Measurement of flow-induced vibrations using a fibre Bragg grating sensor

w. jin', Y. Zhou2, Peter K.C. Chan', and H.G. Xu2

'Department ofElectrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, HongKong

ABSTRACT
A fibre-optic Bragg grating sensor for flow-induced vibration measurement is described. The sensor is based on monitoring shift
in the Bragg wavelength of a fibre Bragg grating. The fibre Bragg grating, when bonded onto a structure, can measure local axial
strain variation of the structure. The strain can be related to the structural bending displacement. Experiments were conducted to
measure the flow-induced vibration of a cylinder in a crossflow. The measurement results in terms of the natural frequency of the
fluid-structure system and the vortex shedding frequency are consistent with the results obtained from a laser vibrometer. Fibre Bragg
grating sensors have potential applications in the study of fluid-structure interactions of cylinder arrays in a crossflow.

Key words: Fibre optic sensors, Bragg grating sensors, Flow-induced vibration, flow-structure interaction.

1. INTRODUCTION
Since Hill et al first discovered photosensitivity in optical fibre in 1 978[ 1 ], Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) has been a subject of intense
research and development at many institutions around the world. Although the development of FBGs has been led primarily by their
applications in communications, the FBG sensors have attracted considerable interest because they are simple and intrinsic sensing
elements which can be photo-inscribed into a silica fibre and have all the advantages normally attributed to fibre sensors [2,3]. FBGs
appear to be useful for a variety of applications, in particular for smart structure applications where FBG sensor arrays can be
embedded into materials to allow measurement of parameters such as load, strain, temperature and vibration, from which the health
of the structure can be assessed and tracked on a real time basis. Numerous papers have been published in the area of FBG sensors
and the state-of-the-art may be found in a recent review by Kersey et al [3]. In this paper, we report the application of a FBG sensor
for the measurement of flow-induced structural vibrations.

Flow-induced vibrations are complex and complicated, involving coupling between the structural dynamics and the turbulent flow
field. Since the vibrations have significant impact on the fatigue life of structures and may even have disastrous consequences, interest
in documenting and predicting the vibrations under different flow conditions is rapidly growing. To understand the vibration
characteristics of a structure, instrumentation for accurate measurement of vibration is essential. Previous work in the measurement
of flow-mduced vibrations includes the measurement of fluctuating strain in structure using conventional strain gauges [4][5], the
measurement of oscillation amplitude (displacement) using a spring-mounted system [6] or a displacement transducer of the capacitate
type [7]. These measurement techniques suffer from various drawbacks, one ofwhich is that the installation ofthe sensors affects the
vibrational characteristics, especially, of the light structures. With the advance of optical techniques, laser vibrometer is now
available to measure the structural bending displacement[8]. Although this technique is non-intrusive and can be used for vibration
measurement of a single structure or blades in cascades, it can not be used when a structure is positioned within arrays because
adjacent structures could block or contaminate the laser beam/signal.

The FBG sensors are unique in a number of aspects, which make them ideal for flow-induced vibration measurement. Firstly, they
are small in size and light in weight. Their attachment onto a structure would cause a negligible effect on the vibrational characteristics
of the structure. Secondly, as light is guided by optical fibres which are flexible (can be bent), the FBG sensors may be used to
measure fluctuating strain at any point on a single isolated structure or a structure within an array, overcoming the drawbacks of the
laser vibrometer. By using wavelength division and other multiplexing techniques, the FBG sensors have the potential to be used for
simultaneous multi-point measurement on a single structure, or simultaneous measurement of vibrations of many structures in an array
in a crossflow. These measurements are of significance in determining the operational shape of a structure in a crossflow and in
studying the complex flow-structure interaction of structures in arrays in a crossflow.

Part of the SPIE Conference on Harsh Environment Sensors • Boston. Massachusetts • November 1998
124
SPIE Vol. 3538 • 0277-786X/99/$1O.OO

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 The principle of an FBG sensor for the measurement fluctuating strain will be described first in Section 2; the performance of the
sensor will be discussed in Section 3; experimental procedures and results will be reported in Section 4; a brief summary is given in
Section 5.

2. SENSING PRINCIPLE
Fig. 1 shows the generic concept of strain sensing using an FBG. When light from a broadband source is guided through an optical
fibre to the FBG, a narrow band component is reflected back at the Bragg resonance wavelength. The Bragg wavelength X8 is given
by

2B2n", (1)

where A is the grating pitch and n is the fibre refractive index. The Bragg wavelength is strain- dependent through physical elongation
ofthe sensor and through the change in fibre refractive index due to photoelastic effects. The shift in Bragg wavelength &B with the
applied longitudinal strain c maybe expressed as [9]

= ('Pe)' (2)
2B

where Pe S an effective photoelastic coefficient given by:

Pe ()[Pj2 - p(P// + p12)], (3)

where are the Pockel's coefficients ofthe photoelastic tensor and .t is Poisson's ratio. The factor Pe for silica fibre has a numerical
value ofabout 0.22 [3]which gives

A2B O.78A.Bs. (4)

For a nominal Bragg wavelength ofXB 1556nm, a strain of ljic will result in a shift in the Bragg wavelength of L\XB=l.2pm.

The wavelength shift XB can be measured by a number of techniques [2,3]. We report here the use of a tunable Fabry-Perot
optical filter through which wavelength shift is converted to light intensity variation. The intensity signal is converted to a
voltage signal through the use of a photo-receiver(Fig.1).

The reflection spectrum of the FBG depends on the exact profile of the refractive index perturbation within the fibre core. For a
uniform sinusoidal index variation, the reflective spectrum has been derived analytically and was found to be a rather complicated
function of grating parameters. For most modem FBGs designed for sensing applications, the grating reflection spectrum may be
approximated by a Gaussion function given by [10]

RG(2) = RGexpf- __(Z-,2) ] 2

(5)
B ,

where R0 is the peak reflectivity of the grating, XB is the Bragg wavelength, and B is the grating bandwidth (FWHM). The

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 transmission spectrum of the Fabry-Perot filter may also be modelled with a Gaussion function as

n
Tp(2) =
2
TFoexp[- , (2 - 2F ) I, (6)
B
where XF and BF are the central wavelength and FWHM bandwidth of the filter. TFO is the transmission coefficient of the filter. The
light intensity at the output ofthe optical filter may be written as

I = JP(2)RG(2)TF(2)d, (7)

where P(X) is the power spectrum of the broadband source. The power spectrum of the broadband source is normally much broader
than the tuning range ofthe grating and, hence, it is assumed to have a constant spectrum power P over this limited range. The output
light intensity may be derived by using Eqs. (5), (6) and (7) and expressed as

I= I exp[- 62or 1 (8)

where I is a peak light intensity given by

I - P2TFRG BFBG
p
41n2 +B (9)

and Xnor S a nonnalised wavelength mismatch defmed as

62nor
(2fi
I
B+B)
ISA , (10)

where öXXBXF . Once P, B0, BF and R are fixed, the intensity I will only vary with the wavelength mismatch öX=XBXF and can
therefore be used as a measure of the Bragg wavelength shift The dependence of the normalised light intensity 'nor 111p Ofl Xnor S
shown in Fig. 2.

Assume an applied longitudinal strain

e=eo+smf(t), (11)
where r. is the DC component of the strain, isEmthe amplitude, and f(t) is the profile of the dynamic strain modulation. The function
f(t) has an average value of zero and satisfies If(t)Il. For sinusoidal strain modulation, f(t)sin(2itft+), where f is the oscillation
frequency. The Bragg wavelength corresponding to this strain may be expressed as

B2BO+,%mf(t) (12)

The wavelength mismatch &X can then be expressed as

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 &% = 82DC + ,%mf(t), (13)
where öXDC=XBO XF represents a DC component which determines the operation point, and SXac jS an AC component caused
Xm f(t)
by the fluctuating strain and Am iS the amplitude ofthe wavelength modulation which is related Cm through Eq.(4). When passing
through the optical filter, wavelength modulation will be converted to intensity modulation. For a small X, , i.e., Xm << ((BG)2+(BF)2)
, the intensity modulation may be expressed as (see Fig.2)

lac K,%mf(t), (14)

where K is a proportionality factor depending on the operation point. The system output after
photo-detection is a voltage with its AC component expressed as

Vac Keio 'cc Ke10KA.mf(t), (15)

where K0 is a coefficient relating light signal at the input to the voltage signal at the output of the photo-receiver.

K equals to the first derivative of I(6X), i.e., dI(6X)/d(ö). The first derivative as a function of oX can be obtained from
Eqs.(8) and (10) and expressed as

dl
K= d(S2nor) = — I exp(—622no )8
nor
d(82 nor) d(82) \JB + B
(16)

Fig.3 shows the normalised scale factor K0 =((BG)2+(BF)2)½ K / (4(1n2)"2I) as a function of the normalised wavelength variation
0Xnor It can be seen that }ç0 and therefore K depend on the operation point. To optimise the sensor performance, it is important
to adjust the operation point so that K (Knor) is maximised. The optimal working point corresponding to K= K,,, may be obtained
by using

dK =
______ 0, (17)
d(82nor)

and can be expressed as

6A.nor,opt
= , (18)

or

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 1B2 B2F
= 'BO 2F
j 81n 2
(19)

The optimal value of K can be calculated by substituting Eq.(18) into Eq.(16) and expressed as

K nor,max = (20)

or

— [21112 2I
Kmax
V e JB+B .
-tI ( )

To optimise the sensor performance, it is crucial to adjust XF to satisfy the optimal working condition (Eq.(19)). The sensor output
under this condition is given by VacKdoKmXmf(t).

3. SENSOR PERFORMANCE
From Fig.2, it can be seen that the response of the sensor is a non-linear function of wavelength mismatch. For a small wavelength
modulation, the sensor response may be approximately described by a linear equation (Eq.(1 5)). For larger wavelength modulation
however, the use ofEq.(15) may introduce a significant error. This is because that different parts ofthe waveform see scale factor
K. For those parts of the waveform which are close to the optimal working point, i.e. point A in Fig.2, the K value is equal to K,,
and the wavelength modulation is converted to intensity modulation very effectively. For the parts which are far away from the optimal
point, e.g. point B, the scale factor K may be significantly smaller than K,,, and the wavelength to intensity conversion is lesser
efficient. This will introduce distortion in the output waveform. It is therefore important to specify the measurement range over
which the sensor can be used for a specified error allowance of the scale factor.

Assuming working around the optimal operation point, the maximum measurement range can be easily obtained by using the
relationship between III and norg2) and Eq.(19) and is found to be XmI< opt [((BG)2+(BF)2)/(82)I"20.425 ((BG)2+(BF)2)F2.
Beyond this value, the sensor output will be seriously distorted and will not increase as the amplitude of the wavelength modulation
increases. For practical applications, however, the measurement range should be smaller than this value and depend on the allowance
of the scale factor error. The measurement range may then be defined as a magnitude of ?m (denoted as Xmlmax), beyond this
magnitude, some parts of the waveform will see a scale factor smaller than cx% of K, i.e.,

KIa%.Kmax. (22)

The larger the value of ct% is, the closer the scale factor is to K,,, and the better the system performance. Substituting Eqs.(16) and
(21) into Eq.(22), yields

82norXP(82or) = a%. (23)

Eq.(23) can be solved using a graphical method as shown in Fig.4a. For a%<l, there will be two
values of i.e. XlOrI and Xn2, which satisfy Eq.(23). The normalised wavelength range Xflor (lnor,i 6Xnor,21) which satisfies

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 Eq.(22) as a function of a% was calculated using Fig.4a and is illustrated in Fig.4b.

Take c% =90% as an example, we have 0.45. The corresponding wavelength range X = - oX2 can be calculated
by using Eq.(lO) as

LU =O.27JB+B. (24)

Obviously, L\X depends on the bandwidth of the filter and the grating, and can therefore be adjusted by choosing appropriate BG and
BF . The measurement range in terms of Xm may be estimated as XmImX L\XJ2O. 135((BG)2+(BF)2)"2. The measurement range in terms
ofthe fluctuating strain (denoted as IcmIm) can be derived from using Eq.(4).

Another important parameter is the sensitivity of the sensor in terms of the minimum detectable wavelength or fluctuatmg strain.
Assuming working at the optimal operation point, if the noise level in the measurement of voltage is V, the wavelength detection
accuracy in terms of noise equivalent wavelength Xml. (corresponding to a signal to noise ratio of 1)may be determined from Eq.(l 5),
as

= vn • (25)
inn Ke/oK max

N 2qJOBN (26)

As is related to the bandwidths of the Bragg grating and the optical filter, Xml. 15 therefore also dependent on the filter and the
grating characteristics.

The noise may be originated from various sources such as quantizing noise during A/D conversion, thermal noise in the receiver,
etc. Like all types of optical sensors, the fundamental noise limit of the Bragg sensor is, however, the photon shot noise. The shot
noise power N is given by[lO]:

where q is electronic charge, is detector responsivity in A/W. I is the mean optical power at the detector, and BN is the bandwidth
of the detection circuit. 10 depends on the operation point. At optimal operation point, Jo may be calculated from Eqs.(8) and (18) and

I
Jo = (27)
Je
expressed as

By substituting Eq.(27) into Eq.(26) and using Eq.(25), we can calculate the minimum detectable wavelength variation as

I mI/ Krnax
0.75
q(B + B )3/2 •
P2TFRGBGBF
(28)

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 In the derivation ofEq.(28), we have used VK0N. The minimum detectable strain can be calculated from the value of IXmfl by
using Eq.(4).

The fibre-optic Bragg sensor system used in our experiments consists of a FBG, a Light-emitting diode (LED) source, a 50/50
fibre coupler, a Fabry-Perot tunable filter, and a photodetector (see Fig. 1). The FBG was written directly onto a standard
telecommunication fibre (Coming SMF-28, l25m diameter) after hydrogen loading, using a standard phase-mask UV written
technique{2]. The FBG is about 1cm long and has a centre wavelength of XBl556. The spectrum width of the grating is
BG=O.2nm and peak reflectivity is R80%. The LED has a spectrum density ofP6.tW/nm at 1556nm. The Optical Fabry-Perot
filter has a bandwidth BF=O.2nm and a transmission coefficient 0fTF5O%. The photodetector used was a New Focus Model 2001
Photoreceiver with a responsivity of 1A/W. The shot noise limited sensitivity of the sensor can be calculated by substituting the
above mentioned system parameters into Eq.(28) and was found to be 3x10nmhiHz or 0.27ne!'iHz. For a detection bandwidth of
1.6kHz (the bandwidth used in our experiment), the sensitivity of the sensor is found to be 0.01 tc. The measurement range of the
sensor corresponding to scale factor a90% (or scale factor error 1 -90%1 0%) can be calculated by substituting B =BF=O.2nm into
Eq.(24) and is t\X=0.076nm, or 38pm, corresponding to a strain range of 37.tc.

4. EXPERIMENT AND DISCUSSION

Fig. 5 shows the experimental set-up. The aim of the experiment was to test the viability of applying the FBG sensor for the
measurement of flow-induced vibrations on a cylinder in a crossflow. Experiments were conducted in a suction-type wmd tunnel with
a 0.5m long working section (0.35mx0.35m). An acrylic circular cylinder (diameter d6mm) was vertically mounted, with fixed
support at both ends, in the mid-plane of the working section, 0.2m from the exit plane of the contraction.

The cylinder in a uniform stream will vibrate due to excitation from the vortex shedding. Flow-mduced vibration is associated with
a varying displacement and hence a dynamic strain of the cylinder. When an optical fibre built with a FBG sensor is bonded along
the cylinder span, the fibre and hence the FBG sensor follow the deformation of the surface and therefore provide a measure of the
local strain at a point where the FBG is located. The strain is a resultant effect of torsional and bending displacement. For a cylinder
subject to a crossflow, the associated torsion is in general negligible. The structural vibrations are primarily due to the bending
moment. This implies that drag and lift or the streamwise and lateral displacements are responsible for strain.

To measure the lateral displacement, the optical fibre built with an FBG sensor was bonded along the cylinder span at 90° from
the leading stagnation line. The FBG was located at the mid-section of the cylinder. Since the streamwise displacement does not result
in strain at the point where the FBG is located, the strain e measured by the FBG sensor was entirely due to the lateral displacement.
Note that the strain and the displacement are related. This means that once the local strain is measured, the lateral displacement may
be determined. A commercial laser vibrometer (Polytec Series 3000 Dual Laser Beam Vibrometer) was used to measure the lateral
fluctuating displacement ofthe cylinder so that the relationship between the two quantities can be quantified. The laser vibrometer
was arranged in such a way that one laser beam measure the displacement at the same point where the FBG was located, the other
beam monitored the tunnel vibration. The differential signal Y from the two beams grossly reduced the contamination of tuimel
vibration to the displacement measurement.

To show the correlation between the stream velocity and the structural vibration, the streamwise fluctuating velocity u was
measured by a single hot-wire (Tungsten) located at xld'2 and y/d1.5 (see Fig.5). The hot-wire was operated at an overheat ratio
of 1.8 with a constant temperature anemometer (DISA Type 55M10). The signals e, Y and ii were simultaneously offset, amplified
and then digitised using a l2bit A/D card and a personal computer at a sampling frequency of3.5kHz per channel. The during of each
recorded was about 1 5 seconds.

Before starting the measurement of the flow induced vibration, the FBG sensor was calibrated to obtain the value of the scale factor
K1 which relate the output voltage V to the applied strain C. The calibration was made by tuning the Fabry-Perot filter wavelength
XF by varying the applied control voltage around the optimal working point, and simultaneously measuring the voltage variation in
the system output. The ratio of the output voltage variation and the change in AF gives K0K. The value of K1 was then derived
from the value of K0K using Eq.(4). In calibration, the accuracy in determining the wavelength tuning was limited by the accuracy
in tuning the control voltage applied to the filter, and is estimated to be around 10pm. This will cause an error in the calculation

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 of the scale factor The calibration experiments were repeated for five times, and an average of the results from the five
measurements was taken as the estimated value of the system scale factor The discrepancy between the values of K1 obtained
from the five calibration experiments was found to be less 16%.

Experiments were conducted for a range of free stream velocity U, corresponding to reduced velocity Ur ( U/fnd, where f is
the natural frequency of the cylinder) from 3 - 32, and Reynalds number Re(U4'v, where v is the fluid kinematic viscosity) from
800-7200. Fig.6 shows the simultaneous time histories (Re6100) obtained from the FBG sensor (c signal, upper trace), the laser
vibrometer (Y signal, middle trace) and the hot wire (u signal, lower trace). The s signal was calculated by dividing the measured
voltage from the FBG sensor by the scale factor obtained from the calibration experiments. The measurement uncertainty in c
may be derived from the calibration error in and is estimated to be around 16%. The c and Y signals exhibit some similarities.
Both show quasi-periodical fluctuations. The fluctuations have the same frequency as the quasi-periodical u signal, implying that the
vibration is resulting from the vertex shedding. This can be seen more clearly by comparing the spectra of e , Y and u as shown in
Fig.7. In Fig.7, f;*=f;d/U and f'*fdjrU. f and f' are respectively the shedding frequency and the nature frequency of the
combined fluid-cylinder system.

Albeit similar in many aspects, and Y are different physical quantities and hence their behaviours are not expected to be exactly
identical. The C signal appears more sensitive to the excitation of the vertex shedding, but less sensitive to the excitation at the f'
frequency. Investigation on the similarity and difference between the two signals should be helpful to understand the complex
characteristics of the flow-cylinder interaction. This is a subject of future study. The Y spectrum E exhibits a peak at f=24 or
f(fdIU)=O.OO96, which has been experimentally verified to be the same as the wind tunnel vibration frequency. The peak is not
seen in the c-spectrum E, indicating the c signal is by far less sensitive to this noise then the Y signal. This is a greatadvantage of
the FBG sensor over the laser vibrometer.

The harmonics ofthe shedding frequency are also exist as indicated by the peaks at 2f*and 3f* in Fig.7. It is evident that the
amplitudes of the harmonics are larger in the c spectrum than in the Y spectrum. This may be partly due to the fact that c is more
sensitive to shedding excitation than Y, and partly caused by the non-linearity in the transfer function of the FBG sensor as has been
discussed in section 3.

Fig.8 shows the dependence ofY and c on the reduced velocity Ur(UIfd). The variations ofY and show a similar
trends. Both increases and their local peaks generally occur at the same Ur. The relation between Y and c was to found to be
linear for rms <8.t6, or U<27. This is expected as for small signals, the relation between the displacement and the strain at the mid-
span of the cylinder is theoretically calculated to be linear[l 1]. When Y > 8p.e, or Ur>27 , the relationship between the two
quantities starts to deviate from the linear relation, probably as a result of the increasing importance of the non-linear vibrations as
well as the higher modes of vibrations.

The noise level of the FBG system was measured when the wind tunnel was switched off. The noise equivalent strain (rms value)
was found to be O.O36.tE. This value is 3-4 time ofthe theoretical performance limited by the photon shot noise as calculated in section
3, and may be limited by the electronic noise after photo-detection.

During the experiment, it was found that the operation point varies from time to time. This may be due to drift in the Bragg
wavelength of the grating and drift in the centre wavelength of the optical Fabry-Perot filter with environmental effects such as
temperature . As mentioned in section 3, a drift in the operation point away from the optimal point will result in a decrease in the
scale factor K and therefore cause error in the measurement. It is therefore essential to adjust the system parameters so that the system
is always working around the optimal operation point.

A combined operation was made to monitor and to adjust the operation point. For each wind speed before taking any data, the
control voltage of the Fabry-Perot filter was tuned to maximise the AC output signal, corresponding to the optimal operation point.
This technique provides a visual check to see if the operation is around the optimal point. The DC component was then monitored
and adjusted to a pre-determined constant value that corresponds to the optimal working point.

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 5. SUMMARY
We have reported a fibre-optic Bragg grating sensor for the measurement of flow-induced vibrations of a cylinder in a crossflow.
Experiments were conducted to measure the flow-induced fluctuating strain at the mid-span of a cylinder in the lift direction. The
measured strain variation is consistent with the bending displacement measurement by a commercial laser vibrometer. The fibre
grating sensors have the potential to be used for multi-point strain measurement and for the measurement of flow-induced vibration
of structures in an array in a crossflow. This may help understand the details of flow-structure interaction in a crossflow. Current
research is directed at developing multi-point sensing systems and using them in studying the flow-structure interaction.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The work described in this paper was supported by a research grant from the Hong Kong PoIyU (Project No.350/657) and a grant
from the Research Grant Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (Project No. PolyU 5215/98E).

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acoustic-optic tuneable filter," Journal ofLightwave Technology, Vol. 14, No.3, 391-396, March 1996.
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 uuXs
4— stian-induced
Input spectrum
it :_— shift

LM. Xe A

Fig. 1 Generic concept of Bragg grating strain sensing.

Fig.2 Normalised output of the optical filter as a function of XnOr

ö?DC=ABO_XF

Fig.3 Dependence of Knor on

xnor

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 Xnor1 Xnor2
Xnor

Fig.4 (a) Graphical method for solving Eq. (20); (b) AXor 82nor,2 as a function of a%

Traversing

\\direction

Fig.5 Experimental setup for flow-induced vibration measurement

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 10

w 0 (a)
-10

120
:1 10-
0- (b)
-10-
-20- Fig.6 Time domain signals measured from (a) FBG sensor;
(b) laser vibrometer; (c) hot-wire ( Re=6 100)
2
0
:3
0 (c)
-2

0 t (sec) 0.1

(a)

(b)

Fig.7 Spectra of measured signals (a) strain c;

(c)
(b) displacement Y; (c) streamwise velocity u.

f—fd/U

A
10

> 5. A

•. A
w
. .. •• A
. •• •AA
••• AA
A
0 ---—' A
0 5
!A
10
A .
15
. .
20
. I
25 30 Fig.8 Comparison ofstrain (s) measured from
a FBG sensor and displacement (Y5) and
U1:: Ujfd measured from a laser vibrometer

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