàËÅ×Íà»ç¹¸ÒµØÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹(O) ¡ÓË¹´ãËéÊÒÃ¹ÕéÁÕÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅà·èÒ¡Ñº 60
1ÊÑ´ÊèÇ¹ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ 40 g 6.67 g 100 – 40 – 6.67

ã¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº (¡ÃÑÁ) = 53.33 g
2 ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ 40 g 6.67 g 53.33 g
= 3.33 mol = 6.67 mol = 3.33 mol
3.33 mol 3.33 mol 3.33 mol
=1 = 2.003 =1
5 à¢ÕÂ¹ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ CH2O
ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§ ¤×Í CH2O ¨Ò¡ ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ = (ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ)n
ÁÕÁÇÅÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ = 1(12) + 2(1) + 1(16) = 30 ¨Ðä´é ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ = (CH2O)2
ËÒ¤èÒ n = = =2
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÒÃ¹Õé¨Ö§ÁÕÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ à·èÒ¡Ñº C2H4O2
C2H4O2
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§¡Ã´«ÍÃìºÔ¡¨Ö§à·èÒ¡Ñº ...................................................
Ë¹éÒ 9
8. ÊÒÃÍÔ¹·ÃÕÂìª¹Ô´Ë¹Öè§ÁÕ¸ÒµØ·Õèà»ç¹Í§¤ì»ÃÐ¡Íºä´éá¡è ¸ÒµØ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹(C) ¸ÒµØäÎâ´Ãà¨¹(H) áÅÐ¸ÒµØÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹(O)
àÁ×èÍ¹ÓÊÒÃÍÔ¹·ÃÕÂìª¹Ô´¹ÕéÁÒ 2.3 ¡ÃÑÁ ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¼ÒäËÁéä´éá¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (CO2) 4.4 ¡ÃÑÁ áÅÐäÍ¹éÓ
(H2O) 2.7 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨§ËÒÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº¹Õé ¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÕÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅà·èÒ¡Ñº 92
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ 1) ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ C, H, O áÅÐ N ã¹ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡ÍºµèÒ§ æ
1.1) ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ C ¨Ò¡ÁÇÅ¢Í§ CO2 4.4 g
g C = 12 g C × 1 mol C 1 mol CO2
× 4.4 g CO2 = 1.2 g C
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
×
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.2) ËÒÁÇÅ H ¨Ò¡ÁÇÅ¢Í§ H2O 2.7 g
g H = 1 g H × 2 mol H 1 mol H2O 2.7 g CO2 = 0.3 g H
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
× ×
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.3) ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ O ã¹¨Ò¡ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº
¨Ò¡ ÁÇÅ O = ÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡Íº - ÁÇÅ C - ÁÇÅ H
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
á·¹¤èÒ ÁÇÅ O = 2.3 – 1.2 – 0.3 = 0.8 ¡ÃÑÁ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 ÊÑ´ÊèÇ¹ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ 1.2 g 0.3 g 0.8 g
2 ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ 1.2 g 0.3 g 0.8 g
= 0.10 mol = 0.30 mol = 0.05 mol
0.05 mol 0.05 mol 0.05 mol
=2 =6 =1
5 à¢ÕÂ¹ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ C2H6O
3) ËÒÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ
ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§ ¤×Í C2H6O ¨Ò¡ ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ = (ÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ)n
ÁÕÁÇÅÊÙµÃÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂ = 2(12) + 6(1) + 1(16) = 46 ¨Ðä´é ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ = (C2H6O)2
ËÒ¤èÒ n = = =2
C4H12O2
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡ÍºÍÔ¹·ÃÕÂì¹Õé¨Ö§à·èÒ¡Ñº ...................................................
Ë¹éÒ 10
ãº§Ò¹ àÃ×èÍ§ ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂã¹Ë¹èÇÂÃéÍÂÅÐ
º··Õè 5 ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ ª×èÍ ……………….....………………..……….........…..….. ªÑé¹ .……… àÅ¢·Õè ………….
¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂã¹Ë¹èÇÂÃéÍÂÅÐ
ÃéÍÂÅÐËÃ×ÍÊèÇ¹ã¹ÃéÍÂÊèÇ¹ (part per hundred : pph) à»ç¹Ë¹èÇÂ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹·ÕèºÍ¡»ÃÔÁÒ³µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
100 Ë¹èÇÂ ¨Óá¹¡ÍÍ¡ä´é´Ñ§¹Õé
ÁÇÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (¡ÃÑÁ)
1. ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅµèÍÁÇÅ = x 100
ÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ (¡ÃÑÁ)
(%w/w)
»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ)
2. ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´Â»ÃÔÁÒµÃµèÍ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ = x 100
(%v/v) »ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ (ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ)
3. ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅµèÍ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ = x 100
(%w/v) »ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ (ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ)

1. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹à»ç¹ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂã¹¢éÍµèÍä»¹Õé
1.1 ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ·ÕèàµÃÕÂÁ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÅÐÅÒÂÊÒÃâ«à´ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì (NaCl) 50.0 ¡ÃÑÁ ã¹¹éÓ 200.0 ¡ÃÑÁ
ÁÇÅ¢Í§ NaCl (¡ÃÑÁ)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
%w/w = x 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
50.0
= x 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
250.0
= 20%w/w
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
20 â´ÂÁÇÅ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì·ÕèàµÃÕÂÁä´éÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ .......................................................................................
1.2 ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ·Í§àËÅ×Í§·ÕèàµÃÕÂÁ¨Ò¡·Í§á´§ (Cu) 500 ¡ÃÑÁ ËÅÍÁÃÇÁ¡ÑºâÅËÐÊÑ§¡ÐÊÕ (Zn) 750 ¡ÃÑÁ
ÁÇÅ¢Í§·Í§á´§ (¡ÃÑÁ)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
%w/w = x 100
ÁÇÅ¢Í§·Í§àËÅ×Í§ (¡ÃÑÁ)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
500
= x 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1250
= 40 %w/w
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
40 â´ÂÁÇÅ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ·Í§àËÅ×Í§¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§·Í§á´§ÃéÍÂÅÐ ........................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 1
1.3 ÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´áÍ«ÕµÔ¡ (CH3COOH) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 0.5 âÁÅ ã¹¹éÓ (H2O) 3.0 âÁÅ
(ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ CH3COOH áÅÐ H2O à·èÒ¡Ñº 60 áÅÐ 18 µÒÁÅÓ´Ñº)
ÁÇÅ¢Í§ CH3COOH = ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ x ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ = 0.5 x 60 = 30 ¡ÃÑÁ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅ¢Í§ H2O = ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ x ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ = 3.0 x 18 = 54 ¡ÃÑÁ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = ÁÇÅ¢Í§ CH3COOH + ÁÇÅ¢Í§ H2O = 30 + 54 = 84 ¡ÃÑÁ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅ¢Í§¡Ã´áÍ«ÕµÔ¡ (¡ÃÑÁ)
%w/w = ÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ (¡ÃÑÁ) x 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
30
= 84 x 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 35.7 %w/w
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
35.7 â´ÂÁÇÅ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´áÍ«ÕµÔ¡ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ .............................................................................................................................................
2. ã¹¡ÒÃàµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¤Í»à»ÍÃì(II)«ÑÅà¿µ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ 5 â´ÂÁÇÅ »ÃÔÁÒ³ 500 ¡ÃÑÁ

¨ÐµéÍ§¹ÓÊÒÃ¤Í»à»ÍÃì(II)«ÑÅà¿µ (CuSO4) áÅÐ¹éÓ¡ÅÑè¹ (H2O) ÁÒÍÂèÒ§ÅÐ¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ
¢Ñé¹·Õè 1 : ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§¤Í»à»ÍÃì(II)«ÑÅà¿µ ¢Ñé¹·Õè 2 : ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§¹éÓ
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅ¢Í§¤Í»à»ÍÃì(II)«ÑÅà¿µ (¡ÃÑÁ) ¨Ò¡ÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = ÁÇÅ¢Í§ CuSO4 + ÁÇÅ¹éÓ
%w/w = x 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ä´é ÁÇÅ¹éÓ = ÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ – ÁÇÅ¢Í§ CuSO4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A
5 = 500 x 100 ÁÇÅ¹éÓ = 500 – 25 ¡ÃÑÁ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5 x 500
A = ÁÇÅ¹éÓ = 475 ¡ÃÑÁ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
A = 25 ¡ÃÑÁ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ã¹¡ÒÃàµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂãËéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇ ¨ÐµéÍ§ÅÐÅÒÂÊÒÃ¤Í»à»ÍÃì(II)«ÑÅà¿µ ....................................................... 25 ¡ÃÑÁ
475 ¡ÃÑÁ
ã¹¹éÓ ....................................................
3. ¨§ËÒÇèÒã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´äÎâ´Ã¤ÅÍÃÔ¡à¢éÁ¢é¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ 9.5 â´ÂÁÇÅ ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁË¹Òá¹è¹ 1.76 ¡ÃÑÁµèÍÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ

»ÃÔÁÒµÃ 500 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ ÁÕ¡Ã´äÎâ´Ã¤ÅÍÃÔ¡ÅÐÅÒÂÍÂÙè¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ
¢Ñé¹·Õè 1 : ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ ¢Ñé¹·Õè 2 : ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§¡Ã´äÎâ´Ã¤ÅÍÃÔ¡
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅ ÁÇÅ¢Í§¡Ã´äÎâ´Ã¤ÅÍÃÔ¡ (¡ÃÑÁ)
¤ÇÒÁË¹Òá¹è¹ = »ÃÔÁÒµÃ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
%w/w = x 100
A
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.76 = 500 9.5 = 880 x 100
A
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A = 1.76 x 500 9.5 x 880
A =
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A = 880 ¡ÃÑÁ 100
A = 83.6 ¡ÃÑÁ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
83.6 ¡ÃÑÁ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹ÕéÁÕ¡Ã´äÎâ´Ã¤ÅÍÃÔ¡ÅÐÅÒÂÍÂÙè ...........................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 2
4. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹à»ç¹ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´Â»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂµèÍä»¹Õé
4.1 ÅÐÅÒÂàÍ·ÔÅáÍÅ¡ÍÎÍÅì (CH3OH) 15 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ ã¹¹éÓ¡ÅÑè¹ 485 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ
»ÃÔÁÒµÃàÍ·ÔÅáÍÅ¡ÍÎÍÅì (ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ)
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
%v/v = x 100
»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ (ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ)
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
15 15
= x 100 = x 100
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(15+485) 500
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 3 %v/v
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3 â´Â»ÃÔÁÒµÃ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ ....................................................................................................................................................
4.2 ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ·ÕèàµÃÕÂÁä´é¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´«ÑÅ¿ÔÇÃÔ¡ (H2SO4) 50 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ ã¹¢Ç´ÇÑ´»ÃÔÁÒµÃ

·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ¨Ø 1,000 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ áÅéÇàµÔÁ¹éÓ¡ÅÑè¹¨¹ÃÐ´Ñº¢Í§àËÅÇã¹¢Ç´¶Ö§¢Õ´ºÍ¡»ÃÔÁÒµÃ
»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¡Ã´«ÑÅ¿ÔÇÃÔ¡ (ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ)
%v/v = x 100
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
50
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= x 100
1000
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 5 %v/v
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5 â´Â»ÃÔÁÒµÃ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ ....................................................................................................................................................
5. ã¹¡ÒÃàµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´äÎâ´Ã¤ÅÍÃÔ¡ãËéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ 4.0 â´Â»ÃÔÁÒµÃ ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 250 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ

¨ÐµéÍ§ãªé¡Ã´äÎâ´Ã¤ÅÍÃÔ¡ (HCl) áÅÐ¹éÓ¡ÅÑè¹ (H2O) ÍÂèÒ§ÅÐ¡ÕèÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ
¢Ñé¹·Õè 1 : ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§¡Ã´äÎâ´Ã¤ÅÍÃÔ¡
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¢Ñé¹·Õè 2 : ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§¹éÓ
»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§¡Ã´äÎâ´Ã¤ÅÍÃÔ¡ (ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ)
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
%v/v = »ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ (ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ) x 100 ¨Ò¡ »ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = »ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ HCl + »ÃÔÁÒµÃ¹éÓ
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A ä´é »ÃÔÁÒµÃ¹éÓ = »ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ – »ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ HCl
4 = 250 x 100 »ÃÔÁÒµÃ¹éÓ = 250 – 10 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4 x 250
A = »ÃÔÁÒµÃ¹éÓ = 240 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A = 10 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
10 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ã¹¡ÒÃàµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹Õé ¨ÐµéÍ§ÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´äÎâ´Ã¤ÅÍÃÔ¡ ............................................................................................................
240 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ
ã¹¹éÓ ............................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 3
6. ÅÐÅÒÂ¹éÓµÒÅ¡ÅÙâ¤Ê (C6H12O6) 4 ¡ÃÑÁ ã¹¹éÓ¡ÅÑè¹ (H2O) ¨¹ä´éÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ 50 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ
ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ·ÕèàµÃÕÂÁä´é¨ÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹à·èÒã´ã¹Ë¹èÇÂÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅµèÍ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ
ÁÇÅ¢Í§¹éÓµÒÅ¡ÅÙâ¤Ê (¡ÃÑÁ)
%w/v = x 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4
= x 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
50
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 8 %w/v
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8 â´ÂÁÇÅµèÍ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡ÅÙâ¤Ê¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ ...................................................................................................................................................
7. ¶éÒµéÍ§¡ÒÃàµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂàÁÍÃì¤ÔÇÃÕ(II)ä¹àµÃµ (Hg(NO3)2) 1,000 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ ãËéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹

ÃéÍÂÅÐ 2 â´ÂÁÇÅµèÍ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªéÊÒÃàÁÍÃì¤ÔÇÃÕ(II)ä¹àµÃµ¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ
ÁÇÅ¢Í§àÁÍÃì¤ÔÇÃÕ(II)ä¹àµÃµ (¡ÃÑÁ)
%w/v = x 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 = 1,000 x 100
A
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 x 1,000
A =
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
A = 20 ¡ÃÑÁ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
20 ¡ÃÑÁ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªéÊÒÃàÁÍÃì¤ÔÇÃÕ(II)ä¹àµÃµ ............................................................................................................................................................
8. àÁ×èÍªÑè§ÊÒÃâ«à´ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ì (NaOH) ÁÒ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 20 ¡ÃÑÁ à¾×èÍ¹Óä»àµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ì

ãËéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ 30 â´ÂÁÇÅµèÍ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ ¨ÐÊÒÁÒÃ¶àµÃÕÂÁä´é»ÃÔÁÒµÃÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´à·èÒã´
ÁÇÅ¢Í§â«à´ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ì (¡ÃÑÁ)
%w/v = x 100
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
30 = A x 100
20
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
20 x 100
A =
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
30
A = 66.67 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
66.67 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨ÐÊÒÁÒÃ¶àµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹Õéä´é»ÃÔÁÒµÃÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´ ...............................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 4
ãº§Ò¹ àÃ×Íè § ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂã¹Ë¹èÇÂÊèÇ¹ã¹ÅéÒ¹ÊèÇ¹
áÅÐÊèÇ¹ã¹¾Ñ¹ÅéÒ¹ÊèÇ¹
º··Õè 5 ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ ª×èÍ ……………….....………………………..……….............…..….. ªÑé¹
¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ã¹Ë¹èÇÂ ppm áÅÐ ppb
• Ë¹èÇÂ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ÊèÇ¹ã¹ÅéÒ¹ÊèÇ¹ (ppm) áÅÐÊèÇ¹ã¹¾Ñ¹ÅéÒ¹ÊèÇ¹ (ppb)
à»ç¹¡ÒÃºÍ¡»ÃÔÁÒ³¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ·ÕèÅÐÅÒÂÍÂÙèã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ 1 ÅéÒ¹Ë¹èÇÂáÅÐ 1 ¾Ñ¹ÅéÒ¹Ë¹èÇÂà´ÕÂÇ¡Ñ¹ µÒÁÅÓ´Ñº
ppm (ÁÇÅ) = x 106
»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ)
ppm (»ÃÔÁÒµÃ) = x 106

1. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂµèÍä»¹Õéã¹Ë¹èÇÂÊèÇ¹ã¹ÅéÒ¹ÊèÇ¹ (ppm)
1.1 µÃÇ¨¹éÓ·Ôé§¨Ò¡âÃ§§Ò¹ÍØµÊÒË¡ÃÃÁáËè§Ë¹Öè§ ¾ºÇèÒã¹¹éÓ·Ôé§ 1,000 ¡ÃÑÁ ÁÕâÅËÐË¹Ñ¡à¨×Í»¹ÍÂÙè 0.001 ¡ÃÑÁ
ÁÇÅ¢Í§âÅËÐË¹Ñ¡ (¡ÃÑÁ)
ppm = x 106
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅ¢Í§¹éÓ·Ôé§ (¡ÃÑÁ)
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.001
= x 106
1,000
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 1 ppm
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 ÊèÇ¹ã¹ÅéÒ¹ÊèÇ¹
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¹éÓ·Ôé§¨Ò¡âÃ§§Ò¹¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹à·èÒ¡Ñº ..................................................................................................................................................
1.2 µÃÇ¨ÇÑ´ËÒÁÅ¾ÔÉã¹ÍÒ¡ÒÈá¶ÇÊÕèáÂ¡ÍâÈ¡ ã¹ÍÒ¡ÒÈ 100 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ ¾ºÇèÒÁÕá¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì

»Ð»¹ÍÂÙè 0.00002 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ
»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ)
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ppm = x 106
»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÍÒ¡ÒÈ (ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ)
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.00002
= x 106
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
= 0.2 ppm
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÍÒ¡ÒÈ¨Ò¡ÊÕèáÂ¡ÍâÈ¡ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§á¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì à·èÒ¡Ñº ...................................................................................... 0.2 ÊèÇ¹ã¹ÅéÒ¹ÊèÇ¹
Ë¹éÒ 1
3. ¹Ñ¡ÇÔ·ÂÒÈÒÊµÃì·Ó¡ÒÃµÃÇ¨ÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËì»ÃÔÁÒ³âÅËÐ»ÃÍ··Õè»¹à»×éÍ¹ã¹à¹×Íé »ÅÒ·Ù â´Â¹Ó»ÅÒ·Ù·Õè¨Ñºä´é¨Ò¡áËÅè§»ÃÐÁ§
·Õèã¡Åé¡ÑºâÃ§§Ò¹ÍØµÊÒË¡ÃÃÁá¶ºÍèÒÇä·Â ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃµÃÇ¨ÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËì¾ºÇèÒ ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§âÅËÐ»ÃÍ·à·èÒ¡Ñº 0.001
ÊèÇ¹ã¹ÅéÒ¹ÊèÇ¹ ¨§ËÒÇèÒ¶éÒ¹Óà¹×éÍ»ÅÒ·Ù 200 ¡ÃÑÁ ÁÒµÃÇ¨ÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËì¨Ð¾ºâÅËÐ»ÃÍ·»¹à»×éÍ¹ÍÂÙè¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ
ÁÇÅ¢Í§âÅËÐ»ÃÍ· (¡ÃÑÁ)
ppm = x 106
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅ¢Í§à¹×éÍ»ÅÒ·Ù (¡ÃÑÁ)
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A
0.001 = x 106
200
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.001 x 200
A =
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1,000,000
A = 2 x 10-7 ¡ÃÑÁ
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 x 10-7 ¡ÃÑÁ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹¨Ð¾º»ÃÔÁÒ³¢Í§âÅËÐ»ÃÍ·à·èÒ¡Ñº ...............................................................................................................................................................
4. ã¹ÍÒ¡ÒÈºÃÔàÇ³·ÕËè ¹Öè§ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§á¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ÁÍ¹Í¡ä«´ì (CO) à·èÒ¡Ñº 3.65 ÊèÇ¹ã¹ÅéÒ¹ÊèÇ¹

¶éÒ¹ÓÍÒ¡ÒÈÁÒ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 500 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ ¨ÐÁÕá¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ÁÍ¹Í¡ä«´ì»¹à»×éÍ¹ÍÂÙàè ·èÒã´
»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÍÒ¡ÒÈ (ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà´«ÔàÁµÃ)
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ppm =
»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÍÒ¡ÒÈ (ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà´«ÔàÁµÃ)
x 100
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A
3.65 = 500 x 100
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3.65 x 500
A =
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100
A = 18.25 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà´«ÔàÁµÃ
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
18.25 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÁÕá¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ÁÍ¹Í¡ä«´ì»¹à»×éÍ¹ÍÂÙè .......................................................................................................................................................
5. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂµèÍä»¹Õéã¹Ë¹èÇÂÊèÇ¹ã¹¾Ñ¹ÅéÒ¹ÊèÇ¹ (ppb)
5.1 ã¹¹éÓ»ÃÐ»Ò¨Ó¹Ç¹ 1,000 ¡ÃÑÁ ·ÕÁè ÕâÅËÐ»ÃÍ· (Pb) »¹à»×éÍ¹ÍÂÙè 0.000005 ¡ÃÑÁ
ÁÇÅ¢Í§»ÃÍ· (¡ÃÑÁ)
ppb =
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x 109
ÁÇÅ¢Í§¹éÓ»ÃÐ»Ò (¡ÃÑÁ)
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.000005
= x 109
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1,000
= 5 ppb
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5 ÊèÇ¹ã¹¾Ñ¹ÅéÒ¹ÊèÇ¹
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¹éÓ»ÃÐ»ÒÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§âÅËÐ»ÃÍ·à·èÒ¡Ñº .....................................................................................................................................
5.2 ã¹ÍÒ¡ÒÈ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ 500 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ ÁÕá¡êÊ«ÑÅà¿ÍÃìä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì»Ð»¹ÍÂÙè 0.002 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ

»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊ«ÑÅà¿ÍÃìä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ)
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ppb = x 109
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.002
= x 109
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
500
= 4x103 ppb
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÍÒ¡ÒÈ¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§á¡êÊ«ÑÅà¿ÍÃìä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì à·èÒ¡Ñº ..................................... 4x103 ÊèÇ¹ã¹¾Ñ¹ÅéÒ¹ÊèÇ¹
Ë¹éÒ 2
6. ¹Ñ¡ÇÔ·ÂÒÈÒÊµÃìµÃÇ¨ÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËì»ÃÔÁÒ³âÅËÐá¤´àÁÕÂÁ (Cd) ·Õè»¹à»×éÍ¹ã¹à¹×éÍ¡Øé§ â´Â¹Ó¡Øé§·Õè¨Ñºä´é¨Ò¡áËÅè§»ÃÐÁ§
·Õèã¡Åé¡ÑºâÃ§§Ò¹ÍØµÊÒË¡ÃÃÁá¶ºÍèÒÇä·Â ¾ºÇèÒÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§á¤´àÁÕÂÁà·èÒ¡Ñº 0.005 ÊèÇ¹ã¹¾Ñ¹ÅéÒ¹ÊèÇ¹
¨§ËÒÇèÒ¶éÒ¹ÓµÑÇÍÂèÒ§¢Í§à¹×éÍ¡Øé§¨Ò¡áËÅè§¹ÕéÁÒ 400 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨ÐµÃÇ¨¾ºâÅËÐá¤´àÁÕÂÁ»¹à»×éÍ¹ÍÂÙèà·èÒã´
ÁÇÅ¢Í§âÅËÐá¤´àÁÕÂÁ (¡ÃÑÁ)
x 109
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ppb =
ÁÇÅ¢Í§à¹×éÍ¡Øé§ (¡ÃÑÁ)
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A
0.005 = 450 x 109
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.005 x 450
A =
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1,000,000,000
A = 2.25x10-9 ¡ÃÑÁ
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.25x10-9 ¡ÃÑÁ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨Ð¾ºâÅËÐá¤´àÁÕÂÁ»¹à»×éÍ¹ã¹à¹×éÍ¡Øé§¹ÕÍé ÂÙè ..............................................................................................................................................
7. ¹Ñ¡ÇÔ·ÂÒÈÒÊµÃì¹ÓµÑÇÍÂèÒ§ÍÒ¡ÒÈ¨Ò¡ºÃÔàÇ³¶¹¹à¾ªÃà¡ÉÁÁÒµÃÇ¨ÇÑ´ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒ³á¡êÊ«ÑÅà¿ÍÃìäµÃÍÍ¡ä«´ì (SO3)
¾ºÇèÒÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§á¡êÊ´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇÍÂÙè 0.35 ÊèÇ¹ã¹¾Ñ¹ÅéÒ¹ÊèÇ¹ ¨§ËÒÇèÒ¶éÒ¹ÓµÑÇÍÂèÒ§¢Í§ÍÒ¡ÒÈ¹ÕÁé Ò
500 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ ¨ÐµÃÇ¨¾ºá¡êÊ«ÑÅà¿ÍÃìäµÃÍÍ¡ä«´ì»Ð»¹ÍÂÙèà·èÒã´
»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊ«ÑÅà¿ÍÃìäµÃÍÍ¡ä«´ì (ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ)
ppb = x 109
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.35 = 500 x 109
A
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.35 x 500
A =
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1,000,000,000
A = 1.75x10-7 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.75x10-7 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨Ð¾ºá¡êÊ«ÑÅà¿ÍÃìäµÃÍÍ¡ä«´ì»Ð»¹ÍÂÙè .......................................................................................................................................................
8. ¹Ó¹éÓ·ÐàÅ¨Ò¡ÍèÒÇä·ÂÁÒµÃÇ¨¾ºËÒ»ÃÔÁÒ³¢Í§«ÔÅàÇÍÃìäÍÍÍ¹ (Ag+) ¾ºÇèÒÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ 28 ÊèÇ¹ã¹¾Ñ¹ÅéÒ¹ÊèÇ¹

¶éÒµéÍ§¡ÒÃÊ¡Ñ´«ÔÅàÇÍÃìäÍÍÍ¹¨Ó¹Ç¹ 100 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ ¨Ò¡¹éÓ·ÐàÅáËÅè§¹Õé¨ÐµéÍ§ãªé¹éÓ·ÐàÅ»ÃÔÁÒ³à·èÒã´
»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§«ÔÅàÇÍÃìäÍÍÍ¹ (ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ) 9
ppb = x 10
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§¹éÓ·ÐàÅ (ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ)
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
28 = A x 109
100
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100 x 1,000,000
A =
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
28
A = 3,571 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3,571 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà«¹µÔàÁµÃ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªé¹éÓ·ÐàÅ»ÃÔÁÒ³ ...................................................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 3
ãº§Ò¹ àÃ×èÍ§ ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁÅÒÃÔµÕ
ª×èÍ ……………….....…………..……….............…..….. ªÑé¹ ……….… àÅ¢·Õè ………….
º··Õè 5 ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁÅÒÃÔµÕ
âÁÅÒÃÔµÕ ËÃ×Í âÁÅÒÃì (molarity, M)

⇒ à»ç¹Ë¹èÇÂ·ÕèºÍ¡¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (mol) ·ÕèÅÐÅÒÂÍÂÙèã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ 1 ÅÔµÃ (L) ËÃ×Í 1,000 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ (mL)
¨Ö§ÁÕË¹èÇÂâÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ (mol/L) ´Ñ§¹Õé
¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (mol)
âÁÅÒÃÔµÕ (mol/L) =
»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ ( L)
 ¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂà»ç¹âÁÅÒÃÔµÕ ÁÕ 2 ÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃ¤Ô´´Ñ§¹Õé
ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 1 ãªéÊÙµÃã¹¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³
g cxv
Mw
= 1,000
àÁ×èÍ g = ÁÇÅà»ç¹¡ÃÑÁ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (g)

Mw = ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (g/mol)
c = ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁÅÒÃÔµÕ (mol/L)
v = »ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ (mL)
ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 2 ãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ
â¨·ÂìãËé mol µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ 1 mol µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ ÁÇÅ g µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ

ÁÇÅµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ = x
1 L ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ g µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ »ÃÔÁÒµÃ L ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
â¨·ÂìãËé mol µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ 1 molµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ »ÃÔÁÒµÃ LµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ ·ÕèSTP 1000 mLÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ

»ÃÔÁÒµÃ = x x
1 L ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ 22.4 LµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ »ÃÔÁÒµÃ mLÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ ·ÕèSTP 1 L ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ
Ë¹éÒ 1
1. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂµèÍä»¹Õé â´ÂáÊ´§ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´·Ñé§ 2 ÃÙ»áºº
1.1 â«à´ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì (NaCl) 3.0 âÁÅ ã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ 0.650 ÅÔµÃ
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´·Õè 1 : ãªéÊÙµÃ ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´·Õè 2 : ãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
n x 1,000 mol NaCl = 3.0 mol NaCl
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
c= v L ÊÅÅ 0.650 L ÊÅÅ
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
=
3.0 x 1,000
650 = 4.62 mol/L
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 4.62 mol/L
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4.62 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ .....................................................................................................................................
1.2 ¡Ã´äÎâ´Ã¤ÅÍÃÔ¡ (HCl) 0.015 âÁÅ ã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ 10 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ

......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
n x 1,000 mol NaCl = 0.015 mol NaCl × 1,000 mL ÊÅÅ
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
c= L ÊÅÅ 1 L ÊÅÅ
v 10 mL ÊÅÅ
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
=
0.015 x 1,000
10 = 1.5 mol/L
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 1.5 mol/L
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´äÎâ´Ã¤ÅÍÃÔ¡¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ ..................................................................................................................................
1.3 â«à´ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ì (NaOH) 20 ¡ÃÑÁ ã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ 0.250 ÅÔµÃ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ NaOH = 40)
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
g cv mol NaOH = 1 mol NaOH × 20 g NaOH
=
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Mw 1
20 c x0.250 L ÊÅÅ 40 g NaOH 0.250 L ÊÅÅ
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
=
40 1 = 2 mol/L
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
20x1
c = 40x0.250
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 2 mol/L
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ì¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ ..........................................................................................................................
1.4 ¡ÅÙâ¤Ê (C6H12O6) 400 ¡ÃÑÁÅÐÅÒÂã¹¹éÓ¨¹ä´éÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ 800 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ C6H12O6 = 180)
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
g cv mol C6H12O6 = 1 mol C6H12O6 × 400 g C6H12O6 × 1000 mL ÊÅÅ
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Mw
= 1000
L ÊÅÅ 180 g C6H12O6 800 mL ÊÅÅ 1 L ÊÅÅ
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
400
=
c x800
180 1000 = 2.78 mol/L
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
400x1000
c = 180x800
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 2.78 mol/L
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 .78 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡ÅÙâ¤Ê¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ ...................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 2
2. ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ì·ÁÕè Õ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ 0.8 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ »ÃÔÁÒµÃ 1,500 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ ¨ÐÁÕâ«à´ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ì
ÅÐÅÒÂÍÂÙè¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ NaOH = 40)
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´·Õè 2 : ãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ
ÇÔ.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¸Õ¤Ô´·Õè 1 : ãªéÊÙµÃ
g
=
cv g NaOH = 40 g NaOH × 0.8 mol NaOH × 1 L ÊÅÅ × 1,500 mL ÊÅÅ
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Mw 1000 1 mol NaOH 1 L ÊÅÅ 1000 mL ÊÅÅ
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
g
=
0.8 x1,500
40 1000 = 48 g
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.8 x1,500
g = x 40
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1000
= 48 ¡ÃÑÁ
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
48 ¡ÃÑÁ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨ÐÁÕâ«à´ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ìÅÐÅÒÂÍÂÙè ................................................................................................................................................................
3. µéÍ§¡ÒÃàµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ«Ùâ¤ÃÊ (C12H22O11) ãËéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ 0.25 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ ¶éÒÁÕ«Ùâ¤ÃÊÍÂÙè 17.1 ¡ÃÑÁ

¨ÐÊÒÁÒÃ¶àµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ«Ùâ¤ÃÊä´é»ÃÔÁÒµÃÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´¡ÕèÅÔµÃ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ C12H22O11 = 342)
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
g cv L ÊÅÅ = 1 L ÊÅÅ × 1 mol C12H22O11 × 17.1 g C12H22O11
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
=
Mw 1
17.1 0.25 x v 0.25 mol C12H22O11 342 g C12H22O11
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
=
342 1 = 0.2 L ÊÅÅ
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
17.1x1
v = 342x0.25
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 0.2 ÅÔµÃ
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.2 ÅÔµÃ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨ÐÊÒÁÒÃ¶àµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ«Ùâ¤ÃÊä´é»ÃÔÁÒµÃÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´à·èÒ¡Ñº ........................................................................................................
4. ÊÒÃâ«à´ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì (NaCl) 1.4625 ¡ÃÑÁ µéÍ§¡ÒÃ¹Óä»àµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹

0.1 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ ¨Ðä´éÊÒÁÒÃ¶àµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂä´éÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´¡ÕèÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ NaCl = 58.5 ¡ÃÑÁ)
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´·Õè 1 : ãªéÊÙµÃ
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´·Õè 2 : ãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ
g cv
mL ÊÅÅ = 1000 mL ÊÅÅ × 1 L ÊÅÅ × 1 mol NaCl × 1.4625 g NaOH
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 1000
Mw
1 L ÊÅÅ 0.1 mol NaCl 58.5 g NaCl
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.4625
=
0.1 x v
58.5 1000 = 250 mL ÊÅÅ
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.4625x1000
v =
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
58.5x0.1
= 250 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
250 ÁÔÅÅÔµÃ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨ÐÊÒÁÒÃ¶àµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂä´é»ÃÔÁÒµÃÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´ ..................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 3
ãº§Ò¹ àÃ×èÍ§ ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁáÅÅÔµÕ
º··Õè 5 ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ ª×èÍ ……………….....………………………..……….......... ªÑé¹ ………....… àÅ¢·Õè ………
¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁáÅÅÔµÕ
âÁáÅÅÔµÕ ËÃ×Í âÁáÅÅ (molarity, molal ,m)
⇒ à»ç¹Ë¹èÇÂ·ÕèºÍ¡¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (mol) ·ÕèÅÐÅÒÂã¹µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ 1 ¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ (kg)
¨Ö§ÁÕË¹èÇÂâÁÅµèÍ¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ (mol/kg) ´Ñ§¹Õé
¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (mol)
âÁáÅÅÔµÕ (mol/kg) =
ÁÇÅ¢Í§µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ (kg)
 ¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂà»ç¹âÁáÅÃÔµÕ ÁÕ 2 ÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃ¤Ô´´Ñ§¹Õé
ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 1 ãªéÊÙµÃã¹¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³
W1(g) 1,000
m = ×
Mw(g/mol) W2(g)
àÁ×èÍ W1 = ÁÇÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (g)

W2 = ÁÇÅ¢Í§µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ (g)
ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 2 ãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ
molµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ 1 molµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (ÁÇÅ) gµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ 1000 gµÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ

= x x
1 kgµÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ)gµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (ÁÇÅ) gµÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ 1 kg µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ
Ë¹éÒ 1
1. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁÅµèÍ¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁËÃ×ÍâÁáÅÃÔµÕ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂµèÍä»¹Õé â´ÂáÊ´§ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´·Ñé§ 2 ÃÙ»áºº
1.1 ÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì (NaCl) 0.48 âÁÅ ã¹¹éÓ 0.5 ¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
w1 x 1 mol NaCl = 0.48 mol NaCl
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
m = w2 x 1
kg H2O 0.5 kg H2O
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 0.5 x 1
8x1
= 0.96 mol/kg
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 0.96 mol/kg
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.96 âÁÅµèÍ¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹à·èÒ¡Ñº ......................................................................................................................
1.2 ¡Ã´«ÑÅ¿ÔÇÃÔ¡ (H2SO4) 0.5 âÁÅ ÅÐÅÒÂã¹¹éÓ 400 ¡ÃÑÁ

......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
w1 x 1000 mol H2SO4 = 0.5 mol H2SO4 × 1000 g H2O
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
m = w2 x Mw
kg H2O 400 g H2O 1 kg H2O
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
=
0.5 x 1,000
1 x 400 = 1.25 mol/kg
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 1.25 mol/kg
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´«ÑÅ¿ÔÇÃÔ¡¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹à·èÒ¡Ñº ..............................................................................................................................
1.3 ¹éÓµÒÅ¡ÅÙâ¤Ê (C6H12O6) 9 ¡ÃÑÁ ÅÐÅÒÂã¹¹éÓ (H2O) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 250 ¡ÃÑÁ

(ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ C6H12O6 áÅÐ H2O à·èÒ¡Ñº 342 áÅÐ 18 µÒÁÅÓ´Ñº)
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
w1 x 1000 mol C6H12O6 = 1 mol C6H12O6 × 9 g C6H12O6 × 1000 g H2O
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
m = w2 x Mw
kg H2O 342 g C6H12O6 250 g H2O 1 kg H2O
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
9 x 1000
= 250 x 342 = 0.1 mol/kg
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 0.1 mol/kg
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡ÅÙâ¤Ê¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹à·èÒ¡Ñº ..........................................................................................................................................
1.4 ÅÐÅÒÂÊÒÃ¤Òà¿ÍÕ¹ (C8H10N4O2) 9.70 ¡ÃÑÁ Å§ã¹ÊÒÃ¤ÅÍâÃ¿ÍÃìÁ (CHCl3) 40 ¡ÃÑÁ

(ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ C8H10N4O2 áÅÐ CHCl3 à·èÒ¡Ñº 194 áÅÐ 119.5 µÒÁÅÓ´Ñº)
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
w1 x 1000 mol C8H10N4O2 = 1 mol C8H10N4O2 × 9.70 g C8H10N4O2 × 1000 g CHCl3
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
m = w2 x Mw
kg CHCl3 194 g C8H10N4O2 40 g CHCl3 1 kg CHCl3
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
9.70 x 1000
= 40 x 194
= 1.25 mol/kg
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 1.25 mol/kg
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹à·èÒ¡Ñº .....................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 2
2. ã¹¡ÒÃàµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì â´Âãªé¹éÓ (H2O) 2,000 ¡ÃÑÁ à¾×èÍàµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂãËéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹
0.5 âÁÅµèÍ¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ ¨ÐµéÍ§ÅÐÅÒÂÊÒÃâ«à´ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì (NaCl) ¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ
(ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ NaCl áÅÐ H2O à·èÒ¡Ñº 58.5 áÅÐ 18 µÒÁÅÓ´Ñº)
ÇÔ¸.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Õ¤Ô´·Õè 1 : ãªéÊÙµÃ ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´·Õè 2 : ãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ
w1 x 1000
g NaCl = 58.5 g NaCl × 0.5 mol NaCl × 1 kg H2O × 2000 g H2O
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
m=
w2 x Mw 1 mol NaCl 1 kg H2O 1000 g H2O
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.5
w1 x 1000
= 2000 x 58.5
= 58.5 g NaCl
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.5 x 2000 x 58.5
w1 =
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1000
= 58.5 ¡ÃÑÁ
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
58.5 ¡ÃÑÁ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨ÐÁÕâ«à´ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ìÅÐÅÒÂÍÂÙè .........................................................................................................................................................................
3. ¶éÒ¹Ñ¡àÃÕÂ¹ÅÐÅÒÂÊÒÃ¤Òà¿ÍÕ¹ (C8H10N4O2) ¨Ó¹Ç¹Ë¹Öè§ã¹ÊÒÃ¤ÅÍâÃ¿ÍÃìÁ (CHCl3) 50 ¡ÃÑÁ ¾ºÇèÒä´é

ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ 0.9 âÁáÅÅ ¨§ËÒÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹ÕéÁÕ¤Òà¿ÍÕ¹ÅÐÅÒÂÍÂÙè¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ
(ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ C8H10N4O2 áÅÐ CHCl3 à·èÒ¡Ñº 194 áÅÐ 119.5 µÒÁÅÓ´Ñº)
ÇÔ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¸Õ¤Ô´·Õè 1 : ãªéÊÙµÃ ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´·Õè 2 : ãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ
w1 x 1000 g ¤Òà¿ÍÕ¹ = 194 g ¤Òà¿ÍÕ¹ × 0.9 mol ¤Òà¿ÍÕ¹ × 1 kg ¤ÅÍâÃ¿ÍÃìÁ × 50 g ¤ÅÍâÃ¿ÍÃìÁ
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
m = w2 x Mw
1 mol ¤Òà¿ÍÕ¹ 1 kg ¤ÅÍâÃ¿ÍÃìÁ 1000 g ¤ÅÍâÃ¿ÍÃìÁ
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.9 = 50 x 194
w1 x 1000
= 8.73 g ¤Òà¿ÍÕ¹
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.9 x 50 x 194
w1 =
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1000
= 8.73 ¡ÃÑÁ
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8.73 ¡ÃÑÁ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨ÐÁÕ¤Òà¿ÍÕ¹ÅÐÅÒÂÍÂÙè .....................................................................................................................................................................................
4. µéÍ§¡ÒÃàµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ«Ùâ¤ÃÊ (C12H22O11) à¢éÁ¢é¹ 0.25 âÁÅµèÍ¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ ¶éÒÁÕ«Ùâ¤ÃÊÍÂÙè 68.4 ¡ÃÑÁ

¨ÐµéÍ§ãªé¹éÓ¡Õè¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ C12H22O11 áÅÐ H2O à·èÒ¡Ñº 342 áÅÐ 18 µÒÁÅÓ´Ñº)
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
w1 x 1 kg H2O = 1 kg H2O × 1 mol C12H22O11 × 68.4 g C12H22O11
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
m = w2 x Mw
0.25 mol C12H22O11 342 g C12H22O11
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.25 = W2 x 342
68.4 x 1
= 0.8 kg H2O
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
68.4 x 1
w2 = 0.25 x 342
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 0.8 ¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.8 ¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªé¹éÓà·èÒ¡Ñº ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 3
ãº§Ò¹ àÃ×èÍ§ ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂã¹Ë¹èÇÂàÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ
ª×èÍ ……………….....………………………..………....... ªÑé¹ ……….… àÅ¢·Õè ………….
º··Õè 4 âÁÅáÅÐÊÙµÃà¤ÁÕ
¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂã¹Ë¹èÇÂàÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ
¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ã¹Ë¹èÇÂàÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ
⇒ ËÁÒÂ¶Ö§ ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃª¹Ô´Ë¹Öè§µèÍ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅÃÇÁ¢Í§ÊÒÃÍ§¤ì»ÃÐ¡Íº·Ø¡ª¹Ô´ã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
⇒ ãªéÊÑÞÅÑ¡É³ì X
¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ
àÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ =
¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅÃÇÁ
àªè¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂª¹Ô´Ë¹Ö§è »ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂÊÒÃ A ¨Ó¹Ç¹ a âÁÅ ÊÒÃ B ¨Ó¹Ç¹ b âÁÅ áÅÐÊÒÃ C ¨Ó¹Ç¹ c âÁÅ
¨Ðä´éÇèÒ ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅÃÇÁã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = a + b + c
a
A ¨Ó¹Ç¹ a âÁÅ àÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ¢Í§ A (XA) = a+b+c
B ¨Ó¹Ç¹ b âÁÅ b
àÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ¢Í§ B (XB) = a+b+c
C ¨Ó¹Ç¹ c âÁÅ àÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ¢Í§ C (XC) =
c
a+b+c
*¢éÍÊÑ§à¡µ
1. ¼ÅÃÇÁ¢Í§àÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ¢Í§·Ø¡ÊÒÃã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ (XA + XB + XC) ÁÕ¤èÒà·èÒ¡Ñº 1 àÊÁÍ
XA + XB + XC = 1
2. ¶éÒ¹ÓàÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ¢Í§áµèÅÐÊÒÃÁÒ¤Ù³´éÇÂ 100 ¨Ðä´é¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃ¹Ñé¹ã¹Ë¹èÇÂÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂâÁÅ
ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂâÁÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ = àÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ x 100
Ë¹éÒ 1
1. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒàÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃáµèÅÐª¹Ô´·Õèà»ç¹Í§¤ì»ÃÐ¡Íºã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂµèÍä»¹Õé
1.1 ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂª¹Ô´·Õè 1 »ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂ ÊÒÃ A 0.5 mol ÊÒÃ B 2.0 mol áÅÐ C 2.5 mol
¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅÃÇÁ ⇒ 0.5 mol + 2.0 mol + 2.5 mol = 5.0 mol
ÊÒÃ ÊÒÃ A ÊÒÃ B ÊÒÃ C
àÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ 0.5 mol 2.0 mol 2.5 mol
= 0.1 = 0.4 = 0.5
5.0 mol 5.0 mol 5.0 mol
1.2 ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂª¹Ô´·Õè 2 »ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂ ÊÒÃ X 1.5 mol ÊÒÃ Y 2.0 mol áÅÐ ÊÒÃ Z 5.0 mol
¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅÃÇÁ ⇒ 1.5 mol + 2.0 mol + 5.0 mol = 8.5 mol
ÊÒÃ ÊÒÃ X ÊÒÃ Y ÊÒÃ Z
àÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ 1.5 mol 2.0 mol 5.0 mol
= 0.18 = 0.24 = 0.58
8.5 mol 8.5 mol 8.5 mol
2. ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ·Õè»ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂâ«à´ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ì (NaOH) 20 ¡ÃÑÁ áÅÐ¹éÓ (H2O) 225 ¡ÃÑÁ

¨§ËÒ 1. àÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃáµèÅÐª¹Ô´
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ H, O, Na = 1, 16 áÅÐ 23 µÒÁÅÓ´Ñº
2. ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂâÁÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃáµèÅÐª¹Ô´
ÇÔ¸Õ¤´Ô
ÊÒÃ â«à´ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ì (NaOH) ¹éÓ (H2O)
ÁÇÅ (¡ÃÑÁ) 20 225
ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ 1(23) + 1(16) + 1(1) = 40 2(1) + 1(16) = 18
¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ 20 225
= 0.5 mol = 12.5 mol
40 18
¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅÃÇÁ 0.5 + 12.5 = 13 mol

àÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ 0.5 2
= 0.038 = 0.962
13 6
ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂâÁÅ 0.038 x 100 = 3.87% 0.962 x 100 = 96.2%
Ë¹éÒ 2
3. ËÒ¡¼ÊÁàÍ·Ò¹ÍÅ (C2H5OH) 11.5 ¡ÃÑÁ ¡Ñº¹éÓ (H2O) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 31.5 ¡ÃÑÁ
¨§ËÒ 1. àÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃáµèÅÐª¹Ô´
ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ H, C, O = 1, 12, áÅÐ 16 µÒÁÅÓ´Ñº
2. ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂâÁÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃáµèÅÐª¹Ô´
ÇÔ¸Õ¤´Ô
ÊÒÃ àÍ·Ò¹ÍÅ (C2H5OH) ¹éÓ (H2O)
ÁÇÅ (¡ÃÑÁ) 11.5 31.5
ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ 2(12) + 6(1) + 1(16) = 46 2(1) + 1(16) = 18
¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ 11.5 225

= 0.25 mol = 1.75 mol
46 18
¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅÃÇÁ 0.25 + 1.75 = 2 mol

àÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ 0.25 1.75
= 0.125 = 0.875
2 2
ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂâÁÅ 0.125 x 100 = 12.5% 0.875 x 100 = 87.5%
4. ¨§ËÒàÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ¢Í§Í§¤ì»ÃÐ¡Íºã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì (NaCl) à¢éÁ¢é¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ 10 â´ÂÁÇÅ

¨ÐÁÕàÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅáÅÐÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂâÁÅ¢Í§Í§¤ì»ÃÐ¡Íºã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂà·èÒ¡Ñºà·èÒäÃ
(ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ NaCl = 58.5 áÅÐ H2O = 18)
ÇÔ¸Õ¤´Ô NaCl à¢éÁ¢é¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ 10 â´ÂÁÇÅ ËÁÒÂ¤ÇÒÁÇèÒ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ»ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂ NaCl = 10 g áÅÐ ¹éÓ 90 g
ÊÒÃ â«à´ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì (NaCl) ¹éÓ (H2O)
ÁÇÅ (¡ÃÑÁ) 10 90
ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ 58.5 18
¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ 10 90
= 0.17 mol = 5 mol
58.5 18
¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅÃÇÁ 0.17 + 5 = 5.17 mol

àÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ 0.17 5
= 0.033 = 0.967
5.17 5.17
ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂâÁÅ 0.033 x 100 = 3.3% 0.967 x 100 = 96.7%
Ë¹éÒ 3
ãº§Ò¹ àÃ×èÍ§ ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕÂè ¹Ë¹èÇÂ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
ª×èÍ ……………….....…………..………............…..….. ªÑé¹ ….……… àÅ¢·Õè ………….
¡ÒÃà»ÅÕÂè ¹Ë¹èÇÂ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
1. ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕÂè ¹Ë¹èÇÂ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§Ë¹èÇÂÃéÍÂÅÐ¡ÑºË¹èÇÂâÁÅÒÃì (Molarity)
1.1 ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅ (%w/w) ¡ÑºË¹èÇÂâÁÅÒÃì (Molarity)
ÊÙµÃã¹¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ ⇒
%𝐰𝐰/𝐰𝐰10d
M=
Mw µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ
1.2 ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´Â»ÃÔÁÒµÃ (%v/v) ¡ÑºË¹èÇÂâÁÅÒÃì (Molarity)

%𝐯𝐯/𝐯𝐯10D
M=
Mw µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ
1.3 ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅµèÍ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ (%w/v) ¡ÑºË¹èÇÂâÁÅÒÃì (Molarity)

%𝐰𝐰/𝐯𝐯10
M=
Mw µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ
àÁ×èÍ M = ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ã¹Ë¹èÇÂ mol/L

%w/w = ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ã¹Ë¹èÇÂÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅ
%v/v = ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ã¹Ë¹èÇÂÃéÍÂÅÐâ´Â»ÃÔÁÒµÃ
%w/v = ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ã¹Ë¹èÇÂÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅµèÍ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ
d = ¤ÇÒÁË¹Òá¹è¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ (g/mL)
D = ¤ÇÒÁË¹Òá¹è¹¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (g/mL)
Mw = ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ
Ë¹éÒ 1
1. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂµèÍä»¹Õéã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁÅÒÃì
1.1 ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡ÅÙâ¤Ê (C6H12O6) à¢éÁ¢é¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ 20 â´ÂÁÇÅ áÅÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁË¹Òá¹è¹ 1.05 ¡ÃÑÁµèÍÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ
(ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ C6H12O6 = 180)
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ %w/w = 20, d = 1.05, Mw = 180
¢éÍÁÙÅâ¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ ⇒ ...........................................................................................................................................................
M=?
¢éÍÁÙÅâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁËÒ ⇒ ...........................................................................................................................................................
M = Mw µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ
ÊÙµÃ·Õèãªé¤Ó¹Ç³ ⇒ ...........................................................................................................................................................
20 x 10 x 1.05
á·¹¤èÒ M=
...........................................................................................................................................................
180
= 1.17 mol/L
...........................................................................................................................................................
1.17 âÁÅÒÃì
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹à·èÒ¡Ñº .................................................................................................................................................
1.2 ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´áÍ«ÕµÔ¡ (CH3COOH) à¢éÁ¢é¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ 12 â´Â»ÃÔÁÒµÃ «Öè§¡Ã´áÍ«ÕµÔ¡ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁË¹Òá¹è¹

1.08 ¡ÃÑÁµèÍÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ CH3COOH = 60)
%v/v = 12, D = 1.08, Mw = 60
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ¢éÍÁÙÅâ¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ ⇒ ...........................................................................................................................................................
M=?
¢éÍÁÙÅâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁËÒ ⇒ ...........................................................................................................................................................
%𝐯𝐯/𝐯𝐯10d
ÊÙµÃ·Õèãªé¤Ó¹Ç³ ⇒ ...........................................................................................................................................................
12 x 10 x 1.08
á·¹¤èÒ M =
...........................................................................................................................................................
60
= 2.16 mol/L
...........................................................................................................................................................
2.16 âÁÅÒÃì
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹à·èÒ¡Ñº ...............................................................................................................................................
1.3 ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ì (NaOH) à¢éÁ¢é¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ 2 â´ÂÁÇÅµèÍ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ NaOH = 40)

%w/v = 2, Mw = 40
M=?
¢éÍÁÙÅâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁËÒ ⇒ ...........................................................................................................................................................
%𝐯𝐯/𝐯𝐯10
ÊÙµÃ·Õèãªé¤Ó¹Ç³ ⇒ ...........................................................................................................................................................
2 x 10
á·¹¤èÒ M = 40
...........................................................................................................................................................
= 0.5 mol/L
...........................................................................................................................................................
0.5 âÁÅÒÃì
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹à·èÒ¡Ñº ..................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 2
2. ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´äÎâ´Ã¤ÅÍÃÔ¡ (HCl) ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ 12 âÁÅÒÃì ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁË¹Òá¹è¹ 1.19 ¡ÃÑÁµèÍÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ
ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅà»ç¹à·èÒã´ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ HCl = 36.5)
M = 12, d = 1.05, Mw = 36.5
%w/w = ?
¢éÍÁÙÅâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁËÒ ⇒ ...........................................................................................................................................................
ÊÙµÃ·Õèãªé¤Ó¹Ç³ ⇒ ...........................................................................................................................................................
%𝐰𝐰/𝐰𝐰 x 10 x 1.19
á·¹¤èÒ 12 =
...........................................................................................................................................................
36.5
12 x 36.5
%w/w = 10 x 1.19
...........................................................................................................................................................
= 36.81
...........................................................................................................................................................
36.81
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅà·èÒ¡Ñº ...............................................................................................................................
3. ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì (NaCl) à¢éÁ¢é¹ 0.5 âÁÅÒÃì â«à´ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ìÁÕ¤ÇÒÁË¹Òá¹è¹ 2.16 ¡ÃÑÁµèÍÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ

ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´Â»ÃÔÁÒµÃà»ç¹à·èÒã´ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ NaCl = 58.5)
M = 12, D = 1.05, Mw = 58.5
¢éÍÁÙÅâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁËÒ ⇒ ...........................................................................................................................................................
%v/v = ?
%𝐯𝐯/𝐯𝐯10D
ÊÙµÃ·Õèãªé¤Ó¹Ç³ ⇒ ...........................................................................................................................................................
%𝐯𝐯/𝐯𝐯 x 10 x 2.16
á·¹¤èÒ 0.5 =
...........................................................................................................................................................
58.5
0.5 x 58.5
%v/v = 10 x 2.16
...........................................................................................................................................................
= 1.35
...........................................................................................................................................................
1.35
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´Â»ÃÔÁÒµÃà·èÒ¡Ñº .....................................................................................................
4. ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ«Ùâ¤ÃÊ (C12H22O11) à¢éÁ¢é¹ 0.1 âÁÅÒÃì ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅµèÍ»ÃÔÁÒµÃà»ç¹à·èÒã´

(ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ C12H22O11 = 342)
M = 0.1, Mw = 342
¢éÍÁÙÅâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁËÒ ⇒ ...........................................................................................................................................................
%w/v = ?
%𝐰𝐰/𝐯𝐯10
ÊÙµÃ·Õèãªé¤Ó¹Ç³ ⇒ ...........................................................................................................................................................
%𝐰𝐰/𝐯𝐯 x 10
á·¹¤èÒ 0.1 =
...........................................................................................................................................................
342
0.1 x 342
...........................................................................................................................................................
%w/v = 10
= 3.42
...........................................................................................................................................................
3.42
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅµèÍ»ÃÔÁÒµÃà·èÒ¡Ñº .........................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 3
2. ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕÂè ¹Ë¹èÇÂ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§Ë¹èÇÂâÁáÅÅ (Molality) ¡ÑºË¹èÇÂâÁÅÒÃì (Molarity)
***ÊÔ§è ·Õµè Íé §ÃÙé ¤×Í ¤ÇÒÁË¹Òá¹è¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ (d, g/cm3) à¾×èÍàª×èÍÁâÂ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§¤èÒÁÇÅ¡Ñº¤èÒ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
´Ñ§ËÅÑ¡¡ÒÃ¾ÃéÍÁµÑÇÍÂèÒ§µèÍä»¹Õé
• µÑÇÍÂèÒ§â¨·Âìà»ÅÕÂè ¹á»Å§¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¨Ò¡âÁÅÒÃìà»ç¹âÁáÅÅ
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹ ÅÓ´Ñº¡ÒÃ¤Ô´ µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 1 ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´äÎâ´Ã¤ÅÍÃÔ¡ (HCl)
·Õè à¢éÁ¢é¹ 12.4 âÁÅÒÃì ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁË¹Òá¹è¹ 1.188 g/mL
¨ÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢éÁ¡ÕèâÁáÅÅ (mol/kg)
1 ËÒâÁÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (´Ù¨Ò¡ Molarity) ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§ HCl = 12.4 mol
ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (¨Ò¡âÁÅ) ÁÇÅ HCl = 12.4 x 36.5 = 452.6 g
ÁÇÅ (g) = ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ x ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ
2 ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ (á»Å§¨Ò¡»ÃÔÁÒµÃ àÁ×èÍ v = 1,000 mL áÅÐ d = 1.188 g/mL
1,000 mL â´Âãªé¤ÇÒÁË¹Òá¹è¹¢Í§ ¨Ò¡ g = d x v
ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ (g/mL) = 1.188 x 1,000 = 1,188 g
3 ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ ÁÇÅ¹éÓ = 1,118 – 452.6 = 735.4 g =
ÁÇÅµÑÇ·Ó = ÁÇÅÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ - ÁÇÅµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ 0.7354 kg
4 ËÒ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁáÅÅ 12.4 mol
mol/kg = = 16.86 mol/kg
âÁÅµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (mol) 0.7354 kg
âÁáÅÅ = ÁÇÅµÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂã¹Ë¹èÇÂ¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ (kg)
• µÑÇÍÂèÒ§â¨·Âìà»ÅÕÂè ¹á»Å§¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¨Ò¡âÁáÅÅà»ç¹âÁÅÒÃì
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹ ÅÓ´Ñº¡ÒÃ¤Ô´ µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 2 ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´«ÑÅ¿ÔÇÃÔ¡ (H2SO4)
·Õè à¢éÁ¢é¹ 5.5 âÁáÅÅ ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁË¹Òá¹è¹ 1.26 g/mL
¨ÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢éÁ¡ÕèâÁÅÒÃì (mol/L)
1 ËÒâÁÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (´Ù¨Ò¡ Molality) ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§ H2SO4 = 5.5 mol
ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (¨Ò¡âÁÅ)
ÁÇÅ (g) = ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ x ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ ÁÇÅ H2SO4 = 5.5 x 98 = 539 g
2 ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = ÁÇÅ¹éÓ + ÁÇÅ H2SO4 = 1,000 + 539 =
= ÁÇÅµÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ + ÁÇÅµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ 1,539 g
3 ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒµÃÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ ¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁË¹Òá¹è¹ àÁ×èÍ g = 1,539 g áÅÐ d = 1.26 g/mL
g 1,539
v= = = 1,221.43 mL = 1.22143 L
d 1.26
4 ËÒ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁÅÒÃì 5.5
mol/L = = 4.5 mol/L
âÁÅµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (mol) 1.22143
âÁÅÒÃì = »ÃÔÁÒµÃÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ(L)
Ë¹éÒ 4
5. ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì (NaCl) à¢éÁ¢é¹ 0.5 mol/L ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁË¹Òá¹è¹ 1.05 g/mL
¨§¤Ó¹Ç³¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹Õéã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁáÅÅ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ NaCl = 58.5 g/mol)
¢Ñ¹é µÍ¹·Õè 1 ⇒ ËÒâÁÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ = 0.5 mol
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ = 0.5 mol x 58.5 g/mol = 29.25 g
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¢Ñ¹é µÍ¹·Õè 2 ⇒ ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ (g) = d x V = 1.05 g/mL x 1,000 mL = 1,050 g
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¢Ñ¹é µÍ¹·Õè 3 ⇒ ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ = ÁÇÅÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ – ÁÇÅµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 1,050 – 29.25
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 1,020.75 g = 1.02075 kg
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¢Ñ¹é µÍ¹·Õè 4 ⇒ ËÒ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁáÅÅ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
âÁÅ¢Í§ NaCl (mol)
=
ÁÇÅµÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ(kg)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.5 mol
=
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.02075 kg
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 0.49 mol/kg
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ 0.5 âÁÅÒÃì¨ÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹à·èÒ¡Ñº ....................................................................... 0.49 âÁáÅÅ
6. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁÅÒÃì¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁ«ÑÅà¿µ (K2SO4) ·ÕèÁÕ¹éÓà»ç¹µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ àÁ×èÍ

ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ 2.73 mol/kg áÅÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁË¹Òá¹è¹ 2.66 g/mL (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ ¢Í§ K2SO4 = 166)
¢Ñ¹é µÍ¹·Õè 1 ⇒ ËÒâÁÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ = 2.73 mol
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ = 2.73 mol x 166 g/mol = 453.18 g
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¢Ñ¹é µÍ¹·Õè 2 ⇒ ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = ÁÇÅ¹éÓ + ÁÇÅ K2SO4 = 1,000 + 453.18 = 1,453.18 g
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
g
¢Ñ¹é µÍ¹·Õè 3 ⇒ ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ (v) = d
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1,453.18
= 2.66 = 546.31 mL = 0.54631 L
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¢Ñ¹é µÍ¹·Õè 4 ⇒ ËÒ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁÅÒÃì
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
âÁÅ¢Í§ K2SO4 (mol)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
=
»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ(L)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.73 mol
= 0.54631 L
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 5.00 mol/L
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁ«ÑÅà¿µ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ 2.73 âÁáÅÅ ¨ÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹à·èÒ¡Ñº .................................................... 5.00 âÁÅÒÃì
Ë¹éÒ 5
3. ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕÂè ¹Ë¹èÇÂ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´ÂÁÇÅ (%w/w) ¡ÑºË¹èÇÂâÁáÅÅ (Molality)
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹ ÅÓ´Ñº¡ÒÃ¤Ô´ µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 9 ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁä¹àµÃµ (NaNO3) à¢éÁ¢é¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ 5
·Õè â´ÂÁÇÅ ¨ÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢éÁ¡ÕèâÁáÅÅ (mol/kg)
1 ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (¨Ò¡ %w/w) NaNO3 = 5 g
ËÒâÁÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ NaNO3 = 23+14+3(16) = 85
ÁÇÅ (¡ÃÑÁ) 5 (g)
âÁÅ = âÁÅ NaNO3 = g = 0.059 mol
ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ 85 ( )
mol
2 ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ (¨Ò¡ %w/w) H2O = 100 g
ã¹Ë¹èÇÂ¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ (kg) 100 g
H2O = = 0.1 kg
1000
3 ËÒ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁáÅÅ
âÁáÅÅ = 0.059 mol
mol/kg = = 0.59 mol/kg
0.1 kg
âÁÅµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (mol)
ÁÇÅµÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂã¹Ë¹èÇÂ¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ (kg)
7. ¨§ËÒ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁáÅÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´«ÑÅ¿ÔÇÃÔ¡ (H2SO4) ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ 35 â´ÂÁÇÅ

áÅÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁË¹Òá¹è¹ 1.26 ¡ÃÑÁµèÍÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ H2SO4 à·èÒ¡Ñº 98)
¢Ñ¹é µÍ¹·Õè 1 ⇒ ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ = 35 g
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ËÒâÁÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ = 35 g ÷ 98 g/mol = 0.357 mol
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¢Ñ¹é µÍ¹·Õè 2 ⇒ ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ = 100 g = 0.1 kg
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¢Ñ¹é µÍ¹·Õè 3 ⇒ ËÒ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁáÅÅ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
âÁÅ¢Í§ NaCl (mol)
=
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅµÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ(kg)
0.357 mol
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
=
0.1 kg
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 3.57 mol/kg
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´«ÑÅ¿ÔÇÃÔ¡·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ 35 â´ÂÁÇÅ ¨ÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹à·èÒ¡Ñº .................................................... 3.57 âÁáÅÅ
Ë¹éÒ 6
4. ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕÂè ¹Ë¹èÇÂ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§Ë¹èÇÂâÁÅÒÃì (Molarity) ¡ÑºàÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹ ÅÓ´Ñº¡ÒÃ¤Ô´ µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 10 ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´¡Ã´«ÑÅ¿ÔÇÃÔ¡ (H2SO4)
·Õè à¢éÁ¢é¹ 4.5 âÁÅÒÃì ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁË¹Òá¹è¹ 1.26 g/mL
àÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ¢Í§¡Ã´«ÑÅ¿ÔÇÃÔ¡ã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹ÕéÁÕ¤èÒà·èÒäÃ
1 ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ (á»Å§¨Ò¡»ÃÔÁÒµÃ àÁ×èÍ v = 1,000 mL áÅÐ d = 1.188 g/mL
1,000 mL â´Âãªé¤ÇÒÁË¹Òá¹è¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ ¨Ò¡ g = d x v
(g/mL) = 1.26 x 1,000 = 1,260 g
2 ËÒâÁÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (´Ù¨Ò¡ Molarity) ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§ H2SO4 = 4.5 mol
ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (¨Ò¡âÁÅ) ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ H2SO4 = 98
ÁÇÅ (g) = ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ x ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ ÁÇÅ H2SO4 = 4.5 x 98 = 441 g
3 ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ
ÁÇÅµÑÇ·Ó = ÁÇÅÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ - ÁÇÅµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ ÁÇÅ¹éÓ = 1,260 – 441 = 819 g
ËÒâÁÅ¢Í§µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§¹éÓ = 18
ÁÇÅ (¡ÃÑÁ) 819 (g)
âÁÅ = âÁÅ¢Í§¹éÓ = g = 45.5 mol
ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ 18 (mol)
4 ËÒ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅÃÇÁ¢Í§·Ø¡ÊÒÃã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ âÁÅÃÇÁ = âÁÅ¹éÓ + âÁÅ H2SO4
= 45.5 + 4.5 = 50 mol
ËÒàÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ
âÁÅÊÒÃ (mol) 4.5 mol
àÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ = àÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ H2SO4 = = 0.09
âÁÅÃÇÁ·Ø¡ÊÒÃã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ (mol) 50 mol
8. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒàÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ¢Í§¡Ã´áÍ«Õµ Ô¡ (CH3COOH) ã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´áÍ«Õ µÔ ¡à¢éÁ ¢é¹ 1.5 âÁÅµèÍ ÅÔ µ Ã

áÅÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁË¹Òá¹è¹ 1.76 g/mL (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ CH3COOH = 60)
¹é µÍ¹·Õè 1 ⇒ ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = ¨Ò¡ g = d x v = 1.76 x 1,000 = 1,760 g
¢Ñ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¹é µÍ¹·Õè 2 ⇒ ËÒâÁÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ = 1.5 mol
¢Ñ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ = 1.5 mol x 60 g/mol = 90 g
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¢Ñ¹é µÍ¹·Õè 3 ⇒ ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ (¹éÓ) = ÁÇÅÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ – ÁÇÅµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 1,760 – 90 = 1,670 g
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ËÒâÁÅ¢Í§µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ = 1,670 g ÷ 60 g/mol = 27.83 mol
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¢Ñ¹é µÍ¹·Õè 4 ⇒ ËÒ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅÃÇÁ¢Í§·Ø¡ÊÒÃã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = âÁÅ CH3COOH + âÁÅ H2O
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 1.5 + 27.83 = 29.93 mol
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
âÁÅ¢Í§ CH3COOH (mol)
ËÒàÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ¢Í§ CH3COOH =
âÁÅÃÇÁ¢Í§·Ø¡ÊÒÃ (mol)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.5 mol
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
=
29.93 mol
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 0.05
0.05
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ àÈÉÊèÇ¹âÁÅ¢Í§¡Ã´áÍ«ÕµÔ¡ã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹Õé à·èÒ¡Ñº ......................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 7
ãº§Ò¹ àÃ×Íè § ¡ÒÃàµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
ª×èÍ ……………….....………………………..………............ªÑé¹ ………… àÅ¢·Õè ………….
¡ÒÃàµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
1. ¢Ñ¹é µÍ¹¡ÒÃàµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
¢Ñ¹é ·Õè 1 : ¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³
1) ¡ÒÃàµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¨Ò¡¢Í§á¢ç§
¢Í§á¢ç§ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
¹éÓ
⇒ µéÍ§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ¢Í§á¢ç§ºÃÔÊØ·¸Ôì¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹áÅÐ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ·ÕèµéÍ§¡ÒÃ â´ÂãªéÇÔ¸Õ´Ñ§¹Õé
(1) ãªéÊµÙ Ã
g CV
àÁ×èÍ g = ÁÇÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (¡ÃÑÁ)
= 1,000 Mw = ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ
Mw
C = ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂã¹Ë¹èÇÂ mol/dm3
V = »ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ (cm3)
(2) ãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕÂè ¹Ë¹èÇÂ
Mw gµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ C molµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ 1 L ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
g µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ = 1 molµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ
x 1 L ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
x 1000 mL ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
x V L ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
⇒ àÁ×èÍ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ·ÕèµéÍ§ãªéã¹¡ÒÃàµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ ãËé»¯ÔºÑµÔµÒÁ¢Ñé¹µÍ¹´Ñ§á¼¹ÀÒ¾µèÍä»¹Õé
1. ªÑ§è ÊÒÃãËéä´éÁÇÅµÒÁµéÍ§¡ÒÃ 2. ãÊèÊÒÃÅ§ä»ã¹ºÕ¡à¡ÍÃìáÅéÇàµÔÁ¹éÓ¡ÅÑè¹Å§ä» 3. ãªéá·è§á¡éÇ¤¹ãËéµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂÅÐÅÒÂ¨¹ËÁ´

à¾×èÍÅÐÅÒÂµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ
6. à¢ÂèÒÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂãËéà¢éÒ¡Ñ¹ â´Â»Ô´¨Ø¡¢Ç´ÇÑ´»ÃÔÁÒµÃ 5. àµÔÁ¹éÓ¡ÅÑè¹ãËéÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒµÃµÃ§¡Ñº

áÅéÇ¨Ñº¢Ç´»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¡ÅÑº¢Öé¹-Å§ ¢Õ´ºÍ¡»ÃÔÁÒµÃ 4. ÃÔ¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂÅ§ã¹¢Ç´ÇÑ´»ÃÔÁÒµÃ
Ë¹éÒ 1
2) ¡ÒÃàµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¨Ò¡ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ (¡ÒÃà¨×Í¨Ò§)
ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂà´ÔÁ ¹éÓ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂãËÁè

⇒ µéÍ§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒµÃÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂà´ÔÁ·ÕèµéÍ§¡ÒÃãªéã¹¡ÒÃàµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂãËÁè
´Ñ§¹Õé
¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂã¹»ÃÔÁÒµÃÊÒÃà´ÔÁ = ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂã¹»ÃÔÁÒµÃÊÒÃãËÁè
C1V1 C2V2
=
1,000 1,000
ËÃ×Í àÁ×èÍ C1 = ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂà´ÔÁ (mol/dm3)
C2 = ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂãËÁè (mol/dm3)
C1V1 = C2V2
V1 = »ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂà´ÔÁ (cm3)
V2 = »ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂãËÁè (cm3)
⇒ àÁ×èÍ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂà´ÔÁ·ÕèµéÍ§ãªéã¹¡ÒÃàµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂãËÁèãËé»¯ÔºÑµÔµÒÁ¢Ñé¹µÍ¹´Ñ§á¼¹ÀÒ¾µèÍä»¹Õé
1. µÇ§»ÃÔÁÒµÃÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂà´ÔÁ 2. ÃÔ¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ 3. àµÔÁ¹éÓ¡ÅÑè¹ãËéÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒµÃµÃ§ 4. à¢ÂèÒÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂãËéà¢éÒ¡Ñ¹

µÒÁ·Õè¤Ó¹Ç³ä´é Å§ã¹¢Ç´ÇÑ´»ÃÔÁÒµÃ ¡Ñº¢Õ´ºÍ¡»ÃÔÁÒµÃ â´Â»Ô´¨Ø¡¢Ç´ÇÑ´»ÃÔÁÒµÃáÅéÇ¨Ñº¢Ç´
»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¡ÅÑº¢Öé¹-Å§
*ËÁÒÂàËµØ ã¹¢Ñé¹µÍ¹ÊØ´·éÒÂ¢Í§¡ÒÃàµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ ¨ÐµéÍ§µÔ´©ÅÒ¡ºÍ¡ª×èÍÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ ÊÙµÃà¤ÁÕ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ
áÅÐÇÑ¹à´×Í¹»Õ·ÕèàµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
Ë¹éÒ 2
1. µéÍ§¡ÒÃàµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ì (NaOH) à¢éÁ¢é¹ 0.2 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 250 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ
¨ÐµéÍ§ãªéÊÒÃâ«à´ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ì¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ NaOH = 40)
ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 1 ¤Ó¹Ç³â´ÂãªéÊÙµÃ
â¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ ⇒ c = 0.2 mol/L, v = 250 mL, Mw = 40
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
â¨·Âì¶ÒÁËÒ ⇒ g = ?
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
g CV
ÊÙµÃ =
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Mw 1,000
g 0.2 x 250
á·¹¤èÒ 40 =
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1,000
0.2 x 250 x 40
g =
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1,000
= 2 ¡ÃÑ Á
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 2 ¤Ó¹Ç³â´Âãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ
40 g NaOH 0.2 mol NaOH 1 L ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
g NaOH = 1 mol NaOH x 1 L ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ x 1,000 mL ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ x 250 mL ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 2 g NaOH
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 ¡ÃÑÁ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªéÊÒÃâ«à´ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ì ..............................................................................................................................................................
2. ªÑè§ÊÒÃâ«à´ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ì (NaOH) ÁÒ 10 ¡ÃÑÁ µéÍ§¡ÒÃàµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ì

ãËéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ 0.5 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ ¨ÐàµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂä´é»ÃÔÁÒµÃÁÒ¡ÊØ´¡ÕèÁÔÅÅÔµÃ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ NaOH = 40)
ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 1 ¤Ó¹Ç³â´ÂãªéÊÙµÃ
â¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ ⇒ g = 10 g, c = 0.5 mol/L, Mw = 40
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
â¨·Âì¶ÒÁËÒ ⇒ v = ?
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
CV g
ÊÙµÃ =
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1,000 Mw
0.5 x v 10
á·¹¤èÒ 1,000 = 40
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
10 x 1,000
v = 40 x 0.5
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 500 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 2 ¤Ó¹Ç³â´Âãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ
1000 mL ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ 1 L ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ 1 mol NaOH
mL ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = x 0.5 mol NaOH x 40 g NaOH x 10 g NaOH
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 L ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 500 mL ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
500 ÅÔµÃ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨ÐàµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂä´é»ÃÔÁÒµÃÁÒ¡ÊØ´ ...................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 3
3. µÇ§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì (NaCl) à¢éÁ¢é¹ 0.8 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ ÁÒ 62.5 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ áÅéÇà·Å§ã¹¢Ç´ÇÑ´
»ÃÔÁÒµÃ·ÕèÁÕ¢¹Ò´ 100 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ ¨Ò¡¹Ñé¹àµÔÁ¹éÓ¡ÅÑè¹Å§ä»¨¹ÃÐ´Ñº¢Í§àËÅÇã¹¢Ç´à¾ÔÁè ¢Öé¹¶Ö§¢Õ´ºÍ¡»ÃÔÁÒµÃ
ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂãËÁè·àÕè µÃÕÂÁä´é¨ÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¡ÕèâÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ
â¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ ⇒ C1 = 0.8 mol/L V1 = 62.5 mL, V2 = 100 mL
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
â¨·Âì¶ÒÁËÒ ⇒ C2 = ?
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÊÙµÃ C1V1 = C2V2
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
á·¹¤èÒ 0.8 x 62.5 = C2 x 100
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.8 x 62.5
C2 = 100
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 0.5 mol/L
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂãËÁè·ÕèàµÃÕÂÁä´éÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹à·èÒ¡Ñº ...................................................................................................................................
4. ¶éÒµéÍ§¡ÒÃàµÃÕÂÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ«ÔÅàÇÍÃìä¹àµÃµ (AgNO3) à¢éÁ¢é¹ 0.05 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 200 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ

¨ÐµéÍ§µÇ§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ«ÔÅàÇÍÃìä¹àµÃµ (AgNO3) ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ 0.2 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ ÁÒ»ÃÔÁÒ³¡ÕèÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ à¾×èÍà¨×Í¨Ò§¡Ñº
¹éÓáÅéÇãËéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹µÒÁ·ÕèµéÍ§¡ÒÃ
â¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ ⇒ C1 = 0.2 mol/L, C2 = 0.05 mol/L, V2 = 200 mL
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
â¨·Âì¶ÒÁËÒ ⇒ V1 = ?
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
á·¹¤èÒ 0.2 x V1 = 0.05 x 200
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
0.05 x 200
V1 = 0.2
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 5 mL
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨ÐµéÍ§µÇ§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ«ÔÅàÇÍÃìä¹àµÃµ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ 0.2 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ...................................................................... 5 ÅÔµÃ
5. ¶éÒµéÍ§¡ÒÃà¨×Í¨Ò§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡ÅÙâ¤Ê (C6H12O6) ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ 1 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 50 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ

ãËéàËÅ×Í¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ 0.1 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ ¨ÐµéÍ§¼ÊÁ¡Ñº¹éÓ¡ÅÑè¹»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¡ÕèÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ
1. ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂãËÁèËÅÑ§à¨×Í¨Ò§ (V2)
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
â¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ ⇒ C1 = 1 mol/L, V1 = 50 mL, C2 = 0.1 mol/L
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
â¨·Âì¶ÒÁËÒ ⇒ V2 = ?
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
á·¹¤èÒ 1 x 50 = 0.1 x V2
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
V2 = 0.1
1 x 50
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 500 mL
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§¹éÓ¡ÅÑè¹·ÕèàµÔÁ = »ÃÔÁÒµÃÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂãËÁè – »ÃÔÁÒµÃÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂà´ÔÁ
= 500 – 50
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 450 mL
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
450 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨ÐµéÍ§¼ÊÁ¡Ñº¹éÓ¡ÅÑè¹»ÃÔÁÒµÃ .................................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 4
2. ¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¼ÊÁ
ËÅÑ¡¡ÒÃ ¤×Í 1. µéÍ§à»ç¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂª¹Ô´à´ÕÂÇ¡Ñ¹
2. ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂáµèÅÐª¹Ô´ÃÇÁ¡Ñ¹à·èÒ¡Ñº¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ
ã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¼ÊÁ
3. ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂà»ÅÕèÂ¹ä» à¹×èÍ§¨Ò¡»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¼ÊÁà»ÅÕèÂ¹ä»
ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ 1 ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ 2 ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¼ÊÁ
¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ 1 ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ 2 ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¼ÊÁ

C1V1 C2V2 C¼ÊÁV¼ÊÁ
+ =
1,000 1,000 1,000
ËÃ×Í
C1V1 + C2V2 = C¼ÊÁV¼ÊÁ
àÁ×èÍ C1 = ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ 1 (mol/L)

V1 = »ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ 2 (mL)
C2 = ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ 2 (mol/ L)
V2 = »ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ 2 (mL)
C¼ÊÁ = ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¼ÊÁ (mol/L)
V¼ÊÁ = »ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¼ÊÁ (mL) = V1 + V2
Ë¹éÒ 5
6. ¼ÊÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´«ÑÅ¿ÔÇÃÔ¡ (H2SO4) à¢éÁ¢é¹ 0.2 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 50 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ ¡ÑºÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´«ÑÅ¿ÔÇÃÔ¡
·ÕèÁÕà¢éÁ¢é¹ 0.4 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 150 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ ¨Ðä´éÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂËÅÑ§¼ÊÁ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¡ÕèâÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ
â¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ ⇒ C1 = 0.2 mol/L ,V1 = 50 mL ,C2 = 0.4 mol/L ,V2 = 150 mL
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
V¼ÊÁ = 50 + 150 = 200 mL
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
â¨·Âì¶ÒÁËÒ ⇒ C¼ÊÁ = ? mol/L
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÊÙµÃ C¼ÊÁV¼ÊÁ = C1V1 + C2V2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
á·¹¤èÒ C¼ÊÁ x 200 = (0.2 x 50) + (0.4 x 150)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
10 + 60
C¼ÊÁ = 200
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
70
= 200
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 0.35 mol/L
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂËÅÑ§¼ÊÁ¨ÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹à·èÒ¡Ñº .............................................................................................................................................
7. àÁ×èÍ¼ÊÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´äÎâ´Ã¤ÅÍÃÔ¡ (HCl) à¢éÁ¢é¹ 1 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 100 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ ¡ÑºÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ

¡Ã´äÎâ´Ã¤ÅÍÃÔ¡à¢éÁ¢é¹ 2 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 200 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ ¨Ðä´éÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂËÅÑ§¼ÊÁ·ÕÁè Õ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¡ÕèâÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ
â¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ ⇒ C1 = 1 mol/L ,V1 = 100 mL ,C2 = 2 mol/L ,V2 = 200 mL
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
V¼ÊÁ = 100 + 200 = 300 mL
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
â¨·Âì¶ÒÁËÒ ⇒ C¼ÊÁ = ? mol/L
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÊÙµÃ C¼ÊÁV¼ÊÁ = C1V1 + C2V2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
á·¹¤èÒ C¼ÊÁ x 300 = (1 x 100) + (2 x 200)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
100 + 400
C¼ÊÁ =
300
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
500
= 300
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 1.67 mol/L
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂËÅÑ§¼ÊÁ¨ÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹à·èÒ¡Ñº .............................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 6
ãº§Ò¹ àÃ×Íè § ÊÁºÑµºÔ Ò§»ÃÐ¡ÒÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
ª×èÍ ……………….....………………………..………............. ªÑé¹ ……..… àÅ¢·Õè ………
ÊÁºÑµºÔ Ò§»ÃÐ¡ÒÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ·ÕèÁÕµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂà»ç¹ÊÒÃÃÐàËÂÂÒ¡áÅÐäÁèáµ¡µÑÇà»ç¹äÍÍÍ¹¨ÐÁÕÊÁºÑµÔ·ÕèàÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ ¤ÍÅÅÔà¡·Õ¿ (Colligative)

à»ç¹ÊÁºÑµÔ·Õè
•¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¨ÐÊÙ§¡ÇèÒ¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂºÃÔÊØ·¸Ôì
•¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¨ÐÅ´µèÓ¡ÇèÒ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂºÃÔÊØ·¸Ôì
¨Ø´à´×Í´à¾ÔèÁ¢Öé¹ ¨Ø´ËÅÍÁàËÅÇáÅÐ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§
¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
ÊÒÃÁÕÍØ³ËÀÙÁÔà·èÒ¡Ñ¹
¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂºÃÔÊØ·¸Ôì ¨Ø´ËÅÍÁàËÅÇ
¢Í§á¢ç§ ¢Í§àËÅÇ
¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂºÃÔÊØ·¸Ôì
¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§
¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
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ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ·Õèà»ç¹¢Í§àËÅÇ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ·Õèà»ç¹¢Í§á¢ç§
¨ÐÁÕ¨Ø´à´×Í´äÁè¤§·Õè ¨ÐÁÕªèÇ§¡ÒÃËÅÍÁàËÅÇ¡ÇéÒ§
Ë¹éÒ 1
¡Ô¨¡ÃÃÁ·Õè 1 : ¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
ÈÖ¡ÉÒ¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§ÊÒÃºÃÔÊØ·¸ÔìáÅÐÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ áÅÐ¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ·ÕèÁÕµÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂª¹Ô´à´ÕÂÇ¡Ñ¹áÅÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ
à¢éÁ¢é¹µèÒ§¡Ñ¹¨Ò¡µÒÃÒ§·Õè 2 áÅéÇµÍº¤Ó¶ÒÁ´éÒ¹ÅèÒ§
µÒÃÒ§·Õè 1 áÊ´§¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂºÃÔÊØ·¸Ôáì ÅÐ¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂµÑÇÍÂèÒ§
ÊÒÃ ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ ¨Ø´à´×Í´ ¨Ø´à´×Í´·Õàè ¾ÔÁè ¢Ö¹é
(mol/kg) (°C) ∆Tb (°C)
àÍ·Ò¹ÍÅ - 78.50 -
ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ A ã¹àÍ·Ò¹ÍÅ 1 79.72 1.22
ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ A ã¹àÍ·Ò¹ÍÅ 2 80.94 2.44
ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ B ã¹àÍ·Ò¹ÍÅ 1 79.72 1.22
ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ B ã¹àÍ·Ò¹ÍÅ 2 80.94 2.44
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1. ÊÒÃºÃÔÊØ·¸Ôì·Õèà»ç¹µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ¤×ÍÊÒÃã´ áÅÐÁÕ¨Ø´à´×Í´à·èÒäÃ
àÍ·Ò¹ÍÅ ÁÕ¨Ø´à´×Í´ 78.5 °C
µÍº ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ A áÅÐ B ã¹àÍ·Ò¹ÍÅ ÁÕ¨Ø´à´×Í´à»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§äÃàÁ×èÍà·ÕÂº¡Ñº¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§àÍ·Ò¹ÍÅ
ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ·Ñé§ÊÍ§ÁÕ¨Ø´à´×Í´ÊÙ§¡ÇèÒ¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§àÍ·Ò¹ÍÅ
µÍº ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ A ã¹àÍ·Ò¹ÍÅ à¢éÁ¢é¹ 2 mol/kg ÁÕ¨Ø´à´×Í´à»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§äÃ àÁ×èÍà·ÕÂº¡Ñº¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ A
ã¹àÍ·Ò¹ÍÅ à¢éÁ¢é¹ 1 mol/kg
ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ A ã¹àÍ·Ò¹ÍÅ à¢éÁ¢é¹ 2 mol/kg ÁÕ¨Ø´à´×Í´ÊÙ§¡ÇèÒ
µÍº ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ A ã¹àÍ·Ò¹ÍÅ à¢éÁ¢é¹ 1 mol/kg ÁÕ¨Ø´à´×Í´áµ¡µèÒ§¡ÑºÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ B ã¹àÍ·Ò¹ÍÅ
à¢éÁ¢é¹ 1 mol/kg ËÃ×ÍäÁèÍÂèÒ§äÃ
äÁèáµ¡µèÒ§ à¾ÃÒÐÁÕ¨Ø´à´×Í´à·èÒ¡Ñ¹ ¤×Í 79.72 °C
µÍº ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5. ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ¢éÍÁÙÅã¹µÒÃÒ§à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂºÃÔÊØ·¸ÔìáÅÐÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ ä´é¢éÍÊÃØ»ÍÂèÒ§äÃ
1) ¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂÊÙ§¡ÇèÒ¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂºÃÔÊØ·¸ÔìàÊÁÍ áÅÐ¨Ø´à´×Í´·Õèà¾ÔèÁ¢Öé¹¨Ðá»Ã¼Ñ¹µÃ§¡Ñº
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁáÅÅ (âÁÅµèÍ¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ)
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) ¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂäÁè¢Öé¹¡Ñºª¹Ô´¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ áµè¢Öé¹ÍÂÙè¡Ñºª¹Ô´µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ (ÊÒÃºÃÔÊØ·¸Ôì)
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂµèÒ§ª¹Ô´¡Ñ¹·ÕèÁÕµÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂª¹Ô´à´ÕÂÇ¡Ñ¹áÅÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹à·èÒ¡Ñ¹ ¨ÐÁÕ¨Ø´à´×Í´à·èÒ¡Ñ¹
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 2
¡Ô¨¡ÃÃÁ·Õè 2 : ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
ÈÖ¡ÉÒ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§ÊÒÃºÃÔÊØ·¸ÔìáÅÐÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ áÅÐ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ·ÕèÁÕµÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂª¹Ô´à´ÕÂÇ¡Ñ¹ áÅÐ
ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹µèÒ§¡Ñ¹¨Ò¡µÒÃÒ§·Õè 2 áÅéÇµÍº¤Ó¶ÒÁ´éÒ¹ÅèÒ§
µÒÃÒ§·Õè 2 áÊ´§¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡¢Í§µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂºÃÔÊ·Ø ¸Ôáì ÅÐ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂµÑÇÍÂèÒ§
ÊÒÃ ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§ ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§·ÕÅè ´Å§
(mol/kg) (°C) ∆Tf (°C)
àº¹«Õ¹ - 5.49 -
ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ M ã¹àº¹«Õ¹ 1 0.42 5.07
ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ M ã¹àº¹«Õ¹ 2 -4.65 10.14
ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ N ã¹àº¹«Õ¹ 1 0.42 5.07
ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ N ã¹àº¹«Õ¹ 2 -4.65 10.14
¤Ó¶ÒÁ
1. ÊÒÃºÃÔÊØ·¸Ôì·Õèà»ç¹µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ¤×ÍÊÒÃã´áÅÐÁÕ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§à·èÒäÃ
àº¹«Õ¹ ÁÕ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§ 5.49 °C
µÍº .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ M áÅÐ N ã¹àº¹«Õ¹ ÁÕ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§à»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§äÃ àÁ×èÍà·ÕÂº¡Ñº¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§àº¹«Õ¹ºÃÔÊØ·¸Ôì
ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ·Ñé§ÊÍ§ÁÕ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§µèÓÇèÒ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§àº¹«Õ¹
µÍº .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ M ã¹àº¹«Õ¹ à¢éÁ¢é¹ 2 mol/kg ÁÕ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§à»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§äÃ àÁ×èÍà·ÕÂº¡Ñº¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ M
ã¹àº¹«Õ¹ à¢éÁ¢é¹ 1 mol/kg
ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ M ã¹àº¹«Õ¹ à¢éÁ¢é¹ 2 mol/kg ÁÕ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§µèÓ¡ÇèÒ
µÍº .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ M ã¹àº¹«Õ¹ à¢éÁ¢é¹ 1 mol/kg ÁÕ¨Ø´à´×Í´áµ¡µèÒ§¡ÑºÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ N ã¹àº¹«Õ¹à¢éÁ¢é¹ 1 mol/kg
ËÃ×ÍäÁèÍÂèÒ§äÃ
äÁèáµ¡µèÒ§ à¾ÃÒÐÁÕ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§à·èÒ¡Ñ¹ ¤×Í 0.42 °C
µÍº ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5. ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ¢éÍÁÙÅã¹µÒÃÒ§à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂºÃÔÊØ·¸ÔìáÅÐÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ ä´é¢éÍÊÃØ»ÍÂèÒ§äÃ
1) ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂµèÓ¡ÇèÒ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂºÃÔÊØ·¸ÔìàÊÁÍ áÅÐ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§·ÕèÅ´Å§¨Ðá»Ã¼Ñ¹µÃ§¡Ñº
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁáÅÅ (âÁÅµèÍ¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ)
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2) ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂäÁè¢Öé¹¡Ñºª¹Ô´¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ áµè¢Öé¹ÍÂÙè¡Ñºª¹Ô´µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ (ÊÒÃºÃÔÊØ·¸Ôì)
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3) ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂµèÒ§ª¹Ô´¡Ñ¹·ÕèÁÕµÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂª¹Ô´à´ÕÂÇ¡Ñ¹áÅÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹à·èÒ¡Ñ¹ ¨ÐÁÕ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§à·èÒ¡Ñ¹
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 3
¡Ô¨¡ÃÃÁµÃÇ¨ÊÍº¤ÇÒÁà¢éÒã¨
¾Ô¨ÒÃ³Ò¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡ÅÙâ¤Êã¹áµèÅÐºÕ¡à¡ÍÃì ´Ñ§¹Õé
A B C D
à¢éÁ¢é¹ 5.00 mol/kg à¢éÁ¢é¹ 2.00 mol/kg à¢éÁ¢é¹ 0.50 mol/kg à¢éÁ¢é¹ 1.25 mol/kg
¨§àÃÕÂ§ÅÓ´Ñº¨Ø´à´×Í´áÅÐ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂã¹áµèÅÐºÕ¡à¡ÍÃì¨Ò¡ÁÒ¡ä»ËÒ¹éÍÂ ãËé¶Ù¡µéÍ§
1) ¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = A > ..................
.................. B > ..................
C > ..................
D
2) ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = D > ..................

.................. C > ..................
B > ..................
A
¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³à¡ÕÂè Ç¡Ñº¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
ÅÓ´Ñº¡ÒÃ¤Ô´
1. ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁÅµèÍ¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ (m)
ãªéÊÙµÃ m = W1 x 1,000
Mw x W2
ËÃ×Íãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìµÑ´Ë¹èÇÂ
molµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ 1 molµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (W1) gµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ 1000 gµÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ
= x x
1 kgµÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ (Mw)gµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (W2) gµÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ 1 kg µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ
2. ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¨Ø´à´×Í´·Õàè ¾ÔèÁ¢Öé¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ (∆Tb)

ãªéÊÙµÃ ∆Tb = Kb x m
W1 x 1,000
ËÃ×Íá·¹¤èÒ m ä»àÅÂ¨Ðä´é ∆Tb = Kb x Mw x W2
3. ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ (b.p)
ãªéÊÙµÃ bp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = bp.µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ + ∆Tb
àÁ×èÍ m = ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁáÅÅ W1 = ÁÇÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (g)

W2 = ÁÇÅ¢Í§µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ (g) Mw = ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (g/mol)
∆Tb = ¼ÅµèÒ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ñº¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂºÃÔÊØ·¸Ôì (°C)
ËÃ×Í¨Ø´à´×Í´·Õèà¾ÔèÁ¢Öé¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
Kb = ¤èÒ¤§·Õè¢Í§¡ÒÃà¾ÔèÁ¢Öé¹¢Í§¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ (°C/m ËÃ×Í °C/mol/kg
Ë¹éÒ 4
¤ÓÊÑè§: ¨§µÍº¤Ó¶ÒÁµèÍä»¹Õé
1. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂàÍ·Ò¹ÍÅ (CH3OH) ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ 1.50 âÁÅµèÍ¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ
(¡ÓË¹´ãËé ¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§¹éÓ = 100 °C áÅÐ¤èÒ¤§·Õè¢Í§¡ÒÃà¾ÔèÁ¢Öé¹¢Í§¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§¹éÓ = 0.51 °C/m)
ÇÔ¸Õ·Ó m = 1.5 mol/kg, bp¹éÓ = 100°C, kb¹éÓ = 0.51 °C/m
â¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ ...................................................................................................................................... bp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = ?
â¨·Âì¶ÒÁËÒ .......................................
1) ËÒ ∆Tb 2) ËÒ¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
∆Tb = Kb x m
ÊÙµÃ ...................................................................................... bp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = bp.µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ + ∆Tb
ÊÙµÃ ......................................................................................
∆Tb = 0.51 °C/m x 1.5 m
á·¹¤èÒ ...................................................................................... bp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = 100 + 0.26 °C
á·¹¤èÒ ......................................................................................
= 0.26 °C = 100.26 °C
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
100.26 Í§ÈÒà«Åà«ÕÂÊ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂàÍ·Ò¹ÍÅ¹Õé¨ÐÁÕ¨Ø´à´×Í´à·èÒ¡Ñº ..............................................................................................................................................
2. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ·Õè»ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹àµµÃÐ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì (CCl4) 3 âÁÅ ÅÐÅÒÂã¹àº¹«Õ¹ (C6H6)

2,000 ¡ÃÑÁ (¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ CCl4 = 154, ¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§àº¹«Õ¹ = 80 °C áÅÐ¤èÒ¤§·Õè¢Í§¡ÒÃà¾ÔèÁ¢Öé¹
¢Í§¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§àº¹«Õ¹ = 2.53 °C/m)
m = 3 mol/2kg = 1.5m, bp.àº¹«Õ¹ = 80°C, kb àº¹«Õ¹ = 2.53 °C/m â¨·Âì¶ÒÁËÒ ................................
ÇÔ¸Õ·Ó â¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ ...................................................................................................................................... bp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = ?
∆Tb = Kb x m
ÊÙµÃ .......................................................................................
∆Tb = 2.53 °C/m x 1.5 m
á·¹¤èÒ .................................................................................... bp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = 100 + 3.80 °C
á·¹¤èÒ .......................................................................................
= 3.80 °C
...................................................................................... = 103.80 °C
.......................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹Õé¨ÐÁÕ¨Ø´à´×Í´à·èÒ¡Ñº ..................................................................................................................................................................
3. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ·Õè»ÃÐ¡ÍºÊÒÃÍÔ¹·ÃÕÂìª¹Ô´Ë¹Öè§ 24 ¡ÃÑÁ ÅÐÅÒÂã¹¹éÓ 600 ¡ÃÑÁ

(¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃÍÔ¹·ÃÕÂì = 58, ¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§¹éÓºÃÔÊØ·¸Ôì = 100 °C áÅÐ¤èÒ¤§·Õè¢Í§¡ÒÃà¾ÔÁè ¢Öé¹¢Í§
¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§¹éÓ = 0.51 °C/m)
ÇÔ¸Õ·Ó â¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ Mw = 58 ,W1 = 24 ,W2 = 600 ,bp¹éÓ = 100°C ,kb = 0.51 °C/m ¶ÒÁËÒ bp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
....................................................................................................................................................â¨·Âì ............................= ?
W1 x 1,000
∆Tb = Kb x Mw x W2
ÊÙµÃ ......................................................................................
24 x 1,000
∆Tb = 0.51 x 58 x 600
á·¹¤èÒ ...................................................................................... bp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = 100 + 0.35 °C
á·¹¤èÒ ......................................................................................
= 100.35 °C
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
= 0.35 °C
...................................................................................... ......................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹Õéà·èÒ¡Ñº ..........................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 5
4. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁáÅÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡ÅÙâ¤Ê (C6H12O6) ·ÕèÅÐÅÒÂã¹¹éÓ (H2O)
àÁ×èÍÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹ÕéÁÕ¨Ø´à´×Í´à·èÒ¡Ñº 101.275 °C (¡ÓË¹´ãËé ¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§¹éÓ = 100 °C áÅÐ¤èÒ¤§·Õè¢Í§¡ÒÃà¾ÔèÁ¢Öé¹
¢Í§¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§¹éÓ = 0.51 °C/m)
ÇÔ¸Õ·Ó bpÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = 101.275°C, bp¹éÓ = 100°C, kb¹éÓ = 0.51 °C/m
â¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ ....................................................................................................................................................â¨·Âì m=?
¶ÒÁËÒ ............................
1) ËÒ ∆Tb 2) ËÒ m ∆Tb
ÊÙµÃ ∆T = bp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ – bp.µÑ Ç ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ
......................................................................................
b ÊÙ µÃ ∆T = K x m ¨Ðä´é Ç Ò
è m =
......................................................................................
b b
Kb
1.275
∆Tb = 101.275 - 100 °C m = 0.51
á·¹¤èÒ ......................................................................................
á·¹¤èÒ ......................................................................................
= 1.275 °C = 2.5 mol/kg
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡ÅÙâ¤Ê¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹à·èÒ¡Ñº ...............................................................................................................................................
5. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁáÅÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂÂÙàÃÕÂ (CO(NH2)2) ·ÕèÅÐÅÒÂã¹¹éÓ (H2O)

àÁ×èÍÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹ÕéÁÕ¨Ø´à´×Í´à·èÒ¡Ñº 102.4 °C (¡ÓË¹´ãËé ¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§¹éÓ = 100 °C áÅÐ¤èÒ¤§·Õè¢Í§¡ÒÃà¾ÔèÁ¢Öé¹
¢Í§¢Í§¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§¹éÓ = 0.51 °C/m)
bp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = 102.4°C, bp.¹éÓ = 100°C ,kb ¹éÓ = 0.51 °C/m
ÇÔ¸Õ·Ó â¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ ....................................................................................................................................................â¨·Âì m=?
¶ÒÁËÒ ............................
1) ËÒ ∆Tb 2) ËÒ m
∆Tb
∆Tb = bp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ – bp.µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ
ÊÙµÃ ...................................................................................... ∆Tb = Kb x m ¨Ðä´éÇèÒ m = Kb
ÊÙµÃ ......................................................................................
2.4
∆Tb = 102.4 - 100 °C
á·¹¤èÒ ...................................................................................... m = 0.51
á·¹¤èÒ ......................................................................................
= 2.4 °C
...................................................................................... = 4.7 mol/kg
......................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹à·èÒ¡Ñº ...............................................................................................................................................................
6. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁáÅÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ«ÑÅà¿ÍÃì (S8) ·ÕèÅÐÅÒÂã¹¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´«ÑÅä¿´ì (CS2)

àÁ×èÍÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹ÕéÁÕ¨Ø´à´×Í´à·èÒ¡Ñº 47.47 °C (¡ÓË¹´ãËé ¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§ CS2 = 46.30 °C áÅÐ¤èÒ¤§·Õè¢Í§¡ÒÃ
à¾ÔèÁ¢Öé¹¢Í§¨Ø´à´×Í´¢Í§ CS2 = 2.34 °C/m)
ÇÔ¸Õ·Ó â¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ bp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = 47.47°C, bpCS2 = 46.30°C ,kbCS2 = 46.30°C/m ¶ÒÁËÒ ............................
....................................................................................................................................................â¨·Âì m=?
1) ËÒ ∆Tb 2) ËÒ m
∆Tb
∆Tb = bp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ – bp.µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ
ÊÙµÃ ...................................................................................... ∆Tb = Kb x m ¨Ðä´éÇèÒ m = Kb
ÊÙµÃ ......................................................................................
1.17
∆Tb = 47.47 – 46.30 °C
á·¹¤èÒ ...................................................................................... m = 2.34
á·¹¤èÒ ......................................................................................
= 1.17 °C = 0.5 mol/kg
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹à·èÒ¡Ñº .................................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 6
¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³à¡ÕÂè Ç¡Ñº¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
ÅÓ´Ñº¢Ñ¹é µÍ¹¡ÒÃ¤Ô´
1. ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁÅµèÍ¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ (m)
W1 x 1,000
ãªéÊÙµÃ m =
Mw x W2
ËÃ×Íãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìµÑ´Ë¹èÇÂ
molµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ 1 molµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (W1) gµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ 1000 gµÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ
= x x
1 kgµÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ (Mw)gµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (W2) gµÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ 1 kg µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ
2. ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§·ÕèÅ´Å§¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ (∆Tf)
ãªéÊÙµÃ ∆Tf = Kf x m
W1 x 1,000
ËÃ×Íá·¹¤èÒ m ä»àÅÂ¨Ðä´é ∆Tf = Kf x Mw x W2
3. ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ (f.p)
ãªéÊÙµÃ fp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = ∆Tf + fp.µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ
àÁ×èÍ m = ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁáÅÅ
W1 = ÁÇÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ (g)
W2 = ÁÇÅ¢Í§µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ (g)
∆Tf = ¼ÅµèÒ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ñº¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡¢Í§µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂºÃÔÊØ·¸Ôì (°C)
ËÃ×Í¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§·ÕèÅ´Å§¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
Kf = ¤èÒ¤§·Õè¢Í§¡ÒÃÅ´Å§¢Í§¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ (°C/m ËÃ×Í °C/mol/kg
7. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ«Ùâ¤ÃÊ ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ 0.25 âÁÅµèÍ¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ

(¡ÓË¹´ãËé¹éÓÁÕ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§ = 0 °C áÅÐÁÕ¤èÒ¤§·Õè¢Í§¡ÒÃÅ´Å§¢Í§¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§ = 1.86 °C/m)
ÇÔ¸Õ·Ó m = 2.5 mol/kg ,fp.¹éÓ = 0°C ,kf = 1.86 °C/m
â¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ ...................................................................................................................................... â¨·Âì¶ÒÁËÒ fp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ =?
.......................................
1) ËÒ ∆Tf 2) ËÒ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
∆Tf = Kf x m fp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = fp.µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ - ∆Tf
ÊÙµÃ ......................................................................................
ÊÙµÃ ......................................................................................
∆Tf = 1.86 °C/m x 2.5 m
á·¹¤èÒ ...................................................................................... fp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = 0 – 4.65 °C
á·¹¤èÒ ......................................................................................
= 4.65 °C = (–4.65 °C)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(-4.65) Í§ÈÒà«Åà«ÕÂÊ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ«Ùâ¤ÃÊ¹ÕéÁÕ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§à·èÒ¡Ñº ......................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 7
8. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ·Õè»ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹àµµÃÐ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì (CCl4) 0.48 âÁÅ ÅÐÅÒÂã¹àº¹«Õ¹
(C6H6) 250 ¡ÃÑÁ (¡ÓË¹´ãËéàº¹«Õ¹ÁÕ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§àº¹«Õ¹ = 5 °C áÅÐÁÕ¤èÒ¤§·Õè¢Í§¡ÒÃÅ´Å§¢Í§¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§
= 5.12 °C/m)
ÇÔ¸Õ·Ó â¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ m = 0.48 mol/0.25 kg = 1.92 mol/kg, fp.àº¹«Õ¹ = 5°C, kf àº¹«Õ¹ = 5.12°C/m
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
â¨·Âì¶ÒÁËÒ fp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = ?
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
1) ËÒ ∆Tf 2) ËÒ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
∆Tf = Kf x m
ÊÙµÃ ...................................................................................... fp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = fp.µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ - ∆Tf
ÊÙµÃ ......................................................................................
∆Tf = 5.12 °C/m x 1.92 m
á·¹¤èÒ ...................................................................................... fp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = 5 – 9.83 °C
á·¹¤èÒ ......................................................................................
= 9.83 °C
...................................................................................... = (–4.83 °C)
......................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹ÕéÁÕ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§à·èÒ¡Ñº ...................................................................................................................................................................
9. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¨Ø´àÂ×Í ¡á¢ç§¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ·ÕèàµÃÕÂÁä´é¨Ò¡¹ÓÊÒÃá¹¿·ÒÅÕ¹ (C10H8) 12.8 ¡ÃÑÁ ÅÐÅÒÂã¹ÊÒÃ

¤ÒÃìºÍ¹àµµÃÐ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì (CCl4) 125 ¡ÃÑÁ (¡ÓË¹´ãËé¤ÒÃìºÍ¹àµµÃÐ¤ÅÍäÃ´ìÁ¨Õ Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§ = -23 °C
¤èÒ¤§·Õè¢Í§¡ÒÃÅ´Å§¢Í§¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§ = 30 °C/m áÅÐÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ C10H8 = 128)
ÇÔ¸Õ·Ó â¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ Mw = 128,W1 = 12.8,W2 = 125, fp.CCl4 = -23°C, kf CCl4 = 30 °C/m â¨·Âì¶fp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ=
.................................................................................................................................................... ?
ÒÁËÒ .......................
1) ËÒ ∆Tf W1 x 1,000
2) ËÒ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
∆Tf = Kf x Mw x W2
ÊÙµÃ ...................................................................................... fp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = fp.µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ - ∆Tf
ÊÙµÃ ......................................................................................
12.8 x 1,000
∆Tf = 30 x 128 x 125 fp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = (-23) – 24 °C
á·¹¤èÒ ......................................................................................
á·¹¤èÒ ......................................................................................
= 24 °C = (-47 °C)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(-47) Í§ÈÒà«Åà«ÕÂÊ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹Õéà·èÒ¡Ñº .............................................................................................................................................................
10. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ·ÕèàµÃÕÂÁâ´ÂÅÐÅÒÂ¹éÓµÒÅ«Ùâ¤ÃÊ (C12H22O11) 85.5 ¡ÃÑÁ ã¹¹éÓ 250

ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ (¡ÓË¹´ãËé¹éÓÁÕ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§ = 0 °C ¤èÒ¤§·Õè¢Í§¡ÒÃÅ´Å§¢Í§¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§ = 1.86 °C/m
áÅÐ¤ÇÒÁË¹Òá¹è¹ = 1 g/mL áÅÐÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ C12H22O11 = 342)
ÇÔ¸Õ·Ó â¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ Mw = 342 ,W1 = 85.5 ,W2 = 250 ,fp.¹éÓ = 0°C ,kf ¹éÓ = 1.86 °C/m â¨·Âì¶ÒÁËÒ fp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ=
.................................................................................................................................................... ....................... ?
1) ËÒ ∆Tb W1 x 1,000
2) ËÒ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
∆Tf = Kf x Mw x W2 fp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = fp.µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ - ∆Tb
ÊÙµÃ ......................................................................................
ÊÙµÃ ......................................................................................
85.5 x 1,000
∆Tf = 1.86 x 342 x 250 fp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = 0 – 1.86 °C
á·¹¤èÒ ......................................................................................
á·¹¤èÒ ......................................................................................
= 1.86 °C = (-1.86 °C)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹Õéà·èÒ¡Ñº ..................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 8
11. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁÅµèÍ¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ·Õèà¡Ô´¨Ò¡ÊÒÃ«ÑÅà¿ÍÃì (S8) ÅÐÅÒÂã¹¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´«ÑÅä¿´ì
(CS2) «Öè§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹ÕéÁÕ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§à·èÒ¡Ñº (-119.16) Í§ÈÒà«Åà«ÕÂÊ
(¡ÓË¹´ãËé CS2 ÁÕ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§ = -111.5°C áÅÐÁÕ¤èÒ¤§·Õè¢Í§¡ÒÃÅ´Å§¢Í§¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§ = 3.83 °C/m)
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ â¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ fp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = -119.5°C, fp.CS2 = -111.5°C ,kf CS2 = 3.83 °C/m
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
â¨·Âì¶ÒÁËÒ m=?
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
1) ËÒ ∆Tf 2) ËÒ m
∆Tf
∆Tf = bp.µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ – bp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
ÊÙµÃ ...................................................................................... ∆Tf = Kf x m ¨Ðä´éÇèÒ m = Kf
ÊÙµÃ ......................................................................................
7.76
∆Tb = (-111.5) – (-119.16) °C
á·¹¤èÒ ...................................................................................... m=
á·¹¤èÒ ......................................................................................
3.83
= 7.76 °C
...................................................................................... = 2.03 mol/kg
......................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹à·èÒ¡Ñº ..........................................................................................................................................................
12. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁÅµèÍ¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ«Ùâ¤ÃÊ·Õèà¡Ô´¨Ò¡ÅÐÅÒÂ¹éÓµÒÅ«Ùâ¤ÃÊ (C12H22O11)

ã¹¹éÓáÅéÇä´éÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ·ÕèÁÕ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§à·èÒ¡Ñº -4.65 Í§ÈÒà«Åà«ÕÂÊ
(¡ÓË¹´ãËé¹éÓÁÕ¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§ = 0 °C áÅÐÁÕ¤èÒ¤§·Õè¢Í§¡ÒÃÅ´Å§¢Í§¨Ø´àÂ×Í¡á¢ç§ = 1.86°C/m)
fp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ = -4.65°C, fp.¹éÓ = 0°C, kf ¹éÓ = 1.86°C/m
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ â¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ .............................................................................................................................................................................................
m=?
â¨·Âì¶ÒÁËÒ .............................................................................................................................................................................................
1) ËÒ ∆Tf 2) ËÒ m ∆Tf
∆Tf = bp.µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ – bp.ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
ÊÙµÃ ...................................................................................... ∆T = K x
∆Tf = Kf x m ¨Ðä´éÇèÒ m = KfKf m ¨Ðä´é Ç Ò
è m = ∆Tf
ÊÙµÃ ......................................................................................
f f
7.76 4.65
∆Tb = 0 – (-4.65) °C
á·¹¤èÒ ...................................................................................... mm= = 3.83
á·¹¤èÒ ......................................................................................
1.86
= 4.65 °C = 2.50
= 2.03 mol/kg mol/kg
...................................................................................... ......................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹à·èÒ¡Ñº ...................................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 9
ãº§Ò¹ àÃ×Íè § ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ
º··Õè 6 »ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì ª×èÍ ……………….....………………………..………............… ªÑé¹ ………. àÅ¢·Õè ………
ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ
»¯Ô¡ÃÔ ÂÔ Òà¤ÁÕ (chemical equation) ¤×Í ¡ÃÐºÇ¹¡ÒÃ·Õè·ÓãËéÊÒÃµÑé§µé¹à»ÅÕèÂ¹à»ç¹ÊÒÃª¹Ô´ãËÁè
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¡ÒÃà¼Ò¡ÃÐ´ÒÉáÅéÇä´é¢Õéà¶éÒ ¼§ËÔ¹»Ù¹·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡Ñº¡Ã´à¡Ô´á¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì
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2. ÁÕ¡ÅÔè¹ µÐ¡Í¹ ËÃ×Í¿Í§á¡êÊà¡Ô´¢Öé¹
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4. ÁÕÍØ³ËÀÙÁÔà»ÅÕèÂ¹

1. ¨§¾Ô¨ÒÃ³ÒÇèÒ¡ÒÃ·´ÅÍ§µèÍä»¹ÕéÁ»Õ ¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ËÃ×ÍäÁè ·ÃÒºä´éÍÂèÒ§äÃ
·Õè ÊÒÃ·Õè¹ÓÁÒ ÊÁºÑµÔ¢Í§ÊÒÃ ¼Å·ÕèÊÑ§à¡µä´éËÅÑ§¼ÊÁ à¡Ô´/äÁèà¡Ô´ àËµØ¼Å
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1 A ¡Ñº B ÊÒÃ A à»ç¹âÅËÐÊÕà§Ô¹ ä´é¢Í§àËÅÇãÊ äÁèÁÕÊÕ à¡Ô´ à¾ÃÒÐâÅËÐ A
ÊÒÃ B à»ç¹¢Í§àËÅÇãÊ äÁèÁÕÊÕ âÅËÐ A ¼Ø¡ÃèÍ¹ à»ÅÕèÂ¹á»Å§ áÅÐÁÕ
áÅÐÁÕ¿Í§á¡êÊà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ ¿Í§á¡êÊà¡Ô´¢Öé¹
2 C ¡Ñº D ÊÒÃ C à»ç¹¢Í§á¢ç§ ÊÕ¢ÒÇ ä´é¢Í§àËÅÇãÊ äÁèÁÕÊÕ à¡Ô´ à¾ÃÒÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÃéÍ¹
ÊÒÃ D à»ç¹¢Í§àËÅÇãÊ äÁèÁÕÊÕ ·ÕèÁÕÍØ³ËÀÙÁÔÊÙ§¡ÇèÒ à¡Ô´¢Öé¹
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3 E ¡Ñº F ÊÒÃ E à»ç¹¢Í§àËÅÇãÊ äÁèÁÕÊÕ ä´é¢Í§àËÅÇãÊ äÁèÁÕÊÕ à¡Ô´ ä´éÊÒÃãËÁè·ÕèÊÁºÑµÔ
à»ÅÕèÂ¹ÊÕ¡ÃÐ´ÒÉÅÔµÁÑÊÊÕ¹éÓà§Ô¹à»ç¹á´§ áÅÐäÁèà»ÅÕèÂ¹ÊÕ¡ÃÐ´ÒÉ ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕèÂ¹ÊÕ
ÊÒÃ F à»ç¹¢Í§àËÅÇãÊ äÁèÁÕÊÕ ÅÔµÁÑÊ·Ñé§ÊÍ§ÊÕ ¡ÃÐ´ÒÉÅÔµÁÑµ
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Ë¹éÒ 1
·Õè ÊÒÃ·Õè¹ÓÁÒ ÊÁºÑµÔ¢Í§ÊÒÃ ¼Å·ÕèÊÑ§à¡µä´éËÅÑ§¼ÊÁ à¡Ô´/äÁèà¡Ô´ àËµØ¼Å
¼ÊÁ¡Ñ¹ »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ
4 G ¡Ñº H ÊÒÃ G à»ç¹¢Í§àËÅÇãÊ äÁèÁÕÊÕ ä´é¢Í§àËÅÇãÊ äÁèÁÕÊÕ äÁèà¡Ô´ äÁèÁÕÊÒÃãËÁèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹
ÊÒÃ H à»ç¹¢Í§àËÅÇãÊ äÁèÁÕÊÕ
5 I ¡Ñº J ÊÒÃ I à»ç¹¢Í§àËÅÇãÊ äÁèÁÕÊÕ ÁÕµÐ¡Í¹ÊÕ¢ÒÇà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ à¡Ô´ ÁÕµÐ¡Í¹¢Í§ÊÒÃ

ÊÒÃ J à»ç¹¢Í§àËÅÇãÊ äÁèÁÕÊÕ ãËÁèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹
ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ (chemical equation) à¢ÕÂ¹¢Öé¹à¾×Íè Í¸ÔºÒÂ¡ÒÃà¡Ô´»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ â´Â¨ÐáÊ´§ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹µèÓÊØ´¢Í§¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁ
Å¢Í§ÊÒÃµÑé§µé¹·ÕèÃÇÁ¾Í´Õ¡Ñ¹ áÅÐ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ì·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹
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1. ãËéà¢ÕÂ¹ÊÑÞÅÑ¡É³ìËÃ×ÍÊÙµÃà¤ÁÕ¢Í§ÊÒÃµÑé§µé¹äÇé´éÒ¹«éÒÂ áÅÐà¢ÕÂ¹¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ìäÇé´éÒ¹¢ÇÒ¢Í§ÅÙ¡ÈÃ
¶éÒÁÕÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ 1 ÊÒÃãËéãªéà¤Ã×èÍ§ËÁÒÂºÇ¡ (+) ¤Ñè¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§ÊÒÃ
2. à¢ÕÂ¹ÅÙ¡ÈÃ (→) äÇéµÃ§¡ÅÒ§ªÕéä»ÂÑ§¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ì·Õèà¢ÕÂ¹äÇé´éÒ¹ËÅÑ§ÅÙ¡ÈÃ
ÊÒÃµÑé§µé¹ª¹Ô´ 1 + ÊÒÃµÑé§µé¹ª¹Ô´ 2 → ¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ìª¹Ô´ 1 + ¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ìª¹Ô´ 2

3. ÃÐºØÊ¶Ò¹ÐËÃ×ÍÀÒÇÐ¢Í§ÊÒÃµÑ§é µé¹áÅÐ¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ìã¹Ç§àÅçºäÇé´éÒ¹ËÅÑ§ÊÙµÃà¤ÁÕ
s ÂèÍÁÒ¨Ò¡ solid = ¢Í§á¢ç§ l ÂèÍÁÒ¨Ò¡ liquid = ¢Í§àËÅÇ
g ÂèÍÁÒ¨Ò¡ gas = á¡êÊ aq ÂèÍÁÒ¨Ò¡ aqueous = ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ·ÕèÁÕ¹éÓà»ç¹µÑÇ·ÓÅÐÅÒÂ
4. »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ·ÕèäÁèÊÒÁÒÃ¶à¡Ô´¢Öé¹ä´éàÍ§ ¨ÐµéÍ§ÁÕ»Ñ¨¨ÑÂ·ÕèàËÁÒÐÊÁ àªè¹ ¡ÒÃãËé¤ÇÒÁÃéÍ¹ËÃ×ÍáÊ§ ÁÕ¡ÒÃ¤Çº¤ØÁ

ÍØ³ËÀÙÁÔËÃ×Í¤ÇÒÁ´Ñ¹ ÁÕ¡ÒÃãªéµÑÇàÃè§»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ «Öè§¨ÐµéÍ§ÃÐºØ»Ñ¨¨ÑÂàËÅèÒ¹Õé â´Âà¢ÕÂ¹áÊ´§äÇé·ÕèÅÙ¡ÈÃã¹ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ
ÊÑÞÅÑ¡É³ì ¤ÇÒÁËÁÒÂ
heat ËÃ×Í ∆ ÁÕ¡ÒÃãËé¤ÇÒÁÃéÍ¹á¡èÊÒÃµÑé§µé¹ â´ÂÃÐºØÍØ³ËÀÙÁÔ
80 °C
ÁÕ¡ÒÃ¡ÓË¹´ÍØ³ËÀÙÁÔ
àªè¹ »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¹Õé·Ó·ÕèÍØ³ËÀÙÁÔ 80 Í§ÈÒà«Åà«ÕÂÊ
10 atm ÁÕ¡ÒÃ¡ÓË¹´¤ÇÒÁ´Ñ¹
àªè¹ »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¹Õé·Ó·Õè¤ÇÒÁ´Ñ¹ 10 ºÃÃÂÒ¡ÒÈ (atm)
catalyst ËÃ×Í Pt ÁÕ¡ÒÃãªéµÑÇàÃè§»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ (â´ÂãËéÃÐºØª×èÍÊÒÃµÑÇàÃè§)
àªè¹ ã¹·Õè¹ãÕé ªéâÅËÐá¾Å·Ô¹ÑÁà»ç¹µÑÇàÃè§»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ
hV ÁÕ¡ÒÃãËéáÊ§á¡èÊÒÃµÑé§µé¹
Ë¹éÒ 2
2. ¨§à¢ÕÂ¹ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ¢Í§»¯ÔÃÔÂÒ·Õè¡ÓË¹´ãËéµèÍä»¹Õé áÊ´§Ê¶Ò¹Ð¢Í§ÊÒÃãËéÊÁºÙÃ³ì (äÁèµéÍ§´ØÅÊÁ¡ÒÃ)
¢éÍ à§×èÍ¹ä¢ ¤ÓµÍº
1) »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ ¼§â«à´ÕÂÁ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹à¹µ (Na2CO3) ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡ÑºÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´«ÑÅ¿ÔÇÃÔ¡(H2SO4)
ä´éÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁ«ÑÅà¿µ (Na2SO4) äÍ¹éÓ (H2O) áÅÐá¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (CO2)
ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ Na2CO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(g) + CO2(g)
2) »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ à¼Òá¡êÊâ¾Ãà¾¹ (C3H10) ã¹ÍÒ¡ÒÈ¡Ñºá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ ä´éá¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (CO2) áÅÐäÍ¹éÓ
(H2O)
ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ C3H10(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)

3) »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ á¡êÊáÍÁâÁà¹ÕÂ(NH3) ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡Ñºá¡êÊä¹âµÃà¨¹ÁÍ¹Í¡ä«´ì (NO)
ä´éá¡êÊä¹âµÃà¨¹ (N2) áÅÐäÍ¹éÓ (H2O)
ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ NH3(g) + NO(g) → N2(g) + H2O(g)
4) »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ á¼è¹âÅËÐ·Í§á´§ºÒ§ æ ·Ó»¯ÔÃÔÂÒ¡ÑºÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ«ÔÅàÇÍÃì(I)ä¹àµÃµ (AgNO3)
ä´éµÐ¡Í¹¢Í§âÅËÐà§Ô¹ (Ag) áÅÐÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¤Í»à»ÍÃì(II)«ÑÅà¿µ (CuSO4)
ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ Cu(s) + AgNO3(aq) → Ag(s) + CuSO4(aq)
5) »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ àÁ×èÍÇÒ§âÅËÐà§Ô¹ (Ag) äÇéã¹ÍÒ¡ÒÈ¨Ð¾ºÇèÒâÅËÐà§Ô¹ËÁÍ§à¹×èÍ§¨Ò¡âÅËÐà§Ô¹·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡Ñºá¡êÊ
äÎâ´Ãà¨¹«ÑÅä¿´ì (H2S) áÅÐá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O2) ã¹ÍÒ¡ÒÈä´é«ÔÅàÇÍÃì«ÑÅä¿´ì (Ag2S) «Öè§à»ç¹
¢Í§á¢ç§áÅÐäÍ¹éÓ (H2O)
ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ Ag(s) + H2S(g) + O2(g) → Ag2S(s) + H2O(g)
6) »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ ¡ÒÃÊÑ§à¤ÃÒÐËìá¡êÊáÍÁâÁà¹ÕÂ ·Óä´éâ´Âãªéá¡êÊä¹âµÃà¨¹áÅÐá¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ â´ÂÁÕàËÅç¡à»ç¹µÑÇàÃè§»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ
ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ N2(s) + H2(g) → Fe

NH3(g)
7) »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ ¼ÊÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂÍÐÅÙÁÔà¹ÕÂÁ«ÑÅà¿µ (Al2(SO4)3) ¡ÑºÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ì (NaOH) à¡Ô´
µÐ¡Í¹¢Í§ÍÐÅÙÁÔà¹ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ì (Al(OH)3) áÅÐÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁ«ÑÅà¿µ (Na2SO4)
ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ Al2(SO4)3(aq) + NaOH(aq) → Al(OH)3(s) + Na2SO4(aq)
8) »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ µéÁâÅËÐáÁ¡¹Õà«ÕÂÁ (Mg) ã¹¹éÓ (H2O) ä´éá¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ (H2) áÅÐáÁ¡¹Õà«ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ì
(Mg(OH)2 «Öè§à»ç¹¢Í§á¢ç§
ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ Mg(s) +H2O(l) → H2(g) + Mg(OH)2(s)
9) »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡ÒÃÊÑ§à¤ÃÒÐËì´éÇÂáÊ§ â´Âãªéá¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (CO2) ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡Ñº¹éÓ (H2O)
»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¹Õéà¡Ô´ä´éã¹·ÕèÁÕáÊ§ÊÇèÒ§ ¨Ðä´é¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ìà»ç¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡ÅÙâ¤Ê (C6H12O6) áÅÐá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹
(O2)
hV
ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ CO2(g) + H2O(l) → C6H12O6(aq) + O2(g)
Ë¹éÒ 3
¡ÒÃ´ØÅÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ
ËÁÒÂ¶Ö§ ¡ÒÃàµÔÁµÑÇàÅ¢Ë¹éÒÊÑÞÅÑ¡É³ìËÃ×ÍÊÙµÃà¤ÁÕ¢Í§ÊÒÃºÒ§ª¹Ô´ã¹ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¾×èÍ·ÓãËé¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍÐµÍÁ
¢Í§áµèÅÐ¸ÒµØã¹ÊÒÃµÑé§µé¹à·èÒ¡Ñº¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§¸ÒµØª¹Ô´à´ÕÂÇ¡Ñ¹ã¹¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ì
à·¤¹Ô¤¡ÒÃ´ØÅÊÁ¡ÒÃáººà·¾ æ
à·¤¹Ô¤·Õè 1 : »Ô´¸ÒµØ (¸ÒµØÍÔÊÃÐ) ·ÓàËÁ×Í¹¸ÒµØäÁèÁÕµÑÇµ¹ ãËé´ØÅÍÂèÒ§Í×è¹¡èÍ¹ ¤èÍÂÁÒ´ØÅ¸ÒµØ·ÕËÅÑ§
  1
àªè¹ H2O2(g) → H2O(g) + O2(g)
2
O=2 O=1 O=1
¾º 1 ¤ÃÑé§ã¹´éÒ¹«éÒÂ áÅÐ 1 ¤ÃÑé§ã¹´éÒ¹¢ÇÒ

à·¤¹Ô¤·Õè 2 : äÁèÁÕ¸ÒµØãËé»Ô´ ¡çäÁèµéÍ§»Ô´ áµè´ØÅµÑÇ·Õèà¡ÕèÂÇ¢éÍ§¡ÑºµÑÇÍ×è¹¹éÍÂ·ÕèÊØ´¡èÍ¹
 
àªè¹ TiCl4 + 2H2O → TiO2 + 4HCl
Cl = 4 O=2x1 =2 O=2  Cl = 1 X 4 = 4
H=2x2=4
H=1x4=4
à·¤¹Ô¤·Õè 3 : ÁÍ§ãËéà»ç¹¡éÍ¹
 
àªè¹ Zn + 2NaOH + 2H2O → Na2Zn(OH)4 + H2
O = (2 X 1) + (2 X 1) = 4 O=4
Na = 2 x 1 = 2 H=4+2=6
H = (2 X 1) + (2 X 2) = 6
à·¤¹Ô¤·Õè 4 : ¡ÒÃ´ØÅÊÁ¡ÒÃ¡ÒÃà¼ÒäËÁéáººÊÁºÙÃ³ì¢Í§ÊÒÃ»ÃÐ¡ÍºäÎâ´Ã¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ (CxHy)

ÊÙµÃ·ÑèÇä»
𝐲𝐲 𝐲𝐲
CxHy + (x + 4)O2 → xCO2 + H2O + ¤ÇÒÁÃéÍ¹
2
àªè¹
10 10
C4H10(g) + (4 + ) O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + H2O(l)
4 2
13
⇒ C4H10(g) + O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l)
2
⇒ 2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) → 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(l)
Ë¹éÒ 4
¤ÓªÕáé ¨§: ¨§´ØÅÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕµèÍä»¹Õé â´ÂáÊ´§ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ãËé¶Ù¡µéÍ§
1) 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Al2O3(s)
2) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
3) Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
4) S(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) → 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
5) 2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)
6) 2Al(s) + 6H2O(l) → 2Al(OH)3(s) + 3H2(g)
7) Mg(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Mg(NO3)2(aq) + H2(g)
8) N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
9) 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(s)
10) Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g) → 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(l)
Ë¹éÒ 5
11) Li2SO4(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) → 2LiCl(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)
12) K2CO3(aq) + CaCl2(aq) → 2KCl(aq) + CaCO3(s)
13) Cr2O3(s) + 3H2(g) → 2Cr(s) + 3H2O(l)
14) Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
15) CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
16) CaCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) → CaSO4(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
17) Al2O3(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) → Al2(SO4)3(s) + 3H2O(l)
18) Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → 2Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)
19) (NH4)3PO4(aq) + 3NaOH(aq) → Na3PO4(aq) + 3NH3(g) + 3H2O(l)
20) 3NaOH(aq) + H3PO4 (aq) → Na3PO4(aq) + 3H2O(l)
21) 2NaCN(aq) + CuCO3(s) → Na2CO3(aq) + Cu(CN)2(s)
Ë¹éÒ 6
22) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) → C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g)
23) CS2(s) + 3O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2SO2(g)
24) 2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) → 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)
25) 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
26) C5H12(g) + 8O2(g) → 5CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
27) 2KNO3(s) → 2KNO2(s) + O2(g)
28) 2NaClO3(aq) → 2NaCl(s) + 3O2(g)
29) 2KMnO4(s) → K2MnO4(s) + MnO2(s) + O2(g)
1
30) 2NaOH(aq) + 2NO2(g) + O2(g) → 2NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
2
4NaOH(aq) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g) → 4NaNO3(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Ë¹éÒ 7
ãº§Ò¹ àÃ×èÍ§ ¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³»ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÒÃ·Õàè ¡ÕÂè Ç¢éÍ§¡ÑºÁÇÅ
ª×èÍ …………….………………………..……….............…..….. ªÑé¹ ……… àÅ¢·Õè ……….
º··Õè 6 »ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì
¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³»ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÒÃ·Õàè ¡ÕÂè Ç¢éÍ§¡ÑºÁÇÅ
¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³»ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÒÃã¹»¯Ô¡ÃÔ ÂÔ Òà¤ÁÕ
• »ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÒÃÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì (stoichiometry) ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§»ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÒÃµÑé§µé¹·Õèãªéä»áÅÐ»ÃÔÁÒ³
¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ì·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ã¹»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ «Öè§¾Ô¨ÒÃ³Òä´é¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¢Í§àÅ¢ÊÑÁ»ÃÐÊÔ·¸Ôìã¹ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ
• µÑÇÍÂèÒ§àªè¹ »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡ÒÃà¼ÒäËÁéáººÊÁºÙÃ³ì¢Í§á¡êÊâ¾Ãà¾¹ (C3H8)
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
1) C3H8 1
¨Ó¹Ç¹ ........... mol ¨Ð·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñº O2 ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ........... 5 mol
C3H8 1
¨Ó¹Ç¹ ........... mol ·ÓãËéà¡Ô´ 3 mol
CO2 ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ...........
C3H8 ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ...........
1 mol ·ÓãËéà¡Ô´ H2O ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ...........
4 mol
2) CO2 3 mol
¨Ó¹Ç¹ .......... à¡Ô´¨Ò¡ 1 mol
C3H8 ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ...........
CO2 3 mol
¨Ó¹Ç¹ .......... à¡Ô´¨Ò¡ 5 mol
O2 ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ...........
CO2 3 mol
¨Ó¹Ç¹ .......... áÊ´§ÇèÒà¡Ô´ 4 mol
H2O ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ...........

1. ¨Ò¡»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕµèÍä»¹Õé 2Al (s) + 3Br2(l) → 2AlBr3(s)
¶éÒµéÍ§¡ÒÃÍÐÅÙÁÔà¹ÕÂÁâºÃìäÁ´ì (AlBr3) 0.6 âÁÅ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªéâºÃÁÕ¹ (Br2) ¡ÕèâÁÅ
0.6 mol AlBr3
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = .................................................... ? mol Br2
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ....................................................
âÁÅ Br2 3
ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹âÁÅÃÐËÇèÒ§ÊÒÃ ........................................... = ................................................
âÁÅ AlBr3 2
∴ ............................................
2 x âÁÅ Br2 = 3 x âÁÅ AlBr3
................................................
¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³»ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÒÃ ¨ÐàÊ¹ÍÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃ¤Ô´ 2 áºº´Ñ§¹Õé
1) ãªéÊÙµÃã¹¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ 2) ãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ
¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì
2 x âÁÅ Br2 = 3 x âÁÅ AlBr3 mol Br2 = 3 mol Br2 x 0.6 mol AlBr3
2 mol AlBr3
2 x âÁÅ Br2 = 3 x 0.6
âÁÅ Br2 =
3 x 0.6
= 0.9 = 0.9 mol Br2
2
0.9 âÁÅ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¶éÒµéÍ§¡ÒÃÍÐÅÙÁÔà¹ÕÂÁâºÃìäÁ´ì 0.6 âÁÅ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªéâºÃÁÕ¹ .................
Ë¹éÒ 1
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 1 ¨Ò¡»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕµèÍä»¹Õé
2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) → 2PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
¶éÒãªéâ¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁäÍâÍä´´ì (KI) 0.4 âÁÅ ¨ÐÁÕàÅ´(II)äÍâÍä´´ì (PbI2) à¡Ô´¢Öé¹¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ PbI2 = 461)
0.4 mol KI
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = .................................................... ? g PbI2
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ....................................................
âÁÅ PbBr
2 2
âÁÅ KI 2
∴ ............................................
2 x âÁÅ PbBr2 = 2 x âÁÅ KI
................................................
1) ãªéÊÙµÃã¹¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ 2) ãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìµÑ´Ë¹èÇÂ
461 g PbI2 x 2 mol PbI2
2 x âÁÅ PbI2 = 2 x âÁÅ KI g PbI2 = 1 mol PbI2
x 0.4 mol KI
g 2 mol KI
2x = 2 x âÁÅ KI
Mw
2x
g
461
= 2 x 0.4 = 184.4 g PbI2
2 x 0.4 x 261
g = = 184.4
2
184.4 ¡ÃÑÁ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¶éÒãªéâ¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁäÍâÍ´ì 0.4 âÁÅ ¨ÐÁÕàÅ´(II)äÍâÍä´´ì à¡Ô´¢Öé¹ ................
8Zn(s) + S8(s) → 8ZnS(s)
µéÍ§ãªé¡ÓÁÐ¶Ñ¹ (S8) ¡ÕèâÁÅ¨Ö§¨Ð·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡ÑºâÅËÐÊÑ§¡ÐÊÕ (Zn) 5.22 ¡ÃÑÁ (ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ Zn = 65)
5.22 g Zn
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = .................................................... ? mol S8
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ....................................................
âÁÅ S8
ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹âÁÅÃÐËÇèÒ§ÊÒÃ ........................................... = 1
................................................
âÁÅ Zn 8
∴ ............................................
8 x âÁÅ S8 = 1 x âÁÅ Zn
................................................
¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì 1 mol Zn
mol S8 = 1 mol S8 x x 5.22 g Zn
8 x âÁÅ S8 = 1 x âÁÅ Zn 8 mol Zn 65 g Zn
g
8 x âÁÅ S8 = 1x
Mw
5.22
= 0.01 molS8
8 x âÁÅ S8 = 1x
65
1 x 5.22
g = = 0.01
65 x 8
0.01
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ µéÍ§ãªé¡ÓÁÐ¶Ñ¹ .............................. âÁÅ ¨Ö§¨Ð·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡ÑºâÅËÐÊÑ§¡ÐÊÕ 5.22 ¡ÃÑÁ
Ë¹éÒ 2
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 3 »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡ÒÃà¼ÒäËÁéá¡êÊÁÕà·¹ (CH4) à¡Ô´¢Öé¹´Ñ§ÊÁ¡ÒÃ
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ÁÇÅ¢Í§äÍ¹éÓ (H2O) ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹¨Ò¡»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¼ÒäËÁé¢Í§á¡êÊÁÕà·¹ 24 ¡ÃÑÁ
(ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ H2O = 18 áÅÐ CH4 = 16 )
24 g CH4 2 ?gHO
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = .................................................... ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ....................................................
âÁÅ H2O 2
âÁÅ CH4 1
∴ ............................................
1 x âÁÅ H2O = 2 x âÁÅ CH4
................................................
18 g H2O 2 mol H2O 1 mol CH4
1 x âÁÅ H2O = 2 x âÁÅ CH4 g H2O = x x x 24 g CH4
g g 1 mol H2O 1 mol CH4 16 g CH4
1x = 2x
Mw Mw
1x
g
= 2x
24 = 54 gCH4
18 16
2 x 24 x 18
g = = 54
16 x 1
54 ¡ÃÑÁ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ á¡êÊÁÕà·¹ 24 ¡ÃÑÁ à¡Ô´»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡ÒÃà¼ÒäËÁéä´éäÍ¹éÓ .................
2C2H6O(l) + 2Na(s) → 2C2H5ONa(aq) + H2(g)
¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§àÍ·Ò¹ÍÅ (C2H6O) ·ÕèµéÍ§ãªéã¹»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ ¶éÒµéÍ§¡ÒÃá¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ (H2) 0.2 âÁÅ
(¡ÓË¹´ãËé¤ÇÒÁË¹Òá¹è¹¢Í§àÍ·Ò¹ÍÅ à·èÒ¡Ñº 0.789 g/cm3 áÅÐÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ C2H6O = 46)
0.2 mol H2
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = .................................................... ? mL C2H6O
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ....................................................
âÁÅ C H O
2 6 2
âÁÅ H2 1
∴ ............................................
1 x âÁÅ C2H6O = 2 x âÁÅ H2
................................................
¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì 46 g C2H6O
1 x âÁÅ C2H6O = 2 x âÁÅ H2
mL C2H6O = 1 mL C2H6O x x 2 mol C2H6O x 0.2 mol H2
0.789 g C2H6O 1 mol C2H6O 1 mol H2
dv
1x = 2 x âÁÅ H2
Mw
0.789 x v
= 23.3 mL C2H6O
1x = 2 x 0.2
46
2 x 0.2 x 46
v = = 23.3 mL
0.789
23.3 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¶éÒµéÍ§¡ÒÃá¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ 0.2 âÁÅ µéÍ§ãªéàÍ·Ò¹ÍÅã¹¡ÒÃ»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕà·èÒ¡Ñº ..................
Ë¹éÒ 3
1. àÁ×èÍ¼èÒ¹á¡êÊ¤ÅÍÃÕ¹Å§ã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ì·ÕèÃéÍ¹ à¡Ô´»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ´Ñ§ÊÁ¡ÒÃ
3Cl2(g) + 6KOH(aq) → 5KCl(aq) + KClO3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
1.1 ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§â¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍàÃµ (KClO3) ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ àÁ×èÍãªéá¡êÊ¤ÅÍÃÕ¹ (Cl2) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 1.86 âÁÅ
1.86 mol Cl2
ÇÔ¸Õ¤´Ô ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = .................................................... ? mol KClO3
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ....................................................
âÁÅ KClO3
................................................
âÁÅ Cl2 3
∴ ............................................
3 x âÁÅ KClO3 = 1 x âÁÅ Cl2
................................................
¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì 1 mol KClO3
3 x âÁÅ KClO3 = 1 x âÁÅ Cl2
mol KClO3 = x 1.86 mol Cl2
3 mol Cl2
3 x âÁÅ KClO3 = 1 x 1.86
âÁÅ KClO3 =
1.86 = 0.62 mol KClO3
3
âÁÅ KClO3 = 0.62
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ àÁ×èÍãªéá¡êÊ¤ÅÍÃÕ¹ 1.86 âÁÅ ¨ÐÁÕâ¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍàÃµà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ ......................

0.62 âÁÅ
1.2 àÁ×èÍµéÍ§¡ÒÃâ¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì (KCl) 0.45 âÁÅ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªéâ¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ì (KOH) ¡Õ¡è ÃÑÁ

(ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ KOH = 56)
0.45 mol KCl
ÇÔ¸Õ¤´Ô ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = .................................................... ? g KOH
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ....................................................
âÁÅ KOH 6
âÁÅ KCl 5
∴ ............................................
5 x âÁÅ KOH = 6 x âÁÅ KCl
................................................
¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì 56 g KOH 6 mol KOH 0.45 mol KCl
5 x âÁÅ KOH = 6 x âÁÅ KCl g KOH = x x
g 1 mol KOH 5 mol KCl
5 x Mw = 6 x âÁÅ KCl
g
= 30.24 g KOH
5x = 6 x 0.45
56
6 x 0.45 x 56
g = = 30.24
5
30.24 ¡ÃÑÁ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¶éÒµéÍ§¡ÒÃâ¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì 0.45 âÁÅ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªéâ¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ì ...................
Ë¹éÒ 4
2. ¾Ô¨ÒÃ³Ò¡ÒÃà¡Ô´»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕµèÍä»¹Õé
2AgNO3(aq) + CaCl2(aq) → Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2AgCl(s) .....ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕÂÑ§äÁè´ØÅ
¶éÒµéÍ§¡ÒÃãËéÁÕ«ÔÅàÇÍÃì¤ÅÍäÃ´ì (AgCl) à¡Ô´¢Öé¹ 10 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªéá¤Åà«ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì (CaCl2) ã¹»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¹Õé¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ
(ÁÇÅâÁà¡ÅØ¢Í§ AgCl = 143.5 áÅÐ CaCl2 = 111)
10 g AgCl
ÇÔ¸Õ¤´Ô ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = .................................................... ? g CaCl2
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ....................................................
âÁÅ CaCl2
................................................
âÁÅ AgCl 2
∴ ............................................
2 x âÁÅ CaCl2 = 1 x âÁÅ AgCl
................................................
¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì 111 g CaCl2 1 mol CaCl2 1 mol AgCl
2 x âÁÅ CaCl2 = 1 x âÁÅ AgCl g CaCl2 = x x x 10 g AgCl
g g 1 mol CaCl2 2 mol AgCl 143.5 g AgCl
2x = 1x
Mw Mw
2x
g
= 1x
10 = 3.87 gCaCl2
111 143.5
1 x 10 x 111
g = = 3.87
2 x 143.5
3.87 ¡ÃÑÁ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¶éÒµéÍ§¡ÒÃãËéÁÕ«ÔÅàÇÍÃì¤ÅÍäÃ´ìà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ 10 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªéá¤Åà«ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ìã¹»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¹Õé ...................
3. ¡ÒÃ¼ÅÔµ¡Ã´¿ÍÊ¿ÍÃÔ¡ (H3PO4) à¾×Íè ¡ÒÃ¤éÒ¨Ðãªé»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ´Ñ§ÊÁ¡ÒÃ

Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) + 6H2O(l) → 3CaSO4•2H2O(s) + 2H3PO4(aq)
¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ÁÇÅ¢Í§¡Ã´«ÑÅ¿ÔÇÃÔ¡ (H2SO4) ·ÕèµéÍ§ãªé·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñºá¤Åà«ÕÂÁ¿ÍÊà¿µ (Ca3(PO4)2) 100 ¡ÃÑÁ
(¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ H2SO4 = 98 áÅÐ Ca3(PO4)2 = 310)
100 g Ca3(PO4)2
ÇÔ¸Õ¤´Ô ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = .................................................... ? g H2SO4
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ....................................................
âÁÅ H2SO4
................................................
âÁÅ Ca3(PO4)2 1
∴ ............................................
1 x âÁÅ H2SO4 = 3 x âÁÅ Ca3(PO4)2
................................................
¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì 1 mol Ca3(PO4)2 100 g Ca (PO )
1 x âÁÅ H2SO4 = 3 x âÁÅ Ca3(PO4)2 g H2SO4 = 198molg HH22SO
SO4 x 3 mol H2SO4 x x 3 4 2
g g 4 1 mol Ca3(PO4)2 310 g Ca3(PO4)2

1x = 3x
Mw Mw
1x
g
= 3x
100 = 94.84 g H2SO4
98 310
3 x 100 x 98
g = = 94.84
310 x 1
94.84 ¡ÃÑÁ à¾×èÍ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñºá¤Åà«ÕÂÁ¿ÍÊà¿µ 100 ¡ÃÑÁ

´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªé¡Ã´«ÑÅ¿ÔÇÃÔ¡ ..................
Ë¹éÒ 5
4. ¡ÒÃ¶ÅØ§áÃè¤ÒÅâ¤ä¾äÃµìËÃ×ÍáÃè·Í§á´§ (CuFeS2) à¾×èÍãËéä´éâÅËÐ·Í§á´§ºÃÔÊØ·¸Ôì à»ç¹´Ñ§ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕµèÍä»¹Õé
6CuFeS2 (s) + 15O2 (g) → 6Cu (s) + 6FeO (s) + 12SO2 (g)
¶éÒãªéáÃè¤ÒÅâ¤ä¾äÃµì »ÃÔÁÒ³ 1,840 ¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ ¨Ðà¡Ô´á¡êÊ«ÑÅà¿ÍÃìä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (SO2) ¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ
(¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ CuFeS2 = 183.5 áÅÐ SO2 = 64)
? g SO 2
1,840 kg CuFeS2 ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ....................................................
ÇÔ¸Õ¤´Ô ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = ....................................................
âÁÅ SO2
................................................
âÁÅ CuFeS2 6
∴ ............................................
6 x âÁÅ SO2 = 12 x âÁÅ CuFeS2
................................................
6 x âÁÅ SO2 = 12 x âÁÅ CuFeS4 gSO2 = 64 g SO2
x 12 mol SO2 x 1 mol CuFeS2
g g 1 mol SO2 6 mol CuFeS2 183.5 g CuFeS2
6x = 12 x
Mw Mw
6x
g
= 12 x
1,840,000 x 1,000 g CuFeS2 x 1840 kg CuFeS2
64 183.5 1 kg CuFeS2
12 x 1,840,000 x 64
g =
183.5 x 6
= 1.28 x 106 = 1.28 x 106 gSO2
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¶éÒãªéáÃè¤ÒÅâ¤ä¾äÃµì »ÃÔÁÒ³ 1,840 ¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ ¨Ðà¡Ô´á¡êÊ«ÑÅà¿ÍÃìä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì ................................

1.28 x 106 ¡ÃÑÁ
5. àÁ×èÍ¹Ó¹éÓ (H2O) ÁÒáÂ¡´éÇÂ¡ÃÐáÊä¿¿éÒ ¨¹ä´éá¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ (H2) áÅÐá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O2) ´Ñ§ÊÁ¡ÒÃ

2H2O(g) → 2H2(g) + O2(g) Íº .......ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕÂÑ§äÁè´ØÅ
ËÒ¡ãªé¹éÓ (H2O) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 675 ¡ÃÑÁ¨¹ËÁ´¨Ðà¡Ô´á¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O2) ¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ
(¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ H2O = 18 áÅÐ O2 = 32)
675 g H2O
ÇÔ¸Õ¤´Ô ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = .................................................... ? g O2
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ....................................................
âÁÅ O2
................................................
âÁÅ H2O 2
∴ ............................................
2 x âÁÅ O2 = ................................................H2O
1 x âÁÅ
32 g O2 1 mol O2 1 mol H2O
2 x âÁÅ O2 = 1 x âÁÅ H2O g O2 = x x x 675 g H2O
g g 1 mol O2 2 mol H2O
2x = 1x 18 g H2O
Mw Mw
g 675
6x
32
= 1x
18 = 600 g H2O
1 x 675 x 32
g = = 600
18 x 6
200 ¡ÃÑÁ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ËÒ¡ãªé¹éÓ 675 ¡ÃÑÁ ÁÒáÂ¡´éÇÂ¡ÃÐáÊä¿¿éÒ ¨Ðà¡Ô´á¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ .......................
Ë¹éÒ 6
6. àÁ×èÍà¼Òâ«à´ÕÂÁä¹àµÃµ¨Ðä´é¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ì´Ñ§ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ¹Õé
2NaNO3(s) → 2NaNO2(s) + O2(g) (µÍ......(ÊÁ¡ÒÃÂÑ§äÁè´ØÅ)
¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ÇèÒ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªéâ«à´ÕÂÁä¹àµÃµ (NaNO3) ¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ à¾×èÍãËéä´éá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O2) 1.60 ¡ÃÑÁ
(¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ NaNO3 = 85 áÅÐ O2 = 32)
1.6 g O2 ? g NaNO3
ÇÔ¸Õ¤´Ô ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = .................................................... ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ....................................................
âÁÅ NaNO3
................................................
âÁÅ O2 1
∴ ............................................
1 x âÁÅ NaNO3 = 2 x âÁÅ O2
................................................
85 g NaNO3 1 mol O2
1 x âÁÅ NaNO3 = 2 x âÁÅ O2 g NaNO3 = x 2 mol NaNO3 x x 1.6 g O2
g g 1 mol NaNO3 1 mol O2 32 g O2
1x = 2x
Mw Mw
g 1.6
1x
85
= 2x
32
= 8.5 g O2
2 x 1.6 x 85
g = = 8.5
32 x 1
8.5 ¡ÃÑÁ à¾×Íè ãËéä´éá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ 1.60 ¡ÃÑÁ

´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªéâ«à´ÕÂÁä¹àµÃµ ..................
7. »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡ÒÃÊÑ§à¤ÃÒÐËìáÍÊä¾ÃÔ¹ (C9H8O4) à»ç¹´Ñ§ÊÁ¡ÒÃ¹Õé

C7H6O3(s) + C4H6O3(l) → C9H8O4(s) + C2H4O2(l)
¶éÒãªé¡Ã´«ÒÅÔ«Ô¡ (C7H6O3) 500 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§áÍ«ÕµÔ¡áÍ¹äÎä´Ã´ì (C4H6O3) ·ÕèµéÍ§ãªéã¹¡ÒÃ
·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ (¤ÇÒÁË¹Òá¹è¹¢Í§ C4H6O3 = 1.082 g/cm3 ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ C4H6O3 =102, C7H6O3 = 138)
500 g C7H6O3
ÇÔ¸Õ¤´Ô ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = .................................................... ? mL C4H6O3
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ....................................................
âÁÅ C4H6O3
................................................
âÁÅ C7H6O3 1
∴ ............................................
1 x âÁÅ C4H6O3 = 1 x âÁÅ C7H6O3
................................................
¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì 102 g C4H6O3 1 mol C4H6O3
1 x âÁÅ C4H6O3 = 1 x âÁÅ C7H6O3 mL C2H6O3 = 1 mL C4H6O3 x x
dv g 1.082 g C4H6O3 1 mol C4H6O3 1 mol C7H6O3
1x = 1x
Mw Mw
1.082 x v 500 x 1 mol C7H6O3 x 500 g C7H6O3
1x = 1x
102 138 138 g C7H6O3
500 x 102
v = 138 x 1.082
= 341.5 mL = 341.5 mL C2H6O
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªéáÍ«ÕµÔ¡áÍ¹äÎä´Ã´ì .............

341.5 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ à¾×èÍ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ¾Í´Õ¡Ñº¡Ã´«ÒÅÔ«Ô¡ 500 ¡ÃÑÁ
Ë¹éÒ 7
8. ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªéÍÒ¡ÒÈ¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ à¾×èÍà¼ÒäËÁé¶èÒ¹ËÔ¹ 120 ¡ÃÑÁ ¶éÒ¶èÒ¹ËÔ¹»ÃÐ¡Íº´éÇÂ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ÃéÍÂÅÐ 95 áÅÐÊèÇ¹»ÃÐ¡ÍºÍ×è¹
·ÕèäÁèà¡Ô´¡ÒÃà¼ÒäËÁéÃéÍÂÅÐ 5 â´ÂÁÇÅ ¡ÓË¹´ãËéÍÒ¡ÒÈÁÕá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹à»ç¹Í§¤ì»ÃÐ¡ÍºÃéÍÂÅÐ 23 â´ÂÁÇÅ
(¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ O2 = 32 áÅÐÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ C = 12)
»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡ÒÃà¼ÒäËÁé¢Í§ C ¤×Í
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
120 g ¶èÒ¹ËÔ¹
ÇÔ¸Õ¤´Ô ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = .................................................... ? g ÍÒ¡ÒÈ
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ....................................................
100 g ÍÒ¡ÒÈ 32 g O2 1 mol O2 1 mol C 95 g C
g ÍÒ¡ÒÈ = x x x x x 120 g ¶èÒ¹
23 g O2 1 mol O2 1 mol C 12 g C 100 g ¶èÒ¹
= 1,332 gÍÒ¡ÒÈ
1,332 ¡ÃÑÁ à¾×èÍà¼ÒäËÁé¶èÒ¹ËÔ¹ 120 ¡ÃÑÁ

´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªéÍÒ¡ÒÈ ......................
Ë¹éÒ 8
ãº§Ò¹ àÃ×Íè § ¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³»ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÒÃ·Õàè ¡ÕÂè Ç¢éÍ§¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹
ª×èÍ ……………….....……………………….…................. ªÑé¹ ………… àÅ¢·Õè …………
¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³»ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÒÃ·Õàè ¡ÕÂè Ç¢éÍ§¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹
¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³»ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÒÃ·Õàè ¡ÕÂè Ç¢éÍ§¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹

• ã¹¡ÒÃà¡Ô´»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ ÊÒÃ·Õè·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡Ñ¹¤×Í µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ
• áÊ´§»ÃÔÁÒ³¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ¤èÒ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ·Õè¹ÔÂÁãªé¤×Í Ë¹èÇÂâÁÅÒÃì (mol/L)
• ¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³»ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÒÃ·Õèà¡ÕèÂÇ¢éÍ§¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ ¨ÐÁÕ 2 á¹Ç·Ò§ ä´éá¡è
ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 1 ¡ÒÃãªé¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§âÁÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹áÅÐ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
CV g
n= ËÃ×Í n=
1000 Mw
â´ÂÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹âÁÅ·Õè¾Í´ÕÃÐËÇèÒ§ÊÒÃ ãËé´Ù¨Ò¡àÅ¢ÊÑÁ»ÃÐÊÔ·¸ÔìâÁÅ (àÅ¢´ØÅ) ã¹ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ
ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 2 ¡ÒÃãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕÂè ¹Ë¹èÇÂ â´ÂÁÕá¿¡àµÍÃì·ÕèÊÓ¤ÑÞ´Ñ§¹Õé

(¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹) mol µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ
• ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁÅÒÃì à¢ÕÂ¹à»ç¹á¿¡àµÍÃìä´éÇèÒ
(àÅ¢´ØÅ) mol µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ·Õè 1

• âÁÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ·Õè·Ó»¯Ô¡ÃÔ ÂÔ Ò¾Í´Õ¡¹Ñ à¢ÕÂ¹à»ç¹á¿¡àµÍÃìä´éÇèÒ
(àÅ¢´ØÅ) mol µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ·Õè 2
• ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕÂè ¹Ë¹èÇÂ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ à¢ÕÂ¹à»ç¹á¿¡àµÍÃìä´éÇèÒ 1,000 mL ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ

(ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ) g µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ
• ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§µÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ à¢ÕÂ¹à»ç¹á¿¡àµÍÃìä´éÇèÒ
1 molµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ
Ë¹éÒ 1
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 1 ¨§ËÒ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ (NaOH) »ÃÔÁÒµÃ 50 ÁÔÅÅÔµÃ ·Õè·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñº
ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´«ÑÅ¿ÔÇÃÔ¡ (H2SO4) à¢éÁ¢é¹ 0.2 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ »ÃÔÁÒµÃ 12.4 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
ÊÅÅ.H2SO4 0.2 M, 12.4 mL ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ........................................................................

ÇÔ¸Õ¤´Ô ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = ................................................................ ÊÅÅ.NaOH ? M, 50 mL
âÁÅ NaOH
................................................
âÁÅ H2SO4 1
1 x âÁÅ NaOH
∴ ............................................ = 2 x âÁÅ H2SO4
................................................
1 x âÁÅ NaOH = 2 x âÁÅ H2SO4 mol NaOH
= 2 mol NaOH x 0.2 mol H2SO4 x 12.4 mL ÊÅÅ.H2SO4
L ÊÅÅ.NaOH 1 mol H2SO4 1000 mL ÊÅÅ.H2SO4 50 mL ÊÅÅ.NaOH
CV CV
1x = 2x x 1,000 mL ÊÅÅ.NaOH
1,000 1,000
C x 50 0.2 x 12.4 1 L ÊÅÅ.NaOH
1x = 2x
1,000 1,000 = 0.0992 mol/L
2 x 0.2 x 12.4
c= = 0.0992 mol/L
50
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ìÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ .................................
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 2 ¶éÒãªéÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁäÍâÍä´´ì (KI) à¢éÁ¢é¹ 0.5 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ »ÃÔÁÒµÃ 4 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ

¡ÑºÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂàÅ´(II)ä¹à·Ãµ (Pb(NO3)2) »ÃÔÁÒµÃ 1 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ àÁ×èÍ»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹à»ç¹´Ñ§¹Õé
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI (aq) → PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ
2.1) ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂàÅ´(II)ä¹à·Ãµ (Pb(NO3)2) ã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁÅÒÃì
2.2) ÁÇÅ¢Í§àÅ´(II)äÍâÍ´ì (PbI2) ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹
2.3) ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§â¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁä¹à·Ãµ (KNO3) ã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ àÁ×èÍ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂäÁèà»ÅÕèÂ¹á»Å§
ÇÔ¸Õ¤´Ô
2.1) ËÒ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂàÅ´(II)ä¹à·Ãµ
ÊÅÅ.KI 0.5 M, 4 mL
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = ................................................................ ÊÅÅ.Pb(NO3)2 ? M, 1 mL
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ........................................................................
âÁÅ Pb(NO3)2
................................................
âÁÅ KI 2
2 x âÁÅ Pb(NO3)2
∴ ............................................ = 1 x âÁÅ KI
................................................
Ë¹éÒ 2
¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì mol Pb(NO3)2 4 mL ÊÅÅ.KI
2 x âÁÅ Pb(NO3)2 = 1 x âÁÅ KI =
2 mol Pb(NO3)2
x 0.5 mol KI x
L ÊÅÅ. 1 mol KI 1000 mL ÊÅÅ.KI 1 mL ÊÅÅ.Pb(NO3)2
CV CV
2x =1x x 1,000 mL ÊÅÅ.Pb(NO3)2
1,000 1,000
Cx1 0.5 x 4
2x = 1x 1 L ÊÅÅ.Pb(NO3)2
1,000 1,000
c =
0.5 x 4
= 0.25 mol/L = 0.25 mol/L
2
0.25
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂàÅ´(II)ä¹àµÃµ ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ ................................. âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ
2.2) ÁÇÅ¢Í§àÅ´(II)äÍâÍ´ì (PbI2) ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ PbI2 = 461)

ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = ................................................................ ? ÁÇÅ¢Í§ PbI2
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ........................................................................
âÁÅ PbI2
................................................
âÁÅ KI 2
2 x âÁÅ PbI2
∴ ............................................ = 1 x âÁÅ KI
................................................
461 g PbI2 1 mol PbI2 x 0.5 mol KI x 4 mL ÊÅÅ.KI
2 x âÁÅ PbI2 = 1 x âÁÅ KI g PbI2 = x
1 mol PbI2 2 mol KI 1,000 mL ÊÅÅ.KI
g CV
2x = 1 x = 0.461 g PbI2
Mw 1,000
g 0.5 x 4
2 x 461 = 1 x 1,000
0.5 x 4 x 461
g = 1000 x 2 = 0.461 g
0.461 ¡ÃÑÁ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÁÕÊÒÃàÅ´(II)äÍâÍ´ì à¡Ô´¢Öé¹ ......................
Ë¹éÒ 3
2.3) ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§â¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁä¹à·Ãµ (KNO3) ã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ àÁ×èÍ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂäÁèà»ÅÕèÂ¹á»Å§
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = ................................................................ ÊÅÅ.KNO3 ? M, (4+1 = 5 mL)
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ........................................................................
âÁÅ KNO3
................................................
âÁÅ KI 2
2 x âÁÅ KNO3
∴ ............................................ = 2 x âÁÅ KI
................................................
2 x âÁÅ KNO3 = 2 x âÁÅ KI mol KNO3 2 mol KNO3 x 0.5 mol KI x 4 mL ÊÅÅ.KI
CV CV L ÊÅÅ.ÃÇÁ
= 2 mol KI 1000 mL ÊÅÅ.KI 5 mL ÊÅÅ.ÃÇÁ
2x =2x
1,000 1,000 x 1,000 mL ÊÅÅ.ÃÇÁ
Cx5 0.5 x 4
2x =2x 1 L ÊÅÅ.ÃÇÁ
1,000 1,000
0.5 x 4
c= 5
= 0.4 mol/L = 0.4 mol/L
0.4
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁ(II)ä¹àµÃµ ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ ................................. âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 3 ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´¿ÍÊ¿ÍÃÔ¡ (H3PO4) ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ 12.9 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ

·Õè·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡ÑºÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂáÍÁâÁà¹ÕÂ (NH3) à¢éÁ¢é¹ 7.4 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ »ÃÔÁÒµÃ 3.48 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ
H3PO4(aq) + 3NH3(aq) → (NH4)3PO4(aq)
ÇÔ¸Õ¤´Ô
ÊÅÅH3PO4 12.9 M, ? mL
ÊÅÅ.NH3 7.4 M, 3.48 mL ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ........................................................................
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = ................................................................
âÁÅ H3PO4
................................................
âÁÅ NH3 3
3 x âÁÅ H3PO4
∴ ............................................ = 1 x âÁÅ NH3
................................................
¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì 1 L ÊÅÅ.H3PO4 1 mol H3PO4
mL ÊÅÅ.H3PO4 = 1000 mL ÊÅÅ.H3PO4 x x
3 x âÁÅ H3PO4 = 1 x âÁÅ NH3 1 L ÊÅÅ.H3PO4 12.9 mol H3PO4 3 mol NH3
CV CV
3x =1x 7.4 mol NH3
1,000 1,000 x x 3.48 mL NH3
12.9 x V 7.4 x 3.48
3x =1x 1,000 mL NH3
1,000 1,000
7.4 x 3.48
V= = 0.67 mL = 0.67 mL ÊÅÅ.H3PO4
3 x 12.9
0.67
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ »ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´¿ÍÊ¿ÍÃÔ¡ à·èÒ¡Ñº ................................. ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ
Ë¹éÒ 4
1. àÁ×èÍ¹ÓÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ì (NaOH) à¢éÁ¢é¹ 0.1 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ »ÃÔÁÒµÃ 100 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ ÁÒ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ
¡ÑºÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´ä¹µÃÔ¡ (HNO3) »ÃÔÁÒµÃ 125 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ à¢ÕÂ¹ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕáÊ´§¡ÒÃà¡Ô´»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ´Ñ§¹Õé
NaOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l) .............ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ´ØÅáÅéÇ
¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´ä¹µÃÔ¡ã¹Ë¹èÇÂâÁÅÒÃì
ÇÔ¸Õ¤´Ô
ÊÅÅ.HNO3 ? M, 125 mL
ÊÅÅ.NaOH 0.1 M, 100 mL ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ........................................................................
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = ................................................................
âÁÅ HNO3
................................................
âÁÅ NaOH 1
∴ ............................................
1 x âÁÅ HNO3 = 1 x âÁÅ NaOH
................................................
âÁÅ HNO3 = âÁÅ NaOH mol HNO3 100 mL ÊÅÅ.KI
CV CV =
2 mol HNO3
x 0.1 mol NaOH x
= L= ÊÅÅ. HNO3 1 mol NaOH 1000 mL ÊÅÅ.KI 125 mL ÊÅÅ. HNO3
1,000 1,000
C x 125 0.1 x 100 x 1,000 mL ÊÅÅ. HNO3
=
1,000 1,000 1 L ÊÅÅ. HNO3
0.1 x 100
c = = 0.08 M
125 = = 0.08 mol/L =
0 25 M
0.08
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´ä¹µÃÔ¡ ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ ................................. âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ
2. àÁ×èÍ¹ÓâÅËÐÍÐÅÙÁÔà¹ÕÂÁ (Al) ÁÒ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡ÑºÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ«Ô§¤ì(II)ä¹àµÃµ (Zn(NO3)2) à¢éÁ¢é¹ 0.4 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ

»ÃÔÁÒµÃ 50 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ àÁ×èÍ»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹à»ç¹´Ñ§¹Õé
2Al(s) + 3Zn(NO3)2(aq) → 2Al(NO3)3(aq) + 3Zn(s) .............ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ´ØÅáÅéÇ
¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ
2.1) ÁÇÅ¢Í§ÍÐÅÙÁÔà¹ÕÂÁ (Al) ·Õè¨Ðãªé·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡ÑºÊÒÃ´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇã¹Ë¹èÇÂ¡ÃÑÁ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ Al = 27)
2.2) ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÍÐÅÙÁÔà¹ÕÂÁä¹à·Ãµ (Al(NO3)3) ã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂÃÇÁàÁ×èÍ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂäÁèà»ÅÕèÂ¹á»Å§
ÇÔ¸Õ¤´Ô
2.1) ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ Al ·Õè¨Ðãªé·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = ÊÅÅ .Zn(NO3)2 0.4 M, 50 mL ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ........................................................................
................................................................ ? gAl
âÁÅ Al
................................................
âÁÅ Zn(NO3)2 3
∴ ............................................
3 x âÁÅ Al = 2 x âÁÅ Zn(NO3)2
................................................
Ë¹éÒ 5
3 x âÁÅ Al = 2 x Zn(NO3)2 g Al = 27 g Al x 2 mol Al x 0.5 mol Zn(NO3)2 x 50 mL ÊÅÅ. Zn(NO3)2
g CV 1 mol Al 3 mol Zn(NO3)2 1,000 mL ÊÅÅ.Zn(NO3)2
3x = 2x =
Mw 1,000 = 0.36 g Al
g 0.4 x 50
3x = 2x
27 1,000
2 x 0.4 x 50 x 27
g= = 0.36 ¡ÃÑÁ
1,000 x 3 = =
0.36 ¡ÃÑÁ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÁÇÅ¢Í§ÍÐÅÙÁÔà¹ÕÂÁ à·èÒ¡Ñº ..............................
2.2) ËÒ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂÍÐÅÙÁÔà¹ÕÂÁä¹à·Ãµ (Al(NO3)3)

ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = ÊÅÅ .Zn(NO3)2 0.4 M, 50 mL ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ........................................................................
................................................................ ÊÅÅ.Al(NO3)3 ? M, 50 mL
âÁÅ Al(NO3)3
................................................
âÁÅ Zn(NO3)2 3
∴ ............................................
3 x Al(NO3)3 = 2 x âÁÅ Zn(NO3)2
................................................
¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì mol Al(NO3)3 2 mol Al(NO3)3 0.4 mol Znl(NO3)2 50 mL ÊÅÅZnl(NO3)2
3 x âÁÅ Al(NO3)3 = 2 x âÁÅ Zn(NO3)2 = x x
L ÊÅÅ.ÃÇÁ 3 mol Znl(NO3)2 1000 mLÊÅÅ.Znl(NO3)2 50 mL ÊÅÅ.ÃÇÁ
CV CV
3x 1,000
=2x 1,000
= x 1,000 mL ÊÅÅ.ÃÇÁ
C x 50 0.4 x 50 1 L ÊÅÅ.ÃÇÁ
3x =2x
1,000 1,000
c=
2 x 0.4 x 50
= 0.27 mol/L
= 0.27 mol/L
3 x 50 = =
0.27
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÍÐÅÙÁÔà¹ÕÂÁä¹à·Ãµ ã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ à·èÒ¡Ñº ................................. âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ
Ë¹éÒ 6
3. âÅËÐÊÑ§¡ÐÊÕ (Zn) ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ¡ÑºÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´äÎâ´Ã¤ÅÍÃÔ¡ (HCl) à¢ÕÂ¹ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕä´é´Ñ§¹Õé
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → H2(s) + ZnCl2(aq) ...ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕÂÑ§äÁè´ØÅ
¶éÒãªéâÅËÐÊÑ§¡ÐÊÕ 13.07 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªéÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´äÎâ´Ã¤ÅÍÃÔ¡à¢éÁ¢é¹ 2 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ »ÃÔÁÒµÃ¡ÕÁè ÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ
ÇÔ¸Õ¤´Ô ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = ................................................................
13.07 g Zn ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ........................................................................
ÊÅÅ.HCl 2 M, ? mL
ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹âÁÅÃÐËÇèÒ§ÊÒÃ ...........................................
âÁÅ HCl = 2
................................................
1
âÁÅ Zn
∴ ............................................
1 x âÁÅ HCl = ................................................
2 x âÁÅ Zn
¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì 1000 mL ÊÅÅ.HCl 1 L ÊÅÅ.HCl 1 mol HCl
âÁÅ HCl = 2 x âÁÅ Zn mL ÊÅÅ.HCl = x x
1 L ÊÅÅ.HCl 2 mol HCl 1 mol Zn
CV g
= 2x =
1,000 Mw
x 1 mol Zn x 13.07 g Zn
2xV 13.07
1,000
= 2x 27
27 g Zn
2 x 13.07 x 1,000
v= = 484 mL
27 x 2 = = =
484 mL ÊÅÅ.HCl
484
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªéÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´äÎâ´Ã¤ÅÍÃÔ¡ »ÃÔÁÒµÃ ............................. ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ
4. »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕÃÐËÇèÒ§âÅËÐ·Í§á´§ (Cu) áÅÐÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ«ÔÅàÇÍÃìä¹à·Ãµ (AgNO3) à¢ÕÂ¹áÊ´§ä´é´Ñ§¹Õé
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → 2Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq) ...ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕÂÑ§äÁè´ØÅ
¶éÒãªéÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ«ÔÅàÇÍÃìä¹à·Ãµà¢éÁ¢é¹ 2.5 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ »ÃÔÁÒµÃ 5 ÅÔµÃ ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡ÑºâÅËÐ·Í§á´§
¨Ðä´éâÅËÐà§Ô¹¡Õè¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ
ÇÔ¸Õ¤´Ô ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = ÊÅÅ .AgNO3 2.5 M, 5 mL ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ....................................................
.................................................... ? kg Ag
âÁÅ Ag
................................................
âÁÅ AgNO3 2
∴ ............................................
2 x âÁÅ Ag = 2 x âÁÅ AgNO3
................................................
2 x âÁÅ Ag = 2 x âÁÅ AgNO3 kg Ag = 1 kg Ag x 108 g Ag x 2 mol Ag
g CV 1,000 g Ag 1 mol Ag 2 mol AgNO3
2x Mw
= 2x 1,000
=
2x
g
= 2x
2.5 x 5000 x 2.5 mol AgNO3 x 5 mL ÊÅÅ.AgNO3
108 1,000 1,000 mL ÊÅÅ.AgNO3
2 x 2.5 x 5000 x 108
g= = 1.35 kg Ag
1,000 x 2 = =
g = 1,350 g = 1.35 kg
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨Ðä´éâÅËÐà§Ô¹ à·èÒ¡Ñº .................................

1.35 ¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ
Ë¹éÒ 7
ãº§Ò¹ àÃ×Íè § ¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³»ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÒÃ·Õàè ¡ÕÂè Ç¢éÍ§¡Ñº»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊ
ª×èÍ ……………….....………………………..………............ ªÑé¹ ……….… àÅ¢·Õè ……….
¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³»ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÒÃ·Õàè ¡ÕÂè Ç¢éÍ§¡Ñº»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊ
¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³»ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÒÃ·Õàè ¡ÕÂè Ç¢éÍ§¡Ñº»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊ
á¡êÊÁÕÁÇÅ¹éÍÂÁÒ¡¨Ö§¹ÔÂÁÇÑ´»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊâ´Â¤Ó¹Ç³ä´é´Ñ§¹Õé
1. ¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊ·Õè STP ·Õèà¡ÕèÂÇ¢éÍ§¡Ñº»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕâ´Âãªé¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§âÁÅ¡Ñº»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊ
ÁÕÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ÍÂÙè 2 ÇÔ¸Õä´éá¡è
ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 1 ãªéÊµÙ Ã·ÕÊè ÁÑ ¾Ñ¹¸ì¡¹Ñ ÃÐËÇèÒ§âÁÅ¡Ñº»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊ áÅÐâÁÅ¡ÑºÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ
V g
n = 22.4 áÅÐ n = Mw
â´ÂÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹âÁÅ·Õè¾Í´ÕÃÐËÇèÒ§ÊÒÃ ãËé´Ù¨Ò¡àÅ¢ÊÑÁ»ÃÐÊÔ·¸ÔìâÁÅ (àÅ¢´ØÅ) ã¹ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ
ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 2 ¡ÒÃãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕÂè ¹Ë¹èÇÂ â´ÂÁÕá¿¡àµÍÃì·ÕèÊÓ¤ÑÞ´Ñ§¹Õé
1 molá¡êÊ
• »ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊ·Õè STP à¢ÕÂ¹à»ç¹á¿¡àµÍÃìä´éÇèÒ
22.4 mL·Õè STP
(àÅ¢´ØÅ) molµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ·Õè 1
• âÁÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ·Õè·Ó¾Í´Õ¡¹Ñ à¢ÕÂ¹à»ç¹á¿¡àµÍÃìä´éÇèÒ
(àÅ¢´ØÅ) molµÑÇÅÐÅÒÂ·Õè 2
1 mol ÊÒÃ
• ÁÇÅµèÍâÁÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ à¢ÕÂ¹à»ç¹á¿¡àµÍÃìä´éÇèÒ
ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ (g)ÊÒÃ
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 1 »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕµèÍä»¹Õé C(s) + 2H2(s) → CH4(g) ...ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ´ØÅáÅéÇ
·Õè STP ¶éÒãªéá¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹¨Ó¹Ç¹ 13.44 ÅÔµÃ ¨Ð·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñº¶èÒ¹ (C) ¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ 13.44 L H2 ·Õè STP
= ................................................................. ?gC
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ...............................................................
âÁÅ C
ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹âÁÅÃÐËÇèÒ§ÊÒÃ ............................................................... = 1
..........................................................................
âÁÅ H2 2 1 x âÁÅ H
2 x âÁÅ C
∴ .............................................................. = ..........................................................................
2

2 x âÁÅ C = 1 x âÁÅ H2 gC = 12 g C x 1 mol C x 1 mol H2 x 13.44 L H2
g V 1 mol C 2 mol H2 22.4 L H2
2x = 1x
Mw 22.4
2x
g
= 1x
13.44 = 3.60 g H2
12 22.4
1 x 13.44 x 12
g= = 3.60
22.4 x 2
3.60 ¡ÃÑÁ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ á¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹¨Ó¹Ç¹ 13.44 ÅÔµÃ ¨Ð·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñº¶èÒ¹ ..................
Ë¹éÒ 1
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 2 ¡ÒÃÊÑ§à¤ÃÒÐËì´éÇÂáÊ§¢Í§¾×ª à¡Ô´»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ´Ñ§¹Õé

6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) → C6H12O6(g) + 6O2(g) ...ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ´ØÅáÅéÇ
¾×ªµéÍ§ãªéá¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (CO2) ¡ÕèÅÔµÃ ¨Ö§¨ÐÊÒÁÒÃ¶ÊÑ§à¤ÃÒÐËì¡ÅÙâ¤Ê (C6H12O6) ä´é 36 ¡ÃÑÁ

36 g C6H12O6
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = .................................................... ? L CO2 ·Õè STP
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = .............................................
âÁÅ CO2 6
âÁÅ C6H12O6 1
∴ ............................................
1 x âÁÅ CO2 = 6 x âÁÅ C6H12O6
................................................
22.4 L CO2 1 mol C6H12O6
1 x âÁÅ CO2 = 6 x âÁÅ C6H12O6 L CO2 = x 6 mol CO2 x x 36 g C6H12O6
V g 1 mol CO2 1 mol C6H12O6 180 g C6H12O6
1x = 6x
22.4 Mw
1x
V
= 6x
36 = 26.88 L CO2
22.4 180
6 x 36 x 22.4
V = = 26.88 L
180 x 1
26.88 ÅÔµÃ ¨Ö§¨ÐÊÒÁÒÃ¶ÊÑ§à¤ÃÒÐËì¡ÅÙâ¤Êä´é 36 ¡ÃÑÁ

´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ µéÍ§ãªéá¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì .................
¤ÓªÕáé ¨§ : ¨§µÍº¤Ó¶ÒÁµèÍä»¹Õé
1. á¡êÊ«ÑÅà¿ÍÃìä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (SO2) ã¹ÍÒ¡ÒÈÊÒÁÒÃ¶¶Ù¡¡Ó¨Ñ´ä´éâ´ÂãËé·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡Ñºá¤Åà«ÕÂÁ¤ÒÃìºÍà¹µ (CaCO3)
´Ñ§ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ¹Õé
2CaCO3(s) + 2SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2CaSO4(s) + 2CO2(g) ...ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕÂÑ§äÁè´ØÅ
¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§á¤Åà«ÕÂÁ¤ÒÃìºÍà¹µ·ÕèµéÍ§ãªéã¹¡ÒÃ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡Ñºá¡êÊ SO2 ·ÕèÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ 1.12 ÅÔµÃ·Õè STP
(ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ CaCO3 = 100)
? g CaCO3
1.12 L SO2 ·Õè STP ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ..............................................
ÇÔ¸Õ¤´Ô ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = ....................................................
âÁÅ CaCO3
................................................
âÁÅ SO2 2
∴ 2 x âÁÅ CaCO3
............................................ = 2 x âÁÅ SO2
................................................
2 mol CaCO3
2 x âÁÅ CaCO3 = 2 x âÁÅ SO2 g CaCO3 = 100 g CaCO3 x x 1 mol SO2 x 1.12 L SO2
g V 1 mol CaCO3 2 mol SO2 22.4 L SO2
2x =2x
Mw 22.4
2x
g
=2x
1.12 = 5 g CaCO3
100 22.4
2 x 1.12 x 100
g= = 5 ¡ÃÑÁ
22.4 x 2
5
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ã¹¡ÒÃ¡Ó¨Ñ´á¡êÊ«ÑÅà¿ÍÃìä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì 1.12 ÅÔµÃ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªéá¤Åà«ÕÂÁ¤ÒÃìºÍà¹µ .................. ¡ÃÑÁ Ë¹éÒ 2
2. ¿ÍÊ¿ÍÃÑÊÊÒÁÒÃ¶·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñºá¡êÊ¤ÅÍÃÕ¹ä´é´Ñ§ÊÁ¡ÒÃ¢éÒ§ÅèÒ§¹Õé
2P(s) + 3Cl2(g) → 2PCl3(g) ...ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕÂÑ§äÁè´ØÅ
¶éÒµéÍ§¡ÒÃãËéÁÕá¡êÊ¿ÍÊ¿ÍÃÑÊäµÃ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì (PCl3) à¡Ô´¢Öé¹ 825 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªéá¡êÊ¤ÅÍÃÕ¹ (Cl2) ã¹¡ÒÃ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ
¡ÕèÅÔµÃ·Õè STP (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ PCl3 = 137.5)
825 g PCl3
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = .................................................... ? L Cl2 ·ÕèSTP
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = .............................................
âÁÅ Cl2
................................................
âÁÅ PCl3 2
∴ ............................................
2 x âÁÅ Cl2 = 3 x âÁÅ PCl3
................................................
2 x âÁÅ Cl2 = 3 x âÁÅ PCl3 L Cl2 = 22.4 L Cl2 x
3 mol Cl2
x 1 mol PCl3
x 825 g PCl3
V g 1 mol Cl2 2 mol PCl3 137.5 g PCl3
2x = 3x
22.4 Mw
2x
V
= 3x
825 = 201.5 L Cl2
22.4 137.5
3 x 825 x 22.4
V= = 201.5 L
137.5 x 2
201.5 ÅÔµÃ à¾×Íè ·ÓãËéá¡êÊ¿ÍÊ¿ÍÃÑÊäµÃ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì 825 ¡ÃÑÁ

´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªéá¡êÊ¤ÅÍÃÕ¹ .................
»¯Ô¡ÃÔ ÂÔ Òà¤ÁÕ¢Í§á¡êÊ
¶éÒ¹Óá¡êÊÊÍ§ª¹Ô´ÁÒ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡Ñ¹ ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹â´Â»ÃÔÁÒµÃÃÐËÇèÒ§á¡êÊ·Ñé§ÊÍ§·Õè·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡Ñ¹¾Í´ÕÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì
¡Ñº¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃã¹»¯Ô¡ÔÃÂÔ Ò «Öè§à»ç¹ä»µÒÁ¡®à¡Âì-ÅÙÊá«¡ (Gay-Lussac’s law) áÅÐ ÊÁÁµÔ°Ò¹¢Í§ÍâÇ¡Òâ´Ã
´Ñ§¹Õé
“·ÕèÍØ³ËÀÙÁÔáÅÐ¤ÇÒÁ´Ñ¹¤§·Õè
»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃµÑé§µé¹áÅÐ¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ì
“·ÕèÍØ³ËÀÙÁÔáÅÐ¤ÇÒÁ´Ñ¹¤§·Õè á¡êÊã´ æ ·ÕèÁÕ
·Õèà»ç¹á¡êÊ ÊÒÁÒÃ¶áÊ´§´éÇÂÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹
»ÃÔÁÒµÃà·èÒ¡Ñ¹¨ÐÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁàÅ¡ØÅà·èÒ¡Ñ¹”
µÑÇàÅ¢Å§µÑÇ¹éÍÂ æ”
à¡Âì-ÅÙÊá«¡
¹Ñ¡à¤ÁÕªÒÇ½ÃÑè§àÈÊ
ÍÒâÇ¡Òâ´Ã
¹Ñ¡¿ÔÊÔ¡ÊìªÒÇÍÔµÒÅÕ
Ë¹éÒ 3
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 3 á¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ (H2) ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡Ñºá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O2) à¡Ô´à»ç¹äÍ¹éÓ (H2O) ´Ñ§¹Õé
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g) ...ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ´ØÅáÅéÇ
¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹·Õè·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñºá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ 40 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ ·ÕèÍØ³ËÀÙÁÔ 25 Í§ÈÒà«Åà«ÕÂÊ
¤ÇÒÁ´Ñ¹ 1 ºÃÃÂÒ¡ÒÈ
40 L O2 ·Õè STP ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = .............................................
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = .................................................... ? L H2 ·ÕSè TP
âÁÅ H2
2
âÁÅ O2 1
∴ ............................................
1 x âÁÅ H2 = 2 x âÁÅ O2
................................................
¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì 1 mol O2
22.4 L H2 x 2 mol H2
1 x âÁÅ H2 = 2 x âÁÅ O2 L H2 = 1 mol H2 1 mol O2
x x 40 L O2
V V
22.4 L O2
1x = 2x
22.4 22.4
V 40 = 80 L H2
1x = 2x
22.4 22.4
2 x 40 x 22.4
V= = 80 L
22.4 x 1
80 ÅÔµÃ à¾×èÍ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñºá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ 40 ÅÔµÃ

´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ µéÍ§ãªéá¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ .............
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 4 á¡êÊä¹âµÃà¨¹ (N2) 30 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ ·Õè STP ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñºá¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ (H2) 90 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ ·Õè
STP ä´éá¡êÊª¹Ô´Ë¹Öè§ »ÃÔÁÒµÃ 60 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ ·Õè STP ¨§ËÒÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§á¡êÊ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ¡ÓË¹´ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ìà»ç¹ NxHy â´Â x ¤×Í¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ N áÅÐ y ¤×Í¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ H
ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ N2(g) + H2(g) → NxHy(g)
»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊ·Õè·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñ¹ 30 mL 90 mL 60 mL
ËÒÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹ÍÂèÒ§µèÓ¢Í§»ÃÔÁÒµÃá¡êÊ 30 90 60
=1 =3 =2
30 30 30
àÁ×èÍÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹â´Â»ÃÔÁÒµÃà·èÒ¡ÑºÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹â´ÂâÁÅ ¨Ö§à¢ÕÂ¹ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕä´é´Ñ§¹Õé
1N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NxHy(g)
ËÒ¤èÒ x áÅÐ y ¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì “¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§¸ÒµØª¹Ô´à´ÕÂÇ¡Ñ¹ã¹ÊÒÃµÑé§µé¹áÅÐ¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ì¨ÐµéÍ§à·èÒ¡Ñ¹”
¾Ô¨ÒÃ³Ò¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ N ¾Ô¨ÒÃ³Ò¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ H
¨Ó¹Ç¹ N ã¹¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ì = ¨Ó¹Ç¹ N ã¹ÊÒÃµÑé§µé¹ ¨Ó¹Ç¹ H ã¹¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ì = ¨Ó¹Ç¹ H ã¹ÊÒÃµÑé§µé¹
2x = 2 2y = 6
x = 1 y = 3
NH3
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§á¡êÊª¹Ô´¹Õé ¤×Í ............................
Ë¹éÒ 4
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 5 á¡êÊª¹Ô´Ë¹Öè§ (CxHY) ÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ 50 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ ÃÇÁµÑÇ¡Ñºá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O2) 150 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ
ä´é¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ìà»ç¹á¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (CO2) 100 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ áÅÐ¹éÓ (H2O) ¨§ËÒÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅáÅÐËÒÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ
¢Í§á¡êÊ¹Õé
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ¡ÓË¹´ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ìà»ç¹ CxHy â´Â x ¤×Í¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ C áÅÐ y ¤×Í¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ H
ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ CxHY(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O (g)
»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊ·Õè·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñ¹ 50 mL 150 mL 100 mL 100
ËÒÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹ÍÂèÒ§µèÓ¢Í§»ÃÔÁÒµÃá¡êÊ 50 150 100 100
=1 =3 =2 =2
50 50 50 50
1CxHY(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O (g)
¾Ô¨ÒÃ³Ò¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ C ¾Ô¨ÒÃ³Ò¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ H
¨Ó¹Ç¹ C ã¹¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ì = ¨Ó¹Ç¹ C ã¹ÊÒÃµÑé§µé¹ ¨Ó¹Ç¹ H ã¹¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ì = ¨Ó¹Ç¹ H ã¹ÊÒÃµÑé§µé¹
1x = 2 1y = 4
x = 2 y = 4
C2H4 ÁÕÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅà·èÒ¡Ñº ...............................................................................................

´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§á¡êÊª¹Ô´¹Õé ¤×Í ......................... 2(12) + 4(1) = 28
ÊÃØ»ä´éÇèÒ»ÃÔÁÒ³¢Í§ÊÒÃµèÒ§ æ ã¹»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕÅéÇ¹ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¡Ñ¹ àÁ×èÍ·ÃÒºÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ¨Ð·ÓãËé·ÃÒº»ÃÔÁÒ³

¢Í§ÊÒÃã¹Ë¹èÇÂµèÒ§ æ ä´é «Öè§¾Ô¨ÒÃ³Ò¨Ò¡àÅ¢ÊÑÁ»ÃÐÊÔ·¸Ôìã¹ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¡Ñº¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁàÅ¡ØÅ »ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊ
áÅÐ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¢Í§ÊÒÃã¹»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕáÊ´§µÑÇÍÂèÒ§µèÍä»¹Õé
2SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2SO3(g)

¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁàÅ¡ØÅ 2 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ + 1 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ → 2 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ
»ÃÔÁÒµÃá¡êÊ 2 Ë¹èÇÂ + 1 Ë¹èÇÂ → 2 Ë¹èÇÂ
¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ 2 âÁÅ + 1 âÁÅ → 2 âÁÅ
Ë¹éÒ 5
¤ÓªÕáé ¨§ : ¨§µÍº¤Ó¶ÒÁµèÍä»¹Õé
1. ·ÕèÍØ³ËÀÙÁÔáÅÐ¤ÇÒÁ´Ñ¹à´ÕÂÇ¡Ñ¹ àÁ×èÍ¹Óá¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ (H2) 100 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡Ñºá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O2)
85 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ ä´éäÍ¹éÓ (H2O) ´Ñ§¹Õé
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g) ...ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕÂÑ§äÁè´ØÅ
¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§äÍ¹éÓ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹áÅÐ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹·ÕèàËÅ×Í
H2
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ áÊ´§ÇèÒá¡êÊ·Õèãªé·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¨¹ËÁ´ ¤×Í ............................................................................................................................................
O2 ·Õèãªéã¹¡ÒÃ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñº H2 100 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹¨ÐµéÍ§ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ ..................................................................................................................................................................
ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)
ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹ÍÂèÒ§µèÓ¢Í§»ÃÔÁÒµÃá¡êÊ 2 1 2
»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊ·ÕèÁÕã¹»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ 100 mL 85 mL -
»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊ·Õè·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñ¹ ËÁ´ (ãªé 100 mL ) àËÅ×Í (ãªé = y)
100 y
=2 =1
y 50
100 y = 50 mL
y = 2 = 50 mL
»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊ·ÕèàËÅ×Í¨Ò¡·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ 100 – 100 = 0 mL 85 – 50 = 35 mL à¡Ô´ 100 mL
100 35
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨ÐÁÕäÍ¹éÓà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ .................. ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ áÅÐÁÕá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹àËÅ×Í .................. ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ
2. ¨Ò¡»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒµèÍä»¹Õé
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
¶éÒÍÒ¡ÒÈÁÕá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ÍÂÙèÃéÍÂÅÐ 21 â´Â»ÃÔÁÒµÃ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªéá¡êÊÁÕà·¹¡ÕèÅÔµÃ ¨Ö§¨Ð·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡ÑºÍÒ¡ÒÈ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ
30 ÅÔµÃ
30 L ÍÒ¡ÒÈ
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = .................................................... ? L CH4·Õè STP
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = .............................................
¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³»ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÒÃ ¨ÐàÊ¹ÍÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃ¤Ô´áººãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ
22.4 L CH4 x 1 mol CH4 1 mol O2
L CH4 = x x 21 L O2 x 30 L ÍÒ¡ÒÈ
1 mol CH4 2 mol O2 22.4 L O2 100 L ÍÒ¡ÒÈ
= 3.15 L CH4
3.15 ÅÔµÃ à¾×èÍ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡ÑºÍÒ¡ÒÈ 30 ÅÔµÃ

´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ µéÍ§ãªéá¡êÊÁÕà·¹ .............
Ë¹éÒ 6
3. ÍÍ¡ä«´ì¢Í§ä¹âµÃà¨¹ª¹Ô´Ë¹Öè§ (NxOy) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 200 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ àÁ×èÍ¶Ù¡à¼Ò¨¹ÊÅÒÂµÑÇËÁ´¨Ðä´éá¡êÊä¹âµÃà¨¹ (N2)
200 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ áÅÐá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O2) 100 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ ¨§ËÒÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅáÅÐÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃÍÍ¡ä«´ì¢Í§ä¹âµÃà¨¹¹Õé
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ¡ÓË¹´ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ìà»ç¹ NxHy â´Â x ¤×Í¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ N áÅÐ y ¤×Í¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ H
ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ NxOy(g) → N2(g) + O2(g)
=2 =2 =1
100 100 100
2NxOy(g) → 2N2(g) + 1O2(g)
¾Ô¨ÒÃ³Ò¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ N ¾Ô¨ÒÃ³Ò¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ O
¨Ó¹Ç¹ N ã¹¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ì = ¨Ó¹Ç¹ N ã¹ÊÒÃµÑé§µé¹ ¨Ó¹Ç¹ O ã¹¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ì = ¨Ó¹Ç¹ O ã¹ÊÒÃµÑé§µé¹
2x = 4 2y = 2
x = 2 y = 1
N2O
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§á¡êÊª¹Ô´¹Õé ¤×Í ......................
4. á¡êÊ A à»ç¹ÍÍ¡ä«´ì¢Í§¿ÅÙÍÍÃÕ¹ àÁ×Íè ¹Óá¡êÊ A »ÃÔÁÒµÃ 150 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ ÁÒÊÅÒÂµÑÇ¨¹ËÁ´´éÇÂ¾ÅÑ§§Ò¹

¨Ðä´éá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O2) 75 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ áÅÐá¡êÊ¿ÅÙÍÍÃÕ¹ 150 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ â´ÂÇÑ´·ÕèÍØ³ËÀÙÁÔáÅÐ¤ÇÒÁ´Ñ¹à´ÕÂÇ¡Ñ¹
¨§ËÒÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅáÅÐÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§á¡êÊ A
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ¡ÓË¹´ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ìà»ç¹ OxFy â´Â x ¤×Í¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ C áÅÐ y ¤×Í¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ H
ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ OxFy(g) → O2(g) + F2(g)
=2 =1 =2
75 75 75
2OxFy(g) → 1O2(g) + 2F2(g)
¾Ô¨ÒÃ³Ò¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ O ¾Ô¨ÒÃ³Ò¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ F
¨Ó¹Ç¹ O ã¹¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ì = ¨Ó¹Ç¹ O ã¹ÊÒÃµÑé§µé¹ ¨Ó¹Ç¹ F ã¹¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ì = ¨Ó¹Ç¹ F ã¹ÊÒÃµÑé§µé¹
2x = 2 2y = 4
x = 1 y = 2
OF2 ÁÕÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅà·èÒ¡Ñº ......................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§á¡êÊª¹Ô´¹Õé ¤×Í .................. 1(16) + 2(19) = 54
Ë¹éÒ 7
5. á¡êÊäÎâ´Ã¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ª¹Ô´Ë¹Öè§»ÃÔÁÒµÃ 10 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ µéÍ§ãªéá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O2) »ÃÔÁÒµÃ 50 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ
¨Ö§¨Ðà¼ÒäËÁéáººÊÁºÙÃ³ì áÅÐ·ÓãËéà¡Ô´á¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (CO2) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 30 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ áÅÐÁÕäÍ¹éÓ (H2O)
à¡Ô´¢Öé¹ 40 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ
¨§ËÒÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅáÅÐÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§á¡êÊäÎâ´Ã¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ª¹Ô´ª¹Ô´¹Õé
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ¡ÓË¹´ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ìà»ç¹ CxHy â´Â x ¤×Í¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ C áÅÐ y ¤×Í¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ H
ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ CxHY(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O (g)
»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊ·Õè·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñ¹ 10 mL 50 mL 30 mL 40 mL
ËÒÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹ÍÂèÒ§µèÓ¢Í§»ÃÔÁÒµÃá¡êÊ 10 50 30 40
=1 =5 =3 =4
10 10 10 10
1CxHY(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O (g)
¾Ô¨ÒÃ³Ò¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ C ¾Ô¨ÒÃ³Ò¨Ó¹Ç¹ÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ H
¨Ó¹Ç¹ C ã¹¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ì = ¨Ó¹Ç¹ C ã¹ÊÒÃµÑé§µé¹ ¨Ó¹Ç¹ H ã¹¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ì = ¨Ó¹Ç¹ H ã¹ÊÒÃµÑé§µé¹
1x = 3 1y = 8
x = 3 y = 8
3(12) + 8(1) = 44
C3H8 ÁÕÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅà·èÒ¡Ñº ......................................................................................................
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§á¡êÊª¹Ô´¹Õé ¤×Í ..................
Ë¹éÒ 8
ãº§Ò¹ àÃ×Íè § ¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³»ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÒÃã¹»¯Ô¡ÃÔ ÂÔ Òà¤ÁÕËÅÒÂ¢Ñ¹é µÍ¹
º··Õè 6 »ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì ª×èÍ ……………….....………………………..……….............…..….. ªÑé¹
¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³»ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÒÃã¹»¯Ô¡ÃÔ ÂÔ Òà¤ÁÕËÅÒÂ¢Ñ¹é µÍ¹
¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³»ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÒÃã¹»¯Ô¡ÃÔ ÂÔ Òà¤ÁÕËÅÒÂ¢Ñ¹é µÍ¹
»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ·ÕèÁÕËÅÒÂ¢Ñé¹µÍ¹ ¨ÐÁÕÊÒÃµÑÇ¡ÅÒ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§ 2 ÊÁ¡ÒÃ ·ÕèµéÍ§ãªéà»ç¹ËÅÑ¡¾Ô¨ÒÃ³Ò´ØÅÊÁ¡ÒÃ áÅéÇÃÇÁ·Ñé§
ÊÍ§ÊÁ¡ÒÃãËéà»ç¹ÊÁ¡ÒÃà´ÕÂÇ¡Ñ¹ à¾×èÍãªéã¹¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÒÃ·ÕèµéÍ§¡ÒÃ·ÃÒºµèÍä»
ËÅÑ¡¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÒÃã¹»¯Ô¡ÃÔ ÂÔ Òà¤ÁÕ·ÁÕè ËÕ ÅÒÂ¢Ñ¹é µÍ¹
ÁÕ´Ñ§¹Õé
1. ´ØÅÊÁ¡ÒÃ·Õè¡ÓË¹´ãËé·¡Ø ÊÁ¡ÒÃ
2. ÊÑ§à¡µÊÒÃã¹¡ÒÃÊÁ¡ÒÃÇèÒÊÒÃã´ÍÂÙèã¹·Ñé§ 2 ÊÁ¡ÒÃ àÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ ÊÒÃµÑÇ¡ÅÒ§
3. ´ØÅÊÁ¡ÒÃà¾×èÍ·ÓãËéÊÒÃµÑÇ¡ÅÒ§·Ñé§ 2 ÊÁ¡ÒÃÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅà·èÒ¡Ñ¹
4. ÃÇÁÊÁ¡ÒÃã¹¢éÍ 3 ãËéà»ç¹ÊÁ¡ÒÃà´ÕÂÇ¡Ñ¹
5. ãªéÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹â´ÂâÁÅã¹ÊÁ¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÒÃ·ÕèµéÍ§¡ÒÃ·ÃÒº
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§¡ÒÃÇÁÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕã¹»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ·ÕèÁÕËÅÒÂ¢Ñé¹µÍ¹
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 1 ¨§´ØÅÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ¢Í§»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒÂèÍÂ ¾ÃéÍÁ·Ñé§à¢ÕÂ¹áÅÐ´ØÅÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ¢Í§»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒÃÇÁµèÍä»¹Õé
»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ (1) NO(g) → N2O2(g)
»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ (2) N2O2(g) + O2(g) → NO2(g)
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 1 : ´ØÅÊÁ¡ÒÃ (1) áÅÐ (2) ¨Ðä´é
2NO(g) → N2O2(g) ............(1)
N2O2(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g) ............(2)
N2O2
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 2 : ÊÒÃµÑÇ¡ÅÒ§ ¤×Í .........................
ã¹ÊÁ¡ÒÃ (1) ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ........... 1 mol 1 mol
ã¹ÊÁ¡ÒÃ (2) ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ...........
¾ºÇèÒÊÒÃµÑÇ¡ÅÒ§·Ñé§ 2 ÊÁ¡ÒÃ ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅà·èÒ¡Ñ¹áÅéÇ
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 3 : ÃÇÁÊÁ¡ÒÃ·Õè´ØÅÊÒÃµÑÇ¡ÅÒ§ãËéà·èÒ¡Ñ¹áÅéÇ
(1) + (2) ⇒ 2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g) ............(3)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒÃÇÁ ¤×Í ............................................................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 1
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 2 ¨§ÃÇÁ»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ·Ñé§ 2 ¢Ñé¹ ¨Ò¡»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡ÒÃàµÃÕÂÁ»ØëÂáÍÁâÁà¹ÕÂ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì (NH4Cl) ´Ñ§¹Õé
N2(g) + H2(g) → NH3(g) ............(1)
NH3(g) + HCl(aq) → NH4Cl(aq) ............(2)
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g) ............(1)
NH3(g) + HCl(aq) → NH4Cl(aq) ............(2)
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 2 : ÊÒÃµÑÇ¡ÅÒ§ ¤×Í ......................... NH3
ã¹ÊÁ¡ÒÃ (1) ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ........... 2 mol ã¹ÊÁ¡ÒÃ (2) ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ........... 1 mol
·ÓãËéÊÒÃµÑÇ¡ÅÒ§·Ñé§ 2 ÊÁ¡ÒÃ ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅà·èÒ¡Ñ¹ ä´é´Ñ§¹Õé
2 x (2) ⇒ 2NH3(g) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NH4Cl(aq) ............(3)
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g) ............(1)
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(3) + (1) ⇒ N2(g) + 3H2(g) + 2HCl → 2NH4Cl(aq) ............(4)
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
N2(g) + 3H2(g) + 2HCl → 2NH4Cl(aq)
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒÃÇÁ ¤×Í ...........................................................................................................................................................................................

1. »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ (1) N2(g) + O2(g) → NO(g)
»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ (2) NO(g) + Cl2(g) → NOCl(g)
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´
N2(g) + O2(g) → 2NO(g) ............(1)
2NO(g) + Cl2(g) → 2NOCl(g) ............(2)
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 2 : ÊÒÃµÑÇ¡ÅÒ§ ¤×Í ......................... NO
áµèÊÒÃµÑÇ¡ÅÒ§ã¹·Ñé§ÊÍ§ÊÁ¡ÒÃ ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅà·èÒ¡Ñ¹ ¨Ö§ÃÇÁÊÁ¡ÒÃä´éàÅÂ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¢Ñ¹é µÍ¹·Õè 3 : ÃÇÁÊÁ¡ÒÃ·Õè´ØÅÊÒÃµÑÇ¡ÅÒ§ãËéà·èÒ¡Ñ¹áÅéÇ
(1) + (2) ⇒ N2(g) + O2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2NOCl(g) ............(3)
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
N2(g) + O2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2NOCl(g)
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒÃÇÁ ¤×Í .........................................................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 2
2. »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ (1) Na2O2(s) → Na(l) + O2(g)
»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ (2) Na(l) + O2(g) → Na2O(g)
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´
Na2O2(s) → 2Na(l) + O2(g) ............(1)
4Na(l) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(g) ............(2)
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 2 : ÊÒÃµÑÇ¡ÅÒ§ ¤×Í ......................... Na
2 x (1) ⇒ 2Na2O2(s) → 4Na(l) + 2O2(g) ............(3)
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4Na(l) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(g) ............(2)
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(3) + (2) ⇒ 2Na2O2(s) → O2(g) + 2Na2O(g) ............(3)
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2Na2O2(s) → O2(g) + 2Na2O(g)
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒÃÇÁ ¤×Í ...................................................................................................................................................................................
3. »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ (1) CO(g) + H2(g) → CH3OH(g)

»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ (2) CO2(g) + C(s) → CO(g)
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 1 : ´ØÅÊÁ¡ÒÃ (1) áÅÐ (2) ¨Ðä´é
CO(g) + 2H2(g) → CH3OH(g) ............(1)
CO2(g) + C(s) → 2CO(g) ............(2)
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 2 : ÊÒÃµÑÇ¡ÅÒ§ ¤×Í ......................... CO
2 x (1) ⇒ 2CO(g) + 4H2(g) → 2CH3OH(g) ............(3)
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
CO2(g) + C(s) → 2CO(g) ............(2)
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(2) + (3) ⇒ CO2(g) + C(s) + 4H2(g) → 2CH3OH(g) ............(4)
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
CO2(g) + C(s) + 4H2(g) → 2CH3OH(g)
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒÃÇÁ ¤×Í ........................................................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 3
4. »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ (1) HBr(g) + O2(g) → HOOBr(g) ............(1)
»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ (2) HOOBr(g) + HBr(g) → 2HOBr(g) ............(2)
»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ (3) HOBr(g) + HBr(g) → H2O(g) + Br2(g) ............(3)
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 1 : ´ØÅÊÁ¡ÒÃ (1) (2) áÅÐ (3) ·Óã¹´éÒ¹º¹àÅÂ

HOOBr
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 2 : ÃÇÁÊÁ¡ÒÃ (1) áÅÐ (2) ¾ºÇèÒ ÊÒÃµÑÇ¡ÅÒ§ ¤×Í .........................
·ÓãËéÊÒÃµÑÇ¡ÅÒ§·Ñé§ 2 ÊÁ¡ÒÃ ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅà·èÒ¡Ñ¹ áÅéÇÃÇÁÊÁ¡ÒÃ·Õè´ØÅáÅéÇä´é´Ñ§¹Õé
HBr(g) + O2(g) → HOOBr(g) ............(1)
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
HOOBr(g) + HBr(g) → 2HOBr(g) ............(2)
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(1) + (2) ⇒ HBr(g) + O2(g) + HBr → 2HOBr(g) ............(4)
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 3 : ÃÇÁÊÁ¡ÒÃ (4) áÅÐ (3) ¾ºÇèÒ ÊÒÃµÑÇ¡ÅÒ§ ¤×Í ......................... HOBr
HBr(g) + O2(g) + HBr → 2HOBr(g) ............(4)
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 x (3) ⇒ 2HOBr(g) + 2HBr(g) → 2H2O(g) + 2Br2(g) ............(5)
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(4) + (5) ⇒ HBr(g) + O2(g) + 3HBr(g) → 2H2O(g) + 2Br2(g) ............(6)
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
HBr(g) + O2(g) + 3HBr(g) → 2H2O(g) + 2Br2(g)

´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒÃÇÁ ¤×Í ............................................................................................................................................................................................
Ë¹éÒ 4
¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¢Í§·Ñé§ÊÍ§ÊÁ¡ÒÃ´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇ ¶éÒ·ÃÒº»ÃÔÁÒ³¢Í§ÊÒÃã´ÊÒÃË¹Öè§ã¹ÊÁ¡ÒÃË¹Öè§ ¨ÐÊÒÁÒÃ¶¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ
»ÃÔÁÒ³¢Í§ÊÒÃã¹ÍÕ¡ÊÁ¡ÒÃË¹Öè§ä´é´Ñ§µÑÇÍÂèÒ§µèÍä»¹Õé
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 3 ¡ÓË¹´»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡ÒÃàµÃÕÂÁ¡Ã´«ÑÅ¿ÔÇÃÔ¡ (H2SO4) ´Ñ§ÊÁ¡ÒÃµèÍä»¹Õé
SO2(g) + O2(g) → SO3(g) ......(1)
SO3(g) + H2O(l) → H2SO4(aq) ......(2)
¶éÒµéÍ§¡ÒÃ¡Ã´«ÑÅ¿ÔÇÃÔ¡ 196 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªéá¡êÊ«ÑÅà¿ÍÃìä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (SO2) ¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ
2SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2SO3(g) ......(1)
SO3(g) + H2O(l) → H2SO4(aq) ......(2)
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 2 : ÊÒÃµÑÇ¡ÅÒ§ ¤×Í ......................... SO3
2 x (2) ⇒ 2SO3(g) + 2H2O(l) → 2H2SO4(aq) .......(3)
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2SO3(g) .......(1)
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 3 : ÃÇÁÊÁ¡ÒÃ·Õè´ÅØ ÊÒÃµÑÇ¡ÅÒ§ãËéà·èÒ¡Ñ¹áÅéÇ
(3) + (1) ⇒ 2SO2(g) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l) → 2H2SO4(aq) .......(4)
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2SO2(g) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l) → 2H2SO4(aq)
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒÃÇÁ ¤×Í .......................................................................................................................................................................
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 4 : ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ SO2 ·ÕèµéÍ§ãªéàÁ×èÍµéÍ§¡ÒÃãËéà¡Ô´ H2SO4 196 ¡ÃÑÁ
196 g H2SO4
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = .................................................... ? g SO2
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ..............................................
âÁÅ SO2
................................................
âÁÅ H2SO4 2
∴ ............................................
2 x âÁÅ SO2 = 2 x âÁÅ H2SO4
................................................
2 x âÁÅ SO2 = 2 x âÁÅ H2SO4 g SO2 = 64 g SO2
x 2 mol SO2 x 1 mol H2SO4 x 196 g H2SO4
g g 1 mol SO2 2 mol H2SO4 98 g H2SO4
2 x Mw = 2 x Mw
g 196
2x 64
= 2x 98
= 128 gSO2
2 x 196 x 64
V= = 128 g
98 x 2
128 ¡ÃÑÁ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¶éÒµéÍ§¡ÒÃãËéà¡Ô´¡Ã´«ÑÅ¿ÔÇÃÔ¡ 196 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªéá¡êÊ«ÑÅà¿ÍÃìä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ìã¹»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ ................
Ë¹éÒ 5
1. ÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃ¡Ó¨Ñ´á¡êÊ«ÑÅà¿ÍÃìä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (SO2) ·Óä´éâ´ÂãËéá¡êÊ«ÑÅà¿ÍÃìä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡Ñºá¤Åà«ÕÂÁÍÍ¡ä«´ì (CaO)
«Öè§ä´é¨Ò¡¡ÒÃà¼ÒËÔ¹»Ù¹ (CaCO3) »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹à¢ÕÂ¹áÊ´§ä´é´Ñ§¹Õé
∆
CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g) ......(1)
CaO(s) + SO2(g) → CaSO3(s) . .....(2)
àÁ×èÍãªéËÔ¹»Ù¹Ë¹Ñ¡ 500 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§á¡êÊ«ÑÅà¿ÍÃìä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì·è¶Õ Ù¡¡Ó¨Ñ´ä´é
(¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ CaCO3 = 100 áÅÐ SO2 = 64)
∆
CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g) ......(1)
CaO(s) + SO2(g) → CaSO3(s) ......(2)
CaO
1 mol
ã¹ÊÁ¡ÒÃ (1) ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ........... 1 mol
ã¹ÊÁ¡ÒÃ (2) ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ...........
CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g) ......(1)
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
CaO(s) + SO2(g) → CaSO3(s) ......(2)
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(1) + (2) ⇒ CaCO3(s) + SO2(g) → CaSO3(s) + CO2(aq) .......(3)
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
CaCO3(s) + SO2(g) → CaSO3(s) + CO2(aq)
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒÃÇÁ ¤×Í .........................................................................................................................................................................
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 4 : ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ SO2 ·Õè¶Ù¡¡Ó¨Ñ´
500 g CaCO3
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = .................................................... ? g SO2
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ..............................................
âÁÅ SO2
................................................
âÁÅ CaCO3 1
∴ ............................................
1 x âÁÅ SO2 = 1 x âÁÅ CaCO3
................................................
1 mol CaCO3
1 x âÁÅ SO2 = 1 x âÁÅ CaCO3 g SO2 = 64 g SO2
x 1 mol SO2 x x 500 g CaCO3
g g 1 mol SO2 1 mol CaCO3 100 g CaCO3
1 x Mw = 1 x Mw
g 500 = 320 g SO2
1x = 1x
64 100
1 x 500 x 64
V= = 320 g
100 x 1
320
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ àÁ×èÍãªéË¹Ô »Ù¹ 500 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨ÐÊÒÁÒÃ¶¡Ó¨Ñ´á¡êÊ«ÑÅà¿ÍÃìä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ìä´é ............................ ¡ÃÑÁ
Ë¹éÒ 6
2. á¡êÊäÎâ´à¨¹ä«ÂÒä¹´ì (HCN) ÊÒÁÒÃ¶àµÃÕÂÁä´é´Ñ§¹Õé (ÂÑ§äÁè´ØÅÊÁ¡ÒÃ)
NH3(g) + O2(g) → NO(g) + H2O(g) ......(1)
NO(g) + CH4(g) → HCN(g) + H2O(g) + H2(g) ......(2)
ã¹¡ÒÃà¡Ô´»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ ¶éÒãªéá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O2) 15 ÅÔµÃ ¨Ðà¡Ô´á¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ä«ÂÒä¹´ì»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¡ÕèÅÔµÃ
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ......(1)
2NO(g) + 2CH4(g) → 2HCN(g) + 2H2O(g) + H2(g) ......(2)
NO
4 mol
ã¹ÊÁ¡ÒÃ (1) ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ........... ã¹ÊÁ¡ÒÃ (2) ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ...........
2 mol
2 x (2) ⇒ 4NO(g) + 4CH4(g) → 4HCN(g) + 4H2O(g) + 2H2(g) .......(3)
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) .......(1)
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(3) + (1) ⇒ 4CH4(g) + 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4HCN(g) + 4H2O(g) + 2H2(g) + 6H2O(g)
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4CH4(g) + 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4HCN(g) + 4H2O(g) + 2H2(g) + 6H2O(g)
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒÃÇÁ ¤×Í ......................................................................................................................................................................................................
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 4 : ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ HCN ·Õè¨Ðà¡Ô´¢Öé¹
15 L O2
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = .................................................... ? L HCN
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ..............................................
âÁÅ HCN
................................................
âÁÅ O2 5
4 x âÁÅ O2
∴ ............................................
5 x âÁÅ HCN = ................................................
1 mol O2
5 x âÁÅ HCN = 4 x âÁÅ O2 L HCN = 22.4 L HCN x 4 mol HCN x x 15 L O2
V V 1 mol HCN 5 mol O2 22.4 L O2
5x = 4x
22.4 22.4
5x
V
= 4x
15 = 12 L HCN
22.4 22.4
4 x 15 x 22.4
V= = 12 L
22.4 x 5
12 ÅÔµÃ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¶éÒãªéá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹¨Ó¹Ç¹ 15 ÅÔµÃ ¨Ðà¡Ô´á¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ä«ÂÒä¹´ì ................
Ë¹éÒ 7
3. «ÔÅÔ¤Í¹·Õèãªéã¹ªÔé¹ÊèÇ¹ÍØ»¡Ã³ì¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃì ÁÕ¢Ñé¹µÍ¹¡ÒÃ¼ÅÔµà¾×èÍãËéä´é«ÔÅÔ¤Í¹ºÃÔÊØ·¸Ôì´Ñ§ÊÁ¡ÒÃµèÍä»¹Õé
SiO2(s) + 2C(s) → Si(s) + 2CO(g) ......(1)
Si(s) + 2Cl2(g) → SiCl4(g) ......(2)
SiCl4(g) + 2H2(g) → Si(s) + 4HCl(g) ......(3)
¶éÒµéÍ§¡ÒÃ«ÔÅÔ¤Í¹ (Si) 100 ¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªé¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ (C) ã¹¡ÒÃ¼ÅÔµ¡Õè¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ
ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 1 : ´ØÅÊÁ¡ÒÃ (1) (2) áÅÐ (3) ·Óã¹´éÒ¹º¹àÅÂ
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 2 : ÃÇÁÊÁ¡ÒÃ (1) áÅÐ (2) ¾ºÇèÒ ÊÒÃµÑÇ¡ÅÒ§ ¤×Í ......................... Si
SiO2(s) + 2C(s) → Si(s) + 2CO(g) ......(1)
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Si(s) + 2Cl2(g) → SiCl4(g) ......(2)
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(1) + (2) ⇒ SiO2(s) + 2C(s) + 2Cl2(g) → 2CO(g) + SiCl4(g) .......(4)
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 3 : ÃÇÁÊÁ¡ÒÃ (3) áÅÐ (4) ¾ºÇèÒ ÊÒÃµÑÇ¡ÅÒ§ ¤×Í ......................... SiCl4
SiCl4(g) + 2H2(g) → Si(s) + 4HCl(g) ......(3)
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
SiO2(s) + 2C(s) + 2Cl2(g) → 2CO(g) + SiCl4(g) .......(4)
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(3) + (4) ⇒ SiO2(s) + 2C(s) + 2Cl2(g) + 2H2(g) → Si(s) + 4HCl(g) + 2CO(g) .......(5)
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
SiO2(s) + 2C(s) + 2Cl2(g) + 2H2(g) → Si(s) + 4HCl(g) + 2CO(g)
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒÃÇÁ ¤×Í ............................................................................................................................................................................................
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 4 : ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ C ·Õè¨ÐµéÍ§ãªé
100 kg Si
ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´ = .................................................... ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁ = ..............................................
? g kg C
ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹âÁÅÃÐËÇèÒ§ÊÒÃ ........................................... âÁÅ C = 2
................................................
âÁÅ Si 1
∴ ............................................
1 x âÁÅ C = 2 x âÁÅ Si
................................................
¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì 1 kg C 12 g C 2 mol C
kg C = x x x 1 mol Si x 1000 g Si x 100 kg Si
1 x âÁÅ C = 2 x âÁÅ Si 1000 g C 1 mol C 1 mol Si 28 g Si 1 kg Si
g g
1 x Mw = 2 x Mw
g 10000
= 0.857 kg C
1x = 2x
12 28
2 x 1000 x 12
g= 28 x 1
= 857 g = 0.857 kg
0.857
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¶éÒµéÍ§¡ÒÃ«ÔÅÔ¤Í¹ 100 ¡ÔâÅ¡ÃÑÁ ¨ÐµéÍ§ãªé¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ ã¹¡ÒÃ¼ÅÔµ ...................................¡Ô âÅ¡ÃÑÁ
Ë¹éÒ 8
ãº§Ò¹ àÃ×èÍ§ ÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³
º··Õè 6 »ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì ª×èÍ ……………….....………………………..……….............…..….. ªÑé¹
ÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³
ÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³ (limiting reagent)
• ÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³ ¤×Í ÊÒÃµÑé§µé¹·Õèãªéã¹¡ÒÃ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕáÅéÇËÁ´¡èÍ¹ à¾ÃÒÐÁÕâÁÅ·Õ¹è éÍÂ¡ÇèÒÊÒÃµÑé§µé¹ÍÕ¡ª¹Ô´
• ÊÒÃ·ÕÁè Ò¡à¡Ô¹¾Í ¤×Í ÊÒÃµÑé§µé¹·Õèãªéã¹¡ÒÃ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕáÅéÇàËÅ×ÍÍÂÙèã¹ÃÐºº à¾ÃÒÐÁÕâÁÅ·ÕèÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒÊÒÃµÑé§µé¹ÍÕ¡ª¹Ô´
¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹ÕéÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³¨Ð¶Ù¡ãªéã¹¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÒÃª¹Ô´Í×è¹ æ ·Õèà¡ÕèÂÇ¢éÍ§ã¹»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ â´Âà·ÕÂº
ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹âÁÅ ´Ñ§µÑÇÍÂèÒ§µèÍä»¹Õé
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 1 ¨Ò¡»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)

¶éÒ¹ÓâÅËÐáÁ¡¹Õà«ÕÂÁ (Mg) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 6 mol ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡Ñºá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O2) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 2.5 mol
¨§ËÒÇèÒÊÒÃã´à»ç¹ÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³ áÅÐÊÒÃã´à»ç¹ÊÒÃ·ÕÁè Ò¡à¡Ô¹¾ÍáÅÐÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒ³·ÕèàËÅ×Í¡ÕèâÁÅ
ÇÔ¸Õ¤´Ô ¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 1 : ËÒÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³
1) ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
2) ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ·Õè¾Í´Õ¡Ñ¹ 2 mol 1 mol ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³
3) ¢éÍÁÙÅ·Õèâ¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ 6 mol 2.5 mol O2
ä´éá¡è ...........................
4) à»ÃÕÂºà·ÕÂº¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ 1 1
= x 6 mol = x 2.5 mol
â´Â¤Ù³´éÇÂ 2 1
𝟏𝟏
= 3 mol = 2.5 mol
x
àÅ¢´ØÅË¹éÒÊÒÃ¹Ñé¹æ âÁÅÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ → àËÅ×Í âÁÅ¹éÍÂ¡ÇèÒ → ËÁ´
¡Ñº¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ ¨Ñ´à»ç¹ÊÒÃ·ÕèÁÒ¡à¡Ô¹¾Í ¨Ñ´à»ç¹ÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 2 : ËÒâÁÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ·ÕèàËÅ×Í
Mg
⇒ ËÒ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§ ............................ O2 ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 2.5 âÁÅ
·Õè·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñº ......................................................................................
mol Mg = 2 2 mol Mg
mol Mg = x 2.5 mol O2
mol O2 1 1 mol O2
1 x mol Mg = 2 x mol O2
1 x mol Mg = 2 x 2.5
= 5 mol Mg
mol Mg = 5.0
5 âÁÅ áÅÐÁÕ Mg àËÅ×ÍÍÂÙè ................................................

¾ºÇèÒ ¶éÒãªé O2 2.5 âÁÅ ¨Ð·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñº Mg .............. 6–5=1 âÁÅ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³ ä´éá¡è ................ Mg áÅÐÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹·ÕèàËÅ×Íà·èÒ¡Ñº ..............
O2 áÅÐÊÒÃ·ÕèÁÒ¡à¡Ô¹¾Í ä´éá¡è ................. 1 âÁÅ
Ë¹éÒ 1
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 2 ¶éÒãËéá¡êÊÁÕà·¹ (CH4) 8 ¡ÃÑÁ ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¼ÒäËÁé¡Ñºá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O2) 48 ¡ÃÑÁ
´Ñ§ÊÁ¡ÒÃ¹Õé CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g
¨§ËÒÇèÒ 1. ÊÒÃã´à»ç¹ÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ CH4 = 16, O2 = 32)
2. ÊÒÃã´à»ç¹ÊÒÃ·ÕèàËÅ×Í áÅÐÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹·ÕèàËÅ×Í¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ
3. ÁÕá¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (CO2) à¡Ô´¢Öé¹¡ÕèÅÔµÃ ·Õè STP
1) ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
2) ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ·Õ¾è Í´Õ¡Ñ¹ 1 mol 2 mol ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³
3) ¢éÍÁÙÅ·Õèâ¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ 8g 48 g CH4
ä´éá¡è ...........................
4) à»ÃÕÂºà·ÕÂº¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ 1 8 1 48
= x = x
â´Â¤Ù³´éÇÂ 1 16 2 32
𝟏𝟏
= 0.50 mol = 0.75 mol
x
àÅ¢´ØÅË¹éÒÊÒÃ¹Ñé¹æ âÁÅ¹éÍÂ¡ÇèÒ → ËÁ´ âÁÅÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ → àËÅ×Í
¡Ñº¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ ¨Ñ´à»ç¹ÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³ ¨Ñ´à»ç¹ÊÒÃ·ÕèÁÒ¡à¡Ô¹¾Í
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 2. ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ·ÕèàËÅ×Í
O2
⇒ ËÒ¨Ó¹Ç¹ÁÇÅ¢Í§ ............................ CH4 8 ¡ÃÑÁ
·Õè·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñº ......................................................................................
mol O2 = 2
mol CH4 1
g O2 = 32 g O2 x 2 mol O2 x 1 mol CH4 x 8 g CH4
1 x mol O2 = 2 x mol CH4 1 mol O2 1 mol CH4 16 g CH4
g g
1x = 2x = 32 g O2
Mw Mw
g 8
1x = 2x
32 16
2 x 8 x 32
g= = 32 g
16
O2
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃ·ÕèàËÅ×Í¤×Í ÊÒÃ .......................... 48 – 32 = 16
ÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹·ÕèàËÅ×ÍÍÂÙè à·èÒ¡Ñº ........................................................................................... ¡ÃÑÁ
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 3 : ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ CO2 ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ ·Õè STP
mol CO2 = 1
22.4 L CO2 x 1 mol CO2
mol CH4 1 L CO2 = x 1 mol CH4 x 8 g CH4
1 x mol CO2 = 1 x mol CH4 1 mol CO2 1 mol CH4 16 g CH4
1x
V
22.4
= 1x
g
Mw
= 11.2 L CO2
V 8
1x = 1x
22.4 16
8 x 22.4
V= = 11.2 L
16
11.2 ÅÔµÃ ·Õè STP

´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ á¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ ..................
Ë¹éÒ 2
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 3 »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ¢Í§¡ÒÃ¼ÅÔµ»ØëÂáÍÁâÁà¹ÕÂ«ÑÅà¿µ ((NH4)2SO4) à»ç¹´Ñ§¹Õé
2NH3(g) + H2SO4(aq) → (NH4)2SO4(aq)
¶éÒãªéá¡êÊáÍÁâÁà¹ÕÂ (NH3) »ÃÔÁÒµÃ 33.6 ÅÔµÃ·Õè STP ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡Ñº¡Ã´«ÑÅ¿ÔÇÃÔ¡ (H2SO4) à¢éÁ¢é¹ 2 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ
»ÃÔÁÒµÃ 250 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ
¨§ËÒÇèÒ 1. ÊÒÃã´à»ç¹ÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³
2. áÍÁâÁà¹ÕÂÁ«ÑÅà¿µ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ÁÕÁÇÅ¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ (NH4)2SO4 = 132)
1) ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ 2NH3(g) + H2SO4(aq) → (NH4)2SO4(aq)
3) ¢éÍÁÙÅ·Õèâ¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ 33.6 L 2 mol/L H2SO4
ä´éá¡è ...........................
250 mL
4) à»ÃÕÂºà·ÕÂº¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ 1 33.6 1 2 x 250
= x = 1 x 1000
â´Â¤Ù³´éÇÂ 2 22.4
𝟏𝟏
= 0.75 mol = 0.50 mol
x
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 2 : ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ (NH4)2SO4 ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹

mol (NH4)2SO4 = 1 132 g (NH4)2SO4 1 mol (NH4)2SO4
g (NH4)2SO4 = x
mol H2SO4 1 1 mol (NH4)2SO4 1 mol H2SO4
1 x mol (NH4)2SO4 = 1 x mol H2SO4 2 mol H2SO4
g cv x x 250 mLÊÅÅ.
1x = 1x 1,000 mLÊÅÅ.
Mw 1,000
g 2 x 250
1x
132
= 1x
1,000
= 66 g (NH4)2SO4
1 x 2 x 250 x 132
g = = 66 g
1,000
66 ¡ÃÑÁ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ áÍÁâÁà¹ÕÂ«ÑÅà¿µ·Õàè ¡Ô´¢Öé¹ÁÕÁÇÅà·èÒ¡Ñº .................
Ë¹éÒ 3
1. á¤Åà«ÕÂÁ¤ÒÃìºÍà¹µ (CaCO3) ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡Ñº¡Ã´äÎâ´Ã¤ÅÍÃÔ¡ (HCl) ´Ñ§¹Õé (ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕÂÑ§äÁè´ØÅ)
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
àÁ×èÍãªéá¤Åà«ÕÂÁ¤ÒÃìºÍà¹µ 50 ¡ÃÑÁ ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡Ñº¡Ã´äÎâ´Ã¤ÅÍÃÔ¡ 0.5 âÁÅ ¨Ðà¡Ô´á¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì¡ÕèÅÔµÃ·Õè STP

¨§ËÒÇèÒ 1.1 ÊÒÃã´à»ç¹ÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³
1.2 ÁÕá¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (CO2) à¡Ô´¢Öé¹¡ÕèÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìà´«ÔàÁµÃ·Õè STP
(¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ CaCO3 = 100)
1) ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) →CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

2) ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ·Õ¾è Í´Õ¡Ñ¹ 1 mol 2 mol
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³
3) ¢éÍÁÙÅ·Õèâ¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ 50 g 0.5 mol HCl
1 50 1
ä´éá¡è ...........................
4) à»ÃÕÂºà·ÕÂº¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ = 1 x 100 = 2x 0.5
â´Â¤Ù³´éÇÂ
𝟏𝟏
= 0.5 mol = 0.25 mol
x
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 2 : ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ CO2 ·Õè STP ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹

mol CO2 = 1
L CO2 = 22.4 L CO2 x 1 mol CO2 x 0.5 mol HCl
mol HCl 2 1 mol CO2 2 mol HCl
2 x mol CO2 = 1 x mol HCl
V = 5.6 L CO2
2x = 1 x mol HCl
22.4
V
2x = 1 x 0.5
22.4
1 x 0.5 x 22.4
V = = 5.6 L
2
5.6
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ á¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ ............................ ÅÔµÃ·Õè STP
Ë¹éÒ 4
2. ¨Ò¡»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕµèÍä»¹Õé
2H2S(g) + SO2(aq) → 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)
¶éÒ¼ÊÁá¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ (H2S) ¡Ñºá¡êÊ«ÑÅà¿ÍÃìä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (SO2) ÍÂèÒ§ÅÐ 5 ¡ÃÑÁ àÁ×èÍ»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕà¡Ô´ÍÂèÒ§ÊÁºÙÃ³ì
2.2 ÊÒÃã´·ÕèàËÅ×ÍáÅÐàËÅ×Í¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ
(¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ H2S = 34 áÅÐ SO2 = 64)

1) ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ 2H2S(g) + SO2(aq) → 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)
2) ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ·Õ¾è Í´Õ¡Ñ¹ 2 mol 1 mol ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³
3) ¢éÍÁÙÅ·Õèâ¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ 5g 5g H2 S
ä´éá¡è ...........................
= 2 x 34 = 1 x 64
𝟏𝟏
= 0.0735 mol = 0.0781 mol
x
àÅ¢´ØÅË¹éÒÊÒÃ¹Ñé¹æ âÁÅ¹éÍÂ¡ÇèÒ → ËÁ´ âÁÅÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ → àËÅ×Í
¡Ñº¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ ¨Ñ´à»ç¹ÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³ ¨Ñ´à»ç¹ÊÒÃ·ÕèÁÒ¡à¡Ô¹¾Í
SO2
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 2 : ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ .............................. H2 S
·Õè·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñº ........................... 5 ¡ÃÑÁ
¨Ó¹Ç¹ ..............
mol SO2 = 1 64 g SO2 1 mol H2S x
= 1 mol SO2
mol H2S g SO2 x x 5 g SO2
2 1 mol SO2 2 mol H2S 34 g H2S
2 x mol SO2 = 1 x mol H2S
2x
g
= 1x
g = 4.7 g SO2
Mw Mw
g 5
2x = 1x
64 34
1 x 5 x 64
g = = 4.7 g
34 x 2
SO2 áÅÐÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒ³·ÕèàËÅ×Íà·èÒ¡Ñº .........................................................................

´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃ·ÕèàËÅ×Í¤×Í .................... 5 – 4.7 = 0.3 ¡ÃÑÁ
Ë¹éÒ 5
3. »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡ÒÃà¼ÒäËÁéá¡êÊºÔÇà·¹ (C4H10) ÍÂèÒ§äÁèÊÁºÙÃ³ìà»ç¹´Ñ§¹Õé (ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕÂÑ§äÁè´ØÅ)
2C4H10(g) + 9O2(g) → 8CO(g) + 10H2O(l)

ã¹¡ÒÃ·´ÅÍ§â´ÂãÊèá¡êÊºÔÇà·¹ 5 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ ãËé·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡Ñºá¡êÊÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ 10 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ
3.2 ÁÕá¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ÁÍ¹Í¡ä«´ì (CO) à¡Ô´¢Öé¹¡Õè¡ÃÑÁ (¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ CO = 28)
1) ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ 2C4H10(g) + 9O2(g) → 8CO(g) + 10H2O(l)

3) ¢éÍÁÙÅ·Õèâ¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ 5 dm3 10 dm3 O2
ä´éá¡è ...........................
= 2 x 22.4 = 9 x 22.4
𝟏𝟏
= 0.11 mol = 0.05 mol
x
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 2 : ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ CO ·Õè STP ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹

mol CO = 8 28 g CO
9
g CO = x 8 mol CO x 1 mol O2 x 10 L O2
mol O2 1 mol CO 9 mol O2 22.4 L O2
9 x mol CO = 8 x mol
9x
g
= 8x
V = 11.11 g CO
Mw 22.4
g 10
9x = 8x
28 22.4
8 x 10 x 28
g = = 11.11 g
22.4 x 9
11.11 ¡ÃÑÁ
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÁÕá¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ÁÍ¹Í¡ä«´ìà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ .................
Ë¹éÒ 6
4. ¼ÊÁÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ¡Ã´äÎâ´Ã¤ÅÍÃÔ¡ (HCl) ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ 1.5 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ »ÃÔÁÒµÃ 25 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ
¡ÑºÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁäÎ´ÃÍ¡ä«´ì (NaOH) ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ 0.8 âÁÅµèÍÅÔµÃ »ÃÔÁÒµÃ 40 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ
»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹à¢ÕÂ¹áÊ´§ä´é´Ñ§¹Õé
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
4.2 àÁ×èÍ»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒÊÔé¹ÊØ´¨Ðä´éÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ìÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¡ÕèâÁÅÒÃì ¶éÒ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÒÃäÁèà»ÅÕèÂ¹á»Å§
1) ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

2) ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ·Õ¾è Í´Õ¡Ñ¹ 1 mol 1 mol
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³
3) ¢éÍÁÙÅ·Õèâ¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ 1.5 mol/L 0.8 mol/ L NaOH
ä´éá¡è ...........................
25 mL 40 mL
4) à»ÃÕÂºà·ÕÂº¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ 1 1.5 x 25 1 0.8 x 40
= 1 x 1000 = 1 x 1000
𝟏𝟏
= 0.0375 mol = 0.0320 mol
x
¡Ñº¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ ¨Ñ´à»ç¹ÊÒÃ·ÕèÁÕÁÒ¡à¡Ô¹¾Í ¨Ñ´à»ç¹ÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³
¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 2 : ËÒ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹¢Í§ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ NaCl ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹
mol NaCl = 1
mol NaCl 1 mol NaCl 0.8 mol NaOH 40 mL ÊÅÅ.NaOH
mol NaOH 1 = x x
L ÊÅÅ.NaCl 1 mol NaOH 1,000 mLÊÅÅ.NaOH 65 mLÊÅÅ.NaCl
1 x mol NaCl = 1 x mol NaOH
1x
cv
= 1x
cv x 1,000 mL ÊÅÅ.NaCl
1,000 1,000
c x 65 0.8 x 40
1 L ÊÅÅ.NaCl
1x = 1x
1,000 1,000
1 x 0.8 x 40 x 1,000 = 0.49 mol/L
c =
1,000 x 65 x 1
= 0.49 mol/L
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂâ«à´ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹ .................
Ë¹éÒ 7
ãº§Ò¹ àÃ×Íè § ¼Åä´éÃÍé ÂÅÐ
ª×èÍ ……………….....………………………..……….............… ªÑé¹ ………. àÅ¢·Õè ……….
¼Åä´éÃÍé ÂÅÐ
¼Åä´éÃÍé ÂÅÐ
⇒ »ÃÔÁÒ³¢Í§¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ì·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹¨ÃÔ§ã¹»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ àÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ ¼Åä´é¨ÃÔ§ (actual yield)
⇒ »ÃÔÁÒ³¢Í§¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ì·Õè¤Ó¹Ç³ä´é¨Ò¡ÊÁ¡ÒÃ·Õè´ÅØ áÅéÇàÁ×èÍÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡Ñ¹ËÁ´ä»
àÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ ¼Åä´éµÒÁ·ÄÉ®Õ (theoretical yield)
⇒ ¼Åä´éÃÍé ÂÅÐ (percent yield) ¤×Í ¼Å¡ÒÃà»ÃÕÂºà·ÕÂºÃÐËÇèÒ§¼Åä´é¨ÃÔ§¡Ñº¼Åä´éµÒÁ·ÄÉ®Õã¹ÃÙ»¢Í§ÃéÍÂÅÐ
¼Åä´é¨ÃÔ§ (¡ÃÑÁËÃ×ÍâÁÅ)
¼Åä´éÃÍé ÂÅÐ = x 100
¼Åä´éµÒÁ·ÄÉ®Õ (¡ÃÑÁËÃ×ÍâÁÅ)
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 1 »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡ÒÃÊÅÒÂµÑÇ¢Í§¼§¿ÙËÃ×Íâ«à´ÕÂÁäÎâ´Ãà¨¹¤ÒÃìºÍà¹µ (NaHCO3) àÁ×èÍä´éÃÑº¤ÇÒÁÃéÍ¹à»ç¹ä»

´Ñ§ÊÁ¡ÒÃ¹Õé
NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) ...... ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕÂÑ§äÁè´ØÅ
¶éÒà¼Òâ«à´ÕÂÁäÎâ´Ãà¨¹¤ÒÃìºÍà¹µ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 336 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨Ðä´éâ«à´ÕÂÁ¤ÒÃìºÍà¹µ 169.6 ¡ÃÑÁ
¨§ËÒ¼Åä´éÃéÍÂÅÐ¢Í§â«à´ÕÂÁ¤ÒÃìºÍà¹µ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ NaHCO3 = 84, Na2CO3 = 106)
ÇÔ¸Õ·Ó
¢Ñé¹·Õè 1 ËÒÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³
NaHCO3 â¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´à»ç¹ÊÒÃµÑÇà·ÕÂº¡Ñº¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ì·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹
⇒ ¾ºÇèÒÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³ ¤×Í ............................. à¾ÃÒÐ ..........................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅ¢Í§ Na2CO3 µÒÁ·ÄÉ®Õ ·Õè·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñº NaHCO3 336 ¡ÃÑÁ

¢Ñé¹·Õè 2 ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ .............................................................................................................................................................................................
⇒ »ÃÔÁÒ³¢Í§ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ ¤×Í .......................................
336 g NaHCO3 »ÃÔÁÒ³¢Í§ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁËÒ ¤×Í ....................................... ? g Na2CO3
âÁÅ Na2CO3
⇒ ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹âÁÅ·Õè¾Í´Õ¡¹Ñ ÃÐËÇèÒ§ÊÒÃ .................................................... 1
= ...................................................
âÁÅ NaHCO3 2
2 x âÁÅ Na2CO3
¨Ðä´éÇèÒ .................................................... = 1...................................................
x âÁÅ NaHCO3
Ë¹éÒ 1
¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³»ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÒÃ ÊÒÁÒÃ¶·Óä´é 2 ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ä´éá¡è
ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 1 : ãªéÊÙµÃã¹¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 x âÁÅ Na2CO3 = 1 x âÁÅ NaHCO3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
g g
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 x Mw = 1 x Mw
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
g 336
2 x 106 = 1 x 84
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 x 336 x 106
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
g = 84 x 2
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 212 g
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 2 : ãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ
g Na2CO3 = 106 g Na2CO3 x 1 mol Na2CO3 x 1 mol NaHCO3 x 336 g NaHCO3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 mol Na2CO3 2 mol NaHCO3 84 g NaHCO3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
= 212 g Na2CO3
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ÁÇÅä¹âµÃàº¹«Õ¹µÒÁ·ÄÉ®Õà·èÒ¡Ñº 24.6 ¡ÃÑÁ
¹Ñè¹¤×Í ................................................................................................................................................................................................................
¢Ñé¹·Õè 3 ËÒ¼Åä´éÃéÍÂÅÐ
ÊÙµÃã¹¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³
¼Åä´éÃéÍÂÅÐ = ¼Åä´é¨ÃÔ§ x 100
¼Åä´éµÒÁ·ÄÉ®Õ
á·¹¤èÒ .......................... 18 g
= ...................................................................................................................
x 100
24.6 g
73.2
= ...................................................................................................................
73.2
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¹ÕéÁÕ¼Åä´éÃéÍÂÅÐà·èÒ¡Ñº .....................
Ë¹éÒ 2
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 2 ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃ·´ÅÍ§¹Ó¡Ã´ºÔÇ·Òâ¹ÍÔ¡ (C4H8O2) 10 ¡ÃÑÁ ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡ÑºÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂàÍ·Ò¹ÍÅ (C2H6O)
3.14 ¡ÃÑÁ ä´éÊÒÃàÍ·ÔÅºÔÇ·Òâ¹àÍµ (C6H12O2) áÅÐ¹éÓ (H2O) à»ç¹ä»µÒÁÊÁ¡ÒÃ´Ñ§¹Õé
C4H8O2(aq) + C2H6O(aq) → C6H12O2(aq) + H2O(l) ...... ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ´ØÅáÅéÇ
¶éÒ¡ÒÃ·´ÅÍ§¾ºÇèÒä´éÊÒÃàÍ·ÔÅºÔÇ·Òâ¹àÍµà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ 5.3 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³¼Åä´éÃéÍÂÅÐ¢Í§»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¹Õé
(¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ C4H8O2 = 88, C2H6O = 46 áÅÐ C6H12O2 = 116)
ÇÔ¸Õ·Ó
¢Ñé¹·Õè 1 : ËÒÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³
1) ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ C4H8O2(aq) + C2H6O(aq) → C6H12O2(aq) + H2O(l)
2) âÁÅ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñ¹ 1 mol 1 mol
·Óâ´Â¤Ù³´éÇÂ
3) â¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ 10 g 3.14 g
1
4) à»ÃÕÂºà·ÕÂºâÁÅ 1 10 1 3.14 x
= 1 x 88 = 1 x 46 àÅ¢´ØÅ Ë¹éÒÊÒÃ¹Ñé¹æ
¨Ðà»ÃÕÂºà·ÕÂºä´é¡çµèÍàÁ×èÍ = 0.114 mol = 0.068 mol ¡Ñº¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§»ÃÔÁÒ³¢Í§ÊÒÃ
·ÓãËéÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹âÁÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ
âÁÅÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ → àËÅ×Í âÁÅ¹éÍÂ¡ÇèÒ → ËÁ´ ·Õèâ¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ
·Ñé§ÊÍ§à»ç¹ 1 : 1
C 2 H6 O
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³ ä´éá¡è .........................
àÍ·ÔÅºÔÇ·Òâ¹àÍµ (C6H12O2) µÒÁ·ÄÉ®Õ ·Õè·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñº C2H6O 3.14
¢Ñé¹·Õè 2 : ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ .......................................................................................................................................................................................
ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 1 : ãªéÊÙµÃã¹¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 2 : ãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìµÑ´Ë¹èÇÂ
mol C6H12O = 1 1 mol C2H6O
116 g C6H12O 1 mol C6H12O
mol C2H6O 1 g C6H12O = x x x 3.14 g C2H6O
1 mol C6H12O 1 mol C2H6O 46 g C2H6O
1x mol C6H12O = 1 x mol C2H6O
g g = 7.92 g C6H12O
1x = 1x
Mw Mw
g 3.14
1x = 1x
116 46
1 x 3.14 x 116
g = = 7.92 g
46 x 1
àÍ·ÔÅºÔÇ·Òâ¹àÍµÁÕÁÇÅµÒÁ·ÄÉ®Õà·èÒ¡Ñº 7.92 ¡ÃÑÁ

´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ..................................................................................................................................
¢Ñé¹ 3 : ËÒ¼Åä´éÃéÍÂÅÐ
¨Ò¡ÊÙµÃ ¼Åä´éÃéÍÂÅÐ = ¼Åä´é¨ÃÔ§ x 100
5.3 g
á·¹¤èÒä´é = x 100 = 66.9
7.92 g
66.9
Ë¹éÒ 3
1. á¡êÊáÍÁâÁà¹ÕÂ (NH3) ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ¡Ñºá¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹¤ÅÍäÃ´ì (HCl) ä´éáÍÁâÁà¹ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì (NH4Cl)
«Öè§à»ç¹¢Í§á¢ç§ÊÕ¢ÒÇ à»ç¹ä»´Ñ§ÊÁ¡ÒÃ¹Õé
NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s) ..... ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ´ØÅáÅéÇ
¶éÒã¹¡ÒÃà¡Ô´»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¹ÕéãªéáÍÁâÁà¹ÕÂ·Ñé§ÊÔé¹ 0.2 ¡ÃÑÁ
¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ 1.1) ÁÇÅ¢Í§áÍÁâÁà¹ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ì·Õè¨Ðà¡Ô´¢Öé¹µÒÁ·ÄÉ®Õ
1.2) ¼Åä´éÃéÍÂÅÐ¢Í§»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ ¶éÒÁÕáÍÁâÁà¹ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ìà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ 0.2 ¡ÃÑÁ
(¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ NH3 áÅÐ NH4Cl à·èÒ¡Ñº 17 áÅÐ 53.5 µÒÁÅÓ´Ñº)
ÇÔ¸Õ·Ó
⇒ NH3
¾ºÇèÒÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³ ¤×Í ............................. â¨·Âì¡ÓË¹´à»ç¹ÊÒÃµÑÇà·ÕÂº¡Ñº¼ÅÔµÀÑ³±ì·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹
à¾ÃÒÐ ......................................................................................................
NH3 0.2 ¡ÃÑÁ
¢Ñé¹·Õè 2 : ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ NH4Cl µÒÁ·ÄÉ®Õ ·Õè·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñº ............................................................
0.2 gNH3 »ÃÔÁÒ³¢Í§ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·Âì¶ÒÁËÒ ¤×Í .............................
»ÃÔÁÒ³¢Í§ÊÒÃ·Õèâ¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ ¤×Í .......................... ? gNH4Cl
⇒ ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹âÁÅ·Õ¾Í´Õ¡Ñ¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§ÊÒÃ âÁÅ NH4Cl =
................................. 1
....................................
âÁÅ NH3 1
¨Ðä´éÇèÒ 1.................................
x âÁÅ NH4Cl = 1 x âÁÅ NH3
....................................
¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³»ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÒÃ ÊÒÁÒÃ¶·Óä´é 2 ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´ ä´éá¡è
53.5 g NH4Cl 1 mol NH4Cl 1 mol NH3
1 x âÁÅ NH4Cl = 1 x âÁÅ NH3 g NH4Cl = x x x 0.2 g NH3
g g 1 mol NH4Cl 1 mol NH3 17 g NH3
1 x Mw = 1 x Mw
g 0.2 = 0.63 g NH4Cl
1x 53.5
=1x 17
1 x 0.2 x 53.5
g= = 0.63 g
17x 1
ÁÇÅáÍÁâÁà¹ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍäÃ´ìµÒÁ·ÄÉ®Õà·èÒ¡Ñº 0.63 ¡ÃÑÁ

¹Ñè¹¤×Í .........................................................................................................................................................
¢Ñé¹·Õè 3 : ËÒ¼Åä´éÃéÍÂÅÐ
ÊÙµÃ
¼Åä´é¨ÃÔ§
¼Åä´éÃéÍÂÅÐ = x 100
0.2 g
á·¹¤èÒä´é = x 100
0.63 g
= 31.75
31.75
Ë¹éÒ 4
2. ¹éÓÁÑ¹ÃÐ¡Ó (methyl salicylate) àµÃÕÂÁä´é¨Ò¡»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒµèÍä»¹Õé
C7H6O3(s) + CH4O(l) → C8H8O3(l) + H2O(l)
¡Ã´«ÒÅÔ«ÔÅÔ¡ àÁ·Ò¹ÍÅ ¹éÓÁÑ¹ÃÐ¡Ó
¨Ò¡¡ÒÃ·´ÅÍ§¾ºÇèÒàÁ×èÍãªé¡Ã´«ÒÅÔ«ÔÅÔ¡ 15 ¡ÃÑÁ ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡ÑºàÁ·Ò¹ÍÅ 11.2 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨Ðä´é¹éÓÁÑ¹ÃÐ¡Ó 12.4 ¡ÃÑÁ
¨§ËÒ¼Åä´éÃéÍÂÅÐ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃ·´ÅÍ§¹Õé
(¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ C7H6O3 = 138 ,CH4O = 32 áÅÐ C8H8O3 = 152)
ÇÔ¸Õ·Ó
1) ÊÁ¡ÒÃà¤ÁÕ C7H6O3(s) + CH4O(l) → C8H8O3(l) + H2O(l)
2) âÁÅ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¾Í´Õ¡Ñ¹ 1 mol 1 mol ·Óâ´Â¤Ù³´éÇÂ
3) â¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ 15 g 11.2 g 1
1 15 1 11.2 x
4) à»ÃÕÂºà·ÕÂºâÁÅ = 1 x 138 = 1 x 32 àÅ¢´ØÅ Ë¹éÒÊÒÃ¹Ñé¹æ
¨Ðà»ÃÕÂºà·ÕÂºä´é¡çµèÍàÁ×èÍ
= 0.109 mol = 0.35 mol ¡Ñº¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁÅ¢Í§»ÃÔÁÒ³¢Í§ÊÒÃ
·ÓãËéÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹âÁÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ ·Õèâ¨·ÂìãËéÁÒ
·Ñé§ÊÍ§à»ç¹ 1 : 1 ¡èÍ¹!!! âÁÅ¹éÍÂ¡ÇèÒ → ËÁ´ âÁÅÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ → àËÅ×Í
C7H6O3
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ÊÒÃ¡ÓË¹´»ÃÔÁÒ³ ä´éá¡è .........................
ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§¹éÓÁÑ¹ÃÐ¡Ó (C8H8O3) µÒÁ·ÄÉ®Õ àÁ×Íè ãªé C7H6O3 15 ¡ÃÑÁ
¢Ñé¹·Õè 2 : ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................
mol C8H8O3 = 1
1 mol C8H8O3 1 mol C7H6O3 15 g C H O
mol C7H6O3 1 g C8H8O3 = 152 g C8H8O3 x x x 7 6 3
1 mol C8H8O3 1 mol C7H6O3 138 g C7H6O3
1 x mol C8H8O3 = 1 x mol C7H6O3
g g
1x Mw
= 1 x Mw = 16.52 g C8H8O3
g 15
1x 152
= 1x 138
1 x 15 x 152
g = = 16.52 g
138 x 1
¹éÓÁÑ¹ÃÐ¡ÓÁÕÁÇÅµÒÁ·ÄÉ®Õà·èÒ¡Ñº 16.52 ¡ÃÑÁ

¹Ñè¹¤×Í .........................................................................................................................................................
¢Ñé¹·Õè 3 : ËÒ¼Åä´éÃéÍÂÅÐ
ÊÙµÃ
¼Åä´é¨ÃÔ§
¼Åä´éÃéÍÂÅÐ = x 100
12.4 g
á·¹¤èÒä´é = x 100
15.62 g
= 75.1
75.1
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ »¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¹ÕéÁÕ¼Åä´éÃéÍÂÅÐà·èÒ¡Ñº ...................
Ë¹éÒ 5

เฉลยใบงานเคมี 2

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เพจ : สื่อ ใบงานดี เคมี ม.ปลาย

à¾¨: Ê×èÍ ãº§Ò¹´Õà¤ÁÕ Á.»ÅÒÂ

ÃÇÁ·Ñé§ËÁ´ 139 Ë¹ŒÒ

à¾¨: Ê×èÍ ãº§Ò¹´Õà¤ÁÕ Á.»ÅÒÂ

ãÊèà¤Ã×Íè §ËÁÒÂ  Ë¹éÒ¢éÍ¤ÇÒÁ·Õ¶è ¡Ù µéÍ§ áÅÐà¤Ã×Íè §ËÁÒÂ × Ë¹éÒ¢éÍ¤ÇÒÁ·ÕèäÁè¶¡Ù µéÍ§

ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ (Atomic mass)

ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ n ÍÐµÍÁ (¡ÃÑÁ) x 1

⇒ ÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ 1 ÍÐµÍÁ (¡ÃÑÁ) = ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì x 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ

2) ¸ÒµØÍÍ¡«Ôà¨¹ (O) 1 ÍÐµÍÁ ÁÕÁÇÅ 2.656 x 10-23 ¡ÃÑÁ

3) ¸ÒµØÅÔà·ÕÂÁ (Li) 2 ÍÐµÍÁ ÁÕÁÇÅ 2.324 x 10-23 ¡ÃÑÁ

4) ¸ÒµØâºÃÁÕ¹ (Br) 10 ÍÐµÍÁ ÁÕÁÇÅ 1.326 x 10-21 ¡ÃÑÁ

2) ¸ÒµØ·Í§¤Ó (Au) 5 ÍÐµÍÁ (¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¢Í§¸ÒµØ Au à·èÒ¡Ñº 196.97)

3) ¸ÒµØ¿ÅÙÍÍÃÕ¹ (F) 100 ÍÐµÍÁ (¡ÓË¹´ãËéÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¢Í§¸ÒµØ F à·èÒ¡Ñº 19.00)

¡ÒÃà»ÃÕÂºà·ÕÂºÁÇÅ¢Í§¸ÒµØ = a x ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ·¸ì¢Í§¸ÒµØ A (¡ÃÑÁ)

àÁ×èÍ Σ á·¹ ¼ÅÃÇÁ

8. ¸ÒµØ«ÔÅÔ¤Í¹ (Si) ·Õè¾ºã¹¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔÁÕ 3 äÍâ«â·» ÁÕÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§áµèÅÐäÍâ«â·»à·èÒ¡Ñº 27.98, 28.98

10. ¸ÒµØ Â Ù â Ãà¾Õ Â Á (Eu) ¾ºã¹¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔ 2 äÍâ«â·» ¤× Í 151Eu ÁÕ Á ÇÅÍÐµÍÁà·è Ò ¡Ñ º 150.92

ÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃ 1 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ (¡ÃÑÁ) = ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ x 1.66 x 10-24 ¡ÃÑÁ

¤ÓªÕáé ¨§: ¨§µÍº¤Ó¶ÒÁµèÍä»¹Õé

2) á¡êÊÊÁÁµÔª¹Ô´ A 1 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ ÁÕÁÇÅ 2.822 x 10-23 ¡ÃÑÁ

*** à·¤¹Ô¤ã¹¡ÒÃãªéá¿¡àµÍÃì ***

µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 2 ¹éÓ (H2O) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 3 âÁÅ ÁÕ¡ÕèâÁàÅ¡ØÅ

´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¹éÓ (H2O) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 3 âÁÅ ÁÕ 1.806x1023 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ

¤ÓªÕáé ¨§: ¨§µÍº¤Ó¶ÒÁµèÍä»¹Õé

1.3 á¡êÊáÍÁâÁà¹ÕÂ (NH3) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 3.01x1025 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ

1.4 ¡ÓÁÐ¶Ñ¹ (S) 1 ÍÐµÍÁ

1.5 â¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁäÍÍÍ¹ (K+) 100 äÍÍÍ¹

2.2 àËÅç¡ (Fe) 8.50 âÁÅ

2.3 ¹éÓµÒÅ«Ùâ¤ÃÊ (C12H22O11) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 5.00 âÁÅ

2.4 ÍÍ¡ä«´ìäÍÍÍ¹ (O2-) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 0.001 âÁÅ

2.5 ä¹à·ÃµäÍÍÍ¹ (NO3-) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 1.0x10-5 âÁÅ

4. ÍÐÅÙÁÔà¹ÕÂÁ«ÑÅà¿µ (Al2(SO4)3) ¡ÕèâÁÅ·ÕèÊÒÁÒÃ¶ãËéÍÐÅÙÁÔà¹ÕÂÁäÍÍÍ¹ (Al3+) 6.02x1022 äÍÍÍ¹ áÅÐã¹»ÃÔÁÒ³

5.2 àÅ´(II)ä¹à·Ãµ (Pb(NO3)2) 82.75 ¡ÃÑÁ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ Pb(NO3)2 à·èÒ¡Ñº 283)

6. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ÊÒÃã¹¢éÍµèÍä»¹Õé â´ÂáÊ´§ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´·Ñé§ 2 áºº

8. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§á¡êÊ«ÑÅà¿ÍÃìä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (SO2) ·ÕèÁÕ¸ÒµØ¡ÓÁÐ¶Ñ¹ (S) à»ç¹Í§¤ì»ÃÐ¡Íº»ÃÔÁÒ³ 0.4 ¡ÃÑÁ

µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 5 á¡êÊâÍâ«¹ (O3) »ÃÔÁÒµÃ 11.2 ÅÔµÃ·Õè STP ¤Ô´à»ç¹¡ÕèâÁÅ

µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 6 á¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ (H2) 0.25 âÁÅ ÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¡ÕèÅÔµÃ·Õè STP

9.2 á¡êÊÁÕà·¹ (CH4) 6.72 ÅÔµÃ·Õè STP

10. ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ·Õè STP ¢Í§á¡êÊµèÍä»¹Õé â´ÂáÊ´§ÇÔ¸Õ¤Ô´·Ñé§ 2 áºº

10.2 á¡êÊÍÒÃì¡Í¹ (Ar) 5.00 âÁÅ ¨ÐÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¡ÕèÅÔµÃ·Õè STP

¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§âÁÅ ¨Ó¹Ç¹Í¹ØÀÒ¤ ÁÇÅ áÅÐ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§á¡êÊ

µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 1 ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§ÍÐÅÙÁÔà¹ÕÂÁ (Al) 3.01 x 1023 ÍÐµÍÁ (ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ Al = 27)

µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 2 ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¨Ó¹Ç¹âÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§á¡êÊä¹âµÃà¨¹ÁÍ¹Í¡ä«´ì (NO) 60 ¡ÃÑÁ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ NO = 30)

1.2 ¿ÍÊ¿ÍÃÑÊ (P) 6.02 x 1022 ÍÐµÍÁ (ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ P = 31)

1.3 á¡êÊ¤ÒÃìºÍ¹ä´ÍÍ¡ä«´ì (CO2) 1.81 x 1024 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ CO2 = 44)

g Pb(NO3)2 = 331 g Pb(NO3)2 1 mol Pb(NO3)2 1 mol Pb2+

2.2 àÎ¡à«¹ (C6H14) 43 ¡ÃÑÁ (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅà·èÒ¡Ñº 86)

ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 1 : ãªéÊÙµÃã¹¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 2 : ãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ

2.4 ä¹à·ÃµäÍÍÍ¹ (NO3-) ã¹àÅ´(II)ä¹à·Ãµ (Pb(NO3)2) 82.75 ¡ÃÑÁ (ãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ)

µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 3 ¨§¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒÁÇÅ¢Í§á¡êÊÎÕàÅÕÂÁ (He) »ÃÔÁÒµÃ 11.2 ÅÔµÃ ·ÕèÀÒÇÐ STP (ÁÇÅÍÐµÍÁ¢Í§ He = 4)

µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 4 ¨§ËÒá¡êÊäÎâ´Ãà¨¹ (H2) 0.4 ¡ÃÑÁ ¨ÐÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¡ÕèÅÔµÃ·ÕèÀÒÇÐ STP (ÁÇÅâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢Í§ H2 = 2)

ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 1 : ãªéÊÙµÃã¹¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 2 : ãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ

µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 5 á¡êÊÎÕàÅÕÂÁ (He) »ÃÔÁÒµÃ 11.2 ÅÔµÃ·Õè STP ¨ÐÁÕ¨Ó¹Ç¹¡ÕèÍÐµÍÁ

ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 1 : ãªéÊÙµÃã¹¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè 2 : ãªéá¿¡àµÍÃìà»ÅÕèÂ¹Ë¹èÇÂ

¤ÓªÕáé ¨§: ¨§µÍº¤Ó¶ÒÁµèÍä»¹Õé

6.2 á¡êÊÁÕà·¹ (CH4) »ÃÔÁÒµÃ 6.72 ÅÔµÃ·ÕÀè ÒÇÐ STP

7.2 á¡êÊâÍâ«¹ (O3) ¨Ó¹Ç¹ 9.03 x 1023 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ

¤ÓªÕáé ¨§: ¨§µÍº¤Ó¶ÒÁµèÍä»¹Õé

8.2 á¡êÊÊÁÁµÔ B ÁÕÁÇÅ 0.74 ¡ÃÑÁ áÅÐÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ 34 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ ·Õè STP

ÍÍ§µÇ¹ âÅÃÍ§ ÅÒÇÑÇ«ÕàÂ

• ¡ÒÃ¾Ô¨ÒÃ³ÒÇèÒ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕÂè ¹á»Å§¹Ñ¹é à»ç¹ÃÐºº»Ô´ËÃ×ÍÃÐººà»Ô´

4. ¶éÒ¹Ó·Í§á´§ (Cu) 6.3 ¡ÃÑÁ ·Ó»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡Ñº¼§¡ÓÁÐ¶Ñ¹ (S) 3.2 ¡ÃÑÁ áÅéÇä´éÊÒÃ¤Í»à»ÍÃì(II)«ÑÅà¿µ

5. àÁ×èÍÅÐÅÒÂÊÒÃâ¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁäÍâÍ´Õ¹ (KI) 1.66 ¡ÃÑÁã¹¹éÓáÅéÇàµÔÁÊÒÃàÅ´(II)ä¹àµÃµ (Pb(NO3)2 1. 65 ¡ÃÑÁ

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