Hata model

The Hata model is a radio propagation model for predicting the path loss of cellular transmissions in
exterior environments, valid for microwave frequencies from 150 to 1500 MHz. It is an empirical
formulation based on the data from the Okumura model, and is thus also commonly referred to as the
Okumura–Hata model.[1] The model incorporates the graphical information from Okumura model and
develops it further to realize the effects of diffraction, reflection and scattering caused by city structures.[2]
Additionally, the Hata Model applies corrections for applications in suburban and rural environments.[1][2]

Model description
Though based on the Okumura model, the Hata model does not provide coverage to the whole range of
frequencies covered by Okumura model. Hata model does not go beyond 1500 MHz while Okumura
provides support for up to 1920 MHz. The model is suited for both point-to-point and broadcast
communications, and covers mobile station antenna heights of 1–10 m, base station antenna heights of 30–
200 m, and link distances from 1–10 km.

Urban environments

The Hata model for urban environments is the basic formulation since it was based on Okumura's
measurements made in the built-up areas of Tokyo. It is formulated as following:

For small or medium-sized city,

and for large cities,

where

LU = Path loss in urban areas. Unit: decibel (dB)

hB = Height of base station antenna. Unit: meter (m)
hM = Height of mobile station antenna. Unit: meter (m)
f = Frequency of transmission. Unit: Megahertz (MHz)
CH = Antenna height correction factor
d = Distance between the base and mobile stations. Unit: kilometer (km).

Suburban environments
The Hata model for suburban environments is applicable to the transmissions just out of the cities and on
rural areas where man-made structures are there but not so high and dense as in the cities. To be more
precise, this model is suitable where buildings exist, but the mobile station does not have a significant
variation of its height. It is formulated as:

where

LSU = Path loss in suburban areas. Unit: decibel (dB)

LU = Path loss from the small city version of the model (above). Unit: decibel (dB)
f = Frequency of transmission. Unit: Megahertz (MHz).

Open environments

The Hata model for rural environments is applicable to the transmissions in open areas where no
obstructions block the transmission link. It is formulated as:

where

LO = Path loss in open areas. Unit: decibel (dB)

LU = Average path loss from the small city version of the model (above). Unit: decibel (dB)
f = Frequency of transmission. Unit: megahertz (MHz).

Derivative models
There are more specific models for special uses. For example the COST Hata model, an urban HataModel,
was developed by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology.[3] In turn, the ITU-R P.1546
model is an enhancement to the COST-231 Model.

PCS is another extension of the Hata model. The Walfisch and Bertoni model is further advanced.

References
1. Rappaport, Thomas S. (2002). Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice (https://ar
chive.org/details/wirelesscommunic00rapp_375) (Second ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 153 (https://
archive.org/details/wirelesscommunic00rapp_375/page/n200)-154. ISBN 0-13-042232-0.
2. Seybold, John S. (2005). Introduction to RF propagation. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-
65596-1.
3. Final report for COST Action 231 (http://www.lx.it.pt/cost231/final_report.htm), Chapter 4

Further reading
Okumura, Y.; Ohmori, E.; Kawano, T.; Fukuda, K. (September–October 1968). "Field strength
and its variability in VHF and UHF land-mobile radio service". Review of the Electrical
Communication Laboratory (in Japanese). 16 (9–10): 825–73.
 Hata, M. (August 1980). "Empirical Formula for Propagation Loss in Land Mobile Radio
Services". IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. VT-29 (3): 317–25.

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