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Formula (CAT)
Formula (CAT)
QUANT
FORMULAS
By CAT 100%iler
Topic Page No
Inequalities Formulas 63
Geometry Formulas 86
Bayes Theorem
171
(Conditional Probability) Formulas
ALSO BUY FORMULAS BOOK
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𝑎 𝑝𝑎 𝑞𝑎
𝑏
= 𝑝𝑏 = 𝑞𝑏 , p,q≠ 0
𝑎 𝑎/𝑝 𝑎/𝑞
𝑏
= 𝑏/𝑝 = 𝑏/𝑞 , p,q≠ 0
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numbers can.
𝑎 𝑝
𝑏
= 𝑞 ⇔ 𝑎𝑞 = 𝑏𝑝
𝑎 𝑝
𝑏
> 𝑞
⇔ 𝑎𝑞 > 𝑏𝑝
𝑎 𝑝
𝑏
< 𝑞
⇔ 𝑎𝑞 < 𝑏𝑝
𝑎+𝑥 𝑎
If a > b, then <
𝑏+𝑥 𝑏
𝑎+𝑥 𝑎
If a < b, then >
𝑏+𝑥 𝑏
𝑎−𝑥 𝑎
If a > b, then >
𝑏−𝑥 𝑏
𝑎−𝑥 𝑎
If a < b, then <
𝑏−𝑥 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
If
𝑝
= 𝑞
= 𝑟
= 𝑠
=... ,
then a:b:c:d:... = p:q:r:s:...
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𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 𝑑
●
𝑏
= 𝑑
⟹ 𝑎 = 𝑐 (Invertendo)
𝑎 𝑐 𝑐 𝑏
●
𝑏
= 𝑑
⟹ 𝑎 = 𝑑 (Alternendo)
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
●
𝑏
= 𝑑
⟹ 𝑏
= 𝑑
(Componendo)
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑
●
𝑏
= 𝑑
⟹ 𝑏
= 𝑑
(Dividendo)
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏
●
𝑏
= 𝑑
⟹ 𝑎−𝑏 = (Componendo-Dividendo)
𝑎 𝑐 𝑝𝑎+𝑞𝑏 𝑝𝑐+𝑞𝑑
●
𝑏
= 𝑑
⟹ 𝑟𝑎+𝑠𝑏
= 𝑟𝑐+𝑠𝑑
, for all real p, q, r,
( )
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑝𝑎 +𝑞𝑐 +𝑟𝑒 +...
equal to 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑝𝑏 +𝑞𝑑 +𝑟𝑓 +...
2 2
➔ Duplicate Ratio of a : b is 𝑎 :𝑏
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Proportions :
2 8
for example
3
= 12 is a proportion.
2 𝑛
● For example, to solve for n in the proportion
3
= 12 ,
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2
● a:b = b:c then b is called mean proportional and 𝑏 =
ac
c:d
1
➔𝑥 = 𝑘 𝑦
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mixture.
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● Types of mixtures:
● Simple mixture: A simple mixture is formed by the
𝑄1 𝑀2 − 𝑀𝐴
𝑄2
= 𝑀𝐴 − 𝑀1
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𝑄1𝑀1+𝑄2𝑀𝐴
𝑀𝐴 = 𝑄1+𝑄2
𝑎 𝑝
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑆1 𝑀1 ⎡ 𝑎+𝑏 ⎤ +𝑀2 ⎡ 𝑝+𝑞 ⎤
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑆2
= 𝑏 𝑞
𝑀1 ⎡ 𝑎+𝑏 ⎤ +𝑀2 ⎡ 𝑝+𝑞 ⎤
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
nth operation,
𝑎−𝑏 𝑛
=⎡ ⎤ × Initial quantity of A in the container
⎣ 𝑎+𝑏 ⎦
𝑎−𝑏 𝑛
𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐴 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ⎡ ⎤
⎣ 𝑎 ⎦
●
𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐵 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 𝑎−𝑏 𝑛
1 −⎡ ⎤
⎣ 𝑎 ⎦
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Marked Price:
➔ The price at which an article is marked is called
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
Percentage =
𝐶.𝑃
× 100
𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
%Loss =
𝐶.𝑃
× 100
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𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
Gain% =
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
× 100%
Difference represents the difference in claimed weight
and true weight ; claimed weight > true weight
𝑦−𝑥
Resultant profit % or loss % =
𝑦
× 100
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● Simple Interest
● Compound Interest
𝑅 𝑁
A=P (1 + 100 )
● The Interest occurred, I = A – P
𝑅 𝑁
I=P (1 + 100 )
-P
𝑅/2 2𝑁
Amount, A = P (1 + 100 )
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𝑅/4 4𝑁
Amount, A = P (1 + 100 )
● If interest Rate is 𝑅1% for first year, 𝑅2% for
𝑟𝑑
second year and 𝑅3% for 3 year then the Amount,
A=P (1 + ) ( 1 + ) ( 1 + )
𝑅1
100
𝑅2
100
𝑅3
100
2
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 (𝑃) = (𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐶𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝐼) * (100/𝑅)
( )
𝑏
𝑎
( )
𝑐
𝑅 𝑅
A=P 1+ 100
1+ 100
𝐾
Present worth =
𝑅 𝑁
(1+ ) 100
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difficult.
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
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( )5
18
intervals is a : b
in 𝑇 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 then,
2
𝑆1𝑇1+𝑆2𝑇2
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑇1+𝑇2
𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
𝐷1+𝐷2
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝐷1 𝐷2 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
𝑆1
+ 𝑆2
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speeds.
and so on till 𝑠 .
𝑛
Constant Time
Let the distance travelled in each part of the journey be
𝑑1, 𝑑2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑3 and so on till 𝑑𝑛 and the speeds in each part
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and so on till 𝑠 .
𝑛
Clocks
➔ In a well functioning clock, both the hands meet
720
after every Mins.
11
11
with respect to the hour hand = degrees per
2
minute.
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t= (𝑥 × 𝑦)
where x = time taken (after meeting) by P to reach B and
journey, then
𝑆1 𝑇2
𝑆2
= 𝑇1
𝐿1 + 𝐿2
=𝑆 + 𝑆2
(If they are going in opposite directions)
1
𝐿1 + 𝐿2
= (If they are going in the same directions)
|𝑆1 − 𝑆2|
Work
⇒ If X can do a work in ‘n’ days, the fraction of work
1
X does in a day is
𝑛
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𝑀1𝐻1𝐷1 𝑀2𝐻2𝐷2
𝑊1
= 𝑊2
upstream.
𝑥+𝑦
⟹ Speed of the boat in still water = km/hr
2
𝑥−𝑦
⟹ Rate of stream =
2
𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
we multiply by ( ) 5
18
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1 1
The part emptied per hour =
𝑦
− 𝑥
(𝐼𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑦)
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like man-hours.
variables
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equation is ax+b = 0.
ax+by = c.
ax+by+cz = d.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
➔ If
𝑚
= 𝑛
≠ 𝑝
then the slope of the two
𝑎 𝑏
➔ If
𝑚
≠ 𝑛
then the slope is different and so they
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
➔ If
𝑚
= 𝑛
= 𝑝
then the two lines are the
their place.
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other equation.
➔ Example:
be determinate.
be determinable.
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following matrices.
D = 𝑎 (𝑏 𝑐 -𝑐 𝑏 )-𝑏 (𝑎 𝑐 -𝑐 𝑎 )+𝑐 (𝑎 𝑏 -𝑏 𝑎 )
1 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 2 3
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CAT Exam.
topic quickly.
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2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
2
−𝑏 ± 𝑏 −4𝑎𝑐
● The value of roots, p and q =
2𝑎
−𝑏
● Sum of the roots = p+q =
𝑎
𝑐
● Product of the roots = p × q =
𝑎
each other.
sign.
2
➔ Let D denote the discriminant, D = 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐.
the form of p+iq and p-iq where p and q are the real
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rational.
2
● Minimum and maximum values of 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
2
4𝑎𝑐−𝑏
● If a > 0: minimum value = and occurs at
4𝑎
−𝑏
𝑥= 2𝑎
2
4𝑎𝑐−𝑏
● If a < 0: maximum value = and occurs at
4𝑎
−𝑏
𝑥= 2𝑎
𝑛 𝑛−1
➔ If 𝐴𝑛𝑋 + 𝐴𝑛−1𝑋 +.... + 𝐴1𝑋 + 𝐴0, then
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𝐴𝑛−2
● Sum of roots taken two at a time = 𝐴
𝑛
−𝐴𝑛−3
● Sum of roots taken three at a time = and so on
𝐴𝑛
𝑛
[(−1) 𝐴0]
Product of the roots =
𝐴𝑛
2
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏 = 0
2
𝑥 − 𝑠𝑥 + 𝑝 = 0
2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, then equation is
2
𝑐𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0
2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 then equation is
2
𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑘) + 𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑘) + 𝑐 = 0
2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 then equation is
2
𝑎(𝑥/𝑘) + 𝑏(𝑥/𝑘) + 𝑐 = 0
the inequalities.
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–x is –|x| ≤ x ≤ |x|
➔ |a| + |b| ≥ |a + b|
➔ |a| - |b| ≤ |a - b|
➔ |a . b| = |a| |b|
● If X > Y and
1
● For any positive real number, 𝑥+ 𝑥
≥2
1 𝑥
● For any real number x >1, 2⎡1 + ⎤ < 2. 8
⎣ 𝑥⎦
or –k ≤ x ≤ k
● If |x| ≥ k then x ≥ k or x ≤ -k
2
● If 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 < 0 then (x-m)(x-n) < 0, and if
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2
● If 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 > 0 but m = n, then the value of x
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𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎(𝑛 + 1)𝑑
● Properties of A.P:
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
● , , will also be in A.P
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
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2 3
● Ex :1, 3, 9, 27 or a, ar, 𝑎𝑟 ,𝑎𝑟
𝑛−1
● The general expression of an G.P, 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟
𝑛 𝑛
𝑎(1−𝑟 ) 𝑎(𝑟 −1)
Sn= 1−𝑟 (if r<1) or 𝑟−1 (if r>1)
● Properties of G.P:
𝑎
𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟
(− 1 < 𝑟 < 1)
Properties of H.P :
If a, b, c, d,…are in H.P, then
2
(𝑎 + 2𝑑)𝑟 ,....
𝑛 𝑛−1
𝑠∞ =
𝑎−[𝑎+(𝑛−1)𝑑]𝑟
+ (
𝑑𝑟 1−𝑟 ) (𝑟 ≠ 1)
1−𝑟 2
(1−𝑟)
𝑎 𝑑𝑟
𝑠∞ = 1−𝑟
+ 2 (|𝑟| < 1)
(1−𝑟)
𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)
= 2
𝑛(𝑛+1) 2
= { 2 }
2
● The sum of first ‘n’ odd natural numbers = 𝑛
𝑡ℎ
then the 𝑛 term 𝑇 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1
𝑛
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𝑎+𝑏
mean =
2
𝑏−𝑎
● Then the common difference d =
𝑛+1
G.M = 𝑎×𝑏
● Inserting ‘n’ means between two quantities a and b
with common ratio ‘r’
2
● The final series is 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟
Harmonic Mean:
● If a, b, c, d,.. are the given numbers in H.P then the
Harmonic mean of
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
‘n’ terms = 1 1 1
𝑎
+ 𝑏 + 𝑐 +.......
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2𝑎𝑏
Mean =
𝑎+𝑏
● Relationship between AM, GM and HM for two
numbers a and b,
𝑎+𝑏
A.M= 2
G.M= 𝑎 * 𝑏
2𝑎𝑏
H.M= 𝑎+𝑏
G.M= 𝐴𝑀 * 𝐻𝑀
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𝑚 𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
➔ 𝑋 ×𝑋 =𝑋
0
➔ 𝑋 =1
𝑚
𝑋 𝑚−𝑛
➔ 𝑛 =𝑋
𝑋
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚𝑛
➔ ( )
𝑋 =𝑋
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
➔ 𝑋 × 𝑌 = (𝑋 × 𝑌)
𝑋 𝑚
𝑚
➔
𝑋
𝑌
𝑛 = ( )
𝑌
−𝑚 1
➔ 𝑋 = 𝑚
𝑋
rational numbers
𝑋 −𝑎 𝑌 𝑎
➔ ( ) ( )
𝑌
= 𝑋
1/𝑎 𝑎
➔ 𝑋 = 𝑋
𝑎/𝑏 𝑏 𝑎
➔ 𝑋 = 𝑋
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
➔ 𝑋 × 𝑌 = 𝑋𝑌
𝑎
𝑋 𝑎 𝑋
➔ 𝑎 = 𝑌
𝑌
1
➔ = 𝑁 + 1+ 𝑁
𝑁+1− 𝑁
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6 2+ 3 2= 9 2
● If 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑐 + 𝑑 , then a = c and b = d.
● The conjugate of 𝑎 + 𝑏 is 𝑎 − 𝑏
● 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎..... ∞ = a
1−⎡⎢ 𝑥 ⎤⎥
1
⎣2 ⎦
● 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎..... 𝑥 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 = 𝑎
● 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎1 = 0
𝑐
● 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑏 = 𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑏
● 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑎 = 1
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑥
●𝑋 =𝑌
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1
● 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥𝑎
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑥
●𝑏 = 𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑏
● 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑏 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑎
● 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑏 * 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑎 = 1
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Concurrent lines:
If three or more lines lying in the same plane intersect
at a single point then those lines are called concurrent
lines.
The three lines X, Y and Z are concurrent lines here.
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2 2
(𝑋2 − 𝑋1) + (𝑌2 − 𝑌1)
𝑦2−𝑦1
● Slope, m=
𝑥2−𝑥1
(If 𝑥2=𝑥1then the lines are
𝑥1+𝑥2 𝑦1+𝑦2
𝑥2, 𝑦2) is ( 2
, 2
)
● When two lines are parallel, their slopes are equal
i.e. 𝑚1= 𝑚2
● When two lines are perpendicular, product of their
𝐴𝑋1+ 𝐵𝑌2+ 𝐶
on the line AX+BY+C = 0 is 𝑃= 2 2
𝐴 +𝐵
| 𝐶1−𝐶2 |
D=| |
| 𝐴 +𝐵 |
2 2
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( 𝑙𝑥2+ 𝑚𝑥1
𝑙+𝑚
,
𝑙𝑦2+ 𝑚𝑦1
𝑙+𝑚 )
● Coordinates of a point P that divides the line joining
A (x1,y1) and B (x2,y2) externally in the ratio l:m :
( 𝑙𝑥2− 𝑚𝑥1
𝑙−𝑚
,
𝑙𝑦2− 𝑚𝑦1
𝑙−𝑚 )
● For a triangle ABC, A (x1,y1), B (x2,y2), C (x3,y3): •
(𝑥1+ 𝑥2+ 𝑥3) (𝑦1+ 𝑦2+ 𝑦3)
Centroid = ( 3
, 3 )
(𝑎𝑥1+ 𝑏𝑥2+ 𝑐𝑥3) (𝑎𝑦1+ 𝑎𝑦2+ 𝑎𝑦3)
● Incentre = = ( 3
, 3 )
;
General equation 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 = 𝐶
of a line
Slope intercept 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
form (𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡)
Point-slope form 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1)
Intercept form 𝑥 𝑦
𝑎
+ 𝑏
= 1
Two point form 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑥−𝑥1
𝑦2−𝑦1
= 𝑥2−𝑥1
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● Equations of a lines :
Intercept form 𝑥 𝑦
𝑎
+ 𝑏
=1
Triangles
➔ Sum of all angles in a triangle is 180°
➔ An angle less than 90° is called an acute angle.
An angle greater than 90° is called an obtuse angle.
➔ A triangle with all sides unequal is called scalene
triangle
➔ A triangle with two sides equal is called an isosceles
triangle. The two angles of an isosceles triangle that are
not contained between the equal sides are equal.
➔ A triangle with all sides equal is called an
equilateral triangle. All angles of an equilateral triangle
equal 60°.
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● Pythagoras theorem:
In a right angled triangle ABC where ∠B= 90°,
2 2 2
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶
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● Cyclic Quadrilateral :
If a quadrilateral has all its vertices
on the circle and its opposite angles
0
are supplementary (here x+y =180 )
then that quadrilateral is called
cyclic quadrilateral.
In a cyclic quadrilateral the
opposite angles are supplementary.
Exterior angle is equal to its remote
𝑎 2 2
● Area of an isosceles triangle = 4𝑐 − 𝑎
4
(where a, b and c are the length of the sides of BC, AC
and AB respectively and b = c)
Similar triangles :
If two triangles are similar then their corresponding
angles are equal and the corresponding sides will be in
proportion.
Congruent triangles:
If two triangles are congruent then their corresponding
angles and their corresponding sides are equal.
Tests of congruence : (SSS / SAS / AAS / ASA)
Area of a triangle:
(𝑎+𝑏+𝑐)
● A = 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) where s =
2
1
● A=
2
* 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 * 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
1
● A=
2
* 𝑎𝑏 * 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶
(C is the angle formed between sides a and b)
𝑎𝑏𝑐
● A= where R is the circumradius
4𝑅
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0 0 0
● 45 , 45 , 90
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2∠ACB = ∠AOB
The angle inscribed by the two points lying on the
circle, at the center of the circle, is twice the angle
inscribed at any point on the circle by the same points.
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2 2 2 2
𝑃𝑄 =𝑅𝑆 = 𝐷 -(𝑟 − 𝑟 )
1 2
𝑛(𝑛−3)
● A regular polygon of n sides has
2
diagonals
360
angle is degrees.
𝑛
3 3 2
● Area =
2
𝑎
Triangles 1
* 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 * ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
2
Trapezoid 1
* 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 * ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
2
Circle π * 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
2
Rhombus 1
* 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠
2
Square 2
𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑟
1 2
𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠
2
Kite 1
* 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠
2
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Pyramid 1
3
* 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 * ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Cone 1 2
3
* π𝑟 * ℎ
Cone Frustum (If R is the base
1 2 2
radius, r is the upper surface
3
* π(𝑅 + 𝑅𝑟 + 𝑟 )
radius and h is the height of the
frustum)
Sphere 4
*π * 𝑟
3
3
Hemi-sphere 2
π𝑟
3
3
Pyramid 1
* 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 *
2
𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
Sphere 4π𝑟
2
Hemi-sphere 3π𝑟
2
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Cube 4 * 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
2
Cylinder 2π𝑟ℎ
Pyramid 1
* 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 *
2
𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
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little effort.
number.
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➔ Singleton Sets:
➔ Universal Sets:
be a subset of set B.
➔ Equal Sets:
➔ Disjoint Sets:
disjoint sets.
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➔ Properties of Sets:
➔ A U (BUC) = (AUB) U C
➔ A ∩ (B∩C) = (A∩B) ∩ C
➔AUØ=A
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quantitative section.
● This PDF covers the best short cuts which makes this
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numbers
remainders of
= 1. Then, N is divisible by X × Y
𝑝−𝑎
● For any integer a and prime number p, 𝑎 is always
divisible by p
𝑏−1
● If a and b are coprime then 𝑎 mod b=1
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● Fermat's Theorem:
is a prime.
● Wilson's Theorem:
p is a prime
● Remainder Theorem
𝑝 𝑞
● If a, b, c are the prime factors of N such that N= 𝑎 *𝑏
𝑟
* 𝑐 Then the number o f numbers less than N and
function.
● Euler's theorem
ϕ(𝑁)
when 𝑀 is divided by N is 1.
100 100
Highest power of 7 in 100! = ⎡ 7 ⎤+⎡ ⎤= 16
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 49 ⎦
power of 5 in n!
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(11111... n times)
𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
● If the number can be represented as N = 𝑎 ∗𝑏 ∗ 𝑐 . . .
square.
𝑛
factors would be .
2
𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
● If the number can be expressed as N = 2 ∗𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 . . .
N = p (1+q) (1+r)......
2 2
𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑘 is given by
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●
(𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 )−1 (If it is even
𝑘
4
2
and a perfect square)
𝑏
● Number of digits in 𝑎 = [ b 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑚(a) ] + 1 ; where m is
integer function.
𝑎/2
● The product of the factors of N is given by 𝑁 ,
2 2 2
● The last two digits of 𝑎 , (50 − 𝑎) , (50 + 𝑎) ,
2
(100 − 𝑎) . . . . . are the same.
10𝑛
● If the number is written as 2
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left) divisible by 27
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● Cyclicity
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easily.
solving problems.
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would be____:
prime.
● Example:
Find the remainder when 375 is divided by 37. Here, 37
is a prime number. Hence, Fermat’s theorem can be
used. Also, 3 and 37 are relatively prime.
Therefore, 336 mod 37 = 1
375 mod 37 = (336)2 mod 37 = 1
375 mod 37 = 372
33 mod 37 = 33 mod 37
● Euler’s Totient:
➔ Euler's theorem is one of the most important
ϕ(𝑛) = 𝑛 * 1 − ( 1
𝑎 ) * (1 − ) *….where a,b
1
𝑏
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ϕ(30)=30* ( )* ( )* ( )=
1
2
2
3
4
5
8
it.
ϕ(𝑛)
➔ Euler's theorem states that a (mod n) = 1 (mod
● Example 1:
ϕ(𝑛)
We know that, a (mod n) = 1 (mod n)
8*32
2 (mod 15) = 1 (mod 15).
● Example 2:
2 2
100 can be written as 2 * 5 .
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= 100* (1 − ) * (1 − )
1
2
1
5
1 4
= 100* *
2 5
ϕ(100) = 40
72008 can be written as 72000 * 78
78 = 74 * 74 = 2401 * 2401
[(p+1)!+1] is divisible by p.
when divided by p.
remainder.
= (p-1)
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p = (p-1)
(p-2)! Mod p = 1
● Examples:
divided by 569?
remainder.
Answer: 568
divided by 227?
(p-2)! Mod p = 1.
Answer: 1
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by 19?
number ‘p’.
(p-2)! mod p = 1
[17*16*15!] mod 19 = 1
[6 * 15!] mod 19 = 1
[18*15!] mod 19 = 3
[-1*15!] mod 19 = 3
Answer: 16
divided by 47?
[45*44*43*.....*25*24*23!] mod 47 = 1
[(-2)*(-3)*(-4)*.....*(-22)*(-23)*23!] mod 47 = 1
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➔ We get
remainder.
Answer: 1
M mod N = ar2x+br1y
Here r1 = M mod a
And r2 = M mod b
Here, ax + by = 1
● Example 1
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equation.
357-251=106
Example 2:
1 *3 = 3
=39-12 = 27
list.
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➔ N! = N(N-1)(N-2)(N-3)....1
➔ 0! = 1! = 1
𝑛!
➔ Cr=
n
(𝑛−𝑟)! 𝑟!
𝑛!
➔ Pr=
n
(𝑛−𝑟)!
● Arrangement:
n items can be arranged in n! Ways
● Permutation:
A way of selecting and arranging r objects out of a
𝑛!
set of n objects, Pr=
n
(𝑛−𝑟)!
𝑛!
does not matter)
n
Cr=
(𝑛−𝑟)! 𝑟!
𝑛
𝑛
items is given ∑ nCr = 2
𝑘=0
● Partitioning:
n+r-1
distinct slots is given by Cr-1
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n-1
by Cr-1
➔ Number of ways to partition n distinct things in r
𝑛
distinct slots is given by 𝑟
(𝑛+𝑟−1)!
(𝑟−1)!
𝑛!
number of ways of arranging these n items is
𝑥!
𝑛!
within n items, they can be arranged in ways.
𝑎!𝑏!𝑐!
● Rank of a word :
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s-1
+.....+ 𝑥𝑛=s where s ≥ 0 is Cn-1
➔ Number of non-negative integral solutions to 𝑥1+
n+s-1
𝑥2+ 𝑥3+.....+ 𝑥𝑛=s where s ≥ 0 is Cn-1
● Circular arrangement :
(𝑛−1)!
possibilities are
2
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probability.
probability.
𝑃(𝐴|𝐵)*𝑃(𝐵)
➔ P(B|A)=
𝑃 (𝐴)
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important topic.
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probability.
➔ Let ‘A’ & ‘B’ be two events which are not independent
probability.
𝑃(𝐴|𝐵)*𝑃(𝐵)
➔ P(B|A)=
𝑃 (𝐴)
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being ‘spades’?
we discussed above.
➔ Example 2:
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➔ Example 3:
Hall problem.
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behind the other two doors. After you pick a door, the
host opens one of the other two doors and shows you
it)
Let A,B and C be the events that the host opens doors
second door.
p(C|W2) =1
➔ Example 4:
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𝑃 (𝑊1|𝐶) =
𝑃 (𝐶|𝑊1) * 𝑃 (𝑊1)
=
( )*( )
1
2
1
3
=
1
𝑃 (𝐶) ( )1
2
3
𝑃 (𝑊2|𝐶) =
𝑃 (𝐶|𝑊2) * 𝑃 (𝑊2)
=
1*( ) 1
3
=
2
𝑃 (𝐶) ( ) 1
2
3
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