Dauda 2

NAME: DAUDA SAMTIGIE DEPARTMENT: ELECTRICAL ID NUMBER: 20619
Q1. An n-channel JFET is specified as having an 𝐼𝐷𝑆𝑆 = 20mA and 𝑉𝑃 = -4V. For values of 𝑉𝐷𝑆 large enough
to flatten the 𝑉𝐺𝑆 curves, find the drain current with each of the following values of 𝑉𝐺𝑆 = 0V, -1V, -2V, -
3V, and -4V.
DATA
IDSS = 20mA
VP = - 4V
ID =?
VGS = 0V, -1V, -2V, -3V and -4V
SOLUTION
𝑉𝐺𝑆 2
𝐼𝐷 = 𝐼𝐷𝑆𝑆 (1 − ) (For JFET transistor)
𝑉𝑃
When VGS = 0V
−3
0 2
𝐼𝐷 = 20 × 10 (1 − )
−4
ID = 20 × 10−3 (1)2 = 20 × 10−3
𝐼𝐷 = 20𝑚𝐴
When VGS = -1V
−1 2 1 2
𝐼𝐷 = 20 × 10−3 (1 − ) = 20 × 10−3 (1 − ) = 0.01125 = 11.25𝑚𝐴
−4 4
When VGS = -2V
−2 2 2 2
𝐼𝐷 = 20 × 10−3 (1 − −3
) = 20 × 10 (1 − ) = 0.005 = 5𝑚𝐴
−4 4
When VGS = -3V
−3 2 3 2
𝐼𝐷 = 20 × 10−3 (1 − ) = 20 × 10−3 (1 − ) = 0.00125 = 1.25𝑚𝐴
−4 4
When VGS = -4V
NAME:DAUDA SAMTIGIE DEPARTMENT: ELECTRICAL ID NUMBER: 20619

−4 2 4 2
𝐼𝐷 = 20 × 10−3 (1 − −3
) = 20 × 10 (1 − ) = 0.0 = 0𝑚𝐴
−4 4
Q2. An n-channel JFET is specified as having an 𝐼𝐷𝑆𝑆 = 20mA and 𝑉𝑃 = -4V. For values of 𝑉𝐷𝑆
large enough to flatten the 𝑉𝐺𝑆 curves, find the drain current with each of the following Values
of 𝑉𝐺𝑆 = -0.5V, -1.5V, -2.5V, 3.5V, and 4.5V
DATA
IDSS = 20mA
VP = - 4V
ID = ?
VGS = -0.5V, -1.5V, -2.5V, 3.5V and 4.5V
SOLUTION
𝑉𝐺𝑆 2
𝑉𝑃
When VGS = -0.5V
−0.5 2 0.5 2
𝐼𝐷 = 20 × 10−3 (1 − ) = 20 × 10−3 (1 − ) = 0.01531 = 15.31𝑚𝐴
−4 4
When VGS = -1.5V
−1.5 2 1.5 2
𝐼𝐷 = 20 × 10−3 (1 − ) = 20 × 10−3 (1 − ) = 0.00781 = 7.81𝑚𝐴
−4 4
When VGS = -2.5V
−2.5 2 2.5 2
𝐼𝐷 = 20 × 10−3 (1 − ) = 20 × 10−3 (1 − ) = 0.00281 = 2.81𝑚𝐴
−4 4
When VGS = 3.5V
3.5 2 3.5 2
𝐼𝐷 = 20 × 10−3 (1 − ) = 20 × 10−3 (1 + ) = 0.0703125 = 70.3125𝑚𝐴
−4 4

When VGS = 4.5V
4.5 2 4.5 2
𝐼𝐷 = 20 × 10−3 (1 − −3
) = 20 × 10 (1 + ) = 0.09031 = 90.31𝑚𝐴
−4 4
Q3. For the fixed-bias circuit shown below, determine the operating point if IDSS = 10 mA and
VP = –4 V.
SOLUTION
VGS = VG (input voltage for self-bias JFET transistor)
From the diagram
VGS = -2V
𝑉𝐺𝑆 2
𝑉𝑃
−2 2
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 − )
−4
2 2
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 − )
4

4−2 2
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 ( )
4
2 2
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 ( )
4
𝐼𝐷 = 0.0025
𝐼𝐷 = 2.5𝑚𝐴
Therefore, the operating point is
VGS = -2V and ID = 2.5mA
Q4. Determine the following for the network shown below given IDSS = 8 mA and VP = 4 V.
(a) VDSQ (b) IDQ (c) VGSQ
SOLUTION
VGS = VG (input voltage for fixed-bias JFET transistor)
From the diagram
VGS = -2V
𝑉𝐺𝑆 2
𝑉𝑃
−3
−2 2
𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10 (1 − )
4

2 2
𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1 + )
4
4+2 2
𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 ( )
4
6 2
𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 ( )
4
𝐼𝐷 = 0.018
𝐼𝐷 = 18𝑚𝐴
VDD = IDRD + VDS (output voltage for fixed bias JFET transistor)
VDS = VDD – IDRD
From the circuit show in fig 2
VDD = 16V, RD = 2KΩ
VDS = 16 – 18× 10−3 × 2 × 103
VDS = -20V
(a) 𝑉𝐷𝑆𝑄 = −20𝑉, (𝑏), 𝐼𝐷𝑄 = 18𝑚𝐴, (𝑐), 𝑉𝐺𝑆𝑄 = −2𝑉
Q5. For the circuit shown below, find 𝐼𝐷𝑄, 𝑉𝐺𝑆𝑄, and 𝑉𝐷𝑆𝑄.
fig 3

SOLUTION
𝑉𝐷𝐷 𝑅2
𝑉𝐺 =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
From the circuit in fig 3
VDD = 16V, R2 = 270KΩ, R1 = 2.1MΩ, RD = 2.4KΩ, RS = 1.5KΩ
16 × 270 × 103
𝑉𝐺 = = 0.001823
2.1 × 106 + 270 × 103
𝑉𝐺 = 1.823 × 10−3 = 1.823𝑚𝐴
VGS = VG – IDRS (input voltage for voltage divider JFET transistor)
𝑉𝐺𝑆 2
𝑉𝑃
𝑉𝐺𝑆 2
𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1 − )
𝑉𝑃
But VGS = VG – IDRS
2
(𝑉𝐺 − 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 )
𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1 − )
𝑉𝑃
2
−3
𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10 (1 − )
−4
2
𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1 + )
4
(𝑉𝐺 −𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 ) (𝑉𝐺 −𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 )
𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1 + ) (1 + )
𝑉𝑃 𝑉𝑃
2
(𝑉𝐺 − 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 ) (𝑉𝐺 − 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 ) (𝑉𝐺 − 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 )
𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1 + + +( ) )
4 4 4
2(𝑉𝐺 − 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 ) (𝑉𝐺 − 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 )(𝑉𝐺 − 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 )

𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1 + + )
4 16
(𝑉𝐺 − 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 ) 𝑉𝐺2 − 𝑉𝐺 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 − 𝑉𝐺 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 + 𝐼𝐷2 𝑅𝑆2

𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1 + + )
2 16
(𝑉𝐺 − 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 ) 𝑉𝐺2 − 2𝑉𝐺 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 + 𝐼𝐷2 𝑅𝑆2

𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1 + + )
2 16
𝑉𝐺 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 𝑉𝐺2 2𝑉𝐺 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 𝐼𝐷2 𝑅𝑆2

𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1 + − + − + )
2 2 16 16 16

But VG = 1.823mV
RS = 1.5KΩ
1.823 × 10−3 𝐼𝐷 1.5 × 103 (1.823 × 10−3 )2 1.823 × 10−3 𝐼𝐷 1.5 × 103
𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1 + − + −
2 2 16 8
2 3 2
𝐼𝐷 (1.5 × 10 )
+ )
16
3.323 × 10−6 2.7345𝐼𝐷

𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1 + 0.0009115 − 750𝐼𝐷 + − + 140625𝐼𝐷2 )
16 8
𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1.0009115 − 750𝐼𝐷 − 0.3418𝐼𝐷 + 140625𝐼𝐷2 )
𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1.0009115 − 750. 3418𝐼𝐷 + 140625𝐼𝐷2 )
𝐼𝐷 = 0.008007 − 6.0027344𝐼𝐷 + 1125𝐼𝐷2
0 = 0.008007 − 6.0027344𝐼𝐷 − 𝐼𝐷 + 1125𝐼𝐷2
1125𝐼𝐷2 − 7.0027344𝐼𝐷 + 0.008007 = 0

a = 1125, b = -7.0027344, c = 0.008007
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝐼𝐷 =
2𝑎
−(−7.0027344) ± √(−7.0027344)2 − 4 × 1125 × 0.008007

𝐼𝐷 =
2 × 1125
7.0027344 ± √49.038289 − 36.0315
𝐼𝐷 =
2250
7.0027344 ± 3.606493
𝐼𝐷 =
2250
7.0027344 + 3.606493
𝐼𝐷 = = 0.004715𝐴 = 4.715𝑚𝐴
2250
7.0027344 − 3.606493
𝐼𝐷 = = 0.001509 = 1.509𝑚𝐴
2250
𝐼𝐷 = 4.715𝑚𝐴 𝑜𝑟 1.509𝑚𝐴
VGS = VG – IDRD
When ID = 4.715mA
𝑉𝐺𝑆 = 1.823× 10−3 − 4.715 × 10−3 × 1.5 × 103
𝑉𝐺𝑆 = −7.070668 = −7.07𝑉

When ID = 1.509mA
𝑉𝐺𝑆 = 1.823× 10−3 − 1.509 × 10−3 × 1.5 × 103 = −2.261668
𝑉𝐺𝑆 = −2.261668 = −2.26𝑉
VDD = IDRD + VDS + IDRS (output voltage for voltage divider JFET transistor)
VDS = VDD – ID(RD +RS)
When ID = 1.509mA
VDS = 16 – 1.509 × 10−3 (2.4 × 103 + 1.5 × 103 ) = 10.1149𝑉
VGS = 10.11V
When ID = 4.715mA
VDS = 16 – 4.715 × 10−3 (2.4 × 103 + 1.5 × 103 ) = 10.1149𝑉
VGS = -2.3885V
∴ 𝐼𝐷𝑄 = 1.509𝑚𝐴, 𝑉𝐺𝑆𝑄 = −2.26𝑉, 𝑉𝐷𝑆𝑄 = 10.11𝑉
Q6. Determine the operating point (Q-Point) for the self-bias circuit shown below, given
VDD = 24 V, IDSS = 10 mA and VP = –8 V.
SOLUTION
Taking RD = 2.6KΩ, RS = 1.7KΩ, RG = 1MΩ
VGS = -Vs = – IDRS (input voltage for self bias JFET transistor)

𝑉𝐺𝑆 2
𝑉𝑃
𝑉𝐺𝑆 2
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 − )
𝑉𝑃
But VGS = – IDRS
2
(−𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 )
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 − )
𝑉𝑃
2
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 − )
−8
2
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 + )
8
(−𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 ) (−𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 )
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 + ) (1 + )
8 8
RS = 1.7 × 103 Ω
(−𝐼𝐷 1.7×103) (−𝐼𝐷 1.7×103)
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 + ) (1 + )
8 8
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 − 212.5𝐼𝐷 )(1 − 212.5𝐼𝐷 )
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 − 212.5𝐼𝐷 − 212.5𝐼𝐷 + 45156.25𝐼𝐷2 )
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 − 425.25𝐼𝐷 + 45156.25𝐼𝐷2 )
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 − 4.25𝐼𝐷 + 451.5625𝐼𝐷2
0 = 10 × 10−3 − 4.25𝐼𝐷 − 𝐼𝐷 + 451.5625𝐼𝐷2
451.5625𝐼𝐷2 − 5.25𝐼𝐷 + 10 × 10−3 = 0
a = 451.5625, b = -5.25, c = 10 × 10−3
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝐼𝐷 =
2𝑎
−(−5.25) ± √(−5.25)2 − 4 × 451.5625 × 10 × 10−3

𝐼𝐷 =
2 × 451.5625
5.25 ± √27.5625 − 18.0625
𝐼𝐷 =
903.125
5.25 ± 3.0822
𝐼𝐷 =
903.125
5.25 + 3.0822
𝐼𝐷 = = 0.00923𝐴 = 9.23𝑚𝐴
903.125

5.25 − 3.0822
𝐼𝐷 = = 0.0024 = 2.4𝑚𝐴
903.125
𝐼𝐷 = 9.23𝑚𝐴 𝑜𝑟 2.4𝑚𝐴
VGS = -VS = -IDRS
When ID = 2.4mA
𝑉𝐺𝑆 = −2.4 × 10−3 × 1.7 × 103 = −4.08𝑉
When ID = 9.23mA
𝑉𝐺𝑆 = −9.23 × 10−3 × 1.7 × 103 = −15.692𝑉
∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑅𝑆 = 1.7𝐾Ω, 𝑅𝐷 = 2.6𝐾Ω 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝐺 = 1𝑀Ω
𝐼𝐷𝑄 = 2.4𝑚𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝐺𝑆𝑄 = −4.08𝑉
Q7. For the JFET circuit shown in the figure below, calculate the output voltage if the device is supplying
to a load of 10 kΩ.
SOLUTION
VGS = -Vs = – IDRS (input voltage for self bias JFET transistor)

𝑉𝐺𝑆 2
𝑉𝑃
𝑉𝐺𝑆 2
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 − )
𝑉𝑃
But VGS = – IDRS
2
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 − )
𝑉𝑃
2
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 − )
−4
2
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 + )
4
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 + ) (1 + )
4 4
RS = 1.1 × 103 Ω
(−𝐼𝐷 1.1×103) (−𝐼𝐷 1.1×103)
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 + ) (1 + )
4 4
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 − 275𝐼𝐷 )(1 − 275𝐼𝐷 )
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 − 275𝐼𝐷 − 275𝐼𝐷 + 75625𝐼𝐷2 )
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 − 550𝐼𝐷 + 75625𝐼𝐷2 )
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 − 5.5𝐼𝐷 + 756.25𝐼𝐷2
0 = 10 × 10−3 − 5.5𝐼𝐷 − 𝐼𝐷 + 756.25𝐼𝐷2
756.25𝐼𝐷2 − 6.5𝐼𝐷 + 10 × 10−3 = 0
a = 756.25, b = -6.5, c = 10 × 10−3
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝐼𝐷 =
2𝑎
−(−6.5) ± √(−6.5)2 − 4 × 756.25 × 10 × 10−3

𝐼𝐷 =
2 × 756.25
6.5 ± √42.25 − 30.25
𝐼𝐷 =
1512.5
6.5 ± 3.4641
𝐼𝐷 =
1512.5
6.5 + 3.4641
𝐼𝐷 = = 0.006588𝐴 = 6.588𝑚𝐴
1512.5

6.5 − 3.4641
𝐼𝐷 = = 0.002 = 2𝑚𝐴
1512.5
𝐼𝐷 = 6.588𝑚𝐴 𝑜𝑟 2𝑚𝐴
VGS = -VS = -IDRS
When ID = 2mA
𝑉𝐺𝑆 = −2 × 10−3 × 1.1 × 103 = −2.2𝑉
When ID = 6.588mA
𝑉𝐺𝑆 = −6.588 × 10−3 × 1.1 × 103 = −7.2468𝑉
∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝐼𝐷𝑄 = 2𝑚𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝐺𝑆𝑄 = −2.2𝑉
The output voltage (VDS)
VDS = VDD – ID(RD + RS)
𝑉𝐷𝑆 = 12 − 2 × 10−3 (3.6 × 103 + 1.1 × 103 )
𝑉𝐷𝑆 = 2.6𝑉
Q8. For the JFET self-bias circuit shown in the figure below, calculate the operating point.
Fig 5

SOLUTION
VGS = -Vs = – IDRS (input voltage for self-bias JFET transistor)
𝑉𝐺𝑆 2
𝑉𝑃
𝑉𝐺𝑆 2
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 − )
𝑉𝑃
But VGS = – IDRS
2
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 − )
𝑉𝑃
2
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 − )
−4
2
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 + )
4
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 + ) (1 + )
4 4
From the circuit show in fig 5
RS = 1.5 × 103 Ω
(−𝐼𝐷 1.5×103) (−𝐼𝐷 1.5×103)
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 + ) (1 + )
4 4
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 − 375𝐼𝐷 )(1 − 375𝐼𝐷 )
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 − 375𝐼𝐷 − 375𝐼𝐷 + 140625𝐼𝐷2 )
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 − 750𝐼𝐷 + 45156.25𝐼𝐷2 )
𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 − 7.5𝐼𝐷 + 1406.25𝐼𝐷2
0 = 10 × 10−3 − 7.5𝐼𝐷 − 𝐼𝐷 + 1406.25𝐼𝐷2
1406.25𝐼𝐷2 − 8.5𝐼𝐷 + 10 × 10−3 = 0
a = 1406.25, b = -8.5, c = 10 × 10−3
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝐼𝐷 =
2𝑎
−(−8.5) ± √(−8.5)2 − 4 × 1406.25 × 10 × 10−3

𝐼𝐷 =
2 × 1406.25

8.5 ± √72.25 − 56.25

𝐼𝐷 =
2812.5
8.5 ± 4
𝐼𝐷 =
2812.5
8.5 + 4
𝐼𝐷 = = 0.004𝐴 = 4𝑚𝐴
2812.5
8.5 − 4
𝐼𝐷 = = 0.0016 = 1.6𝑚𝐴
2812.5
𝐼𝐷 = 4𝑚𝐴 𝑜𝑟 1.6𝑚𝐴
VGS = -VS = -IDRS
When ID = 4mA
𝑉𝐺𝑆 = −4 × 10−3 × 1.5 × 103 = −6𝑉
When ID = 1.6mA
𝑉𝐺𝑆 = −1.6 × 10−3 × 1.5 × 103 = −2.4𝑉
∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡

𝐼𝐷𝑄 = 1.6𝑚𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝐺𝑆𝑄 = −2.4𝑉
Q9. For the JFET voltage-divider bias circuit shown in the figure below, calculate the operating point.
Fig 5

𝑉𝐷𝐷 𝑅2
𝑉𝐺 =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
VDD = 16V, R2 = 270KΩ, R1 = 2.1MΩ, RD = 2.4KΩ, RS = 1.5KΩ
16 × 270 × 103
𝑉𝐺 = = 0.001823
2.1 × 106 + 270 × 103
𝑉𝐺 = 1.823 × 10−3 = 1.823𝑚𝐴
𝑉𝐺𝑆 2
𝑉𝑃
𝑉𝐺𝑆 2
𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1 − )
𝑉𝑃
2
𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1 − )
𝑉𝑃
2
𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1 − )
−4
2
𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1 + )
4
𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1 + ) (1 + )
𝑉𝑃 𝑉𝑃
2
𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1 + + +( ) )
4 4 4

𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1 + + )
4 16
(𝑉𝐺 − 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 ) 𝑉𝐺2 − 𝑉𝐺 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 − 𝑉𝐺 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 + 𝐼𝐷2 𝑅𝑆2

𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1 + + )
2 16
(𝑉𝐺 − 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 ) 𝑉𝐺2 − 2𝑉𝐺 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 + 𝐼𝐷2 𝑅𝑆2

𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1 + + )
2 16
𝑉𝐺 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 𝑉𝐺2 2𝑉𝐺 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 𝐼𝐷2 𝑅𝑆2

𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1 + − + − + )
2 2 16 16 16
But VG = 1.823mV

RS = 1.5KΩ
1.823 × 10−3 𝐼𝐷 1.5 × 103 (1.823 × 10−3 )2 1.823 × 10−3 𝐼𝐷 1.5 × 103
𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1 + − + −
2 2 16 8
2 3 2
𝐼𝐷 (1.5 × 10 )
+ )
16
3.323 × 10−6 2.7345𝐼𝐷

𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1 + 0.0009115 − 750𝐼𝐷 + − + 140625𝐼𝐷2 )
16 8
𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1.0009115 − 750𝐼𝐷 − 0.3418𝐼𝐷 + 140625𝐼𝐷2 )
𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1.0009115 − 750. 3418𝐼𝐷 + 140625𝐼𝐷2 )
𝐼𝐷 = 0.008007 − 6.0027344𝐼𝐷 + 1125𝐼𝐷2
0 = 0.008007 − 6.0027344𝐼𝐷 − 𝐼𝐷 + 1125𝐼𝐷2
1125𝐼𝐷2 − 7.0027344𝐼𝐷 + 0.008007 = 0

a = 1125, b = -7.0027344, c = 0.008007
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝐼𝐷 =
2𝑎
−(−7.0027344) ± √(−7.0027344)2 − 4 × 1125 × 0.008007

𝐼𝐷 =
2 × 1125
7.0027344 ± √49.038289 − 36.0315
𝐼𝐷 =
2250
7.0027344 ± 3.606493
𝐼𝐷 =
2250
7.0027344 + 3.606493
𝐼𝐷 = = 0.004715𝐴 = 4.715𝑚𝐴
2250
7.0027344 − 3.606493
𝐼𝐷 = = 0.001509 = 1.509𝑚𝐴
2250
𝐼𝐷 = 4.715𝑚𝐴 𝑜𝑟 1.509𝑚𝐴
VGS = VG – IDRD
When ID = 4.715mA
𝑉𝐺𝑆 = 1.823× 10−3 − 4.715 × 10−3 × 1.5 × 103 = −2.261668
𝑉𝐺𝑆 = −7.070668 = −7.07𝑉

When ID = 1.509mA

𝑉𝐺𝑆 = 1.823× 10−3 − 1.509 × 10−3 × 1.5 × 103 = −2.261668
𝑉𝐺𝑆 = −2.261668 = −2.26𝑉 = -2.3V
VDD = IDRD + VDS + IDRS
VDS = VDD – ID(RD +RS)
When ID = 1.509mA
VDS = 16 – 1.509 × 10−3 (2.4 × 103 + 1.5 × 103 ) = 10.1149𝑉
VGS = 10.11V
When ID = 4.715mA
VDS = 16 – 4.715 × 10−3 (2.4 × 103 + 1.5 × 103 ) = 10.1149𝑉
VGS = -2.3885V
∴ 𝐼𝐷𝑄 = 1.509𝑚𝐴, 𝑉𝐺𝑆𝑄 = −2.26𝑉.
Q10. For the circuit shown in the figure below, find IDQ, VGSQ at the operating point Q.
Fig 6
SOLUTION

𝑉𝐷𝐷 𝑅2
𝑉𝐺 =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
VDD = 20V, R2 = 11MΩ, R1 = 82MΩ, RD = 2KΩ, RS = 610Ω
20 × 11 × 106
𝑉𝐺 = = 2.3656
11 × 106 + 82 × 103
𝑉𝐺 = 2.3656𝑉
𝑉𝐺𝑆 2
𝑉𝑃
𝑉𝐺𝑆 2
𝐼𝐷 = 12 × 10−3 (1 − )
𝑉𝑃
2
𝐼𝐷 = 12 × 10−3 (1 − )
𝑉𝑃
2
𝐼𝐷 = 12 × 10−3 (1 − )
−3
2
𝐼𝐷 = 12 × 10−3 (1 + )
3
𝐼𝐷 = 12 × 10−3 (1 + ) (1 + )
𝑉𝑃 𝑉𝑃
2
𝐼𝐷 = 12 × 10−3 (1 + + +( ) )
3 3 3

𝐼𝐷 = 12 × 10−3 (1 + + )
3 9
2(𝑉𝐺 − 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 ) 𝑉𝐺2 − 𝑉𝐺 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 − 𝑉𝐺 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 + 𝐼𝐷2 𝑅𝑆2

𝐼𝐷 = 12 × 10−3 (1 + + )
3 9
2(𝑉𝐺 − 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 ) 𝑉𝐺2 − 2𝑉𝐺 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 + 𝐼𝐷2 𝑅𝑆2

𝐼𝐷 = 12 × 10−3 (1 + + )
3 9
2𝑉𝐺 2𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 𝑉𝐺2 2𝑉𝐺 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 𝐼𝐷2 𝑅𝑆2

𝐼𝐷 = 12 × 10−3 (1 + − + − + )
3 3 9 9 9
But VG = 2.3656V

RS = 610Ω
2 × 2.3656 2𝐼𝐷 610 (2.3656) 2 2 × 2.3656𝐼𝐷 610 𝐼𝐷2 (610)2

𝐼𝐷 = 12 × 10−3 (1 + − + − + )
3 3 9 9 9
𝐼𝐷 = 12 × 10−3 (1 + 1.57706 − 406.6𝐼𝐷 + 0.6218 − 320.6702𝐼𝐷 + 41344.4𝐼𝐷2 )
𝐼𝐷 = 12 × 10−3 (1 + 1.57706 + 0.6218 − 406.6𝐼𝐷 − 320.67021𝐼𝐷 + 41344.4𝐼𝐷2 )
𝐼𝐷 = 12 × 10−3 (3.19886 − 727.2702𝐼𝐷 + 41344.4𝐼𝐷2 )
𝐼𝐷 = 0.03839 − 8.7272𝐼𝐷 + 496.1328𝐼𝐷2
0 = 0.03839 − 8.7272𝐼𝐷 − 𝐼𝐷 + 496.1328𝐼𝐷2
496.1328𝐼𝐷2 − 9.7272𝐼𝐷 + 0.03839 = 0

a = 496.1328, b = -9.7272, c = 0.03839
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝐼𝐷 =
2𝑎
−(−9.7272) ± √(−9.7272)2 − 4 × 496.1328 × 0.03839

𝐼𝐷 =
2 × 496.1328
9.7272 ± √94.6184 − 76.1862
𝐼𝐷 =
992.2656
9.7272 ± 4.2933
𝐼𝐷 =
992.2656
9.7272 + 4.2933
𝐼𝐷 = = 0.01413𝐴 = 14.13𝑚𝐴
992.2656
9.7272 − 4.2933
𝐼𝐷 = = 0.00548 = 5.48𝑚𝐴
992.2656
𝐼𝐷 = 14.13𝑚𝐴 𝑜𝑟 5.48𝑚𝐴
VGS = VG – IDRD
When ID = 14.13mA
𝑉𝐺𝑆 = 2.3656−14.13 × 10−3 × 610 = −6.2537𝑉
𝑉𝐺𝑆 = −6.2537 = −6.25𝑉
When ID = 5.48mA
𝑉𝐺𝑆 = 2.3656−5.48 × 10−3 × 610 = −0.9772
𝑉𝐺𝑆 = −0.9772 = −0.98𝑉

∴ 𝐼𝐷𝑄 = 5.48𝑚𝐴, 𝑉𝐺𝑆𝑄 = −0.977𝑉,
1 Q11. The data sheets of an n-channel MOSFET specify that VGS(th) = 3V and ID = 1mA with VGS = 5V.
Find ID with each of the following values of VGS = 4V, 5V, 6V, and 7V.
SOLUTION
DATA
𝑉𝐺𝑆(𝑡ℎ) = 3𝑉, 𝐼𝐷 = 1𝑚𝐴, 𝑉𝐺𝑆 = 5𝑉
𝐼𝐷 = ?
IF 𝑉𝐺𝑆 = 4𝑉, 5𝑉, 6𝑉, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 7𝑉

2
𝐼𝐷 = 𝐾(𝑉𝐺𝑆 − 𝑉𝐺𝑆(𝑡ℎ) ) (For MOSFET transistor)
𝐼𝐷 1×10−3 1×10−3
𝑘 = 2 = (5−3)2
= = 2.5× 10−4
(𝑉𝐺𝑆 −𝑉𝐺𝑆(𝑡ℎ) ) 22
𝐾 = 2.5 × 10−4
When 𝑉𝐺𝑆 = 4𝑉
𝐼𝐷 = 2.5 × 10−4 (4 − 3)2 = 2.5 × 10−4 = 0.25𝑚𝐴
𝐼𝐷 = 2.5 × 10−4 (5 − 3)2 = 0.001 = 1𝑚𝐴
𝐼𝐷 = 2.5 × 10−4 (6 − 3)2 = 0.00225 = 2.25𝑚𝐴
𝐼𝐷 = 2.5 × 10−4 (7 − 3)2 = 0.004 = 4𝑚𝐴

2 Q12. The data sheets of a p-channel MOSFET specify that VGS(th) = -2.5V and ID = -1mA with VGS = -
5.5V. Find ID with values of VGS from -2.5V to -7V in 0.5V increments. Sketch the results on a piece of
linear graph paper.
SOLUTION
DATA
𝑉𝐺𝑆(𝑡ℎ) = −2.5𝑉, 𝐼𝐷 = −1𝑚𝐴, 𝑉𝐺𝑆 = −5,5𝑉
𝐼𝐷 = ?
IF 𝑉𝐺𝑆 = −2.5𝑉 𝑡𝑜 − 7𝑉 𝑖𝑛 0.5 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
∴ 𝑉𝐺𝑆 . = .0 − 2.5𝑉, 0 − 3.0𝑉, −3.5𝑉, −4𝑉, −4.5𝑉, −5.0𝑉, −5.5𝑉, −6.0𝑉, −6.5𝑉, -7.0V
𝐼𝐷 −1×10−3
𝑘 = 2 = (2.5−(−5.5))2
= −0.0001 = −1× 10−4
(𝑉𝐺𝑆 −𝑉𝐺𝑆(𝑡ℎ) )
𝐾 = −1 × 10−4
When 𝑉𝐺𝑆 = −2.5𝑉

2
𝐼𝐷 = −1 × 10−4 (−2.5 − (−5.5)) = −0.0009 = −0.9𝑚𝐴
When 𝑉𝐺𝑆 = −3𝑉

2
𝐼𝐷 = −1 × 10−4 (−3 − (−5.5)) = −0.000625 = −0.625𝑚𝐴

2
𝐼𝐷 = −1 × 10−4 (−3.5 − (−5.5)) = −0.0004 = −0.4𝑚𝐴

2
𝐼𝐷 = −1 × 10−4 (−4 − (−5.5)) = −0.000225 = −0.225𝑚𝐴

2
𝐼𝐷 = −1 × 10−4 (−4.5 − (−5.5)) = −0.0001 = −0.1𝑚𝐴


2
𝐼𝐷 = −1 × 10−4 (−5 − (−5.5)) = −2.5 × 10−5 = −0.025𝑚𝐴

2
𝐼𝐷 = −1 × 10−4 (−5.5 − (−5.5)) = 0.000 = 0𝑚𝐴

2
𝐼𝐷 = −1 × 10−4 (−6.0 − (−5.5)) = −2.5 × 10−5 = −0.025𝑚𝐴

2
𝐼𝐷 = −1 × 10−4 (−6.5 − (−5.5)) = −0.0001 = −0.1𝑚𝐴

2
𝐼𝐷 = −1 × 10−4 (−7 − (−5.5)) = −0.000225 = −0.225𝑚𝐴
-2.5 -3.0 -3.5 -4.5 -4.5 -5.0 -5.5 -6.0 -6.5 -7.0 VGS
-0.9
-0.625
-0.4
-0.225
-0.1
-0.025
-0.025
-0.1
-0.225
ID(mA)

Q13. In the CS amplifier, let 𝑅𝐷 = 4 kΩ, 𝑅𝐺 = 50 MΩ, 𝜇 = 40, 𝑟𝑑 = 40 kΩ. Evaluate 𝐴𝑉, 𝑍𝑖, and 𝑍𝑂.
SOLUTION
DATA
in the CS amplifier
RD= 4KΩ, RG = 50MΩ, µ = 40, rd = 40KΩ
𝑉𝑜 −µ𝑅𝐷 −40 × 4 × 103

𝐴𝑉 = = = = −0.003197
𝑉1 𝑅𝐷 + 𝑟𝑑 50 × 106 + 40 × 103
𝐴𝑉 = −0.003197
𝑍𝑖 = 𝑅𝐺 = 50 × 106 Ω
𝑍𝑜 = 𝑅𝐷 = 4 × 103 Ω
Q14. In the CD amplifier, let 𝑅𝑆 = 2 kΩ, 𝑅𝐺= 10 MΩ, 𝜇 = 40, 𝑟𝑑 = 40 kΩ. Calculate 𝐴𝑉, 𝑍𝑖, and 𝑍𝑂
SOLUTION
DATA
in the CD amplifier
RS= 2KΩ, RG = 10MΩ, µ = 40, rd = 40KΩ
𝑉𝑜 µ𝑅𝑆 40 × 2 × 103
𝐴𝑉 = = = = 0.6557
𝑉1 (µ + 1)𝑅𝑆 + 𝑟𝑑 (40 + 1) × 2 × 103 + 40 × 103
𝐴𝑉 = 0.6557
𝑍𝑖 = 𝑅𝐺 = 10 × 106 Ω = 10𝑀Ω
𝑟𝑑
𝑍𝑜 = // RS
µ+1
40×103
𝑍𝑜 = // 2 × 103
40+1

𝑍𝑜 = 975.60975 // 2 × 103
975.60975 × 2 × 103
𝑍𝑜 = = 655.738
975.60975 + 2 × 103
𝑍𝑜 = 655.738Ω
Q15. In the CG amplifier, let 𝑅𝐷 = 4 kΩ, 𝑅𝑆 = 2 kΩ, 𝑔𝑚 = 2 × 10(−3) mho, 𝑟𝑑 = 40 kΩ. Calculate 𝐴𝑉, 𝑍𝑖,
and 𝑍𝑂.
SOLUTION
DATA
in the CD amplifier
RD = 4KΩ, RS= 2KΩ, RG = 10MΩ, µ = 40, rd = 40KΩ
𝑉𝑜 (𝑔𝑚 𝑟𝑑 + 1)𝑅𝐷 (2 × 10−3 × 40 × 103 + 1) × 4 × 103

𝐴𝑉 = = = = 7.36
𝑉1 𝑅𝐷 + 𝑟𝑑 4 × 103 + 40 × 103
𝐴𝑉 = 7.36
1
𝑍𝑖 = 𝑅𝑆 // 𝑔 (𝑟𝑑 > 𝑅𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑚 𝑟𝑑 > 1)
𝑚
1
𝑍𝑖 = 2 × 103 // 2×10−3
𝑍𝑖 = 2 × 103 // 500
2 × 103 × 500
𝑍𝑖 = = 487.805
2 × 103 + 500
𝑍𝑖 = 487.805Ω
𝑍𝑜 = 𝑟𝑑 // RD
𝑟𝑑𝑅𝐷 40 × 103 × 4 × 103

𝑍𝑜 = = = 3636.36Ω
𝑟𝑑 + 𝑅𝐷 40 × 103 + 4 × 103
𝑍𝑜 = 3636.36Ω

Q16. Convert the following binary to their decimal values.

i. 1101 ii. 1001 iii. 10000 iv. 10001
v. 1111 vi. 10110 vii. 11001 viii. 1111001
ix. 1000 x 11111 xi 10111 xii. 1001011.011
xiii. 110101.1011 xiv. 1101 xv 1111 xvi 1001
xvii. 1100101 xviii. 0.1111 xix. 0.1001 xx 0.0101.
xxi. 1001
S0LUTION
(i) 11012
13 12 01 102
= 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
= 1×8+1×4+0×2+1×1
= 8+4+0+1
= 13
∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 11012 = 13
(ii) 10012
13 02 01 102
= 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
= 1×8+0×4+0×2+1×1
= 8+0+0+1
=9
(iii) 100002
14 03 02 01 002
= 1 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 0 × 20
= 1 × 16 + 0 × 8 + 0 × 4 + 0 × 2 + 0 × 1
= 16
= 16

(iv) 100012
14 03 02 01 102
= 1 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
= 1 × 16 + 0 × 8 + 0 × 4 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 1
= 16 + 1
= 17
(v) 11112
13 12 11 102
= 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20
= 1×8+1×4+1×2+1×1
= 8+4+2+1
= 15
(vi) 101102
14 03 12 11 002
= 1 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 0 × 20
= 1 × 16 + 0 × 8 + 1 × 4 + 1 × 2 + 0 × 1
= 16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 0
= 22

(vii) 110012
14 13 02 01 102
= 1 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
= 1 × 16 + 1 × 8 + 0 × 4 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 1
= 16 + 8 + 1
= 25
(viii) 11110012
16 15 14 13 02 01 102
= 1 × 26 + 1 × 25 + 1 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
= 1 × 64 + 1 × 32 + 1 × 16 + 1 × 8 + 0 × 4 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 1
= 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 1
= 121
(ix) 10002
13 02 01 002
= 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 0 × 20
= 1×8+0×4+0×2+0×1
= 8+0+0+0
=8
(x) 111112
14 13 12 11 102
= 1 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20
= 1 × 16 + 1 × 8 + 1 × 4 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 1

= 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1
= 31
(xi) 101112
14 03 12 11 102
= 1 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20
= 1 × 16 + 0 × 8 + 1 × 4 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 1
= 16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1
= 23
(xii) 1001011.0112
16 05 04 13 02 11 102 . 0−1 1−2 1−3
= 1 × 26 + 0 × 25 + 0 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20 + 0 × 2−1 + 1 × 2−2 + 1 × 2−3
= 1 × 64 + 0 × 32 + 0 × 16 + 1 × 8 + 0 × 4 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 1 + 0 × 0.5 + 1 × 0.25 + 1 × 0.125

= 64 + 8 + 2 + 1 + 0.25 + 0.125
= 75.375
∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1001011.0112 = 75.375
(xiii) 110101.10112
15 14 03 12 01 102 . 1−1 0−2 1−3 1−4
= 1 × 25 + 1 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20 + 1 × 2−1 + 0 × 2−2 + 1 × 2−3 + 1 × 2−4
= 1 × 32 + 1 × 16 + 0 × 8 + 1 × 4 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 1 + 1 × 0.5 + 0 × 0.25 + 1 × 0.125 + 1 × 0.0625

= 32 + 16 + 4 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.125 + 0.0625
= 53.6875
∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 110101.10112 = 53.6875

(xiv) 11012
13 12 01 102
= 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
= 1×8+1×4+0×2+1×1
= 8+4+0+1
= 13
(xv) 11112
13 12 11 102
= 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20
= 1×8+1×4+1×2+1×1
= 8+4+2+1
= 15
(xvi) 10012
13 02 01 102
= 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
= 1×8+0×4+0×2+1×1
= 8+0+0+1
=9
(xvii) 11001012
16 15 04 03 12 01 102
= 1 × 26 + 1 × 25 + 0 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20

= 1 × 64 + 1 × 32 + 0 × 16 + 0 × 8 + 1 × 4 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 1
= 64 + 32 + 4 + 1
= 101
(xviii) 0.11112
0. 1−1 1−2 1−3 1−4
= 1 × 2−1 + 0 × 2−2 + 1 × 2−3 + 1 × 2−4

= 1 × 0.5 + 1 × 0.25 + 1 × 0.125 + 1 × 0.0625
= 0.5 + 0.25 + 0.125 + 0.0625
= 0.9375
∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 0. 11112 = 0.9375
(xv) 0.10012
0. 1−1 0−2 0−3 1−4
= 1 × 2−1 + 0 × 2−2 + 0 × 2−3 + 1 × 2−4

= 1 × 0.5 + 1 × 0.25 + 0 × 0.125 + 1 × 0.0625
= 0.5 + 0 + 0.0625
= 0.5625
(xix) 0.01012
0. 0−1 1−2 0−3 1−4
= 0 × 2−1 + 1 × 2−2 + 0 × 2−3 + 1 × 2−4
= 0 × 0.5 + 1 × 0.25 + 0 × 0.125 + 1 × 0.0625

= 0 + 0.25 + 0 + 0.0625
= 0.3125

(xxi) 10012
13 02 01 102
= 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
= 1×8+0×4+0×2+1×1
= 8+0+0+1
=9
17 Q17. Convert the following decimal numbers to binary numbers.

i. 1231 ii. 122 iii. 431 iv. 21
v. 1872 vi. 76 vii. 673 viii. 320
ix. 16 x. 987 xi. 63.25 xii. 43.8125
xiii. 25.68 xiv. 49 xv. 756 xvi. 0.578
xvii. 110.58 xviii 109 xix 18.33 xx 212.
xxi. 0.782 xxii. 0.359 xxiii. 0.568 xxiv 0.075.
xxv. 19 xxvi 23.6
SOLUTION
(i) 1231
2 1231 R
2 615 1
2 307 1
2 153 1
2 76 1
2 38 0
2 19 0
2 9 1
2 4 1
2 2 0
2 1 0
0 1

∴ 123110 = 100110011112
(ii) 122
2 122 R
2 61 0
2 30 1
2 15 0
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
2 0 1
∴ 12210 = 11110102
(iii) 431
2 431 R
2 215 1
2 107 1
2 53 1
2 26 1
2 13 0
2 6 1
2 3 0
2 1 1
2 0 1
∴ 43110 = 1101011112

(iv) 21
2 21 R
2 10 1
2 5 0
2 2 1
2 1 0
2 0 1
∴ 2110 = 101012
(v) 1872
2 1872 R
2 936 0
2 468 0
2 234 0
2 117 0
2 58 1
2 29 0
2 14 1
2 7 0
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1
∴ 187210 = 111010100002
(i) 76
2 76 R
2 36 0

2 18 0
2 9 0
2 4 1
2 2 0
2 1 0
0 1
∴ 7610 = 10010002
(vi) 673
2 673 R
2 336 1
2 168 0
2 84 0
2 42 0
2 21 0
2 10 1
2 5 0
2 2 1
2 1 0
0 1
∴ 67310 = 10101000012
(viii) 320
2 320 R
2 160 0

2 80 O
2 40 0
2 20 0
2 10 0
2 5 0
2 2 1
2 1 0
0 1
∴ 32010 = 1010000002
(ix) 16
2 16 R
2 8 0
2 4 0
2 2 0
2 1 0
0 1
∴ 1610 = 100002
(x) 987
2 987 R
2 493 1
2 246 1
2 123 0
2 61 1
2 30 1
2 15 0

2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1
∴ 98710 = 11110110112
(xi) 63.25
2 63 R
2 31 1
2 15 1
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1
6310 = 1111112
0.25 × 2 = 0.5
0.5 × 2 = 1.0
∴ 63.2510 = 111111.012
(xii) 43.8125
2 43 R
2 21 1
2 10 1
2 5 0
2 2 1
2 1 0

0 1
4310 = 1010112
0.8125 × 2 = 1.625
0.625 × 2 = 1.25
0.25 × 2 = 0.5
0.5 × 2 = 1.0
∴ 43.812510 = 101011.11012
(xiii) 25.68
2 25 R
2 12 1
2 6 0
2 3 0
2 1 1
0 1
2510 = 110012
0.68 × 2 = 1.36
0.36 × 2 = 0.72
0.72 × 2 = 1.44
0.44 × 2 = 0.88
0.88 × 2 = 1.76
0.76 × 2 = 1.52
0.52 × 2 = 1.04
0.04 × 2 = 0.08
0.08 × 2 = 0.16
0.16 × 2 = 0.32

∴ 25.6810 = 11001.10101110002
(xiv) 49
2 49 R
2 24 1
2 12 0
2 6 0
2 3 0
2 1 1
0 1
∴ 4910 = 1100012
(xv) 756
2 756 R
2 378 0
2 189 0
2 94 1
2 47 0
2 23 1
2 11 1
2 5 1
2 2 1
2 1 0
0 1
∴ 75610 = 10111101002

(xvi) 0.578
0.578 × 2 = 1.156
0.156 × 2 = 0.312
0.312 × 2 = 0.624
0.624 × 2 = 1.248
0.248 × 2 = 0.496
0.496 × 2 = 0.992
0.992 × 2 = 1.984
0.984 × 2 = 1.968
0.968 × 2 = 1.936
0.936 × 2 = 1.872
∴ 0.57810 = 0.10010011112
(xvii) 110.58
2 110 R
2 55 0
2 27 1
2 13 1
2 6 1
2 3 0
2 1 1
0 1
11010 = 11011102
0.58 × 2 = 1.16
0.16 × 2 = 0.32
0.32 × 2 = 0.64
0.64 × 2 = 1.28

0.28 × 2 = 0.56
0.56 × 2 = 1.12
0.12 × 2 = 0.24
0.24 × 2 = 0.48
0.48 × 2 = 0.96
0.96 × 2 = 1.92
∴ 110.5810 = 1101110.10010100012
(xviii) 109
2 109 R
2 54 1
2 27 0
2 13 1
2 6 1
2 3 0
2 1 1
0 1
∴ 10910 = 11011012
(xix) 18.33
2 18 R
2 9 0
2 4 1
2 2 0
2 1 0
0 1
1810 = 100102

0.33 × 2 = 0.66
0.06 × 2 = 1.32
0.32 × 2 = 0.64
0.64 × 2 = 1.28
0.28 × 2 = 0.56
0.56 × 2 = 1.12
0.12 × 2 = 0.24
0.24 × 2 = 0.48
0.48 × 2 = 0.96
0.96 × 2 = 1.92
∴ 18.3310 = 10010.01010100012
(xx) 212
2 212 R
2 106 0
2 53 O
2 26 1
2 13 0
2 6 1
2 3 0
2 1 1
0 1
∴ 21210 = 110101002
(xxi) 0.782
0.782 × 2 = 1.564
0.564 × 2 = 1.128

0.128 × 2 = 0.256
0.256 × 2 = 0.512
0.512 × 2 = 1.024
0.024 × 2 = 0.048
0.048 × 2 = 0.096
0.096 × 2 = 0.192
0.192 × 2 = 0.384
0. 384 × 2 = 0.768
∴ 0.78210 = 0.11001000002
(xxii) 0.359
0.359 × 2 = 0.718
0.718 × 2 = 1.436
0.436 × 2 = 0.872
0.872 × 2 = 1.744
0.744 × 2 = 1.488
0.488 × 2 = 0.976
0.976 × 2 = 1.952
0.952 × 2 = 1.904
0.904 × 2 = 1.808
0. 808 × 2 = 1.616
∴ 0.35910 = 0.01011011112
(xxiii) 0.568
0.568 × 2 = 1.136

0.136 × 2 = 0.272
0.272 × 2 = 0.544
0.544 × 2 = 1.088
0.088 × 2 = 0.176
0.176 × 2 = 0.352
0.352 × 2 = 0.704
0.704 × 2 = 1.408
0.408 × 2 = 0.816
0. 816 × 2 = 1.632
∴ 0.56810 = 0.10010001012
(xxiv) 0.075
0.075 × 2 = 0.15
0.15 × 2 = 0.3
0.3 × 2 = 0.6
0.6 × 2 = 1.2
0.2 × 2 = 0.4
0.4 × 2 = 0.8
0.8 × 2 = 1.6
0.6 × 2 = 1.2
0.2 × 2 = 0.4
0. 4 × 2 = 0.8
∴ 0.07510 = 0.00010011002
(xxv) 19

2 19 R
2 9 1
2 4 1
2 2 0
2 1 0
2 0 1
∴ 1910 = 100112
(xxvi) 23.6
2 23 R
2 11 1
2 5 1
2 2 1
2 1 0
0 1
2310 = 101112
0.6 × 2 = 1.2
0.2 × 2 = 0.4
0.4 × 2 = 0.8
0.8 × 2 = 1.6
0.6 × 2 = 1.2
0.2 × 2 = 0.4
0.4 × 2 = 0.8
0.8 × 2 = 1.6
0.6 × 2 = 1.2
0.2 × 2 = 0.4
∴ 23. 610 = 10111.10011001102

Q18. Convert the following binary numbers to octal numbers.

i. 101111 ii. 111111111 iii. 101110011 iv. 100111000
v. 110101 vi. 101110001 vii. 111000101011
viii. 111101101110.10111101 ix. 11011110 x. 11001.1
xi. 01010011 xii. 11011.01
SOLUTION
(i) 1011112
15 04 13 12 11 102
= 1 × 25 + 0 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20
= 1 × 32 + 0 × 16 + 1 × 8 + 1 × 4 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 1
= 32 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1
= 4710
Now we convert 4710 to octal
8 47 R
8 5 7
0 5
∴ 1011112 = 578
(ii) 1111111112
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 102
= 1 × 28 + 1 × 27 + 1 × 26 + 1 × 25 + 1 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20
= 1 × 256 + 1 × 128 + 1 × 64 + 1 × 32 + 1 × 16 + 1 × 8 + 1 × 4 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 1
= 256 + 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1
= 51110
8 511 R
8 63 7

8 7 7
0 7
∴ 1111111112 = 7778
(iii) 1011100112
18 07 16 15 14 03 02 11 102
= 1 × 28 + 0 × 27 + 1 × 26 + 1 × 25 + 1 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20
= 1 × 256 + 0 × 128 + 1 × 64 + 1 × 32 + 1 × 16 + 0 × 8 + 0 × 4 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 1
= 256 + 0 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 2 + 1
= 37110
8 371 R
8 46 3
8 5 6
0 5
37110 = 5638
∴ 1011100112 = 5638
(iv) 1001110002
18 07 06 15 14 13 02 01 002
= 1 × 28 + 0 × 27 + 0 × 26 + 1 × 25 + 1 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 0 × 20
= 1 × 256 + 0 × 128 + 1 × 64 + 1 × 32 + 1 × 16 + 1 × 8 + 0 × 4 + 0 × 2 + 0 × 1
= 256 + 32 + 16 + 8
= 31210
8 312 R

8 39 0
8 4 7
0 4
31210 = 4708
∴ 1001110002 = 4708
(v) 1101012
15 14 03 12 01 102
= 1 × 25 + 1 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
= 1 × 32 + 1 × 16 + 0 × 8 + 1 × 4 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 1
= 32 + 16 + 4 + 1
= 5310
8 53 R
8 6 5
0 6
∴ 1101012 = 658
(vi) 101110012
17 06 15 14 13 02 01 102
= 1 × 27 + 0 × 26 + 1 × 25 + 1 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
= 1 × 128 + 0 × 64 + 1 × 32 + 1 × 16 + 1 × 8 + 0 × 4 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 1
= 128 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 1
= 18510
8 185 R
8 23 1

8 2 7
0 2
18510 = 2718
∴ 101110012 = 2718
(vii) 1110001010112
111 110 19 08 07 06 15 04 13 02 11 102
= 1 × 211 + 1 × 210 + 1 × 29 + 0 × 28 + 0 × 27 + 0 × 26 + 1 × 25 + 0 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 0 × 22
+ 1 × 21 + 1 × 20
= 1 × 2048 + 1 × 1024 + 1 × 512 + 1 × 32 + 1 × 8 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 1
= 2048 + 1024 + 512 + 32 + 8 + 2 + 1

= 362710
8 3627 R
8 453 3
8 56 5
8 7 0
0 7
362710 = 70538
∴ 1110001010112 = 70538
(viii) 111101101110.101111012
111 110 19 18 07 16 15 04 13 12 11 002 . 1−1 0−2 1−3 1−4 1−5 1−6 0−7 1−8
= 1 × 211 + 1 × 210 + 1 × 29 + 1 × 28 + 0 × 27 + 1 × 26 + 1 × 25 + 0 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 1 × 22
+ 1 × 21 + 0 × 20 + 1 × 2−1 + 0 × 2−2 + 1 × 2−3 + 1 × 2−4 + 1 × 2−5 + 1 × 2−6
+ 0 × 2−7 + 1 × 2−8
= 3950.7382812510
Now we convert 3950.7382812510 to octal

8 3950 R
8 493 6
8 61 5
8 7 5
0 7
395010 = 75568
0.73828125 × 8 = 5.90625
0.90625 × 8 = 7.25
0.25 × 8 = 2.0
0.7382812510 = 0.5728
∴ 111101101110.101111012 = 7556.5728
(xi) 110111102
17 16 05 14 13 12 11 002
= 1 × 27 + 1 × 26 + 0 × 25 + 1 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 0 × 20
= 22210
8 222 R
8 27 6
8 3 3
0 3
22210 = 3368
∴ 110111102 = 3368
(ix) 11001.12
14 13 02 01 102 . 1−1

= 1 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20 + 1 × 2−1
= 1 × 16 + 1 × 8 + 0 × 4 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 1 + 1 × 0.5
= 16 + 8 + 1 + 0.5
= 25.510
∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 11001.12 = 25. 510
8 25 R
8 3 1
0 3
2510 = 318
0.5 × 8 = 4.0
0. 510 = 0. 48
∴ 11001. 12 = 31. 48
(x) 010100112
07 16 05 14 03 02 11 102
= 10 × 27 + 1 × 26 + 0 × 25 + 1 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20
= 1 × 64 + 1 × 16 + 2 + 1
= 64 + 16 + 3
= 8310
8 83 R
8 10 3
8 1 2
0 1
8310 = 1238
∴ 010100112 = 1238

(xi) 11011.012
14 13 02 11 102 . 0−1 1−2
= 1 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20 + 0 × 2−1 + 1 × 2−2
= 1 × 16 + 1 × 8 + 0 × 4 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 1 + 0 × 0.5 + 1 × 0.25
= 16 + 8 + 3 + 0.25
= 27.2510
8 27 R
8 3 3
0 3
2710 = 338
0.25 × 8 = 2.0
0. 2510 = 0. 28
∴ 11011. 012 = 33. 28
Q19. Converts the following binary to hexadecimal.

i. 11011110
SOLUTION
(i) 110111102
17 16 05 14 13 12 11 002
= 1 × 27 + 1 × 26 + 0 × 25 + 1 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 0 × 20
= 22210
Now we convert 22210 to hexadecimal
16 222 R
16 13 14(E)
0 13(D)

22210 = 𝐷𝐸8
∴ 110111102 = 𝐷𝐸16
18 Q20. Convert the following hexadecimal to binary

i. AA.1A ii. AEO iii. 75 F iv. E 25.
v. BCA 3.AD
SOLUTION
(i) AA.1A
𝐴 × 161 + 𝐴 × 160 + 1 × 16−1 + 𝐴 × 16−2
= 170.101562510
Now we convert 170.101562510 to binary
2 170 R
2 85 0
2 42 1
2 21 0
2 10 1
2 5 0
2 2 1
2 1 0
0 1
17010 = 101010102
0.1015625 × 2 = 0.203125
0.203125 × 2 = 0.40625
0.40625 × 2 = 0.8125
0.8125 × 2 = 1.625
0.625 × 2 = 1.25
0.25 × 2 = 0.5
0.5 × 2 = 1.0

0.101562510 = 0.00011012
∴ 𝐴𝐴. 1𝐴16 = 10101010.00011012
(ii) AEO (O is not valid)
(iii) 75F
72 51 𝐹 0
= 7 × 162 + 5 × 161 + 𝐹 × 160
188710
2 1887 R
2 943 1
2 471 1
2 235 1
2 117 1
2 58 1
2 29 0
2 14 1
2 7 0
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1
188710 = 111010111112
∴ 75𝐹16 = 111010111112
(iv) E25

𝐸 2 21 50
= 𝐸 × 162 + 2 × 161 + 5 × 160

= 362110
2 3621 R
2 1810 1
2 905 0
2 452 1
2 226 0
2 113 0
2 56 1
2 28 0
2 14 0
2 7 0
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1
362110 = 1110001001012
∴ 𝐸2516 = 1110001001012
(v) BCA3.AD
𝐵 × 163 + 𝐶 × 162 + 𝐴 × 161 + 3 × 160 + 𝐴 × 16−1 + 𝐷 × 16−2
= 48291.6757812510
2 48291 R
2 24145 1
2 12072 1
2 6036 0
2 3018 0
2 1509 0

2 754 1
2 377 0
2 188 1
2 94 0
2 47 0
2 23 1
2 11 1
2 5 1
2 2 1
2 1 0
0 1
4829110 = 10111100101000112
0.67578125 × 2 = 1.3515625
0.3515625 × 2 = 0.703125
0.703125 × 2 = 1.40625
0.40625 × 2 = 0.8125
0.8125 × 2 = 1.625
0.625 × 2 = 1.25
0.25 × 2 = 0.5
0.5 × 2 = 1.0
0.6757812510 = 0.101011012
∴ 𝐵𝐶𝐴3. 𝐴𝐷16 = 1011110010100011.101011012
Q21. Convert the following hexadecimal to decimal

i. 15 ii. B8
SOLUTION
(i) 15
11 50

= 1 × 161 + 5 × 160
= 2110
(ii) B8
𝐵1 80
= 𝐵 × 161 + 8 × 160
= 18410
∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐵816 = 18410
19 Q22. Convert the following decimal to hexadecimal

i. 24 ii. 485 iii. 35.18 iv. 1000
v. 7547 vi. 100.625
SOLUTION
(i) 24
16 24 R
16 1 8
0 1
∴ 2410 = 1816
(ii) 485
16 485 R
16 30 5
16 1 14(E)
0 1
48510 = 1𝐸516

(iii) 35.1810
16 35 R
16 2 3
16 0 2
3510 = 2316
0.18 × 16 = 2.88
0.88 × 16 = 14(𝐸).08
0.08 × 16 = 1.28
0.28 × 16 = 4.48
0.48 × 16 = 7.68
0.68 × 16 = 10.88
0.88 × 16 = 14(𝐸).08
0.08 × 16 = 1.28
0.28 × 16 = 4.48
0.48 × 16 = 7.68
35.1810 = 23.2E147AE14716
(vi) 1000
16 1000 R
16 62 8
16 3 14(E)
0 1
100010 = 3𝐸816
(v) 7547

16 7547 R
16 471 11(B)
16 29 7
16 1 13(D)
0 1
754710 = 1𝐷7𝐵16
(vi) 100.625
16 100 R
16 6 4
0 6
10010 = 6416
0.625 × 16 = 10(𝐴). 0
∴ 100.62510 = 64. 𝐴16
20 Q23. Convert the following hexadecimal to octal
39.A16 ii. 2BE
SOLUTION
(i) 39.A16
31 90 . 𝐴−1 1−2 6−3
3 × 161 + 9 × 160 + 𝐴 × 16−1 + 1 × 16−2 + 6 × 16−3

= 57.6303710937510
8 57 R
8 7 1
0 7
5710 = 718
0.63037109375 × 8 = 5.04296875

0.04296875 × 8 = 0.34375
0.34375 × 8 = 2.75
0.75 × 8 = 6.0
0.6303710937510 = 0.50268
∴ 39. 𝐴1616 = 71.50268
(ii) 2BE
22 𝐵1 𝐸 0
= 2 × 162 + 𝐵 × 161 + 𝐸 × 160
= 70210
8 702 R
8 87 6
8 10 7
8 1 2
0 1
∴ 2𝐵𝐸16 = 12768
21 Q24. Convert the following octal numbers to binary.

i. 67 ii. 777 iii. 4652 iv. 123
v. 137 vi. 7654 vii. 3146.52 viii. 71
ix. 560 x. 173
SOLUTION
(i) 67
61 70
= 6 × 81 + 7 × 80
= 5510
2 55 R
2 27 1
2 13 1

2 6 1
2 3 0
2 1 1
0 1
∴ 678 = 1101112
(ii) 777
72 71 70
= 7 × 82 + 7 × 81 + 7 × 80
= 51110
2 511 R
2 255 1
2 127 1
2 63 1
2 31 1
2 15 1
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1
∴ 7778 = 1111111112
(iii) 4652
43 62 51 20
= 4 × 83 + 6 × 82 + 5 × 81 + 2 × 80
= 247410
2 2474 R
2 1237 0

2 618 1
2 309 0
2 154 1
2 77 0
2 38 1
2 19 0
2 9 1
2 4 1
2 2 0
2 1 0
0 1
∴ 46528 = 1001101010102
(iv) 137
12 31 70
= 1 × 82 + 3 × 81 + 7 × 80
= 9510
2 95 R
2 47 1
2 23 1
2 11 1
2 5 1
2 2 1
2 1 0
2 0 1
∴ 1378 = 10111112
(v) 7654

73 62 51 40
= 7 × 83 + 6 × 82 + 5 × 81 + 4 × 80
= 401210
2 4012 R
2 2006 0
2 1003 0
2 501 1
2 250 1
2 125 0
2 62 1
2 31 0
2 15 1
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1
∴ 76548 = 1111101011002
(vi) 3146.52
33 12 41 60 . 5−1 2−2
= 3 × 83 + 1 × 82 + 4 × 81 + 6 × 80 + 5 × 8−1 + 2 × 8−2
= 1638.6562510
2 1638 R
2 819 0
2 409 1
2 204 1
2 102 O
2 51 0

2 25 1
2 12 1
2 6 0
2 3 0
2 1 1
0 1
∴ 16388 = 110011001102
0.65625 × 2 = 1.3125
0.3125 × 2 = 0.625
0.625 × 2 = 1.25
0.25 × 2 = 0.5
0.5 × 2 = 1.0
0.6562510 = 0.10101
∴ 3146.528 = 11001100110.101012
(ix) 560
52 61 00
= 5 × 82 + 6 × 81 + 0 × 80
= 36810
2 368 R
2 184 0
2 92 0
2 46 0
2 23 0
2 11 1
2 5 1
2 2 1

2 1 0
2 0 1
∴ 5608 = 1011100002
(xii) 173
12 71 30
= 1 × 82 + 7 × 81 + 3 × 80
= 12310
2 123 R
2 61 0
2 30 0
2 15 1
2 7 1
2 3 0
2 1 1
2 31 0
2 15 1
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1
∴ 1738 = 11110112
Q25. Convert the following decimal to octal
i. 47 ii. 4429.625
SOLUTION
(i) 47

8 47 R
8 5 7
0 5
∴ 4710 = 578
(ii) 4429.625
8 4429 R
8 553 5
8 69 1
8 8 5
8 1 0
0 1
442910 = 105158
0.625 × 8 = 5.0
0.62510 = 0. 58
∴ 4429.62510 = 10515. 58
Q26. Convert the following octal to decimal

i. 15 ii. 72 iii. 15.6
SOLUTION
(i) 15
11 50
= 1 × 81 + 5 × 80
= 1310
∴ 1510 = 138
(ii) 72
71 20

= 7 × 81 + 2 × 80
= 5810
∴ 7210 = 588
(iii) 15.6
11 50 6−1
= 1 × 81 + 5 × 80 + 6 × 8−1
= 13.7510
∴ 15.610 = 13. 758
Q28
22 Add the following binary numbers.

i. 1000 and 1001 ii. 1111 and 1011 iii. 1001 and 1111
iv. 1011 and 1000 v. 0111 and 1001 vi. 1010 and 1011
vii. 1011 and 1110 viii 101010 and 111011. Ix. 10011 and 0111
x. 1011 and 1110 xi. 101010 and 111011.
SOLUTION
(i) (ii) (iii) (vi)
1000 1111 1001 1011

+1001 +1011 +1111 + 1000
10001 11010 11000 10011
(v) (vi) (vii) (viii)
0111 1010 1011 101010

+1001 +1011 +1110 + 111011
10000 10101 11001 1100101

(ix) (xi) (x)
10011 101010 1011

+ 0111 +111011 +1110
11010 1100101 11001
Q29. Add hexadecimal numbers 3E91 and 2F93
SOLUTION
3𝐸91
+ 2𝐹93
6𝐸24
Q30. Evaluate the following
i. 110011 −100101 ii. 100101 − 110011

iii. 1001.01 − 0111.11 iv. 0111.11 − 1001.01
SOLUTION
(i) (ii) (iii) (vi)
110011 100101 1001.01 0111.11

−100101 −110011 −0111.11 − 1001.01
1110 −1110 1.1 −1.1
31 Design the following logic gate. In your design, show the following the logic symbol, the Boolean
expression, the truth table, and your design script.
i. AND GATE ii. OR GATE iii. NAND GATE iv. NOR GATE
XOR GATE vi. XNOR GATE
SOLUTION

(i) AND GATE
Logic symbol
Boolean expression
𝑂𝑈𝑇 = 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵
TRUTH TABLE
Design script
U3B
LED1
A
B
When the input at A 7408J

is (0) and B is (0) the LED is off
When the input at A is (0) and B is (1) the LED is off
When the input at A is (1) and B is (0) the LED is off

When the input at A is (1) and B is (1) the LED is on
(ii) OR GATE
Logic symbols
Boolean expression
𝑂𝑈𝑇 = 𝐴 + 𝐵
TRUTH TABLE
DESIGN SCRIPT
U8A
LED
A
B
74LS32N
When the input at A is (0) and at B is (0) the LED is off
When the input at A is (0) and at B is (1) the LED is on

ii. NAND GATE
Logic symbols
Boolean expression
𝑂𝑈𝑇 = 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵
TRUTH TABLE
DESIGN SCRIPT
U2B
LED
A
B

7400N

iii. NOR GATE
Logic symbols
Boolean expression
𝑂𝑈𝑇 = 𝐴 + 𝐵
TRUTH TABLE
DESIGN SCRIPT

NAME:U5B
DAUDA SAMTIGIE DEPARTMENT: ELECTRICAL ID NUMBER: 20619
LED
A
B
When7428N
the input at A is (0) and at B is (0) the LED is on
(iii) XOR GATE
Logic symbols
Boolean expression
𝑂𝑈𝑇 = 𝐴 ⊕ 𝐵
TRUTH TABLE

DESIGN SCRIPT
U4B
LED
A
B

74136N
(iv) XNOR GATE
Logic symbols

Boolean expression
𝑂𝑈𝑇 = 𝐴 ⊕ 𝐵
TRUTH TABLE
DESIGN
U7BSCRIPT
LED
A
B

74LS266N

Dauda 2

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NAME: DAUDA SAMTIGIE DEPARTMENT: ELECTRICAL ID NUMBER: 20619

VGS = 0V, -1V, -2V, -3V and -4V

When VGS = -1V

When VGS = -2V

When VGS = -3V

When VGS = -4V

NAME:DAUDA SAMTIGIE DEPARTMENT: ELECTRICAL ID NUMBER: 20619

VGS = -0.5V, -1.5V, -2.5V, 3.5V and 4.5V

When VGS = -0.5V

When VGS = -1.5V

When VGS = -2.5V

When VGS = 3.5V

NAME:DAUDA SAMTIGIE DEPARTMENT: ELECTRICAL ID NUMBER: 20619

When VGS = 4.5V

VGS = VG (input voltage for self-bias JFET transistor)

From the diagram

NAME:DAUDA SAMTIGIE DEPARTMENT: ELECTRICAL ID NUMBER: 20619

Therefore, the operating point is

VGS = -2V and ID = 2.5mA

VGS = VG (input voltage for fixed-bias JFET transistor)

From the diagram

NAME:DAUDA SAMTIGIE DEPARTMENT: ELECTRICAL ID NUMBER: 20619

VDS = VDD – IDRD

From the circuit show in fig 2

VDD = 16V, RD = 2KΩ

VDS = 16 – 18× 10−3 × 2 × 103

(a) 𝑉𝐷𝑆𝑄 = −20𝑉, (𝑏), 𝐼𝐷𝑄 = 18𝑚𝐴, (𝑐), 𝑉𝐺𝑆𝑄 = −2𝑉

NAME:DAUDA SAMTIGIE DEPARTMENT: ELECTRICAL ID NUMBER: 20619

VDD = 16V, R2 = 270KΩ, R1 = 2.1MΩ, RD = 2.4KΩ, RS = 1.5KΩ

VGS = VG – IDRS (input voltage for voltage divider JFET transistor)

2(𝑉𝐺 − 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 ) (𝑉𝐺 − 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 )(𝑉𝐺 − 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 )

(𝑉𝐺 − 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 ) 𝑉𝐺2 − 𝑉𝐺 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 − 𝑉𝐺 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 + 𝐼𝐷2 𝑅𝑆2

(𝑉𝐺 − 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 ) 𝑉𝐺2 − 2𝑉𝐺 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 + 𝐼𝐷2 𝑅𝑆2

𝑉𝐺 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 𝑉𝐺2 2𝑉𝐺 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 𝐼𝐷2 𝑅𝑆2

NAME:DAUDA SAMTIGIE DEPARTMENT: ELECTRICAL ID NUMBER: 20619

3.323 × 10−6 2.7345𝐼𝐷

𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1.0009115 − 750𝐼𝐷 − 0.3418𝐼𝐷 + 140625𝐼𝐷2 )

𝐼𝐷 = 8 × 10−3 (1.0009115 − 750. 3418𝐼𝐷 + 140625𝐼𝐷2 )

𝐼𝐷 = 0.008007 − 6.0027344𝐼𝐷 + 1125𝐼𝐷2

0 = 0.008007 − 6.0027344𝐼𝐷 − 𝐼𝐷 + 1125𝐼𝐷2

1125𝐼𝐷2 − 7.0027344𝐼𝐷 + 0.008007 = 0

−(−7.0027344) ± √(−7.0027344)2 − 4 × 1125 × 0.008007

𝑉𝐺𝑆 = 1.823× 10−3 − 4.715 × 10−3 × 1.5 × 103

𝑉𝐺𝑆 = −7.070668 = −7.07𝑉

NAME:DAUDA SAMTIGIE DEPARTMENT: ELECTRICAL ID NUMBER: 20619

𝑉𝐺𝑆 = 1.823× 10−3 − 1.509 × 10−3 × 1.5 × 103 = −2.261668

𝑉𝐺𝑆 = −2.261668 = −2.26𝑉

VDS = VDD – ID(RD +RS)

VDS = 16 – 1.509 × 10−3 (2.4 × 103 + 1.5 × 103 ) = 10.1149𝑉

VDS = 16 – 4.715 × 10−3 (2.4 × 103 + 1.5 × 103 ) = 10.1149𝑉

∴ 𝐼𝐷𝑄 = 1.509𝑚𝐴, 𝑉𝐺𝑆𝑄 = −2.26𝑉, 𝑉𝐷𝑆𝑄 = 10.11𝑉

Taking RD = 2.6KΩ, RS = 1.7KΩ, RG = 1MΩ

NAME:DAUDA SAMTIGIE DEPARTMENT: ELECTRICAL ID NUMBER: 20619

𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 − 212.5𝐼𝐷 )(1 − 212.5𝐼𝐷 )

𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 − 212.5𝐼𝐷 − 212.5𝐼𝐷 + 45156.25𝐼𝐷2 )

𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 (1 − 425.25𝐼𝐷 + 45156.25𝐼𝐷2 )

𝐼𝐷 = 10 × 10−3 − 4.25𝐼𝐷 + 451.5625𝐼𝐷2

0 = 10 × 10−3 − 4.25𝐼𝐷 − 𝐼𝐷 + 451.5625𝐼𝐷2

451.5625𝐼𝐷2 − 5.25𝐼𝐷 + 10 × 10−3 = 0

a = 451.5625, b = -5.25, c = 10 × 10−3

−(−5.25) ± √(−5.25)2 − 4 × 451.5625 × 10 × 10−3

NAME:DAUDA SAMTIGIE DEPARTMENT: ELECTRICAL ID NUMBER: 20619