ABSTARCT

During the course of the experiment, we came to the realization that the purpose of this
experiment is to investigate the fundamentals of torque by focusing on the applicability of
Newton's second condition of equilibrium. The objective of the experiment is to achieve
equilibrium, avoid experiencing accelerated rotation, and keep the angular velocity of the system
constant. Before we can begin to compile the results, we need to begin by locating and resolving
the data that is necessary in each table. During this experiment, we were able to collect values
and data that were very close to meeting the requirements of the second condition of the
equilibrium.

INTRODUCTION
The second condition for achieving equilibrium is to avoid accelerated rotation
(keeping a constant angular velocity). A rotating body or system can be in equilibrium if
its rate of rotation is constant and unaffected by the forces acting on it. The objective of
this experiment is to determine the factors upon which the moment of a force depends,
and how moments of forces balance each other. When a force acts on an item, it tends
to rotate around the point of support. The rotation is determined by the force and the lever
arm (the perpendicular distance of a force from the axis of rotation). Moment of a force or
torque is the product of a force and its lever arm. The item can rotate clockwise or
counterclockwise around the axis of rotation. The item turns clockwise when the overall
clockwise torque surpasses the total counterclockwise torques. The item is in rotational
equilibrium when the total clockwise torque matches the total counterclockwise torque.
This is the second requirement of equilibrium: the algebraic total of all torques about any
point must be zero. The center of gravity of a body is the point at which all of its weight is
concentrated. This place can be located both within and outside of the body. This is where
it balances itself while on a knife-edge support. It may be discovered using the balancing
method in bodies with regular shapes. It is determined by dropping two or more plumb
lines from independent suspension points in uneven flat bodies such as sheet metal or
board. The intersection of these plumb lines determines the center of gravity.

PROCEDURES
The procedures of doing this experiment the second condition of equilibrium, first
let’s start with the materials needed the needed materials are Tension protractor, knife
edge, hooked mass set, iron stand, string, (2) rubber stopper, double clamp, weighing
device, meter stick with a hole in each end, and short rod. The first step of doing this
experiment is measure the mass of the meter stick and a hanging mass using the mass
marked 200 g and record these masses in Data Table A, next step is Balance the meter
stick on a knife edge, to find the center of gravity of the meter stick and then record the
position of the center of gravity in Data Table A. This is the point at which it is assumed
that the total weight of the meter stick acts. Next step is zero the force scale of the Tension
Protractor: Without anything attached to the Tension Protractor string, adjust the thumb
screw in the back until the force scale reads zero and then zero the angles of the Tension
Protractor: Hang a small mass (10 g) from the hook and rotate the outer ring to align the
900 mark with the string, next is Attached a double clamp to the iron stand near the
bottom. Clamp the short rod to the iron stand to act as a pivot and then sandwich the
meter stick using the rubber stoppers in the short rod. The meter stick should pivot freely
on the rod.

DATA AND OBSERVATIONS

DATA TABLE A

Mass of meter stick (kg) 0.113 kg

Mass of hanging mass (kg) 0.205 kg

Center of mass of meter stick (m) 0.45 m

Angle of String (°) 26°

Tension in the string (N) 4.4 N

y-component of Tension (N) 1.93 N

x-component of Tension (N) 3.95 N

Distance from pivot to string (m) 0.9 m

Distance from pivot to the hanging mass (m) 0.6 m
Distance from the pivot to the center of gravity of meter stick (m) 0.45 m
The data presented in Table A show that the string tension is reliant on the reading
obtained from the protractor.

DATA TABLE B

Torque caused by hanging weight about the pivot 1.21 N∙m

Torque caused by meter stick about the pivot

Torque caused by string about the pivot

Total clockwise torque

1.74 N∙m
Total counterclockwise torque

Average of the total counterclockwise torque and total clockwise torque 1.73 N
 Percent Difference 1.74 %
Table B of the Experiment's Data illustrates that the value of torque on each part of the
experiment is the dependent variable, and that the equation for each torque is the weight
multiplied by the distance that corresponds to it.

DATA TABLE C

Horizontal pivot force (N) 3.95 N

Vertical pivot force (N) 1.19 N

Magnitude of pivot force (N) 4.13 N

Angle of pivot force (°) 16.77°

According to the information presented in Table C, the horizontal pivot force is equivalent
to the force along the x-component, which is the sum of the horizontal force (Fx) and the
tension along the x-component, which is 3.95 N. Because the tension along the
xcomponent is the same as the force along the horizontal component, the total force is
equal to zero. In terms of the vertical pivot force (Fy), the y-component forces are
responsible for it. The tension along the y-component is what makes up one of the forces,
along with the mass of the meterstick and the mass of the mass that is hooked.

COMPUTATIONS
FOR TABLE A

Y-COMPONENT TENSION X-COMPONENT TENSION

𝑇𝑦 = 𝑇𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑇𝑥 = 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑇𝑦 = (4.4 𝑁)(𝑠𝑖𝑛26°) 𝑇𝑥 = 3.95 𝑁 𝑇𝑥 = (4.4 𝑁)(𝑐𝑜𝑠26°)
𝑇𝑦 = 1.93 𝑁

FOR TABLE B
TORQUE CAUSED BY HANGING TORQUE CAUSED BY METER STICK
WEIGHT ABOUT THE PIVOT ABOUT THE PIVOT
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑘 = (𝑚0𝑔)𝑑0
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑔)𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚2
𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑇=

𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑘 = 0.498 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝑚
(0.113𝑘𝑔)(9.8 )(0.45𝑚)
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑠
𝑠
𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 1.21 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
TORQUE CAUSED BY STRING
TOTAL CLOCKWISE TORQUE
ABOUT THE PIVOT
𝑇𝑐𝑤
𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 × 𝑑𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
= 1.21 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 + 0.498 𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑘
= 1.71 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 𝑇𝑐𝑤 𝑚
𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 1.74 𝑁 ∙𝑚
𝑇𝑐𝑤

AVERAGE OF THE TOTAL

TOTAL COUNTERCLOCKWISE
COUNTERCLOCKWISE TORQUE AND
TORQUE
TOTAL CLOCKWISE TORQUE
𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑤 + 𝑇𝑐𝑤
𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑒 2
1.74 𝑁 + 1.71 𝑁
=
𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑤 × 𝑑𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
= (1.93 𝑁)(0.9 𝑚) 𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑤 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
= 1.74𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑤 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 1.73 𝑁
PERCENTAGE DIFFERENCE
𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑤 − 𝑇𝑐𝑤
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = | | × 100
𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑤 + 𝑇𝑐𝑤
2

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = | | × 100

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 1.74 %

FOR TABLE C
HORIZONTAL PIVOT FORCE VERTICAL PIVOT FORCE

𝐹𝑥 = 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑤𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 + 𝑤0 − 𝑇𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝐹𝑦 = (0.205𝑘𝑔)(9.8𝑚/𝑠2) (0.113kg)( 9.8𝑚/𝑠2)-4.4sin26°
𝐹𝑥 = 3.95 𝑁 𝐹𝑥 = 4.4𝑁(𝑐𝑜𝑠26°)
𝐹𝑦 = 1.19 𝑁
 MAGNITUDE OF PIVOT FORCE ANGLE OF PIVOT FORCE
2 2
𝐹 = √ (𝐹𝑥 ) + (𝐹𝑦 )
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1(𝐹𝑦/𝐹𝑥)
𝐹 = √ (3.95)2 + (1.19)2 𝜃 = 16.77° 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1(1.19/3.95)
𝐹 = 4.13 𝑁

CONCLUSION
As a result, the magnitude, direction, and point of application of the force are all
parameters that must be considered to satisfy the second equilibrium, which is the
definition of the physical quantity known as torque. Furthermore, the torque is affected by
these factors because it is defined as the product of force, displacement, and the angle
between them. The goal of this experiment was to determine the systems in equilibrium
using the second condition of equilibrium and to examine some of its applications and
importance. Following the experiment, we may conclude that the torque is influenced by
the forces operating on the system and their radial distance from the axis of rotation, with
the longer the arm resulting in a lower force. Lastly, an object can be retained in
translational and rotational motion. If we balance the forces and torques operating in the
system, we will achieve rotational equilibrium. The equilibrium will be maintained as long
as there is no movement indicating that the system's value is equal to zero.