América Latina Conceito e Limites

DOI 10.21057/10.21057/repamv15n2.2021.
33121 artigo
$PpULFD/DWLQDFRQFHLWRHOLPLWHV
&pOLR$XJXVWRGD&XQKD+RUWD1
Introdução
$H[SUHVVmRAmérica LatinaGHRULJHPIUDQFHVDVXUJLXLPSUHJQDGDGHVR¿VPDV2WHUPRUHYHVWLGRGRGLV-
FXUVR FXOWXUDOLVWD H HWQRFrQWULFR GD pSRFD SURFODPDYD D ODWLQLGDGH H FRQWULEXtD SDUD GLVVLPXODU RV LQWHUHVVHV
HFRQ{PLFRVHJHRSROtWLFRVGD)UDQoDGH1DSROHmR,,,3RUWDQWRQDSUySULDJrQHVHDGHQRPLQDomRAmérica Latina
MiSRUWDYDSURIXQGRVDQWDJRQLVPRVHDGHPDLVQRGHFRUUHUGRVVpFXORV;,;H;;IRUDPDGTXLULGRVjH[SUHVVmR
QRYRVVHQWLGRVHVLJQL¿FDGRV2WHUPRWRUQRXVHJUDGXDOPHQWHXPFRQFHLWRGHOLPLWDGRUGHXPDPDFURUUHJLmR
&RQWXGR SHUVLVWHP DLQGD QR HVFRSR GH LQ~PHURV WUDEDOKRV DFDGrPLFRV FRQFHSo}HV GH$PpULFD
/DWLQDSDXWDGDVQDODWLQLGDGHHXURSHLDQHVWHVFDVRVDV³UHJLRQDOL]Do}HV´HVWmREDVHDGDVSULQFLSDOPHQWHQR
idioma (latino ou não) do colonizador europeu. A questão é que o emprego de parâmetros culturais para de-
PDUFDomRGD$PpULFD/DWLQDSURYRFDLQDGHTXDo}HVHLQFRHUrQFLDVHVSDFLDLV$OpPGRHQIRTXHHXURFrQWULFR
QRWDPVHHPJHUDOGHVFRQKHFLPHQWRVHOHPHQWDUHVVREUHRVVLJQL¿FDGRVGHHVSDoRJHRJUi¿FRGHWHUULWyULR
de região e/ou de regionalização.
$VLQVX¿FLrQFLDVGRVUHFRUWHVFXOWXUDLVVHUHYHODPSRUH[HPSORTXDQGRpDSUHVHQWDGDSRU³GH¿QL-
omR´pWQLFDuma$PpULFD/DWLQDVHP%HOL]HHVHP&XEDSRUpPQRXWURWUDEDOKRFRPSDUHFHSRU³GH¿QLomR´
(étnica) uma $PpULFD/DWLQDFRP&XEDFRP%HOL]HHVHP3RUWR5LFRHWF0XLWDVYH]HVQHVWDVDFHSo}HVR
6XULQDPHHDV*XLDQDVVmRH[FOXtGRVGRFRQMXQWRUHJLRQDOODWLQRDPHULFDQRUHFRUUHQWHWDPEpPDVXEWUDomR
GR&DULEHGD$PpULFD/DWLQDSRUpPLJXDOPHQWHSRUPHLRGHFULWpULRVpWQLFRVDOJXQVSDtVHVGR&DULEHVmR
LGHQWL¿FDGRVFRPRODWLQRDPHULFDQRV.
(VWDVGH¿QLo}HVWRGDYLDQmRVHUHIHUHPjVSRVVLELOLGDGHVGHUHFRUWHVLQWHUQRVRXDRVVXEHVSDoRVGD
$PpULFD/DWLQDFRQVWLWXHPDSUHVHQWDo}HVGD$PpULFD/DWLQDFRPRXPWRGR&DXVDPHVWUDQKH]DSRLV³REMH-
WLYDPHQWH´KiPDLVGHXPD$PpULFD/DWLQD2SHVTXLVDGRUWHPDVVLPXPD$PpULFD/DWLQDFRQIRUPHVXDHV-
FROKD"6mRRVREMHWLYRVGDSHVTXLVDTXHXQLODWHUDOPHQWHGHOLPLWDPH³OHJLWLPDP´XPHVSDoR"6XEMHWLYLGDGHV
LQGH¿QHP$PpULFD /DWLQD" 3URFHGLPHQWRV PHWRGROyJLFRV SyVPRGHUQRV" &DEH OHPEUDU TXH UHJLRQDOL]DU
LPSOLFDGHQWUHRXWURVDWULEXWRVDSXUDomRFRQVFLHQWHGHFULWpULRVTXHGLDORJDPFRPRVREMHWLYRVSURSRVWRV
mas que, também, necessariamente, preservam a integridade do espaço e dos subespaços em questão.2
1 &pOLR$XJXVWRGD&XQKD+RUWD3URIHVVRU$VVRFLDGRGR'HSDUWDPHQWRGH*HRJUD¿DGD8)0*RQGHDWXRFRPSHVTXLVDVH
FRPDGLVFLSOLQD$PpULFD/DWLQDGHVGH)RUPDomRDFDGrPLFD*HyJUDIRJUDGXDGRSHOD8)0*81,9(56,'$'()('(5$/
'(0,1$6*(5$,60HVWUHHP*HRJUD¿D'HVHQYROYLPHQWRUHJLRQDOHXUEDQRSHOD8)6&81,9(56,'$'()('(5$/'(
6$17$&$7$5,1$H'RXWRUHP*HRJUD¿D2UGHQDPHQWRWHUULWRULDOHDPELHQWDOSHOD8))81,9(56,'$'()('(5$/)/8-
0,1(16(&RQWDWRFHOLR#LJFXIPJEU
$UHJLmRFRQFHELGDFRPRSURGXWRPHWDOGRSHVTXLVDGRURXHPFRQWUDSDUWLGDFRPRSURGXWRGDVUHODo}HVVRFLDLVFRQVWLWXLKiPXLWR
GHEDWHQD*HRJUD¿D5LEHLURSRUH[HPSORVXJHUHDERUGDJHPGDUHJLmRFRPR fato e ferramenta+DHVEDHUWFRPRartefato.
Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas V. 15, N. 2, 2021 ISSN: 1984-1639

(VWHWUDEDOKRSDUWHGRSUHVVXSRVWRGHTXHPXLWDVGDVDWXDLVGHPDUFDo}HVUHJLRQDLVHIHWLYDGDVSDUD
DSUHVHQWDUD$PpULFD/DWLQDSURFHGHPGDLQFRPSUHHQVmRKLVWyULFDRXGRGHVSUH]RGDVXDJrQHVHHGHVXD
WUDQVIRUPDomR FRQFHLWXDO H WDPEpP UHVXOWDP GH GHVFRQKHFLPHQWRV VREUH R H[HUFtFLR GH UHJLRQDOL]DomR
$OpPGRPDLVQRHVFRSRGHVWDVGHPDUFDo}HVHVWmRSUDWLFDPHQWHGHVFRQVLGHUDGRVRVSURFHVVRVJHRSROtWLFRVH
JHRHFRQ{PLFRVHVVHQFLDLVQDFRQVWLWXLomRHUHSURGXomRGRHVSDoRODWLQRDPHULFDQR3DUDDJUDYDUDVLWXDomR
DGHVYDORUL]DomRGD*HRJUD¿D5HJLRQDOFRQWULEXLFRPHODERUDo}HVTXDVHDHVSDFLDLVGH$PpULFD/DWLQDVH-
MDPHODVSURYHQLHQWHVGHKLVWRULDGRUHVVRFLyORJRVHFRQRPLVWDVHPHVPRGHJHyJUDIRV
'HVWDPDQHLUDRVLJQL¿FDGRGH$PpULFD/DWLQDHQFRQWUDVHIUHTXHQWHPHQWHGHVORFDGRHQFREHUWRGHSUHFRQ-
FHLWRVHLPSUHFLV}HVFRPS}HPVXDGHOLPLWDomRHVSDFLDO2EMHWLYDVHHQWmRDVVHYHUDUTXHDGHVLJQDomRHDGHOLPLWD-
ção de América Latina fundamentam-se, essencialmente, na geopolítica e na geoeconomia. Intenciona-se também,
GHIRUPDVXSOHPHQWDUTXHVWLRQDUDVUHJLRQDOL]Do}HVEDVHDGDVQRFRQFHLWRFXOWXUDOGH$PpULFD/DWLQD
(VWHDUWLJRFRQWpPDVVLPWUrVVHo}HVFRPSOHPHQWDUHV1DSULPHLUDIRUDPUHYLVLWDGDVLGHLDV$ULFy
%UXLW$OLPRQGD4XLMDQRTXHWUDWDPGDUHODomRHQWUHSURFHVVRVKLVWyULFRVHDRULJHP-
-difusão do termo América Latina-XVWL¿FDVHQHVWHVHQWLGRDH[SRVLomRPDLRUGHVWLQDGDjLQWHUYHQomRIUDQ-
FHVDQR0p[LFRSRUpPHVWmRLQVHULGRVRXWURVSURFHVVRVJHRHFRQ{PLFRVHJHRSROtWLFRV'RXWULQD0RQURHR
FDQDOGR3DQDPiHWFSHUWLQHQWHVDRFRQFHLWRGH$PpULFD/DWLQD1DVHJXQGDSDUWHVmRODQoDGDVSURYRFDo}HV
jV UHJLRQDOL]Do}HV GH EDVH FXOWXUDO LQFOXVLYH jV TXH VHSDUDP R &DULEH GD$PpULFD /DWLQD 'HIHQGHVH QD
terceira seção, a regionalização (e o conceito) de América Latina centrada na geopolítica e na geoeconomia.
5HVXPLGDPHQWHVmRDSUHVHQWDGRVDUJXPHQWRVJHRJUi¿FRV$QGUDGH0RUHLUDH2OLYHLUD
IDYRUiYHLVDRHVSHFWURFRQFHLWXDOPDLVDPSORGH$PpULFD/DWLQDLVHQWRGHSUREOHPDVGHGHOLPLWDomR
O imperialismo francês e a invenção do termo regional

([LVWHIRUWHFRUUHODomRHQWUHRLPSHULDOLVPRIUDQFrVHRFRQFHLWRRULJLQDOGH$PpULFD/DWLQD$H[SUHVVmR
América LatinaIRUDODQoDGDQRGHFXUVRGDVJHRSROtWLFDVGH1DSROHmR,,,&RQFRPLWDQWHPHQWHDRVGLVFXUVRV
FXOWXUDLVIDYRUiYHLVDRVSRYRVODWLQRVGD$PpULFDGHVHQKDYDPVHHVWUDWpJLDVGHH[SDQVmRHFRQ{PLFDGD)UDQoD
QRVUHFHQWHVSDtVHVGD$PpULFD³KLVSkQLFD´H³SRUWXJXHVD´$OpPGRPDLVHPD(XURSDYLYLDD³3ULPDYHUD
GRV3RYRV´*RYHUQRVHVRFLHGDGHVVRFLDOLVWDVWHQGLDPDVHLQVWDODUHPTXDVHWRGDD(XURSDPDVSUHYDOHFHXQR
¿QDOFRQIRUPH+REVEDZPSHDD¿UPDomRGRVQDFLRQDOLVPRVHGDVQDFLRQDOLGDGHV
3RUWDQWR DV UHYROXo}HV GH VXUJLUDP H TXHEUDUDPVH FRPR XPD JUDQGH RQGD GHL[DQGR SRXFR
H[FHWRPLWRHSURPHVVD0HVPRVLJQL¿FDQGRRXWUDVFRLVDVD³SULPDYHUDGRVSRYRVÍRL
FODUDPHQWH H VREUHWXGR HP WHUPRV LQWHUQDFLRQDLV XPD D¿UPDomR GH QDFLRQDOLGDGH RX PHOKRU GH
nacionalidades rivais.
'HDFRUGRFRP+REVEDZPS³GH]RLWRPHVHVGHSRLVWRGRVRVUHJLPHVTXHGHUUXEDUDIR-

UDPUHVWDXUDGRVFRPDH[FHomRGD5HS~EOLFD)UDQFHVDTXHSRUVHXODGRHVWDYDPDQWHQGRWRGDVDVGLVWkQFLDV
SRVVtYHLV HP UHODomR j UHYROXomR j TXDO GHYLD VXD SUySULD H[LVWrQFLD´ 1mR SRU DFDVR HP R UHJLPH

UHSXEOLFDQRIRLQRYDPHQWHLQVWDXUDGRQD)UDQoD8P*RYHUQR3URYLVyULRFRPSRVWRGHIRUoDVP~OWLSODVHGLYHU-
JHQWHVFRQVWLWXtUDPLQLFLDOPHQWHD³5HS~EOLFD6RFLDO´PDVVHJXQGR0DU[>@HPUD]mRGDGLVSXWDGH
FODVVHVQD)UDQoDRFRUUHXRUHWRUQRGD³5HS~EOLFDEXUJXHVD´2DIDVWDPHQWRGH/RXLV%ODQTXLEHPFRPRGHVHXV
FRPSDQKHLURVVRFLDOLVWDVHDGHFODUDomRGD$VVHPEOHLD1DFLRQDO&RQVWLWXLQWHTXHFRQVLGHUDYDDVUHLYLQGLFDo}HV
GRSUROHWDULDGRFRPR³GHYDQHLRVXWySLFRV´LQGLFDYDPDVVLPDGLUHomRSROtWLFDDVVXPLGDSRUHVVDQRYDUHS~EOLFD3
1HVVHFRQWH[WRRVREULQKRGH1DSROHmR,VHHOHJHXHPGHGH]HPEURGHSUHVLGHQWHGD)UDQ-
oD(PD$VVHPEOHLD1DFLRQDO&RQVWLWXLQWHHOLPLQRXRVXIUiJLRXQLYHUVDOHPDLVXPDYH]FRORFRX
RSUROHWDULDGRjPDUJHPGDVGHFLV}HVSROtWLFDVD³OHLHOHLWRUDOGHGHPDLRGHSRUpPRH[FOXLXGH
TXDOTXHUSDUWLFLSDomRQRSRGHUSROtWLFR´0$5;>@SHQR¿QDOGRDQRGHSRULQWHUPpGLR
GHXPSOHELVFLWRRQRYR%RQDSDUWHDVVXPLXDFRQGLomRGHLPSHUDGRUGD)UDQoD3DUD0DU[>@
S³VRERVHJXQGR%RQDSDUWHR(VWDGRSDUHFHWRUQDUVHFRPSOHWDPHQWHDXW{QRPR$HOHLomRGH
GHGH]HPEURGHVyVHFRQVXPRXFRPRJROSHGH(VWDGRGHGHGH]HPEURGH´
O duradouro 1848 francês

2³UHJLPHGHJRYHUQR´GH1DSROHmR,,,FDUDFWHUL]DYDVHSHODFHQWUDOL]DomRGHSRGHUSHORDXWRULWDULV-
PRSHUVRQDOLVWDSRUpPEHPFRUUHVSRQGLDjVLWXDomRFRQÀLWXRVDHQWUHDVIDFo}HVEXUJXHVDVGD)UDQoD. A (in)
compatibilidade política resultava na utilidade de Napoleão III, como fora o governo de seu tio (o “grande
1DSROHmR´GLDQWHGRVLQWHQVRVOLWtJLRVFRPRHQWUHRVMDFRELQRVHJLURQGLQRVSUySULRVGRSHUtRGRSyV
DVVLPFRQIRUPH0DU[>@SH
+HJHOREVHUYDTXHWRGRVRVIDWRVHSHUVRQDJHQVGHJUDQGHLPSRUWkQFLDQDKLVWyULDGRPXQGRRFRU-

UHPSRUDVVLPGL]HUGXDVYH]HV(HVTXHFHXVHGHDFUHVFHQWDUDSULPHLUDFRPRWUDJpGLDDVHJXQGD
FRPRIDUVDRVREULQKRSHORWLRD5HYROXomRGHQmRVRXEHID]HUQDGDPHOKRUGRTXHSD-
URGLDURUDRUDDWUDGLomRUHYROXFLRQiULDGH1mRVy¿]HUDPDFDULFDWXUDGRYHOKR
1DSROHmRFRPRJHUDUDPRSUySULR1DSROHmRFDULFDWXUDGR
1DSROHmR,,,UHSUHVHQWDYDYDULDGRVGHVHMRVGHHOLPLQDomRGRVSULQFtSLRVHDo}HVVRFLDOLVWDVWDQWRQD
)UDQoDTXDQWRQD(XURSD³DVVRPEUDGD´SRU6HJXQGR0DU[>@S³GLDQWHGDEXUJXHVLD
%RQDSDUWH VH FRQVLGHUD DR PHVPR WHPSR UHSUHVHQWDQWH GRV FDPSRQHVHV H GR SRYR HP JHUDO TXH GHVHMD
0DU[>@SVDOLHQWDTXHD³HVVDGHFODUDomRGD$VVHPEOpLD1DFLRQDO&RQVWLWXLQWHRSUROHWDULDGRGH3DULVUHVSRQGHX
com a Insurreição de JunhoRDFRQWHFLPHQWRGHPDLRUHQYHUJDGXUDQDKLVWyULDGDVJXHUUDVFLYLVGD(XURSD$5HS~EOLFDEXUJXHVD
WULXQIRX'RODGRGRSUROHWDULDGRGH3DULVVyKDYLDHOHSUySULR0DLVGHWUrVPLOLQVXUUHWRVIRUDPPDVVDFUDGRVGHSRLVGDYLWyULD
HTXLQ]HPLOIRUDPGHSRUWDGRVVHPMXOJDPHQWR´*ULIRGH0DU[
'HDFRUGRFRP(QJHOV>@SVH³RSUROHWDULDGRQmRHVWDYDaindaHPFRQGLo}HVGHJRYHUQDUD)UDQoDDEXUJXHVLD
MiQmRSRGLDFRQWLQXDUJRYHUQDQGRD6XDVGLVFUHSkQFLDVLQWHUQDVSHUPLWLUDPDRDYHQWXUHLUR/XtV%RQDSDUWHDSRGHUDUVHGH
WRGRVRVSRVWRVGHPDQGR±H[pUFLWRSROtFLDDSDUHOKRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRHOLTXLGDUDGRLVGHGH]HPEURGHR~OWLPREDOXDUWHGD
EXUJXHVLDD$VVHPEOpLD1DFLRQDO´*ULIRGH(QJHOV7UHFKRGD,QWURGXomRGD*XHUUD&LYLOQD)UDQoDGH0DU[

WRUQDUDVFODVVHVPDLVEDL[DVGRSRYRIHOL]HVGHQWURGDHVWUXWXUDGDVRFLHGDGHEXUJXHVD´$)UDQoDSRUWDQWRFR-
ORFDYDVHHPGHIHVDGDVQDFLRQDOLGDGHVHFRPRDPLJDGRVSRYRVUHEHOGHVHVPDJDGRVHPLQFOXVLYHUHLYLQGLFDYD
SDUDVLDGLUHomRHDSURWHomRGRVSRYRVODWLQRV$5,&Ï&RPR³SURWHWRUD´GDVQDFLRQDOLGDGHVGHIHQGHXSRU
H[HPSORDHPDQFLSDomRGD0ROGiYLDHGD5RPrQLDTXHVHHQFRQWUDYDPVRERGRPtQLRGR,PSpULR7XUFR2WRPDQR
WDPEpPVHSRVLFLRQRXIDYRUiYHOjXQL¿FDomRGD,WiOLD$)UDQoDHPVXSULPLXDHVFUDYLGmRHPVXDVFRO{QLDV
4XDQWRjVJHRSROtWLFDVH[WHUQDVDRVRORHXURSHXD)UDQoDGH1DSROHmR,,,LQYDGLXRVXOGD,QGRFKLQD
DWXRXMXQWRDR(JLWRQDFRQVWUXomRGR&DQDOGH6XH]HFRQIRUPH.HQQHG\S
IRL³D)UDQoDTXHHQIUDTXHFHXDSRVLomRDXVWUtDFDQD,WiOLDHIRLSULQFLSDOPHQWHD)UDQoDTXHLPSHGLXR,P-
SpULR%ULWkQLFRGHWHUXPDWRWDOLQÀXrQFLDPRQRSROLVWDQRVOLWRUDLVGD&KLQDHGDÈIULFD´(PUHODomRj$PpULFD
+LVSkQLFDHj$PpULFD3RUWXJXHVDGHDFRUGRFRP$ULFySXPQRYRFRQFHLWRUHJLRQDOGHYHULDVHU
FULDGRSRLVVH³DKLVSDQLGDGHVHUYLUDSDUDXQL¿FDURLPHQVRWHUULWyULRFRQTXLVWDGRSHOD(VSDQKDH3RUWXJDOXPD
vez destruída a ordem colonial, era preciso encontrar um novo conceito que, negando esse passado, pudesse, não
REVWDQWHFDUDFWHUL]DURWUDoRGLVWLQWLYRGDXQLGDGHFRQWLQHQWDO´1HVWHVHQWLGR$ULFySGHVWDFDD
PHQVDJHP3DULVGRKLVWRULDGRUHVHQDGRUIUDQFrV0LFKHO&KHYDOLHUXPLGHyORJRGRUHJLPHERQDSDUWLVWD
$)UDQoDKHUGHLUDGDVQDo}HVFDWyOLFDVHXURSpLDVOHYDD$PpULFDHDRPXQGRDFKDPDGDVUDoDVODWLQDV
isto é, francesa, italiana, espanhola e portuguesa. Prenda de paz e civilização, esta chama permite aclarar
PHOKRUDPDUFKDUXPRDRSURJUHVVRGHXPD³FRQFyUGLDHIHWLYD´HQWUH3DULVH/RQGUHV1RHQWDQWRVHQmR
VHOHYDHPFRQWDLVVRDGHFDGrQFLDGHTXHSDGHFHD,WiOLD(VSDQKDH3RUWXJDOLVWRpDVQDo}HVFDWyOLFDVH
ODWLQDVGD(XURSDFRUUHRULVFRGHVHDFHQWXDUHPEHQHItFLRGDVQDo}HV cristãs dissidentes - Rússia, Prússia
H7XUTXLDDPHQRVTXHVREDGLUHomRGH1DSROHmR,,,XPDQRYDDOLDQoDDVUHJHQHUH
2GLVFXUVRSROtWLFRR¿FLDOGH&KHYDOLHUGHDSHORpWQLFRFDOFDGRQDUHOLJLRVLGDGHHQDODWLQLGDGHQmR

HVFRQGLDQR¿QDODSUHRFXSDomRGD)UDQoDLPSHULDOTXDQWRDRH[SDQVLRQLVPRGRV(VWDGRV8QLGRVQRFRQWLQHQWH
-ipWHPSRSRUWDQWRGHQRVXQLUPRVQD(XURSDSDUDDMXGDUDVQDo}HV³ODWLQDV´LUPmVGD$PpULFD
DHQFRQWUDUHPHVWDYLDGHSURJUHVVRTXHD)UDQoDGHVFREULXSRUVLPHVPDHVXVWHQWDUH¿FD]PHQWHHP
SULPHLUROXJDUR0p[LFRSDUDGHWHUDH[SDQVmRGRV(VWDGRV8QLGRV $5,&ÏS
0p[LFRVRERGRPtQLRGRV(8$GD)UDQoDHGROLEHUDOLVPR
2GLVFXUVRGH³SURWHomR´HGHDMXGDDRVSRYRVODWLQRVYLVDYDHQFREULURXSHORPHQRVDWHQXDU
RVLQWHUHVVHVHFRQ{PLFRVIUDQFHVHVQD$PpULFD/DWLQDHWDPEpPDLQVDWLVIDomRJHRSROtWLFDGRJRYHUQR
ERQDSDUWLVWDSHUDQWHD'RXWULQD0RQURHSURFODPDGDHP$LQYDVmRIUDQFHVDQR0p[LFR
HDLQVWDODomRGHXPQRYRSRGHULPSHULDOQHVVHSDtV±FRPRpríncipe católico arquiduque austríaco
0D[LPLOLDQR±GHYHULDPDVVLP³UHSUHVHQWDUSHODIRUoD´D³DWLWXGHFULVWmFLYLOL]DWyULD´DIDYRUGDVQDFLR-
QDOLGDGHVODWLQDVHGDUHOLJLRVLGDGHFDWyOLFDHPRSRVLomRDRH[SDQVLRQLVPRGRVSRYRVDQJORVD[}HVHGD
UHOLJLmRSURWHVWDQWH0DV³ORJRVHWRUQRXHYLGHQWHSRUpPTXH1DSROHmR,,,WLQKDPRWLYRVHLQWHQo}HV
QmRFRQIHVVDGRVHPUHODomRDR0p[LFR´%$=$17S

7KHUH]LQKDGH&DVWURSDVVLQDODTXHR³WHUPR$PpULFD/DWLQDFRPHoRXDVHUPDLVGLYXO-
JDGRQR,PSpULRGH1DSROHmR,,,TXHDRLQWHUYLUQR0p[LFRSUHWHQGHXLPSODQWDUXPDPRQDUTXLD
ODWLQRFDWyOLFD SDUD ID]HU IUHQWH DRV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV UHS~EOLFD DQJORVD[{QLFD SURWHVWDQWH´ 0DV VHUmR DV
GHQRPLQDo}HVlatina (para a grande parte da América) e anglo-saxônica (para outra parte) reveladoras de uma
GLYLVmRFXOWXUDO"2VWHUPRVDVVLPSUHFLSLWDGRVWHQGHPDVXJHULUTXHVLPRXSHORPHQRVFRQGX]LUDRHQJDQR
PDVQmRKiFRUUHVSRQGrQFLDGHVWHVDJUXSDPHQWRVFXOWXUDLVFRPDVGLYHUVLGDGHVpWQLFDVFRQWLQHQWDLVHQHP
PHVPRFRPRVOLPLWHVSROtWLFRVHQWUHDVGXDV$PpULFDVRGLVFXUVRGHODWLQLGDGHDOpPGHH[SUHVVDUXPVHQWL-
mento de superioridade europeiaLQGLFDYDPXLWRPDLVXPDSHUVSHFWLYDQHRFRORQLDO
3RLVRHStWHWR³ODWLQR´WHPXPDKLVWyULDDLQGDTXHR+DLWLIUDQFyIRQRHPVXDVHOLWHVSRVVDKRMHOKHV
VHUYLUGHiOLELHOHDSDUHFHQD)UDQoDQDpSRFDGH1DSROHmR,,,OLJDGRDRJUDQGHGHVtJQLRGH³DMXGDU´
DVQDo}HV³ODWLQDV´GD$PpULFDDLPSHGLUDH[SDQVmRGRV(VWDGRV8QLGRV$ODWLQLGDGHWLQKDDYDQ-
tagem, apagando os laços particulares da Espanha como uma parte do Novo Mundo, de dar à França le-
JtWLPRVGHYHUHVSDUDFRPVHXV³LUPmRV´DPHULFDQRVFDWyOLFRVHURPDQRV52848,eS
3LHUUH&KDXQXSUHVVDOWDDSRVLomRSROtWLFDGRVFRPHUFLDQWHVIUDQFHVHVTXHH[LJLDPGHFODUDGD-

PHQWHRUHFRQKHFLPHQWRGHGtYLGDVHRSDJDPHQWRGHLQGHQL]Do}HV³SRUSHUGDVVRIULGDVHPQRHQVHMRGHXPD
GDVLQXPHUiYHLVUHYROXo}HVPH[LFDQDV´$VVLPQR0p[LFRVHJXQGR3UDGRSD³OXWDSROtWLFRLGHROyJLFD
HQWUHOLEHUDLVHFRQVHUYDGRUHV´HVWHQGLDVHSRUFLQTXHQWDDQRVWRGDYLDDSDUWLUGHDVUHIRUPDVOLEHUDLVFRPRRV
LGHDLVGHPRGHUQL]DomRFDSLWDOLVWDHGHOLYUHPHUFDGRVHLQWHQVL¿FDUDP
$,JUHMD¿JXUDYDDRYHUGRVOLEHUDLVFRPRSULQFLSDOREVWiFXORjPRGHUQL]DomRHFRQ{PLFDSRLVGH-
WLQKDODUJDVH[WHQV}HVGHWHUUDTXHQmRFLUFXODYDPQRPHUFDGR4XDQWRjDEROLomRGDSURSULHGDGH
FRPXQDOLQGtJHQDWLQKDRREMHWLYRGHSURPRYHUDLQWHJUDomRGRVtQGLRVHGHVXDVWHUUDVDRPHUFDGR
62$5(6H&2/20%2S
6HJXQGR5RXTXLpS³D,JUHMDGR0p[LFRHUDDSULPHLUDSURSULHWiULDGRSDtVQDpSRFDGD

LQGHSHQGrQFLD´SRUFRQVHJXLQWHD/HL/HUGRGH permitia a mercantilização dos pueblos e dos bens
LPyYHLVXUEDQRVHUXUDLVGD,JUHMD(PKRXYHQR0p[LFRDQDFLRQDOL]DomRGRVEHQVHFOHVLiVWLFRV
SRUWDQWRLJUHMDVPRQDVWpULRVHRXWUDVULTXH]DVSDWULPRQLDLVIRUDPFRQ¿VFDGRVSHOR(VWDGR8PDJXHUUDFLYLO
VHHVWDEHOHFHXHPHHQWmR1DSROHmR,,,RUGHQRX³DLQYDVmRGR0p[LFRSHOD)UDQoDHPFRQVyUFLRFRP
(VSDQKDH,QJODWHUUDD¿PGHFREUDUDVGtYLGDVQmRVDOGDGDVSHORJRYHUQRMXDULVWD´ 35$'2H3(//(*5,-
12S'HDFRUGRFRP-DQ%D]DQWSRFRUUHXQRJRYHUQROLEHUDOGH%HQLWR-XDUH]
LQWHUUXSomRGRSDJDPHQWRGHGtYLGDVDRVFUHGRUHVHXURSHXV
2HVFULWRUSHUXDQR9LFWRU5D~O+D\DGHOD7RUUHSXEOLFRXXPOLYURHPVREUHD³ODWLQLGDGH´GRVDPHULFDQRV3URS{VSDUDR
continente, o nome Indoamérica. %UXLWVSUHVVDOWDTXH0DULiWHJXLHPDUWLJRVSXEOLFDGRVHQWUHHXWLOL]RXRWHUPR
$PpULFD/DWLQDDSHVDUGHTXH³QmRSRGLDDFHLWDUHVVDQRomRGHODWLQLGDGHTXHQDGDWHPDYHUFRPRVSRYRVDERUtJHQHV´
&RQVWLWXLXPDLVXPDGDVPXLWDV³/HLVGHWHUUDV´GD$PpULFD/DWLQDFRPRQR3HUXQR%UDVLOQD1LFDUiJXD
QD%ROtYLDQD9HQH]XHODHWF(VVDVOHLVQDFLRQDLVYLVDYDPLQGX]LUDIRUPDomRGHXPPHUFDGRLPRELOLiULRHGHWUD-
EDOKRDVVDODULDGRVOLYUHV5HVSRQGLDPjOyJLFDGHPRGHUQL]DomRGDVUHODo}HVGHSURGXomRFDSLWDOLVWDVQRFDPSRQR0p[LFRHVVD
/HLYHLRDFRPSDQKDGDGD³/HLFRQWUDDYDGLDJHP´

+DYLDUHLYLQGLFDo}HVGHWRGRVRVWLSRVSRUGDQRVVXSRVWDRXHIHWLYDPHQWHVRIULGRVGXUDQWHDJXHUUD
FLYLOSRUFLGDGmRVHVWUDQJHLURV7RGDYLD-XDUH]UHFXVRXVHDDVVXPLUDUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHSHORVDWRVGR
UHJLPHFRQVHUYDGRU2VFUHGRUHVHXURSHXVVHQWLUDPVHHQJDQDGRVHSUHVVLRQDUDPVHXVJRYHUQRV
SDUDREWHUUHSDUDo}HV(PGHRXWXEURGHD)UDQoDD,QJODWHUUDHD(VSDQKDDVVLQDUDPHP
/RQGUHVXPD&RQYHQomR7ULSDUWLWHIDYRUiYHODXPDLQWHUYHQomRPLOLWDUQR0p[LFR
$GHPDLVERDSDUFHODGRV&RQVHUYDGRUHVGR0p[LFRDGPLWLDFRPRSRVLWLYDDLQVWDODomRGHXPDPRQDUTXLD
FDWyOLFDHVWUDQJHLUDHQWHQGLDPTXHHVWDLQWHUYHQomRSRGHULDUHLQVWDODURSRGHUGD,JUHMD&DWyOLFDUHYLWDOL]DUR
3DUWLGR&RQVHUYDGRUHWDPEpPFRQWUDULDUDVDo}HVHRVYDORUHVVRFLDLVHSROtWLFRVGRV/LEHUDLV6HJXQGR6D൵RUG
S³SDUDRVFRQVHUYDGRUHVPH[LFDQRVDLPSRVLomRGHXPDPRQDUTXLDDSRLDGDSHOD)UDQoDFRQVWLWXLX
uma última tentativa desesperada de recuperar a força política que lhes escapava´ Desta forma, alguns conserva-
GRUHVPH[LFDQRVDSRLDUDPDFRURDomRGH0D[LPLOLDQR35$'2H3(//(*5,12
$H[SDQVmRWHUULWRULDOHHFRQ{PLFDGRV(VWDGRV8QLGRVQD$PpULFD/DWLQDDSULQFtSLRQD$PpULFD
&HQWUDOHQR0p[LFRUHSUHVHQWDYDXPSUREOHPDSDUDGHWHUPLQDGRVLQYHVWLGRUHVLQJOHVHVKRODQGHVHVHIUDQ-
FHVHV&RQIRUPH&KDXQXSRSURMHWRGHLQYDVmRIUDQFHVDQR0p[LFRFRPDQGDGRSRU1DSROHmR
,,,DWHQGLDREMHWLYDPHQWHLQWHUHVVHVHFRQ{PLFRVYDULDGRVPDVFRQWLQKDWDPEpP³VXEMHWLYLGDGHV´MiTXH
³1DSROHmR,,,YLDPXLWRPDLVORQJH&RQFHEHUDXPSODQRFRPSOHWRGHH[SDQVmRHFRQ{PLFDQR0p[LFRFKHLR
GHLOXV}HVVREUHDVULTXH]DVGRSDtVHREFHFDGRSHODLGpLDVDLQWVLPRQLDQDGHXPFDQDOLQWHURFrDQLFR´
1HVWHFRQWH[WRDH[SUHVVmRAmérica LatinaVHJXQGR%UXLWVSIRLXPDLQYHQomR³GHGRLV

VXODPHULFDQRVRDUJHQWLQR&DUORV&DOYRHRFRORPELDQR-RVp0DULD7RUUHV&DLFHGR´ %UXLWVS
DVVLQDODTXH&DLFHGRGLSORPDWDYLQFXODGRDRSURMHWRH[SDQVLRQLVWDIUDQFrVQD$PpULFD/DWLQDSXEOLFRX
HP³XPOLYURFRPRWtWXOR8QLyQ/DWLQRDPHULFDQD´HTXHRPHVPRYLVDYD³RUJDQL]DUXPPRYL-
PHQWRFRQWUiULRjSROtWLFDSDQDPHULFDQDGRV(VWDGRV8QLGRV´&DOYRMXULVWD³WDPEpPVHDSUHVHQWDYD
FRPRKLVWRULDGRUHFRQRPLVWDHJHyJUDIRQRVFtUFXORVDFDGrPLFRVGH3DULV´HSRUYROWDGHHVFUH-
YHXXPDREUDFRPH[SRVLomRGDWHUPLQRORJLD$PpULFD/DWLQD%58,7VS11
$QWHULRUPHQWHHPD)UDQoDRFXSDUDPLOLWDUPHQWHRSRUWRGH9HUD&UX]GHYLGRDSUREOHPDVGtYLGDVHQWUHFRPHUFLDQWHV

IUDQFHVHVHRJRYHUQRPH[LFDQR
³DPDLRULDGRVFRQVHUYDGRUHVDFHLWDUDPRVIUDQFHVHVFRPROLEHUWDGRUHVGRMXJROLEHUDOPDVDOJXQVWDPEpPVHDOLDUDPDR
H[pUFLWRTXHOXWDYDPFRQWUDRVLQYDVRUHV´%$=$17S
0D[LPLOLDQREXVFRXLQLFLDOPHQWHHIHWLYDUXPDPRQDUTXLDGRWLSROLEHUDOQR0p[LFR"$FUHVFHQWHPVHDRTXDGURSROtWLFRPH-
[LFDQRRVHIHLWRVGD3ULPDYHUDGRV3RYRVQD$PpULFD(VSDQKROD, pois, a disputa entre os liberais e conservadores tornou-se, por
FRQVHTXrQFLDPDLVDFLUUDGDQRFRQWLQHQWH³$5HYROXomRHXURSpLDGHFKDPRXDDWHQomRGD$PpULFDHVSDQKRODSDUDDVLGpLDV
GRVRFLDOLVPRXWySLFRHFULVWDOL]RXVXDLQÀXrQFLDjPHGLGDTXHQD)UDQoDDUHYROXomRFRPHoRXDDVVXPLUXPFDUiWHUVRFLDOLVWD
os moderados da América espanhola recuaram, temendo o impacto que a insurreição européia poderia ter em agitar as camadas mais
EDL[DVGHVXDVSUySULDVVRFLHGDGHV'HSRLVGHSRUWDQWRPXLWRVPRGHUDGRVPH[LFDQRVDOLDUDPVHDRSHTXHQRJUXSRGH
PRQDUTXLVWDVGRSDtVQXPFRQVHUYDGRULVPRPLOLWDQWHHSUyFOHULFDO1RSDSDGRGH3LR,;D,JUHMD&DWyOLFD5RPDQDWRUQRXVH
DSDUWLUGHFDGDYH]PDLVREVWLQDGDHPVXDRSRVLomRDROLEHUDOLVPR1R0p[LFRRSDSDGHQXQFLRXDFRQVWLWXLomROLEHUDO
GH´6$))25'S
4XHQWDOSD¿UPDWRGDYLDTXH³DVSUHRFXSDo}HVGH&DLFHGRQRHQWDQWRSRXFRWLQKDPUHODomRFRPRVLQWHUHVVHV
GRPpVWLFRVIUDQFHVHV6HXVHVFULWRVHUDPHQGHUHoDGRVjVFRPXQLGDGHVGHOtQJXDHVSDQKRODQD(XURSDHQD$PpULFDHVHXVSURMHWRV
GHDUWLFXODomRSROtWLFDQmRH[SOLFLWDYDPTXDOTXHUSDUWLFLSDomRIUDQFHVD´
(UD³DSULPHLUDYH]TXHVHHPSUHJDYDDH[SUHVVmR$PpULFD/DWLQDQXPDREUDDFDGrPLFD&DOYRGLVVHQDGHGLFDWyULDD1DSROHmR

(JOHUWDPEpPD¿UPDTXHRWHUPR$PpULFD/DWLQDDGTXLULXIRUWHLPSXOVRFRPRVHVFULWRVGH
GRLVSHVTXLVDGRUHVVXODPHULFDQRVHQWUHWDQWRQmRPHQFLRQD&DOYRHVLPRFKLOHQR)UDQFLR%LOEDRVRFLDOLVWD
LQWHJUDQWHGDVIUHQWHVUHYROXFLRQiULDVGHHDVVLPFRPR%UXLWRFRORPELDQR-RVp0DULD7RUUHV
&DLFHGR1DYLVmRGH(JOHUS&DLFHGRDOLQKDGRDRJRYHUQRGH1DSROHmR,,,PXLWRFRODERURX
FRPDGLIXVmRVLVWHPiWLFDGRQRYRQRPHHUHVVDOWDTXHWDQWR%LOEDRFRPR&DLFHGRDPERVPRUDYDPHP3DULV
³YLYHUDPDVDPHDoDVGRH[SDQVLRQLVPRUXVVRQD(XURSDHQRUWHDPHULFDQRHPGLUHomRDRVXOHFXQKDUDPD
H[SUHVVmRµ$PpULFD/DWLQD¶SDUDSURSRUDXQLmRFXOWXUDOHSROtWLFDYLVDQGRDUHVLVWLUjH[SDQVmRGDFLYLOL]DomR
VD[{QLFDDOpPGHVXDVIURQWHLUDV´&DEHUHVVDOWDUDJXHUUDHRVOLWtJLRVWHUULWRULDLVHQWUHRV(VWDGRV8QLGRVH
0p[LFRRFRUULGRVDQWHVSRUWDQWRGDLQYDVmRGH1DSROHmR,,,$VVLPSHUWLQHQWHjVSHUGDVWHUULWRULDLVPH[L-
FDQDV&DVWURSVDOLHQWDTXH
'RIHGHUDOLVPRHVGU~[XORDRXQLWDULVPRKLVWyULFRVHLPSXVHUDPRVFDXGLOKRVTXHQmRSXGHUDPHYLWDU
RVHFHVVLRQLVPRHPIDFHDRVLQWHUHVVHVUHJLRQDLVD3URYtQFLDGR7H[DVVHGHVOLJDYDGR0p[LFR
HQTXDQWRRXWUDVSDUWHVGRWHUULWyULRVHGHVDJUHJDYDPSRUJXHUUDVGHFRQTXLVWDHVVDPHWDGH
FRQTXLVWDGD SHORV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV WLQKD VLGR PXLWR SRXFR FRORQL]DGD SHORV HVSDQKyLV H TXDVH QDGD
LQWHJUDGDSRUVHXVKHUGHLURVPH[LFDQRV
+RUWDH)UDQFDDVVLQDODPTXHRV(VWDGRV8QLGRVFRQVWDQWHPHQWHTXHVWLRQDYDPR7UDWDGRGH

$GDPV2QtVHTXHDVHSDUDomRGR7H[DVHPDSHVDUGHQmRUHFRQKHFLGDR¿FLDOPHQWHSHOR0p[LFRIRL
VHJXLGDSRUVXDDQH[DomRHPSHORV(8$(PFRPRWHQWDWLYDGHREWHUDVSURYtQFLDVGD&DOLIyU-
QLDH1RYR0p[LFRRV(VWDGRV8QLGRVGHFODUDUDPJXHUUDDRYL]LQKRGRVXO$SyVXPDVpULHGHEDWDOKDVHP
IHYHUHLURGHR0p[LFRDVVLQRXR7UDWDGRGH*XDGDOXSH+LGDOJR12
8PFRQMXQWRGHSURFHVVRVHQYROYLDD)UDQoDRV(8$HD$PpULFD/DWLQDFRPRR¿PGDJXHUUDGH
6HFHVVmRQRV(8$HRGHVIHFKRGDJXHUUDIUDQFRSUXVVLDQD3RUWDQWRORJRDR¿QDOGDJXHUUD
FLYLOQRUWHDPHULFDQDD)UDQoDUHWLURXVXDVWURSDVGRWHUULWyULRPH[LFDQRHDEDQGRQRXDPRQDUTXLDFDWyOLFD
GRDUTXLGXTXH0D[LPLOLDQR$VVLPYXOQHUiYHOjVOXWDVGHUHVLVWrQFLDQDFLRQDOHPRLPSHUDGRUDXVWUtD-
co terminou fuzilado; na França, a queda de Napoleão III tornava-se iminente diante, inclusive, da rendição
IUDQFHVDIUHQWHj3U~VVLD
Quando o Império começa a cair? Luís Bonaparte III deve ter sentido um remoto arrepio no dia em que
DVWURSDVPH[LFDQDVGH%HQLWR-XDUH]IX]LODUDP0D[LPLOLDQRGDÈXVWULD4XDQGRFKHJDD3DULVD
notícia de Sedan – Bonaparte III e o Marechal Mac Mahon presos pelos prussianos -, os deputados re-
SXEOLFDQRVQmRGXYLGDP(UDSUHFLVRQmRGHL[DUHVFDSDUHVVDRSRUWXQLGDGH~QLFDTXHOKHVRIHUHFLD
DPDUFKDGDJXHUUDeGRPLQJRHP3DULVHVHSURFODPDD5HS~EOLFD*21=È/(=SH
¬TXHGDGH1DSROHmR,,,SURFHGHXVHXPDMXQWDSDUODPHQWDU7HUFHLUD5HS~EOLFD)UDQFHVD

TXH LQHYLWDYHOPHQWH HQIUHQWRX VpULDV GL¿FXOGDGHV FRP LQVWDODomR GD &RPXQD GH 3DULV HVPDJDGD
,,,TXHDREUDHUDXPUHFRQKHFLPHQWRHJUDWLGmRGDUDoDODWLQDjLQWHOLJrQFLDVXSHULRUGR,PSHUDGRU´%58,7VS
12 (PRVOLPLWHVHDIURQWHLUDHQWUH0p[LFRH(8$SUDWLFDPHQWHVHHVWDEHOHFHUDPSHORYDORUGHpSRFDGHPLOK}HVGH
GyODUHVRV(8$FRPSUDUDPRTXHKRMHFRUUHVSRQGHULDPDRVWHUULWyULRVGR$UL]RQDHGR1RYR0p[LFR3RU¿PWRGRHVVHORQJR
SURFHVVRGHFRPSUDGHFRQTXLVWDVSRUJXHUUDVHWFVLJQL¿FRXSDUDR0p[LFRDSHUGDGHTXDVHDPHWDGHGRVHXWHUULWyULR

SRUpPQRPHVPRDQR1R0p[LFRQRGHFXUVRGDUHVLVWrQFLDGROtGHUOLEHUDO%HQLWR-XDUH]VXFHGHXVH±DSyV
GHSRVLomRGH/HUGRGH7HMDGDDORQJDGLWDGXUDGH3RUItULR'LDV$VSROtWLFDVGHOLEHUDOL]DomRHFRQ{PLFDVH
DFHQWXDUDPEHPFRPRDGHSHQGrQFLD PH[LFDQDHPUHODomRDRV(8$
RVPHFDQLVPRVFULDGRVSHORVOLEHUDLVFRPRREMHWLYRGHSURPRYHUDPRGHUQL]DomRGRSDtVIRUDPDSUR-
priados e utilizados em benefício das camadas privilegiadas, de forma que os custos sociais da modernização
IRUDPDOWtVVLPRV$GLPHQVmRTXHDVVXPLXHVWHSURFHVVRQR0p[LFRSHUPLWHQRVFRPSUHHQGHUDUDGLFDOL-
GDGHGDUHVSRVWDFRVWXUDGDSHORVFDPSRQHVHVQD5HYROXomRGH62$5(6H&2/20%2S13
%UXLWSVDOLHQWDTXHVRERJRYHUQRFRQWUDGLWyULRHUHIRUPLVWDGH0DGHUR³RVFDPSRQHVHV

TXHFRQVWLWXtDPDPDLRULDGDSRSXODomRHHUDPTXDVHWRGRVDQDOIDEHWRVHPLVHUiYHLVOXWDYDPXQLFDPHQWH
SDUDUHFRQTXLVWDUDVWHUUDVTXHOKHVWLQKDPVLGRXVXUSDGDV´(P³DUHYROXomRLPSHUDYDVREUHWRGR
o norte, grande parte do centro e uma parte do sul do país (...). Em meio à guerra (...) tropas ianques ocuparam
RSRUWRGH9HUDFUX]VLWLDGRVSRUWURSDVFRQVWLWXFLRQDOLVWDV´%58,7S$GHUURWDUHYROXFLRQiULDH
RDVVDVVLQDWRGH=DSDWDQmROLTXLGDUDPFRPRLGHDOWUDQVIRUPDGRUGRFDPSRQrV. Neste sentido, cabe
UHJLVWUDURVFRQÀLWRVHPTXDQGRRVejidosVRIUHUDPRXWURVDWDTXHV
XPDPDQLIHVWDomRQR'LVWULWR)HGHUDOTXHUHXQLXPDLVGHFHPPLOSHVVRDVVDLXjVUXDVSDUDDSRLDUR(=/1
$UHYROXomRGHFRQTXLVWRXSDUDRVtQGLRVRejido, que é uma propriedade que não pode se vendida ou
WRPDGDHVXDSRVVHpKHUHGLWiULD2¿PGRejidoIRLXPDGDVLPSRVLo}HVGRV(VWDGRV8QLGRVSDUDTXHR
0p[LFR¿]HVVHSDUWHGR$FRUGRGH/LYUH&RPpUFLRGD$PpULFDGR1RUWH1DIWD'($.S
0p[LFRGRVpFXOR;,;HGRLQtFLRGR;;PXWLODomRWHUULWRULDOJXHUUDFLYLOLQYDVmRIUDQFHVDOLEHUD-
OLVPRHFRQ{PLFRUHYROXomR]DSDWLVWDSURFHVVRVFXOWXUDLVRXJHRSROtWLFRV"$WXDOPHQWHRPXURQDIURQWHLUD
HQWUHR0p[LFRHRV(VWDGRV8QLGRVVLPEROL]DDGLYLVmRHQWUHD$PpULFD$QJORVD[{QLFDHD$PpULFD/DWLQD
demarca, pela geopolítica estadunidense, quem são e onde devem permanecer os latino-americanos. Nessa
SHUVSHFWLYDLPSRUWDUHÀHWLUVREUHRVLJQL¿FDGRGHVHUODWLQRDPHULFDQRDVVLPFRPRRVPRWLYRVGDSUHVHUYD-
ção do nome América LatinaKDMDYLVWDDGHUURWDIUDQFHVD
A manutenção, a difusão e a substancialização do termo

$PpULFD/DWLQDVXEVWDQWLYDomRGHTXH"7UDWDVHGHXPDUHJLmRFXOWXUDOSUHGRPLQDQWHPHQWHODWLQD"
(VWDPDFURUUHJLmRDVVLPGHQRPLQDGDQRWDELOL]DVHSHODFXOWXUDKHJHP{QLFD"GRFRORQL]DGRU"([LVWHPRXWURV
³&RQYHQFLGRVGHTXHRSURFHVVRSUHVVXSXQKDDYLJrQFLDSOHQDGDSURSULHGDGHSULYDGDHGHTXHRVLQGtJHQDVVRPHQWHVHliberta-
riamVHIRVVHPGHVWUXtGDVDVLQVWLWXLo}HVDUFDLFDVRVFLHQWt¿FRVGDpSRFDGH3RU¿ULR'tD]SURYRFDUDPDWUDQVIHUrQFLDSDUDPmRV
SULYDGDVGDVWHUUDVS~EOLFDVTXHYLQKDPVHQGRXWLOL]DGDVSHODVFRPXQLGDGHV0XLWDVGDVFRQFHVV}HVGDVWHUUDVGHVVHSHUtRGRIRUDP
IHLWDVDHVWUDQJHLURV7DOVLWXDomRSURYRFRXUHYROWDVDVTXDLVOHYDUDPPXLWRVID]HQGHLURVDLQVWDXUDUFRPFREHUWXUDGR3RGHU
&HQWUDOXPVLVWHPDGHWHUURU´)857$'2S
%UXLWSDFUHVFHQWDTXHRSURJUDPDGRFDPSHVLQDWRPH[LFDQRH[WUDSRODYDRGLUHLWRSHODWHUUDGLVFXWLDVHD³OLEHUGDGH
PXQLFLSDOGHVFDQVRGRPLQLFDOVDOiULRPtQLPRHPPRHGDDWHQGLPHQWRDRVDFLGHQWHVGHWUDEDOKR´HTXDQWRj³TXHVWmRRSHUiULD´
UHLYLQGLFDYDVHSRUH[HPSORSHQV}HVSDUDDSRVHQWDGRVGLUHLWRGHJUHYHUHJXODPHQWDomRGDVKRUDVGHWUDEDOKR&RQIRUPH%UXLW
SSRUFRQWLQJrQFLDUHYROXFLRQiULDDV³UHIRUPDVVRFLDLVIRUDPLQFRUSRUDGDVj&RQVWLWXLomR´

SDUkPHWURVSDUDFDUDFWHUL]DUDGHTXDGDPHQWHD$PpULFD/DWLQD&RQWXGRDSHVDUGDGHUURWDQDSROH{QLFDHGD
UHWLUDGDGRVIUDQFHVHVQR0p[LFRRWHUPRAmérica Latina prosseguiu corrente e foi, até mesmo, revigorado. Na
YLVmRGH$ULFyS
$GHVLJQDomRLQYHQWDGDSHORVFRORQLDOLVWDVIUDQFHVHVORJURXUHVLVWLUDRHVWUHSLWRVRIUDFDVVRGDDYHQWXUDPH[L-
FDQDHDWpjSUySULDTXHGDGRLPSpULRERQDSDUWLVWD$GRWDGDHQWXVLDVWLFDPHQWHSHODVHOLWHVGRVMRYHQVHVWDGRV
KLVSDQRDPHULFDQRVFRPRXPDPDQHLUDGHUHD¿UPDUDUXSWXUDFRPRSDVVDGRFRORQLDOHDUHVLVWrQFLDDRH[SDQ-
VLRQLVPRLDQTXHDGHVLJQDomRDFDERXSRUDGTXLULUVHQWLGRSRUµUHDOL]DUVH¶SDUDXWLOL]DUDH[SUHVVmRPH[LFDQD
1D6HJXQGD&RQIHUrQFLDGH/LPDVXFHGHUDPVHGLVFXVV}HVHSURSRVLo}HVVREUHDVLQWHUYHQ-

o}HVHVWUDQJHLUDVQD$PpULFD/DWLQDFRPRDHVWDGXQLGHQVHQD1LFDUiJXDHDLQYDVmRHVSDQKRODQD5HS~EOLFD
'RPLQLFDQD DPEDV HP Havia, porém, distanciamentos entre a utopia bolivariana - uma América
HVSDQKRODXQLGDOLEHUDOHLQGHSHQGHQWHHRVLQWHUHVVHVGHERDSDUWHGDV³HOLWHVGRVMRYHQVHVWDGRVKLVSDQR-
DPHULFDQRV´$UXSWXUDSROtWLFDFRPRFRORQLDOLVPRHXURSHXGHPDUFDGDSHODVOXWDVGHHPDQFLSDomRQDFLRQDO
QmRDSUHVHQWDYDQHFHVViULDFRUUHVSRQGrQFLDFRP³DUHVLVWrQFLDDRH[SDQVLRQLVPRLDQTXH´GLDQWHDWpPHVPR
de certos nacionalismos governamentais ou de idealismos de alguns grupos intelectuais.
4XDQWRDRV(VWDGRV8QLGRVFDEHDYDOLDUDVLQWHUIHUrQFLDVWHUULWRULDLVGLUHWDVLQYDV}HVPLOLWDUHVPDV

pSUHFLVRWDPEpPFRQVLGHUDUDVH[SDQV}HVHFRQ{PLFDV1HVWHSHUtRGRSULQFLSDOPHQWHRV(VWDGRV8QLGRVH
D,QJODWHUUDDORFDYDPFDSLWDLVSURGXWLYRVH¿QDQFHLURVQD$PpULFD/DWLQD,QWHQVL¿FDYDPVHDVUHODo}HVGH
GHSHQGrQFLDFHQWURSHULIHULDWRGDYLDGHYHVHVDOLHQWDUTXHDDFXPXODomRH[WURYHUWLGDGHFDSLWDOEDVHDGDQD
H[SRUWDomRGHSURGXWRVDJURPLQHUDLVLPSOLFDYDOXFURVH[SUHVVLYRVSDUDDVHOLWHVODWLQRDPHULFDQDV1mRSRU
DFDVRTXHRVSURMHWRV³QDFLRQDLV´GHVVDVHOLWHVLQWHUPHGLDGRVSHOR(VWDGR2OLJiUTXLFRHYROXtUDPQDGLUHomR
GHUHODo}HVHFRQ{PLFDVHVRFLDLVGRWLSRQHRFRORQLDODVHVWUXWXUDVLQWHUQDVGHSURGXomRHGHGRPLQDomRIR-
UDPUHQRYDGDV&RORFDGRQHVWHVWHUPRVRDFROKLPHQWRGDH[SUHVVmRIUDQFHVDAmérica Latina parece melhor
compreendida no escopo do neocolonialismo (o que inclui a colonialidade) e, talvez, pouco atrelada às postu-
UDVDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDVFLUFXQVFULWDVTXLoiDJUXSRVGHLQWHOHFWXDLV
'LQL]SD¿UPDTXH³IRLQRVPHLRVLQWHOHFWXDLVGDVMRYHQVQDo}HV´TXHDGHQRPLQDomRAmérica

LatinaUHFHEHXDFHLWDomRSRLVDRVH[FRORQL]DGRVH[SUHVVDYDDVXSUHVVmR³GDWXWHODGDPmHSiWULDLEpULFD´HD
REWHQomRGH³XPHVWDWXWRLQWHUQDFLRQDOLQGHSHQGHQWH´$VVLQDODTXHDSHVDUGRWHUPRVXEVLVWLUFDULPEDGR³SHOR
HUURQDSROH{QLFR´RSRVLWLYLVPR³¿ORVR¿DTXHVHWRUQRXDLGHRORJLDR¿FLDOGD5HS~EOLFDODLFDGH-XOHV)HUU\
WLQKDIHLWRDGHSWRVQD$PpULFD/DWLQD´DVUHS~EOLFDVDPHULFDQDVFRORFDYDPVHFRPRLUPmVODWLQDVGD³JUDQGH
5HS~EOLFD)UDQFHVDTXHJXLDYDRPXQGRHPGLUHomRj&LYLOL]DomRHDRSURJUHVVR´',1,=S
6HJXQGR$OLPRQGDSIUHQWHjVOXWDVSHODVLQGHSHQGrQFLDVQDFLRQDLVDVHOLWHVUHSUHVHQ-

WDGDVVREUHWXGRSRUOLEHUDLVHFRQVHUYDGRUHVIRUMDYDPDFRQVWUXomRGHXPDLGHQWLGDGHFRQWLQHQWDOODWLQR-
3DUD0RXUDSDVDUWLFXODo}HVHQWUHRVSDtVHVODWLQRDPHULFDQRV³IRUDPVHPSUHGpEHLVHSDUFLDLVDFRPHoDUSHODFp-
OHEUH&RQIHUrQFLDGR3DQDPiFRQYRFDGDSRU6LPyQ%ROLYDUHPjTXDOVHVHJXLUDPDVFRQIHUrQFLDVGH/LPDGH
6DQWLDJRGR&KLOHHQRYDPHQWHGH/LPD&DGDXPGHVVHVHQFRQWURVVHGHXSRUUHDomRDDOJXPWLSRGHDPHDoD
H[WHUQDHXURSHLDRXQRUWHDPHULFDQDVREUHRFRQWLQHQWH0DVDIUDFDUHSUHVHQWDWLYLGDGHHDIDOWDGHXQLGDGHGHSURSyVLWRV
DFDEDULDPSRULPSHGLUXPDDUWLFXODomRODWLQRDPHULFDQDH¿FD]´

DPHULFDQDEDVHDGDHPSDUWHQDVRULJHQVHWUDGLo}HVLQGtJHQDVDSHVDUGHTXHQRJHUDOR³PRYLPHQWRGH
,QGHSHQGrQFLDQmRLQFRUSRURXHQWmRDDEROLomRGDVHUYLGmRLQGtJHQDFRPRXPDUHLYLQGLFDomRVXEVWDQWLYD´

. A campanha Los Andes LibresLQGLFDYDDJXHUUDFRPRIRUPDGHOLTXLGDomRGDVGHVJUDoDVTXHDÀLJLDPRV
LQGtJHQDV³$UJXPHQWDYDVHTXHRVPDOHVGR3HUXUHPRQWDPjGHFDSLWDomRGRµLQRFHQWHSUtQFLSH7XSDF$PD-
UXKHUGHLUROHJtWLPRGR,PSpULR¶2JHQHUDO6DQ0DUWtQFULDDEDQGHLUDSHUXDQDFRPDVFRUHVYHUPHOKDH
EUDQFDTXHDSDUHFHPQDVUHSUHVHQWDo}HVLQFDLFDV´$/,021'$S
&RQWXGRjUHODWLYDLQFRUSRUDomRVLPEyOLFDGRPXQGRLQGtJHQDDRVPRYLPHQWRVQDFLRQDOLVWDVEXUJXHVHV
acentuou-se, a posterioriDQHJDomRGHVVHVSRYRVHQDo}HVSRUPHLRLQFOXVLYHGDVQRYDVLQVWLWXLo}HVGRV(VWDGRV
latino-americanos. No decurso da maior ou menor inserção desses recentes países na economia mundial, as políticas
GHH[FOXVmRVRFLDORXLQFOXVmRPDUJLQDOFDUDFWHUL]DGDVSHORUDFLVPRHSHORFODVVLVPRWRUQDYDPVHPDLVDFHQWXDGDV
1D SROtWLFD R OLEHUDOLVPR LOXVWUDGR IRUPDOL]DYD R FyGLJR RUJDQL]DGRU GR (VWDGR FHQWUDOL]DGRU
HROLJiUTXLFRQRFDPSRLQWHOHFWXDORSRVLWLYLVPROHJLWLPDYDDDFDGHPLDSyORGHDSURSULDomR
ROLJiUTXLFDGRVDEHUWRGDDSUREOHPiWLFDUHIHULGDjLGHQWLGDGHQDFLRQDOHFRQWLQHQWDOFDUHFLD
GHVHQWLGR-iQmRVHWUDWDYDGHVHGLIHUHQFLDUGD(XURSDVHQmRGHVHOKHDVVHPHOKDUDRPi[LPR
-iQmRVHWUDWDYDGHUHLYLQGLFDUDVPDVVDVDXWyFWRQHVHVHXVHOHPHQWRVFXOWXUDLVPDVGHORJUDU
VXDH[WLQomR$/,021'$S
1R¿QDOGRVpFXOR;,;HLQtFLRGR;;HPUD]mRGRLQWHUYHQFLRQLVPRHVWDGXQLGHQVHGHVSRQWDUDPQR-
YDVGHPDQGDVHPWRUQRGHXPDVXSRVWDODWLQLGDGH'HVHQYROYHUDPVHVHJXQGR$OLPRQGDSVHQWL-
mentos (e ideias) anti-imperialistas e discursos “enfatizando a necessidade da unidade latino-americana frente
jSHQHWUDomRHFRQ{PLFDSROtWLFDHFXOWXUDOGRV(VWDGRV8QLGRV´$OLPRQGDVDOLHQWDDVLQÀXrQFLDV
GR PRYLPHQWR HVWXGDQWLO XQLYHUVLWiULR QD DVVLPLODomR H GLIXVmR GR WHUPR$PpULFD /DWLQD$ RFXSDomR GD
8QLYHUVLGDGHGH&yUGREDHPSRUHVWXGDQWHVDUJHQWLQRVLQFLGLDQDSRVVLELOLGDGHGHDWHQGLPHQWRjVUHL-
YLQGLFDo}HVUHIRUPLVWDVFRPRGHPRFUDWL]DomRQDVXQLYHUVLGDGHVDRPHVPRWHPSRIRUDPDVVXPLGDVSHORV
HVWXGDQWHVSRVWXUDVODWLQRDPHULFDQLVWDVHIRUWHSRVLomRDQWLROLJiUTXLFDRPRYLPHQWRDOFDQoDYDRXWURVSDtVHV
e ostentava bandeiras latino-americanas.2DXWRUD¿UPDDLQGDTXHRH[SDQVLRQLVPRHRLQWHUYHQFLRQLVPR
GRV(8$QR0p[LFRHP3RUWR5LFRHHP&XEDSRUH[HPSORLPSXOVLRQDYDPRVGLVFXUVRVDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDV
HSUyXQLGDGHFRQWLQHQWDOODWLQRDPHULFDQDSRUWDQWRVHJXQGR$OLPRQGDSQRV¿QVGRVpFXOR;,;
uma série de discursos antiimperialistas começam a ser enunciados na América Latina, denunciando
HVVH H[SDQVLRQLVPR H SURSRQGR D XQLGDGH FRQWLQHQWDO FRPR GHIHVD IUHQWH DR PHVPR &RQVWLWXLVH
então, uma tradição intelectual que reivindica a América Latina como uma unidade, organizada ao
2FRUUHUDPWHQWDWLYDVSDUFLDLVGHLQFOXVmRGRVLQGtJHQDVjVHVWUXWXUDVVRFLRHVSDFLDVGRVQRYRVSDtVHV³$GHDJRVWRGH
XPGHFUHWRGH6DQ0DUWtQVXSULPHRVWULEXWRVLQGtJHQDV$GHDEULOGH%ROtYDUGLVS}HRDFHVVRjSURSULHGDGHGDWHUUDSRU
SDUWHGRVtQGLRV´$/,021'$S
(PRPpGLFREUDVLOHLUR0DQXHO%RP¿PSXEOLFRXHP3DULVROLYURAmérica Latina: males de origem1mRDSDUHFHQDGDH[SOtFLWR
RFRQFHLWRGH$PpULFD/DWLQDPDV³RVPDOHVGHRULJHP´VHJXQGRRDXWRUGHFRUULDPEDVLFDPHQWHGRSDUDVLWLVPRGDVHOLWHVLEpULFDV
3DUD$OLPRQGDDHVFDODGHUHDomRQmRHUDQDFLRQDODUJHQWLQDXUXJXDLDFRORPELDQDHWFPDVVREUHWXGRODWLQRDPHULFDQD
FRQWLQHQWDOLVWD&DEHUHJLVWUDUDLQGDTXHGHDFRUGRFRP$OLPRQGDSHVVHPRYLPHQWRHVWXGDQWLODIDYRUGHXPDVROLGD-
ULHGDGHPDFURUUHJLRQDOVHH[SDQGLULDSHOD$PpULFD/DWLQD³1R&KLOH3HUX0p[LFRH&XEDDµ5HIRUPD8QLYHUVLWiULD¶GHL[DUiSUR-
IXQGDVPDUFDVQDFRQIRUPDomRGRKRUL]RQWHLQWHOHFWXDOHSROtWLFRµ2VHVWXGDQWHV¶DSDUHFHPFRPRXPDIRUoDVRFLDODQWLROLJiUTXLFD
1R3HUXVLPEROL]DGRVQDV¿JXUDVGH+D\DGHOD7RUUHH0DULiWHJXLIRUPDPD$OLDQoD3RSXODU5HYROXFLRQiULD$PHULFDQD
$SUDHR3DUWLGR6RFLDOLVWD(P&XEDpGRPRYLPHQWRHVWXGDQWLOTXHVHRULJLQDR3DUWLGR&RPXQLVWD´

UHGRUGHHVVrQFLDVSUpKLVSkQLFDVFRORQLDLVHRXSyVLQGHSHQGrQFLDHFXMDSURVWUDomRVHGHYHULDjVXD
EDOFDQL]DomRIRPHQWDGDSRUSRWrQFLDVH[WHULRUHVHSHODPHVTXLQKH]GDVHOLWHVROLJiUTXLFDV
&RQIRUPH4XLMDQRSRVFRQÀLWRVHQWUH0p[LFRH(VWDGRV8QLGRVHDJXHUUD+LVSDQR$PHU-

LFDQD³FRORFDUDPGHQRYRQRLPDJLQiULRODWLQRDPHULFDQRDTXHVWmRGDXQLGDGHHGDLQWHJUDomR´(P
UHODomRDRVGLVFXUVRVSUyXQLGDGHODWLQRDPHULFDQDHDRVVHQWLPHQWRVDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDVpQHFHVViULRSRUpP
LGHQWL¿FDURVLQWHUHVVHVGHFODVVHVGLIHUHQFLDUSRUH[HPSORRVLQWHUHVVHVGDVHOLWHVHFRQ{PLFDVODWLQRDPHUL-
canas (como o ímpeto de controlar os mercados nacionais) de outros interesses de classes; importa, também,
UHFRQKHFHUDVPXLWDVSRVLo}HVSROtWLFDVGHJUXSRVLQGtJHQDV0DSXFKHV4XpFKXDV$LPDUiVJXDUDQLVHWF
GHSRYRVDIURDPHULFDQRVGHQWUHRXWURV'HTXDOTXHUPRGR$OLPRQGDH4XLMDQRUHDOoDPDOJXQVGRVSURFHV-
sos geopolíticos que contribuíram, inclusive, para a (re)formulação do conceito de América Latina. Ressalte-
VHTXHDGHUURWDHVSDQKRODQDJXHUUDFRQWUDRV(VWDGRV8QLGRVUHVXOWRXLQLFLDOPHQWHHPQRYDVUHODo}HVGH
GRPLQDomRHP3RUWR5LFRHHP&XED1RGHFRUUHUGDVLPSRVLo}HVQHRFRORQLDLVGRSyVJXHUUDHP&XEDRV
PRYLPHQWRVQDFLRQDOLVWDVSURVVHJXLUDPHHPLQLFLDYDVHDFRQVWUXomRGHXPDQDomRUHYROXFLRQiULDQD
GLUHomRRSRVWD¿UPDYDVHDFRQVWLWXLomRGR(VWDGR/LYUH$VVRFLDGRGH3RUWR5LFR(8$
'HYHPVH WDPEpP FRQVLGHUDU QD FRQÀXrQFLD GH LQWHUHVVHV GDV HOLWHV UHJLRQDLV ODWLQRDPHULFDQDV
FRPDVHOLWHVEULWkQLFDVDIRUPXODomRGR8UXJXDLHDVJXHUUDVGR3DUDJXDLHDGR6DOLWUH
$FULDomRGR3DQDPiHDLQDXJXUDomRGRFDQDOHQFODYHHVWDGXQLGHQVHHYLGHQ-
FLDPRXWURSURFHVVRGHHQRUPHH[SUHVVmRJHRSROtWLFDHJHRHFRQ{PLFDGD$PpULFD/DWLQD1DFLRQDOLVPRVGH
GLYHUVDVLQFOLQDo}HVHSULQFLSDOPHQWHDSUHGRPLQkQFLDGHSROtWLFDVQHRFRORQLDLVRUGHQDYDPGHVGHDLQGH-
SHQGrQFLDDVHVWUXWXUDVHFRQ{PLFDVHVRFLDLVGRVSDtVHVODWLQRDPHULFDQRV
%UXLWVSFRQWXGRD¿UPDTXH³IRLQRSHUtRGRGD6HJXQGD*XHUUDTXHRQRPHGH$PpULFD/DWLQD

VHSRSXODUL]RXHVSHFLDOPHQWHSHORVHVWXGRVGRVKLVWRULDGRUHVHHFRQRPLVWDVQRUWHDPHULFDQRV´%UXLW
GHVWDFDWUDEDOKRVFRPRRVGH%HPLV5LSS\H&UDZIRUG1RHQWDQWRVHJXQGRRDXWRUD
partir da publicação de Preston James, Latin AmericaFOiVVLFRGHTXHHIHWLYDPHQWHVHFRQVROLGDUDP³RV
HVWXGRVJHRJUi¿FRVVREUH$PpULFD/DWLQDQRV(VWDGRV8QLGRVQRLPHGLDWRSyVJXHUUD´3DUD%UXLWVS
HVWHOLYURIRL³XPGRVSULPHLURVVHQmRRSULPHLURHVWXGRVpULRGDJHRJUD¿DHFRQ{PLFDGRFRQWLQHQWH´'HDFRU-
GRFRP(JOHUS3UHVWRQ-DPHVFRQWULEXLXFRPDGLIXVmRGDVSHVTXLVDVVREUH$PpULFD/DWLQDSDUD
DVGHPDLVXQLYHUVLGDGHVGHVVHSDtVFRPDFULDomRGR³3URJUDPDGH(VWXGRVHP*HRJUD¿DGD$PpULFD/DWLQD
GD8QLYHUVLGDGHGH6\UDFXVH´7RGDYLDFRQIRUPH(JOHUSQD³JHRJUD¿DQRUWHDPHULFDQDXPDGDV
SULPHLUDVUHIHUrQFLDVj$PpULFD/DWLQDpGH,VDLDK%RZPDQ´%RZPDQVHJXQGR(JOHUS
UHFRQKHFLD RV LQWHUHVVHV HVWDGXQLGHQVHV QD$PpULFD /DWLQD H WDPEpP FRPSUHHQGLD R VLJQL¿FDGR JHRSROtWLFR
GD'RXWULQD0RQURHSRUWDQWR³%RZPDQFRPRSURIHVVRUGHJHRJUD¿DSROtWLFDWLQKDXPDFRQFHSomRFODUDGRV
³¬&RQVWLWXLomRFXEDQDRVQRUWHDPHULFDQRVµ¿]HUDPTXHVWmR¶GHDFUHVFHQWDUDFKDPDGDµ(PHQGD3ODWW¶TXHOKHVSHUPLWLDLQWHUYLUQRSDtV
SDUDµSUHVHUYDUDVXDLQGHSHQGrQFLDHPDQWHUXPJRYHUQRDGHTXDGRjSURWHomRGDYLGDGDSURSULHGDGHHGDOLEHUGDGHLQGLYLGXDO¶(PD
EDVHGH*XDQWDQDPRIRLµFHGLGD¶SHORVFXEDQRVHPFDUiWHUSHUSpWXRSDUDXVRPLOLWDUGRV(VWDGRV8QLGRV´2/,&S

LQWHUHVVHVQRUWHDPHULFDQRVDRVXOGR5LR*UDQGH´)HUHV-XQLRUSUHVVDOWDRFDUiWHULGHROyJLFRGR
FRQFHLWRGH$PpULFD/DWLQDGHVHQYROYLGRQRV(VWDGRV8QLGRVSRUWDQWRGHIHQGHDKLSyWHVHGHTXHD³Latin American
IRLFRQFHLWXDGDSHORVDPHULFDQRVSRUPHLRGHIRUPDVGHRSRVLomRDVVLPpWULFD´
'XUDQWHHSUy[LPRDR¿QDOGD6HJXQGD*XHUUDRXWURVSHVTXLVDGRUHVHVWDGXQLGHQVHVLQFOXVLYHJHy-
grafos, cunharam a denominação América LatinaQRVWtWXORVGHVXDVUHVSHFWLYDVSXEOLFDo}HV5HJLVWUHPVH
SRUH[HPSORDVFRQWULEXLo}HVGH3ODWWAmérica Latina, Paisagens e Unidades RegionaiVGH+XPSKX-
UH\V(YROXomRGD$PpULFD/DWLQD0RGHUQDGH:\WKH,QG~VWULDQD$PpULFD/DWLQDGH+DQVRQ
Desenvolvimento Econômico na América Latina+HUULQJA História da América Latina$OH[DQ-
GHUSXEOLFRXHPComunismo na América Latina; Robinson escreveu $PpULFD/DWLQD±XPDSHVTXLVD
JHRJUi¿FD=HSSSURIHVVRUHGLUHWRUGH*HRJUD¿DGR,QVWLWXWRGH(VWXGRVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVGD8QLYHUVLGDGH
GH&ROXPELDODQoRX$PpULFD/DWLQD±XPFRPHQWiULRJHRJUi¿FRWUDGXomRHPLQJOrVGRRULJLQDODOHPmRGH
'HVWDFDPVHDLQGDDVSURGXo}HVGD218FRPRProblemas de Transporte na América Latina
VHJXLGDVSRUPXLWDVGD&(3$/$FUHVFHQWDPVHDGRLQJOrV%XWODQG21 $PpULFD/DWLQDXPDJHRJUD¿DUHJLR-
nalGHHDREUDIUDQFHVDGH%RQQHIRXV(QFLFORSpGLDGD$PpULFD/DWLQD±SROtWLFDHFRQRPLDFXOWXUD,
GH(JOHUSD¿UPDTXH0RQEHLJDRUHWRUQDUj)UDQoDFULRXHPR,QVWLWXWRGH$OWRV
(VWXGRVGD$PpULFD/DWLQD,KHDOHTXHD³GLVVHPLQDomRGDFRQFHSomRµ$PpULFD/DWLQD¶QRPHLRJHRJUi¿FR
IUDQFrVGHYHXVHSULQFLSDOPHQWHD0RQEHLJ´%UXLWUHVVDOWDDLPSRUWkQFLDGD&(3$/&RPLVVmR(FRQ{PLFD
SDUDD$PpULFD/DWLQDIXQGDGDSHOD218HPQDD¿UPDomRGRWHUPR³HVVHQRPHVHFRQVDJUDHP
TXDQGRVHIXQGDD&(3$/´'HVWDIRUPDVHJXQGR%UXLWVS³DH[SUHVVmR$PpULFD/DWLQDVHGLIXQGH
LQWLPDPHQWHDVVRFLDGDDRFRQFHLWRGHVXEGHVHQYROYLPHQWR´22
3DUDRHFRQRPLVWDHFHSDOLQR&HOVR)XUWDGRSD³H[SUHVVmR$PpULFD/DWLQDFULDGDQRV(VWDGRV

8QLGRVGXUDQWHPXLWRWHPSRIRLXWLOL]DGDDSHQDVFRPXPVHQWLGRJHRJUi¿FRSDUDGHVLJQDURVSDtVHVVLWXDGRVDR
VXOGR5LR*UDQGH´,QGHSHQGHQWHPHQWHGRTXHGHVHQWHQGHVREUH³VHQWLGRJHRJUi¿FR´)XUWDGRD¿UPDTXH
RWHUPR$PpULFD/DWLQDIRLXPDFULDomRHVWDGXQLGHQVHHQmRPHQFLRQDDLQÀXrQFLDQDSROH{QLFDQDRULJHPGDH[-
SUHVVmR7RGDYLDUHFRQKHFHDXQLGDGHHGLYHUVLGDGHPDFURUUHJLRQDOODWLQRDPHULFDQDFRPRUHVXOWDGRKLVWyULFRH
HFRQ{PLFRGDVUHODo}HVFDSLWDOLVWDVPXQGLDLV)XUWDGRWUDWDD$PpULFD/DWLQDFRPRXPWRGRJHRHFRQ{PLFR
HJHRSROtWLFRDERUGDDVSDUWLFXODULGDGHVUHJLRQDLVHQDFLRQDLVFRQWXGRQmRVXSULPHGRFRQMXQWRUHJLRQDOTXDOTXHU
WHUULWyULRRXSDtVHPIXQomRGDVRULJHQVpWQLFRFRORQLDLVHXURSHLDVHVSDQKRODKRODQGHVDLQJOHVDHWF23
/LYURFRQVWLWXtGRGHIRUWHFRQWH~GRFXOWXUDOPXLWRSUy[LPRGRUDFLVPRIRLSXEOLFDGRHPSRU+DUULVRQSURIHVVRUYLVL-
WDQWHGD8QLYHUVLGDGHGH+DYDUG6XEGHVHQYROYLPHQWRpXP(VWDGRGH(VStULWRDTXHVWmRODWLQRDPHULFDQD2DXWRULWDULVPRR
DQWLHPSUHHQGHGRULVPRRFDWROLFLVPRHRXWURVYDORUHVFXOWXUDLVVmRFRPSUHHQGLGRVFRPSUySULRVGRVXEGHVHQYROYLPHQWRODWLQRD-
PHULFDQR3HUVSHFWLYDTXHQRVUHPHWHDRVHVWXGRVFUtWLFRVGH)HUHV-XQLRUHPUHODomRDPXLWRVHVWXGLRVRVHVWDGXQLGHQVHV
ODWLQRDPHULFDQLVWDV³2SURMHWRGHVHSURGX]LUXPDFLrQFLDVRFLDOGDLatin America repousa sobre a percepção de radical oposição
HQWUHXP(XDPHULFDQRHXP2XWURQD$PpULFD´
21 1DpSRFDGDSXEOLFDomRGHVVHOLYUR*LOEHUW%XWODQGHUD3URIHVVRUGD8QLYHUVLGDGHGD1RYD,QJODWHUUDHP1RYD*DOHVGR6XO$XVWUiOLD
22$H[SUHVVmRRULJLQDOHUDFRUUHVSRQGHQWHjVLJOD$SDUWLUGRVDQRVGHD&(3$/VHPMXVWL¿FDWLYDDSDUHQWHDOWHURXDGHQR-
minação para Conselho Econômico para a América Latina e Caribe.
23 6REUHFRORQL]DomRRHQIRTXHFHQWUDGRQR³PRGHORLQJOrV´QR³HVSDQKRO´RXQR³KRODQGrV´FRPRVHXPIRVVHVXSHULRURX
LQIHULRUDRRXWURVDWLVIDoDWDOYH]DOJXQVFXOWXUDOLVWDV7RGDYLDFDEHUHJLVWUDUTXH$XVWUiOLDËQGLD*DQD6RPiOLDSRUH[HPSOR
IRUDPFRO{QLDVEULWkQLFDV6XULQDPHH,QGRQpVLDIRUDPFRO{QLDVKRODQGHVDV6HQHJDO0DOL/DRV4XHEHF&DQDGiIRUDPFRO{QLDV

(JOHU VDOLHQWD TXH QR SHQVDPHQWR JHRJUi¿FR SHUPDQHFHX D FRQYLYrQFLD GR UHFRUWH UHJLRQDO ±
$PpULFD/DWLQDH$QJOR$PpULFDFRPRXWUDFOiVVLFDGLYLVmR$PpULFDGRQRUWHFHQWUDOHGRVXO(VVD~OWLPD
GLYLVmRUHJLRQDOSUHYDOHFHXQDVREUDVGH5HFOV0DOWH%UXQH/D%ODFKHSRUpPVHJXQGRRDXWRU6LHJ¿UHG
HPWDPEpPUHSUHVHQWDQWHGD³HVFRODIUDQFHVDGHJHRJUD¿D´FRQVLGHUDYDRWHUPRHDUHJLRQDOL]DomR
América Latina ³REMHWR JHRJUi¿FR´ PHUHFHGRU GH FXLGDGRVD LQYHVWLJDomR &RQIRUPH (JOHU S
REUDVJHUDLV³FRPRDGH-HDQ*RWWPDQPDQWLQKDPXPDHVWUXWXUDKtEULGD´FRPELQDYDPDVGXDVUH-
JLRQDOL]Do}HV$PpULFD$QJOR6D[{QLFDH$PpULFD/DWLQDFRP$PpULFDGR1RUWH$PpULFD&HQWUDOH$PpULFD
GR6XO%UXLWD¿UPDTXHDRQRYRFRQFHLWR América Latina SHUVLVWLUDPDLQGDDQWLJDVH[SUHVV}HVSDUD
GHVLJQDURFRQWLQHQWHFRPR+LVSDQR$PpULFD$PpULFDGR6XOËEHUR$PpULFDHWF
3RU¿PPHUHFHGHVWDTXHDSRVLomRGH2OLYHLUDSDRDVVLQDODUTXHDH[SUHVVmRAmérica La-

tinaFXQKDGDQD)UDQoD³VXUJHFRPRXPDFRQWUDSRVLomRDRSURMHWRLPSHULDOLVWDQRUWHDPHULFDQR±'RXWULQD
0RQURHGH´&RQIRUPH2OLYHLUDS³RWUDoRJHRSROtWLFRpXPDPDUFDGHUHOHYRQDIRUPXOD-
ção do conceito de América LatinaVHVREUHSRQGRjVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVOLQJtVWLFDVHFXOWXUDLV´
6R¿VPDVUHJLRQDLV
(VWHSRVLFLRQDPHQWRGH2OLYHLUDEHPFRPRRVHVWXGRVGH%UXLWGH&DVWUR5RX-

TXLp$ULFy&KDXQXHGHRXWURVGHYHULDPREWHUDOJXPDFRQVLGHUDomRSRUSDUWHGRVTXH
OLGDPFRPRFRQFHLWRHRVOLPLWHVGD$PpULFD/DWLQD7RGDYLDHVWHVFRQKHFLPHQWRVVLPSOHVPHQWHVmRQHJDGRV
SHORV³FXOWXUDOLVWDV´TXHQmRHODERUDPTXDOTXHUMXVWL¿FDWLYDIXQGDPHQWDGDRXFRQWUDDUJXPHQWDomRSODXVtYHO
'H¿QLURVSDtVHVHWHUULWyULRVFRPSRQHQWHVGD$PpULFD/DWLQDSRUVLQDOXPH[HUFtFLRHPLQHQWHPHQWHJHRSR-
lítico) a partir da perspectiva cultural - línguas latinas e catolicismo, principalmente – contraria, inclusive, as
UHVSHFWLYDV IRUPDo}HV VRFLDLV H SURGX] YDULDYHOPHQWH GHV¿JXUDo}HV HVSDFLDLV &RQFHLWXDU H GHOLPLWDU XP
HVSDoRGHPDQGDPSUpUHTXLVLWRVEiVLFRV
$PpULFD/DWLQDLQGH¿QLo}HVHXURFHQWULVPRVIUDWXUDPHQWRV
1mRVmRSRXFDVDVVLWXDo}HVHPTXHD$PpULFD/DWLQDpDSUHVHQWDGDGHPDQHLUDHVWUDQKDLUUHVSRQVi-
YHOLQFRPSOHWDHTXLYRFDGD1RSUHIiFLRJHUDOGDREUD+LVWyULDGD$PpULFD/DWLQDYRO,,,RUJDQL]DGDSRU
/HVOLH%HWKHOOSHQFRQWUDVHDVHJXLQWHFRORFDomR
IUDQFHVDV,QGHSHQGHQWHPHQWHSRUWDQWRGRSDtVRXGR³SRYRFRORQL]DGRU´&HOVR)XUWDGRDVVLPFRPR&DLR3UDGR-XQLRUHRXWURV
VpULRVSHVTXLVDGRUHVDQDOLVDDUHODomRFRO{QLDPHWUySROHFRQIRUPHFODVVL¿FDomRGRJHyJUDIR5HFOVFRO{QLDVGHH[SORUDomRGH
povoamento e de posição6DOLHQWHVHTXH³FRO{QLDGHH[SORUDomR´REYLDPHQWHLPSOLFDSRYRDPHQWRSRLVDDFXPXODomRH[WUR-
vertida de capital não seria gerada sem o trabalho (escravo, principalmente) de ameríndios e de povos arrancados do continente
DIULFDQR$TXHVWmRpTXHDSURGXomRGLUHFLRQDGDDRPHUFDGRH[WHUQRFRPELQDGDDRHVWDEHOHFLPHQWRGHSDGU}HVHVSDFLDLVH[RPRU-
IRV025$(6SUySULRVGHFRO{QLDVGHH[SORUDomRFRQVWLWXHPDSDQiJLRVUHYLJRUDGRVGRQHRFRORQLDOLVPRUHSHUFXWHPQmR
VHPUHVLVWrQFLDVQDVUHODo}HVGHSURGXomRQRJUDXGHGHSHQGrQFLDWHFQROyJLFDH¿QDQFHLUDQRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRVRFLDOGHPXLWRV
SDtVHVH[FRO{QLDVGHH[SORUDomR$GHPDUFDGDGHVLJXDOGDGHQRUWHVXOGRV(8$H[SULPHDLQGDKRMHGLIHUHQWHVJHRSROtWLFDVGR
LPSpULREULWkQLFRQXPDPHVPDFRO{QLD

D$PpULFD/DWLQDDEUDQJHDVUHJL}HVGD$PpULFDFRQWLQHQWDODRVXOGRV(VWDGRV8QLGRVTXHIDODP
SUHGRPLQDQWHPHQWHRHVSDQKROHRSRUWXJXrV±0p[LFR$PpULFD&HQWUDOH$PpULFDGR6XO±MXQWDPHQ-
WHFRPDVLOKDVGRPDUGRV&DUDtEDVGHOtQJXDHVSDQKRODHSRUFRQYHQomRR+DLWL)RUDPH[FOXtGRV
RVYDVWRVWHUULWyULRVGD$PpULFDGR1RUWHTXHD(VSDQKDHPDLVWDUGHR0p[LFRSHUGHUDPSDUD
RV(VWDGRV8QLGRVDVLOKDVEULWkQLFDVIUDQFHVDVHKRODQGHVDVGRPDUGRV&DUDtEDVRXDV*XLDQDV
DLQGDTXHD-DPDLFDH7ULQLGDGSRUH[HPSORWHQKDPDQWHFHGHQWHVKLVSkQLFRVHPVXDVRULJHQV
1RWDVHGHFODUDGDPHQWHDDEUHYLDomRGD$PpULFD/DWLQDDRVSDtVHVHWHUULWyULRV³TXHIDODPSUHGRPLQDQWHPHQ-
WHRHVSDQKROHRSRUWXJXrV´7UDWDVHHIHWLYDPHQWHGHuma América Ibérica acrescida do Haiti. Uma concepção que
VXEWUDLGDPDFURUUHJLmRSDtVHVFRPR-DPDLFD6XULQDPH%DKDPDVH*XLDQD,QJOHVDSRUH[HPSORHWHUULWyULRVFRPR
*XDGDOXSH0DUWLQLFD&XUDoDR0DOYLQDVHWF3RUTXr"3DUDTXr"
'LDQWHGHVWDSHUVSHFWLYDFDEHHQWmRSHUJXQWDUGRSRQWRGHYLVWDpWQLFRD-DPDLFDpPDLVLQJOHVD
HVSDQKROD RX DIURDPHULFDQD" 2V DIURDPHULFDQRV QD -DPDLFD UHSUHVHQWDP FHUFD GH GD SRSXODomR
WRWDO12%,/(SHHP%HOL]HSRUH[HPSORFRQIRUPH1RELOHSRVPHVWLoRV
RVQHJURVFRPRVJDUtIXQDVHRVPDLDVFRQVWLWXHPJUDQGHPDLRULDTXDQGRFRPSDUDGRVDRV
GHVFHQGHQWHVGHHXURSHXVRTXHLQFOXLRVLQJOHVHV6HJXQGRSRUWDQWRHVWDOyJLFDTXHGHVWDFDRVWHUULWy-
rios e países em razão, principalmente, do idioma do colonizador (europeu), por que, então, não subtrair
WDPEpP%HOL]HTXHDVVLPFRPRD-DPDLFDDSyVGRPtQLRHVSDQKROWRUQRXVHFRO{QLDLQJOHVD"
$QGUDGHSFRQVLGHUDHTXLYRFDGRFRQFHLWXDUHGHOLPLWDU$PpULFD/DWLQDSRULQWHUPpGLRGHFUL-
WpULRVpWQLFRVHUHVVDOWDHQWUHRXWUDVGLVWRUo}HVDVVXSHUSRVLo}HVKLVWyULFDVHPUHODomRjSURFHGrQFLDGR
FRORQL]DGRUHH[HPSOL¿FD
1D$PpULFD&HQWUDOSRUH[HPSOR%HOL]HIRLGXUDQWHVpFXORViUHDGHFRORQL]DomRHVSDQKRODWHQGR
VLGRFRQTXLVWDGDQRVpFXOR;,;SHOD,QJODWHUUDWHPRVRVFDVRVGH7ULQLGDGH7REDJRH3RUWR5LFR
que foram inicialmente colonizados pela Espanha e depois conquistados pela Inglaterra e pelos Estados
8QLGRVUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHSURYRFDQGRXPDLQÀXrQFLDGLYHUVDODWLQDHDQJORVD[{QLFD
6mR LQ~PHURV RV SUREOHPDV GDV UHJLRQDOL]Do}HV EDVHDGDV QDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV pWQLFR OLQJXtVWLFDV 3RU
H[HPSORQR3DUDJXDLDOpPGRHVSDQKRORJXDUDQLOtQJXDPDWHUQDHXVXDOFRQVWLWXLWDPEpPLGLRPDR¿-
FLDO$%ROtYLDSDtVSOXULQDFLRQDOFRQWpPMXQWRjOtQJXDHVSDQKRODLGLRPDVLQGtJHQDVR¿FLDOL]DGRVHDPSOD-
PHQWHYHUVDGRVFRPRRTXpFKXDHRDLPDUDDOpPGHPXLWRVRXWURV&RPRHQWmRGRSRQWRGHYLVWDpWQLFR
FODVVL¿FDUHVWHVSDtVHV"/DWLQRV"1HVWHVFDVRVSDUHFHF{PRGRDRVFXOWXUDOLVWDV³HQFDL[iORV´QDFRQGLomRGH
H[FRO{QLDVHVSDQKRODV6LPSOHV0DVD¿QDORTXHPRWLYD%HWKHOOHRXWURVKLVWRULDGRUHVDUHGX]LU
a América Latina à colonialidade europeia?
1mRKiH[SOLFDo}HVDRORQJRGDREUD1mRIRLHQFRQWUDGDWDPEpPQHQKXPDHOXFLGDomRVREUHD³PDQX-
WHQomR´GR+DLWLTXHFRQYHQomR"WUDWDVHGHXPDHVFROKD³VXVWHQWDGD´QDOtQJXDODWLQDIUDQFrVGRFROR-
QL]DGRU"&DVRSRVLWLYRTXDODMXVWL¿FDWLYDSDUDDVXSUHVVmRGDVRXWUDVLOKDVIUDQFHVDV"(D*XLDQD)UDQFHVD"

3RUFRQVWLWXLUWHUULWyULRGHSDUWDPHQWRXOWUDPDULQRIUDQFrV"4XDOpDOyJLFDFXOWXUDO"GHGHVFRQVLGHUDURV
WHUULWyULRVFRO{QLDVGHSHQGrQFLDVHWFFRPRQmRFRPSRQHQWHVGD$PpULFD/DWLQD"(3RUWR5LFR"$UXED
%HUPXGDV*XDGDOXSHQmRID]HPSDUWHGD$PpULFD/DWLQD"&RPRVLWXDUDV,OKDV0DOYLQDV"3URYDYHOPHQWH
XP³UHJLRQDOLVWD´GHVDYLVDGRHRXHWQRFrQWULFRORFDOL]DULDDV0DOYLQDVVRPHQWHQD$PpULFDGR6XOPDV
QmRQD$PpULFD/DWLQDFRQYHQLHQWHSDUDTXHP"
³)RUDPH[FOXtGRV«RVYDVWRVWHUULWyULRVGD$PpULFDGR1RUWHTXH«D(VSDQKDHPDLVWDUGHR

0p[LFRSHUGHUDPSDUDRV(VWDGRV8QLGRV´FRQYpPDFUHVFHQWDUTXHRVOLPLWHVFXOWXUDLVHQWUHD$PpULFD
/DWLQDHD$PpULFD$QJORVD[{QLFDVmRGHGLItFLOGHPDUFDomR$QGUDGHSDVVLQDODTXHVH³OHYiVVH-
PRVHPFRQWDDSHQDVRSURFHVVRGHSRYRDPHQWRSRGHUtDPRVFRQVLGHUDUR&DQDGiIUDQFrVRXDOJXQVHVWD-
GRVGRV(VWDGRV8QLGRVD&DOLIyUQLDR1RYR0p[LFRHD)OyULGDFRPRSDUWHGD$PpULFD/DWLQD´$OpP
GD/XLVLDQDTXHHUDIUDQFHVD$QGUDGHSHGHVWDFDTXHQHVVHVHVWDGRV³DLQGDVHIDODODUJDPHQWH
RHVSDQKRO´HTXHQD)OyULGD³FRQYHUJLXXPDJUDQGHTXDQWLGDGHGHFXEDQRV±RVJXVDQRVDSDUWLUGH
HGHQLFDUDJHQVHVDSyVDYLWyULDVDQGLQLVWD´1HVWHFDVRSRUpPSDUDRVFXOWXUDOLVWDVDGLYLVmRSROtWLFD
HQWUHDVGXDV$PpULFDV±ODWLQDHDQJORVD[{QLFDHVWiDVVHJXUDGD2VOLPLWHVVmRLQTXHVWLRQiYHLVD³YDULi-
YHO´JHRSROtWLFDQHVWDVLWXDomRSUHYDOHFH
5RGULJXHVSHPDUWLJRGHyWLPDTXDOLGDGHVREUHWRS{QLPRVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVDSUHVHQWD

SRUpPXPFRQFHLWRHXPDGHOLPLWDomRGH$PpULFD/DWLQDWRPDGRVSRULQFRQVLVWrQFLDV
$H[SUHVVmRµ$PpULFD/DWLQD¶HVWiDVVRFLDGDPXLWRPDLVLQWLPDPHQWHDTXHVW}HVHFRQ{PLFDVHVRFLDLV
GRVSDtVHVTXHDFRPS}HPGRTXHDXPDVSHFWRPHUDPHQWHWHUULWRULDO1mRVHWUDWDpSUHFLVROHPEUDU
GHXPFRQWLQHQWHPDVVLPGHXPDDOXVmRDRVSDtVHVFRORQL]DGRVSHORVJUDQGHVLPSpULRVPDUtWLPRV
UHSUHVHQWDGRVSULQFLSDOPHQWHSHOD(VSDQKDHSRU3RUWXJDO7HUULWRULDOPHQWHFRPSUHHQGHTXDVHWRGD
D$PpULFDGR6XOH&HQWUDOPDLVHVSHFL¿FDPHQWH$UJHQWLQD%ROtYLD%UDVLO&KLOH&RO{PELD&RVWD
5LFD&XED(O6DOYDGRU(TXDGRU*XDWHPDOD+DLWL+RQGXUDV1LFDUiJXD3DQDPi3DUDJXDL3HUX
5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQD8UXJXDLH9HQH]XHODH[FHWRSHOD*XLDQDSHOR6XULQDPHHSRU%HOL]HTXHVmR
SDtVHVGHOtQJXDJHUPkQLFD20p[LFRORFDOL]DGRQD$PpULFDGR1RUWHWDPEpPDLQWHJUD
A autora ainda acrescenta em nota de rodapé “Neste trabalho não foram analisados os nomes dos paí-
VHVFRQVLGHUDGRVGHSHQGrQFLDVGD$PpULFD/DWLQDDVDEHU*XLDQD)UDQFHVDH3RUWR5LFR´
2H[FHUWR³DVSHFWRPHUDPHQWHWHUULWRULDO´PHUHFHULDHOXFLGDomRSRUSDUWHGDDXWRUD5HVVDOWHVHTXHQmRREV-
WDQWHRUHODWLYRFDUiWHUSROLVVrPLFRGRFRQFHLWRGHWHUULWyULRRPHVPRFRQWpPQRkPDJRSULQFLSDOPHQWHDSDUWLUGDV
HODERUDo}HVGH5DW]HOXPDOLJDomRtQWLPDFRPDFRQFHSomRJHQpULFDGHSRGHUSRUWDQWRRWHUULWyULRHVSDoRHSRGHU
WHPVLGRKLVWRULFDPHQWHDERUGDGRQD*HRJUD¿DSRUPpWRGRVGLIHUHQWHVHWDPEpPHPHVFDODVYDULDGDV
5RGULJXHVD¿UPDTXHH[SUHVVmR$PpULFD/DWLQDHVWiDVVRFLDGD³DTXHVW}HVHFRQ{PLFDVHVRFLDLVGRV

SDtVHV´SRUpPUHVWULQJHWRGDUHJLmRDRVSDtVHV³FRORQL]DGRVSHORVJUDQGHVLPSpULRVPDUtWLPRVUHSUHVHQWDGRVSULQFL-
SDOPHQWHSHOD(VSDQKDH3RUWXJDO´$V³TXHVW}HVHFRQ{PLFDVHVRFLDLVGRVSDtVHV´HVWmRH[RQHUDGDVGRFRQFHLWRSRLV
DUHJLRQDOL]DomRpGHEDVHFXOWXUDOFLUFXQVFULWDDRVFRORQL]DGRUHVLEpULFRV&RPRQDGHOLPLWDomRGH%HWKHOOKi
DLQWHJUDomRGR+DLWLVHPH[SOLFDomRSHODRULJHPFRORQLDOKLVSkQLFDGD,OKDGH6mRGRPLQJRV"H5RGULJXHV

QmRLQFOXLD-DPDLFDDRJUXSRGDVOtQJXDVJHUPkQLFDVWDPEpPQmRPHQFLRQDRVPXLWRVRXWURVWHUULWyULRVVRPHQWHID]
UHIHUrQFLDD3RUWR5LFRH*XLDQD)UDQFHVDVHPMXVWL¿FDUDGHVYLQFXODomRGHVWHVGD$PpULFD/DWLQD
$TXHVWmRpTXHLGLRPDVR¿FLDLVHQmRR¿FLDLVUHOLJL}HVHUHOLJLRVLGDGHVYDORUHVpWLFRVHRULJHQVpWQL-
FDVGDVSRSXODo}HVQDFLRQDLVSRVVXHPGHIDWRUHOHYkQFLDQDKLVWyULDHQDIRUPDomRVRFLDOGD$PpULFD/DWLQD
3RUpPDDGRomRGRFXOWXUDOFRPRYDULiYHOIXQGDPHQWDOSDUDHIHLWRGHUHJLRQDOL]DomRSURYRFDLPSUHFLV}HV
HVSDFLDLVFRPRDH[FOXVmRGR&DULEHGRFRQWH[WRODWLQRDPHULFDQRRXPHVPRDVXD³LQFOXVmRSDUFLDO´1DV
SULPHLUDVSiJLQDV$SUHVHQWDomRGDREUDEnciclopédia Contemporânea da América Latina e do Caribe -
FRRUGHQDGDSRU(PLU6DGHUHFRODERUDGRUHVDVVLPHVWiUHJLVWUDGR
$PpULFD/DWLQDpXPDFRQVWUXomRFXOWXUDOKLVWyULFDHSROtWLFDQmRDSHQDVXPDFRQVWUXomRJHRJUi¿FD
&RPSULPLGDHQWUHRULR*UDQGHDRQRUWHHD3DWDJ{QLDDRVXOQLQJXpPGXYLGDGHTXHVHMDLQWHJUDGDSHOD
$PpULFDGR6XOSHOD$PpULFD&HQWUDOHSHOR0p[LFR0DVKiTXHPFRQVLGHUHTXHDVLOKDVFDULEHQKDVGH
OtQJXDLQJOHVDSRUH[HPSORQmRID]HPSDUWHGD$PpULFD/DWLQD(VWDREUDUHLYLQGLFDTXHVLPSRULVVR
QRVHXVXEWtWXORHQIDWL]DPRV³HR&DULEH´$RORQJRGRVWH[WRVHQWUHWDQWRTXDQGRVHPHQFLRQDDSHQDV
$PpULFD/DWLQDVHPDGLFLRQDUR&DULEHVXEHQWHQGHVHTXHHVWiHPSDXWDDWRWDOLGDGHGHVVHFRQWLQHQWH
1HVVHWUHFKRGDUHIHULGDHyWLPDREUDKiXPDFRQFHSomRUHVWULWDVREUH³FRQVWUXomRJHRJUi¿FD´)LFD

LPSOtFLWRTXHDVGLPHQV}HVFXOWXUDOWHPSRUDOHSROtWLFDQmRFRPS}HPRJHRJUi¿FR. Destituído dessas dimen-
V}HVWDPEpPGDHFRQ{PLFD"¿FDULDR³JHRJUi¿FRÚHGX]LGRDRItVLFRORFDFLRQDO"(VWDYLVmRGRJHRJUi¿FR
SDUHFHUHYHUEHUDUQRWtWXORGDREUDHSRUFRQVHJXLQWHQDHVWUDQKDH[SODQDomRTXHGHFHUWDPDQHLUDQHJDR
WtWXORHVFROKLGR&RQWXGRHVWmRLQFOXtGDVDV³LOKDVFDULEHQKDVGHOtQJXDLQJOHVD´DRFRQMXQWRODWLQRDPHULFDQR
+iXPGLVFXUVRGHVDOYDJXDUGDGD³WRWDOLGDGHGHVVHFRQWLQHQWH´QmRVXVFHWtYHODVVLPDRVIUDWXUDPHQWRVGH-
FRUUHQWHVGD³ODWLQLGDGH´'HVWDPDQHLUDQmRRFRUUHPVXEWUDo}HVWHUULWRULDLVHDUHVSHLWRGD$PpULFD/DWLQD
³QLQJXpPGXYLGDGHTXHVHMDLQWHJUDGDSHOD$PpULFDGR6XOSHOD$PpULFD&HQWUDOHSHOR0p[LFR´0DV
por que, então, o título Enciclopédia Contemporânea da América Latina e do Caribe e não tão somente Enci-
FORSpGLD&RQWHPSRUkQHDGD$PpULFD/DWLQD",QFRHUrQFLD"6XEPLVVmRHGLWRULDOLVWD"
Caribe não é América Latina?

2&DULEHFRQVWLWXLXPDUHJLmRjSDUWHRXXPDVXEUHJLmRGD$PpULFD/DWLQD"&RQFHLWXDOPHQWHRTXHpR
&DULEH"2TXHGH¿QHUHJLRQDOPHQWHD$PpULFD/DWLQD"$H[SUHVVmR±América Latina e Caribe±³PLGLDWLFDPHQWH´
GLIXQGLGDHIUHTXHQWHPHQWHUHSURGX]LGDQDDFDGHPLDHSRULQVWLWXLo}HVGLYHUVDVGHQRWDQRHQWDQWRPDLVXPDGLYLVmR
GRTXHXPDVXEGLYLVmR$OpPGRPDLVKiPDLVGHXP&DULEH$OJXPDVYH]HVR&DULEHpUHWUDWDGRFRPRHTXLYDOHQWH
jV3HTXHQDV$QWLOKDV(PRXWUDVVLWXDo}HVDH[HPSORGD&(3$/R&DULEHpLGHQWL¿FDGRSHODV3HTXHQDV
e Grandes Antilhas (menos Porto Rico) acrescido, no entanto, por Belize, Suriname e Guiana Inglesa; mas, também,
DSUySULD&(3$/UHLWHUDGDPHQWHVXEWUDLYiULDVLOKDVRVWHUULWyULRVFRORQLDLV&RQWXGRSRUpPRTXHMXVWL¿FDFRP-
SUHHQGHUR&DULEHFRPRUHJLmRH[WHULRUj$PpULFD/DWLQD"3RUTXHKiWDQWDVUHSUHVHQWDo}HVGR&DULEH"
5HFRUWHVFRPR(XURSD&HQWUDO/HVWH(XURSHXÈIULFDGR1RUWH$PpULFDGR1RUWH$PpULFD$QGLQD0HUFRVXO0HVRDPpULFD
HWFFRQVWLWXHPUHJLRQDOL]Do}HVLQWHUQDVDRFRQWLQHQWHVTXHVHJXHPQHFHVVDULDPHQWHSDUkPHWURVFRQFHLWXDLV1RFDVRR&DULEH

3URYDYHOPHQWHSHODVSHUVSHFWLYDVHWQRFrQWULFDVR&DULEHVHGLIHUHQFLDULDGD$PpULFD/DWLQDGHYLGR
DRVWHUULWyULRVGHFRORQL]DomRKRODQGHVDEULWkQLFDSRUWDQWRQmRODWLQDWDOYH]SRULVVRD&(3$/DVVHJXUH
³QRVHXFDULEH´RVSDtVHVPHQFLRQDGRV0DVD5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQD+DLWLH&XEDSRUH[HPSORQmRFRP-
S}HPR&DULEH"$OJXQVFXOWXUDOLVWDVHXURFrQWULFRVMiDGPLWHPDH[LVWrQFLDGHXPFDULEHHVSDQKROHRXWUR
caribe; América Latina e Caribes"3DUDRXWURV³UHJLRQDOLVWDV´RV$IURDPHULFDQRVHRVHXURSHXVQmRODWLQRV
IRUPDULDPHWQLFDPHQWHR&DULEH&XED%HOL]H%DKDPDV7ULQLGDGH7REDJRHDVVLPSRUGLDQWH5HVVDOWHVH
TXHDSDUWLFLSDomRGRVDIURDPHULFDQRVQD$PpULFD/DWLQDQmRHVWiFRQFHQWUDGDH[FOXVLYDPHQWHQR&DULEH
eEiVLFRUHFRQKHFHUTXHKiHYLGHQWHPHQWHGLIHUHQWHVREMHWLYRVQRH[HUFtFLRGHUHJLRQDOL]DomR7RGDYLD
UHJLRQDOL]DUVRPHQWHHPIXQomRGRVSURSyVLWRVGDSHVTXLVDFRQGX]IUHTXHQWHPHQWHDRDSDUHFLPHQWRGHGLVWRUo}HV
HVSDFLDLV1HVWHVHQWLGRSURFHGHDSUHRFXSDomRGH0DUFHOR(VFRODUSVREUHRIDWRGHTXH³TXDOTXHU
FRLVDSRGHVHUUHJLRQDOL]DGD´HTXHSDUDHYLWDUHQWmRXP³VDOWRFRQFHLWXDOQRYD]LR´pSUHFLVRDWHQWDUVHSDUDDV
QRo}HVSULQFtSLRVHFRQFHLWRVHWHRULDVSHUWLQHQWHVDRUHFRUWHHVSDFLDOUHDOL]DGR1DUHJLRQDOL]DomRGD&(3$/
D*XLDQD,QJOHVDH6XULQDPHVLWXDGRVQD$PpULFDGR6XOVmR³GHVORFDOL]DGRV´SDUDR&DULEH
%HOL]HWDPEpPp³GHVORFDOL]DGR´GRLVWPRHSDVVDDFRPSRUWDPEpPDÀXtGDUHJLmR&DULEH$OpPGRPDLVpYROiWLO
RWUDWDPHQWRGD&(3$/DRVWHUULWyULRVFRORQLDLVFRPR%HUPXGD'RPLQLFD&D\PDQ&XUDoDR
3RUWR5LFRHWF1DPDLRULDGDVYH]HVHVVHVWHUULWyULRVQmRFRQVWLWXHPR&DULEHPDVHPRXWUDVFRPSDUHFHPQDV
HVWDWtVWLFDVHFRQ{PLFDV$QXiULRV6RFLDLVFHSDOLQDV³WDEXODGRV´HQWmRQDUHIHULGDUHJLmR
&DUGRVRH+HOZHJHSDVVLQDODPTXHDV³DQWLJDVFRO{QLDVQmRHVSDQKRODVGR&DULEHHGD

$PpULFDGR6XOVmRjVYH]HVH[FOXtGDVSRUTXHSRXFRSDUWLFLSDUDPGRVDFRQWHFLPHQWRVKLVWyULFRVGDUHJLmR
3RUWR5LFRHVWiWDPEpPH[FOXtGRSRUTXHQXQFDIRLLQGHSHQGHQWH´(VWDWHQWDWLYDGHHOXFLGDomRDPSOL¿-
FDDVGHIRUPDo}HVLQHUHQWHVjVUHJLRQDOL]Do}HVFXOWXUDOLVWDV$WULEXLUSRXFDUHOHYkQFLDKLVWyULFDjVFRO{QLDV
QmRHVSDQKRODVUHFODPDDUJXPHQWDomRRXSHORPHQRVXPDGHIHVDGHTXHD³PHQRU+LVWyULD´MXVWL¿FDULD
GHVYLQFXODUDOJXQVSDtVHVHRXR&DULEHGD$PpULFD/DWLQDH[FOXLU-DPDLFD6XULQDPH+DLWL, etc; é impor-
WDQWHWDPEpPH[SOLFDUDUHWLUDGDGH3RUWR5LFRDVVLPFRPRDGRVRXWURVWHUULWyULRVHQ¿PHVWDSHUVSHFWLYD
FXOWXUDOLVWDFRQWULEXLGHTXHPDQHLUDFRPDVUHÀH[}HVVREUH$PpULFD/DWLQD"(VWXGDUR&DULEHFRPRUHJLmR
DSDUWDGDGD$PpULFD/DWLQDUHSUHVHQWD³PHWRGRORJLD´LQWHUHVVDQWHSDUDTXHP"
&RQIRUPHD&(3$/R&DULEHQmRFRPS}HD$PpULFD/DWLQDFRQVLVWHHPXPDUHJLmRSUySULDGHV-
YLQFXODGD 0DV R FRQFHLWR GH &DULEH SDUD D &(3$/ p YDULiYHO LQFRQVWDQWH ÀH[tYHO
LQFRQVLVWHQWH&RUURPSHVHDVVLPDLQWUtQVHFDDVVRFLDomRHQWUHRVREMHWLYRVGRWUDEDOKRHRUHFRUWHHVSDFLDO
UHDOL]DGR&RQFHEHURHVSDoRJHRJUi¿FRFRPRPDLVXP³GDGRDX[LOLDU´GRFRQMXQWRHVWDWtVWLFRRXFRPRXP
³REVWiFXOR´ VXVFHSWtYHO D TXDOTXHU UHJLRQDOL]DomR RFDVLRQD PXLWDV YH]HV IUDWXUDV IDOKDV HTXtYRFRV TXH
FRPSURPHWHPGHXPMHLWRRXGHRXWURDDQiOLVHJHUDO6HSDUDo}HVHQWUH$PpULFD/DWLQDH&DULEH$PpULFD
pDSUHVHQWDGRFRPRXPWRGRQmRFRPRXPDVXEUHJLmRDOpPGHVHUDSUHVHQWDGRFRPRGHOLPLWDo}HVYDULDGDV(PJHUDOQmRFDX-

VDPQRVPHLRVDFDGrPLFRVHVWUDQKDPHQWRVKDYHUPDLVGHXP&DULEHHYiULDV$PpULFDV/DWLQDV
$5HYROXomR+DLWLDQDSURGX]LXjpSRFDHIHLWRVSROtWLFRVVLJQL¿FDWLYRVQD$PpULFD/DWLQDSULQFLSDOPHQWHQDVUHJL}HVRQGH
SUHGRPLQDYDPDVUHODo}HVGHSURGXomRHVFUDYRFUDWDV

&HQWUDOH&DULEHSULQFLSDOPHQWHTXDQGRDSHUFHSomRUHJLRQDOGH&DULEHpYDULiYHO±HYLGHQFLDPHPPXLWRV
FDVRVXPDFRQFHSomRLQFRPSOHWDGH$PpULFD/DWLQDHDDEUHYLDomRGD$PpULFD&HQWUDODRLVWPReSURYiYHO
TXHHVVDQRomRGH$PpULFD&HQWUDOQmRLQVXODUWHQKDUHODomRFRPSUREOHPDVGHWUDGXomRHRXFRPGHVFXLGRV
FRQFHLWXDLV*LOEHUW%XWODQGFRQVLGHUDLPSRUWDQWHGLVWLQJXLURWHUPRMiddle America – de uso menos
FRPXP±GDH[SUHVVmRCentral America frequentemente utilizada.
$$PpULFD &HQWUDO p FRQVWLWXtGD SHOR LVWPR H SHODV LOKDV RX VHMD p FRPSRVWD SHORV SDtVHV GD ³IDL[D
DORQJDGD´FRQWLQHQWDO3DQDPi%HOL]H1LFDUiJXD*XDWHPDOD+RQGXUDV(O6DOYDGRU&RVWD5LFDTXHOLJDDV
$PpULFDVGR1RUWHHGR6XOHSHODVJUDQGHV-DPDLFD3RUWR5LFR&XED+DLWLH5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQDHSHTXH-
QDV$QWLOKDV*XDGDOXSH0DUWLQLFD&XUDoDRHWF(PRXWUDVSDODYUDVD$PpULFD&HQWUDOpIRUPDGDSHOR&DULEH
UHJLmRLQVXODUHSHOR,VWPR3RUUD]}HVGLVWLQWDVDOJXQVSHVTXLVDGRUHVHQWUHWDQWRUHGX]HPD$PpULFD&HQWUDODR
LVWPR)HUQDQGR+HQULTXH&DUGRVRH<YHV/DFRVWHSRUH[HPSORHPVLWXDo}HVSUHWpULWDVDOJXPDVUHJLRQDOL]Do}HV
LQFOXtDPR0p[LFRQD$PpULFD&HQWUDOeSUHVXPtYHOTXHRFRQFHLWREiVLFRGH$PpULFD&HQWUDODLQGDSHUPDQHoD
SDUFDPHQWHDVVLPLODGRRTXHLQWHUIHUHGHXPDPDQHLUDRXGHRXWUDQRVLJQL¿FDGRGH&DULEH
$SURSyVLWRRHOHPHQWDUHQWHQGLPHQWRGDFOiVVLFDUHJLRQDOL]DomR$PpULFDGR1RUWH$PpULFD&HQWUDOH
$PpULFDGR6XOEDVHDGDQDGLYLVmRGRVEORFRVFRQWLQHQWDLVHPUD]mRGDGLVSRVLomRGDVSODFDVWHFW{QLFDVIDYR-
UHFHDVFRUUHODo}HVFRPDUHJLRQDOL]DomR$PpULFD$QJORVD[{QLFDH$PpULFD/DWLQD$PHQomRUHFRUUHQWHGHTXH
D$PpULFD/DWLQDDEUDQJHD$PpULFDGR6XOD$PpULFD&HQWUDOHR0p[LFRpYiOLGDjPHGLGDTXHVHGHSUHHQGH
TXHR&DULEHpSDUWHGD$PpULFD&HQWUDOPDVWDPEpPTXHQHQKXPWHUULWyULRGD$PpULFDGR6XOGR&DULEHRX
GRLVWPRVHUiSRUFULWpULRpWQLFROLQJXtVWLFRVXSULPLGRGHVOLJDGRGHVORFDOL]DGRGHVORFDGR
1mRSRUDFDVRTXHVHYHUL¿FDPXLWDVYH]HVTXHDH[SUHVVmR$PpULFD/DWLQDH&DULEH¿FDVHPVHQ-
WLGR1DREUDRUJDQL]DGDSRU5LFDUGR%LHOVFKRZVN\SVREUHRV&LQTHQWD$QRVGH3HQVDPHQWR
QD&(3$/FRQFOXtDVHDWpHQWmRTXHD³$PpULFD/DWLQDHR&DULEHHQFRQWUDPVHQXPLQWHQVRSURFHVVRGH
WUDQVIRUPDomRFDUDFWHUL]DGRSRUDYDQoRVQRSOXUDOLVPRGHPRFUiWLFRSRUSURIXQGDVUHIRUPDVHFRQ{PLFDV
´2IDWRpTXHQRJHUDODVDQiOLVHVHLQIHUrQFLDVGDSUySULD&(3$/VREUHR&DULEHHDVRXWUDVVXEUHJL}HV
GD$PpULFD/DWLQDQmRUHYHODPGLIHUHQoDVLPSRUWDQWHVUHODo}HVHFRQVHTXrQFLDVPXLWRVHPHOKDQWHVVmRDSRQ-
WDGDVWDQWRQHVWDHFRPRHPRXWUDVSURGXo}HV
,QH[LVWHSDUDPXLWRVSHVTXLVDGRUHVLQWHOLJLELOLGDGHVREUHR&DULEHSRUWDQWRSHUJXQWDVHHPGHIH-
UrQFLDDHVWDV³OyJLFDVÚHJLRQDLVHWQRFrQWULFDVHRXHVWDWtVWLFDVSRUTXHQmRDOWHUDUDH[SUHVVmR$PpULFD
/DWLQDH&DULEHSDUD$PpULFD/DWLQDH%UDVLO"2XHQWmRSDUD$PpULFD/DWLQDH&RPXQLGDGH$QGLQD"$PpULFD
/DWLQDH0p[LFR"+iPXLWDVSRVVLELOLGDGHVGHHIHWXDUUHJLRQDOL]Do}HVGHEDVHFXOWXUDORXHVWDWtVWLFDSDUDD
$PpULFD/DWLQDLQFOXVLYHUHWDOKDQGRDDIDVWDQGRYiULRVGHVHXVWHUULWyULRVIUDWXUDQGRVXDXQLGDGHJHRSROtWL-
FDHJHRHFRQ{PLFDHP³UD]mRGDGLYHUVLGDGH´pWQLFDRXSRUPRWLYRGHWDEXODo}HVeQHFHVViULRQmRFRQIXQGLU
“It is important to distinguish the term ‘Middle America’ from the more common use of Ćentral America´, which refers only to the
six small republics and one colony between Mexico and Colombia. Middle America embraces Central America and Mexico and West
Indies, and thus includes nearly one-third of all Latin Americans and its second most populous nation.”%87/$1'S
2TXHSRGHVLJQL¿FDUR&DULEHHPWHUPRVGHOLPLWHVSDUDDPDLRULDGDVDJrQFLDVGHWXULVPR"

o conceito geral de América Latina com a capacidade de realizar recortes espaciais internos, em escalas re-
JUHVVLYDVQHVWHVHQWLGRVHPDEGLFDUGRH[HUFtFLRGHGHVHQKDUHFRQVLGHUDUVXEUHJL}HVODWLQRDPHULFDQDVSRU
FRHUrQFLDUHJLRQDOHVHQVRJHRJUi¿FRSRUTXHQmRFRQFHEHUVRPHQWH$PpULFD/DWLQD",QFRPRGD"
,PSRUWDUHD¿UPDUTXHSHUGLGRQXPDHVSpFLHGH³OLPERDFDGrPLFR´RHVSDoRJHRJUi¿FRODWLQRDPHULFDQR
PXLWDVYH]HVFRPSDUHFHQDVVXDVGLYHUVDVHVFDODVFRPRPHURSDOFRRXFHQiULRGHDFRQWHFLPHQWRVKLVWyULFRVRX
não raro, é reduzido ou esfacelado por dados estatísticos. Além do mais, em determinadas pesquisas e publi-
FDo}HVD$PpULFD/DWLQDHQFRQWUDVHSXOYHUL]DGD³GHVFRQMXQWDGD´FRPRVHIRVVHXPFRPSrQGLRGHTXDWUR
RXFLQFRWHUULWyULRVPLFURHVFDODUHV
'HVWDIRUPDYDOHPDVSRVLo}HVFRPR$PpULFDGR6XOVHP6XULQDPHHVHPDV*XLDQDV&DULEHFRP
%HOL]H&DULEHFRPRXVHPWHUULWyULRVFRORQLDLV&DULEHFRPRXVHP+DLWL$PpULFD/DWLQDVHP&XEDVHP
0DOYLQDVHWF'DGRVHFRQ{PLFRVSUHYDOHFHPQDVDWXDLVSHVTXLVDVFHSDOLQDVRTXHSRGHULDMXVWL¿FDUGHFHUWD
IRUPDDVRVFLODo}HVUHJLRQDLV3RUpPHVVDÀH[LELOL]DomRGD&(3$/DROLGDUFRPDVXEUHJLmRFDULEHQKD
RQGHRVOLPLWHVUHJLRQDLVVmRGLYHUVRVHRVSDtVHVHWHUULWyULRVYDULDPDFDEDSRUFRUURPSHUPXLWDVYH]HVR
HVSDoRODWLQRDPHULFDQRDRVSURSyVLWRVHVWDWtVWLFRV1mRREVWDQWHjVDEHUUDo}HVUHJLRQDLVFHSDOLQDVDLGHLDGH
$PpULFD/DWLQDSDUD%HWKHOOSDUD5RGULJXHVHRXWURVpDLQGDPDLVLQFRPSOHWD
&DULEHLPSURELGDGHVJHRJUi¿FDV
3DUD$]HYHGR H +HUEROG R &DULEH FRQVWLWXL XPD ³UHJLmR KHWHURJrQHD´ SRLV LQWHJUD SDtVHV
IRUPDOPHQWHLQGHSHQGHQWHVHWHUULWyULRVFRORQLDLVPDVFRQWpPVLQJXODULGDGHVGRSRQWRGHYLVWDHFRQ{PLFR
DRULHQWDomRTXDVHTXHH[FOXVLYDSDUDRPHUFDGRH[WHUQR6HJXQGR$]HYHGRH+HUEROGS³DVIRUPD-
o}HVpWQLFDVFXOWXUDLVHOLQJtVWLFDVGLYHUVDV±IUXWRGDFRORQL]DomRHVSDQKRODLQJOHVDIUDQFHVDHKRODQGHVDH
GDXWLOL]DomRQHJUDHGHLPLJUDQWHVDVLiWLFRV±FDUDFWHUL]DPHVVDUHJLmR´2WHUPRUHJLmRKHWHURJrQHDUHYHOD
XPDGL¿FXOGDGHEiVLFDDFRHVmRHDKRPRJHQHLGDGHSURYHQLHQWHVGHGHWHUPLQDGDVUHODo}HVVRFLDLVFULVWDOL-
]DGDVQRHVSDoRFRQIHUHPjUHJLmRLGHQWLGDGHDOWHULGDGHHUHODWLYDXQLGDGHQRHQWDQWRSUHVVXS}HWDPEpP
DUHSURGXomRHQGyJHQDGHKHWHURJHQHLGDGHVLQHUHQWHVDTXDOTXHUUHJLmRWHUULWyULROXJDU7DOYH]SRULVWR
TXH$]HYHGRH+HUEROGSGHVWDFDUDPFRPRHVSHFL¿FLGDGHUHJLRQDODGHSHQGrQFLDHFRQ{PLFD
FRPELQDGDFRPDGRPLQDomRHVWUDQJHLUD
2WUDoRTXHFDUDFWHUL]DRFDULEHDRORQJRGHWRGDDVXDKLVWyULDpDGRPLQDomRHVWUDQJHLUDFRPWRGDVDV
VXDVQHIDVWDVFRQVHTrQFLDVDGHSHQGrQFLDHFRQ{PLFDSROtWLFDHFXOWXUDORVSUREOHPDVVRFLDLVHUDFLDLVHD
IUDJPHQWDomRGDUHJLmRFRPVHXVSDtVHVYROWDGRVTXDVHTXHH[FOXVLYDPHQWHSDUDDVSRWrQFLDVKHJHP{QLFDV
0RGDQD(VWDWtVWLFDPRGLVPRVFRPRGLVPRVHLQF{PRGRVQDDFDGHPLDQmRUDUDPHQWHRVPRGLVPRVVXEPHWHPDUHÀH[mRFUtWL-
FDQDV8QLYHUVLGDGHVHDSURGXomR³IRUDGHPRGD´pPDUJLQDOL]DGDFRPRGLVPRVSDVVDPDFRPDQGDURSHQVDPHQWRRVPRGRVDV
SXEOLFDo}HVRVSURMHWRVGHH[WHQVmRDVSHVTXLVDV
$³UHJLmRSHUVRQDOLGDGH´GRVpFXOR;,;HD³UHJLmRSODQHMDGD´GR¿QDOGD6HJXQGD*XHUUDFRH[LVWLUDP$SHVDUGHPXLWDVRXWUDV
WLSRORJLDVUHJLmRKRPRJrQHDUHJLmR]RQDOUHJLmRUHGHHWFQRFDPSRHSLVWHPROyJLFRGD*HRJUD¿DDUHJLmRIRLPRUWDHUHVVXVFL-
WDGDFRQIRUPHDVLGHRORJLDVHRVPpWRGRVJHRJUi¿FRV(QWHQGHVHLQFOXVLYHTXHQHVVHSHUtRGRGH$FXPXODomR)OH[tYHODGLYLVmR
regional do trabalho não fora, meramente, substituída pela divisão territorial do trabalho.

,PSRUWDVDOLHQWDUTXHDGHSHQGrQFLDHFRQ{PLFDFRQVWLWXLXPSUREOHPDJHUDOGD$PpULFD/DWLQD,PSR-
VLo}HVLPSHULDOLVWDVDOLDQoDVHQWUHDVHOLWHVQDFLRQDLVHLQWHUQDFLRQDLVVXSHUH[SORUDomRHSREUH]DPDWHULDO
GRVWUDEDOKDGRUHVHRXWUDVUHODo}HVVRFLDLVQmRVmRSHFXOLDULGDGHVGR&DULEHFRQ¿UPDPHPGLVWLQWRVJUDXV,
DUHDOLGDGHGRVGLYHUVRVSDtVHVHWHUULWyULRVODWLQRDPHULFDQRV7DPEpPDGLYHUVLGDGHpWQLFDQmRpH[FOXVLYL-
GDGHFDULEHQKD([LVWHPRXWUDVVXEUHJL}HVGD$PpULFD/DWLQDTXHFXOWXUDOPHQWHVHGLIHUHQFLDPGHXPJHUDO
SUHHVWDEHOHFLGRDH[HPSORGRVSDtVHVDQGLQRVGD³$PpULFD3RUWXJXHVD´GD*XDWHPDODH0p[LFRPDVHVWHV
SDtVHVH³VXEUHJL}HV´QmRVmRGLVFULPLQDGRVGRFRQMXQWRODWLQRDPHULFDQRFRPRIUHTXHQWHPHQWHRFRUUHFRP
DVXEUHJLmRGR&DULEH
6HJXQGR*URQGLQSR&DULEHpFRPSRVWRSRU³YLQWHHVHWHLOKDVSULQFLSDLVHTXDWURWHUULWy-

ULRVHPWHUUD¿UPHWULQWDHGRLVSDtVHVFRO{QLDVHGHSDUWDPHQWRVGLIHUHQWHVHVVHFRQMXQWRpPXLWRPDLV
KHWHURJrQHRTXHKRPRJrQHR´'HVWDPDQHLUD*URQGLQSFRQFOXLTXHR³&DULEHFRPRXQLGDGH
VyFLRHFRQ{PLFDSROtWLFDHPHVPRJHRJUi¿FDQmRH[LVWH«RTXHH[LVWHVmRDVLOKDVFDULEHQKDVéGLItFLO
DVVLPLODUDLGHLDGHXQLGDGHJHRJUi¿FDGH*URQGLQPDVRDXWRUWHPFRQYLFomRGHTXHR&DULEHQmR
SRGHVHUFDUDFWHUL]DGRSRUDWULEXWRVGHRUGHPFXOWXUDOSROtWLFDRXHFRQ{PLFD1mRKiSRUWDQWRGHDFRUGR
FRPRDXWRUVLQJXODULGDGHUHJLRQDO1mRH[LVWHDVVLPUHJLmRDSHQDVXPWHUPRTXHQmRJXDUGDUHODomRFRP
RHVSDoRGHQRPLQDGR2DXWRUQmRORFDOL]DQHQKXPFRQWH~GRJHQpULFRHDXWrQWLFRGHLGHQWL¿FDomRGR&DULEHPDV
LQGLUHWDPHQWHVXJHUHTXHDIRUPDFRQ¿JXUDomRLQVXODUFRQVWLWXLULDWDOYH]DH[SUHVVmRSDUWLFXODUIRUPDFRQWH~GR"
GDUHJLmR(VWUDQKRSRUTXH*URQGLQSLQFOXLTXDWURWHUULWyULRVFRQWLQHQWDLVDVGXDV*XLDQDVR6XULQDPH
H%HOL]HDR&DULEHRTXHFRQWUDULDD³VXJHVWmR´GRTXHSRGHULDFRQVLVWLUQXPDUHJLmR³QDWXUDO´JHRPRUIROyJLFD
4XDQWRjVLOKDV*URQGLQSD¿UPDTXH³VmRPXLWRGLIHUHQWHVXPDVGDVRXWUDVWDQWRpWQLFD

e racialmente como culturalmenteQRVHQWLGRHVWULWRGDSDODYUD´$RPHVPRWHPSRHPTXHLQGLFDDDXVrQFLD
GHXPDVLQJXODULGDGHHVSDFLDORDXWRUVLQDOL]DTXHDSyVRH[WHUPtQLRGRVSRYRVLQGtJHQDVDXWyFWRQHVFRPHoRX
R³IHQ{PHQRGDHVFUDYLGmRTXHWUDQVIRUPDULDR&DULEHDWXDOQXPDGDVPDLRUHVVHQmRDPDLRUFRQFHQWUDo}HV
QHJUDVGHSRLVGDÈIULFD´*521',1S3DUD*URQGLQSDV³LOKDVGR&DULEHWrPWDPEpP
HPFRPXPRIDWRGHKDYHUHPVLGRFRORQL]DGDVSHORVLVWHPDGHSODQWDo}HVHPERUDIRVVHPGHGLYHUVRVWLSRV´
As plantations Do~FDUFDFDXEDQDQDDOJRGmRFDIpHWFHQJHQGUDUDPYiULDVUHJL}HVGD$PpULFD/D-

WLQDFRPRD]RQDGDPDWDQRUGHVWLQDHRQRUWHÀXPLQHQVHGR%UDVLORXRVFDQDYLDLVHP&KRFyH$QWLRTXLD
QD&RO{PELDRODWLI~QGLRDPRQRFXOWXUDHPJUDQGHHVFDODGHVWLQDGDDRH[WHULRUDXWLOL]DomRPDFLoDGHPmR
GHREUDHVFUDYL]DGDQHJUDDIULFDQDSULQFLSDOPHQWHQmRFRQ¿JXUDPHVSHFL¿FLGDGHVFDULEHQKDVVmRFDUDF-
WHUtVWLFDVODWLQRDPHULFDQDVPHVPRTXHHPRXWUDVUHJL}HVRWUDEDOKRHVFUDYRRXFRPSXOVyULRWHQKDVLGR
realizado também por indígenas. 31
&DUGRVRH)DOHWWRKLHUDUTXL]DUDPDOJXQVSDtVHVGD$PpULFD/DWLQDSRUQtYHLVGHGHSHQGrQFLD$VHFRQRPLDVGHHQFODYH

PDLRULDHVWDEHOHFLGDVQRVSDtVHVGD$PpULFD&HQWUDOtVWPLFDUHSUHVHQWDYDPVHJXQGRRVSHVTXLVDGRUHVRPDLRUGHJUDXGHVXERUGL-
QDomRHFRQ{PLFD1HVWHVSDtVHVRVFDSLWDLVHVWUDQJHLURVFRQWURODYDPDVJUDQGHVHPSUHVDVHRPHUFDGR³QDFLRQDO´GHH[SRUWDomR
&RQIHULUHP'HSHQGrQFLDH'HVHQYROYLPHQWRQD$PpULFD/DWLQD±(QVDLRHLQWHUSUHWDomRVRFLROyJLFD.
$TXHVWmRDJUiULDQD$PpULFD/DWLQDQHFHVVLWDLQFOXVLYHGHDERUGDJHQVUHJLRQDLVDPSODV2VHVWXGRVDJUiULRVPDLVUHFHQWHVVmR
PXLWRUHVWULWRVHPWHUPRVHVFDODUHVVmRPXLWDVYH]HVSRQWXDLVDDEUDQJrQFLDHVSDFLDOQmRDOFDQoDPDLVGRTXHGXDVRXWUrVPLFUR

(PUHODomRDRVYDULDGRVSRYRVLQGtJHQDVHRXWUDVFRQVWUXo}HVpWQLFDVODWLQRDPHULFDQDVUHJLVWUHVH
TXDQWLWDWLYDPHQWHTXHQR(TXDGRUSRUH[HPSORRVDPHUtQGLRVUHSUHVHQWDPGDSRSXODomRWRWDOSRUpP
KiGHODGLQRVRSHUFHQWXDOGHQHJURVpGHHRVEUDQFRVFRUUHVSRQGHPDGDSRSXODomRQDFLRQDO
'È9$/26S1R0p[LFRGRWRWDOSRSXODFLRQDORVDPHUtQGLRVVRPDPPHVWLoRVGHDPHUtQ-
GLRVHEUDQFRVFHUFDGHHRVEUDQFRVHXURSHXVQmRXOWUDSDVVDPRV5$-&+(1%(5*S
(QWmRSHOD³OyJLFDUHJLRQDOGDVHWQLDVQmRODWLQDV´HVVHVHRXWURVSDtVHVQmRVHULDPWDPEpP³GHVDJUHJDGRV´
da América Latina? Do ponto de vista étnico, tratam-se de países predominantemente latinos? Sobre a redução
de uma América Latina latinaHQmRREVWDQWHRQRPHSRXFRDSURSULDGR2OLYHLUDSVDOLHQWD
2TXHGL]HUGDV$PpULFDVQHJUDV"6mRODWLQDVDV$PpULFDV$PHUtQGLDVGD*XDWHPDODRQGHGDSRSX-

lação descendem dos maias (...)? Se é para se ter em conta o aspecto lingüístico-cultural, por que não uma outra
GHQRPLQDomRTXHH[SUHVVHFRPRXQLGDGHHVWHDPDOJDPDHQWUHRVVHJPHQWRVDPHUtQGLRVDIULFDQRVHLEpULFRV"32
1R+DLWLFRQIRUPH3HVFKDQVNLSRVQHJURVIRUPDPPDLVGHGDSRSXODomRWRWDO4XDQWR

DR6XULQDPHSDtVORFDOL]DGRQD$PpULFDGR6XOPDLVGHGDSRSXODomRpRULJLQiULDGHLQGLDQRVSDTXLVWDQH-
VHVHMDYDQHVHV12%,/(SKiJUXSRVLQGtJHQDVUHOHYDQWHVHRV'MXNDVGHVFHQGHQWHVGHHVFUDYRV
DIULFDQRVHVWDEHOHFHUDPVHQDÀRUHVWDWURSLFDOKiPDLVGHDQRVGRSRQWRGHYLVWDUHOLJLRVRRKLQGXtVPRHR
LVODPLVPRVmRVLJQL¿FDWLYRVQRFRQWH[WRQDFLRQDO%XWODQGSDVVLQDODTXH³QD$PpULFD/DWLQDKiJUDQ-
GHViUHDVRFXSDGDVTXDVHLQWHLUDPHQWHSRUSRYRVLQGtJHQDV´HTXHH[LVWHPWDPEpPRXWUDVUHJL}HV³RQGHHVWHV
SRYRVFRQWULEXHPDPSODPHQWHHPXLWDVYH]HVGHPDQHLUDSUHGRPLQDQWHQDIRUPDomRpWQLFDGRVKDELWDQWHV´
6HJXQGRRDXWRURWHUPR³LQGR$PpULFD´SRUWDQWR³SRGHWHUPXLWRVLJQL¿FDGRHVSHFLDOPHQWHQDVSRUo}HVGR
FRQWLQHQWHRQGHDVOtQJXDVGRVLQGtJHQDVDVLQVWLWXLo}HVHRVPRGRVGHYLGDDLQGDSHUVLVWHP´
1RHQWDQWRGHOLPLWDUDUHJLmRGR&DULEHSDUHFHWDUHIDIiFLOSRLVpSHUPLWLGRH[FOXLURXLQFOXLUSRU
H[HPSORD5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQDR+DLWLHRVWHUULWyULRVFRORQLDLV%HOL]H6XULQDPHH*XLDQDVSRGHPRX
QmRLQWHJUDUHVVDVXEUHJLmRH&XED"-DPDLFD"'HSHQGH(VVDÀXLGH]UHVXOWDHPJUDQGHPHGLGDGDVUHJLR-
QDOL]Do}HV TXH DGRWDP R FXOWXUDO FRPR FULWpULR SULQFLSDO PXLWDV GHODV EDVHDGDV VREUHWXGR QDV OtQJXDV H
UHOLJL}HVQDFLRQDLVLQVWLWXtGDVSHORVFRORQL]DGRUHVHXURSHXV$TXHVWmRpTXHFXOWXUDOPHQWHD$PpULFD/DWLQD
HVWiFRQIRUPDGDSRUPXLWRVSRYRVQDo}HVOtQJXDVUHOLJL}HVVLQFUHWLVPRVUDFLVPRVWHUULWRULDOLGDGHVQDFLR-
QDOLGDGHVSUHGRPLQDDGLYHUVLGDGHFXOWXUDO2&DULEH±FDUHQWHGHGH¿QLomRHGHGHOLPLWDomR±FRQVWLWXLPDLV
XPDGDVYiULDVUHJL}HVODWLQRDPHULFDQDV$VVLPSDUD$QGUDGHS
$RHVWXGDUPRVD$PpULFD/DWLQDQRVGHSDUDPRVFRPRSUREOHPDGDV*XLDQDVHGR&DULEHRQGHH[LV-
tem numerosos países (...) sem origem latina, uma vez que foram colonizados por ingleses e holandeses
DSUHVHQWDPVpULRVSUREOHPDVGHGHSHQGrQFLDH[WHUQDGHH[SORUDomRGHVXDHFRQRPLDSRUJUXSRV
WUDQVQDFLRQDLVGHSREUH]DHGHEDL[DTXDOLGDGHGHYLGD
VXEUHJL}HVQmRVmRUHDOL]DGDVFRPSDUDo}HVUHJLRQDLVQmRVmRHVWDEHOHFLGDVFRUUHODo}HVHQWUHDVSDUWLFXODULGDGHVHRJHUDO
'RSRQWRGHYLVWDpWQLFRHFXOWXUDOH[LVWHPYiULDV$PpULFDV/DWLQDVHWDOYH]VHMDSHUWLQHQWHDYDOLDUDSURYiYHOSUHSRQGHUkQFLDGH
XPD$PpULFDLQGtJHQDXPD$PpULFDQHJUDHXPD$PpULFDPHVWLoDHPUHODomRDXPD$PpULFDLEpULFDHIUDQFHVD%UXLWVS
GHVWDFDTXHVHJXQGRRSHQVDGRUFXEDQR-RVp0DUWt³$PpULFD1RVVD$PpULFDVySRGHVHUD$PpULFDLQGtJHQDDQHJUDDPHVWLoD
2V(VWDGRV8QLGRVVmRGH1RUWH$PpULFD´
211
Pela unidade da diversidade
$RPHQFLRQDURV³SUREOHPDVGHGHSHQGrQFLDH[WHUQDGHH[SORUDomRGHVXDHFRQRPLDSRUJUXSRVWUDQVQD-
FLRQDLVGHSREUH]DHGHEDL[DTXDOLGDGHGHYLGD´$QGUDGHDSUHVHQWDXPDYLVmRWRWDOL]DQWHGH$PpULFD/DWLQD3DUD
o autor, povos e países de origem latina e não latina constituem uma macrorregião caracterizada, historicamente, por
RUJDQL]Do}HVSROtWLFDVHHFRQ{PLFDVFRPXQV1RFHUQHGHVWDFRQFHSomRFRPSDUHFHXPD$PpULFD/DWLQDPDLDXPD
$PpULFD/DWLQDJXDUDQL$PpULFD/DWLQDDLPDUi$PpULFD/DWLQDWLFXQD$PpULFD/DWLQDNLNRQJR$PpULFD/DWLQD
LRUXEi$PpULFD/DWLQDODGLQD$PpULFD/DWLQDOLEROR$PpULFD/DWLQDKRODQGHVD$PpULFD/DWLQDODWLQD7RGRV
RV(VWDGRVQDFLRQDLVDVFRO{QLDVHWHUULWyULRVFRPstatusMXUtGLFRVHVSHFt¿FRVVLWXDGRVDRVXOGR5LR*UDQGHFRQ-
IRUPDPXPHVSDoRUHJLRQDOIXQGDPHQWDGRSULQFLSDOPHQWHQRVDWULEXWRVHFRQ{PLFRVHSROtWLFRV
3UREOHPDVGDGRPLQDomRGDGHSHQGrQFLDHFRQ{PLFDHSROtWLFDLPSHGHPTXHVHDQDOLVHDSUREOHPiWLFD
latino-americana, isolando as Guianas e grande parte das Antilhas (...). Não se pode perder a visão da
totalidade, de um bloco em luta pelo desenvolvimento e a libertação nacional, ignorando-se parte dessa
WRWDOLGDGHDSHQDVSRUUD]}HVpWQLFDV$1'5$'(S
São outros princípios conceituais e, por conseguinte, outros parâmetros delimitadores da América La-
WLQD1HVWDGLUHomR5X\0RUHLUDSDVVLQDODTXHDV³SUiWLFDVHVSDFLDLVVmRDo}HVTXHWrPSRUEDVH
R ELQ{PLR ORFDOL]DomRGLVWULEXLomR XPD UHODomR FRQWUDGLWyULD TXH p R IXQGDPHQWR RQWROyJLFR GR HVSDoR´
&RPSDUDUDVUHJLRQDOL]Do}HV±DVGHEDVHpWQLFDFRPDVDOLFHUoDGDVQDHFRQRPLDHQDSROtWLFD±SHUPLWHHYL-
GHQFLDUGLYHUJrQFLDVVLJQL¿FDWLYDV'HXPODGRXPUHFRUWHHVSDFLDOLQVXVWHQWDGRQDVFRQWULEXLo}HVFXOWXUDLV
LEpULFDVLGLRPDHUHOLJLmRRXVHMDRVSDtVHVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVVmRFDUDFWHUL]DGRVVHJXQGRDRULJHPFROR-
QLDOHXURSHLDHQRFRQMXQWRFRQ¿JXUDPDVVLPGHWHUPLQDGD$PpULFD/DWLQD1DRXWUDSHUVSHFWLYDRVSDtVHV
HWHUULWyULRVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVQmRREVWDQWHDGLYHUVLGDGHpWQLFDVmRLGHQWL¿FDGRVFRQIRUPHDVHVWUXWXUDV
HFRQ{PLFDVSROtWLFDVHVRFLDLVLQHUHQWHVDRSURFHVVRKLVWyULFRFDSLWDOLVWD$UHODomRORFDOL]DomRGLVWULEXLomRp
coerente, equilibrada; é preservada a integridade regional do espaço.
3RUWDQWR HP UHODomR jV QRo}HV JHRJUiILFDV H FDUWRJUiILFDV HOHPHQWDUHV QRWDPVH LQFRQVLV-
WrQFLDVQDVUHJLRQDOL]Do}HVGHEDVHFXOWXUDO9HULILFDPVHIUDWXUDVHLPSUHFLV}HVHVSDFLDLVLQFHUWH]DV
HLQFRHUrQFLDVUHIHUHQWHVDR+DLWL-DPDLFD*XLDQDVHWF³$MXVWHV´HVSDFLDLVSDUDDWHQGHUQ~PHURV
GDGRV HVWDWtVWLFDV DOpP GR UDFLVPR GLVIDUoDGR FRPSDUHFHP QDV UHJLRQDOL]Do}HV TXH DGRWDP R FXO-
WXUDO FRPR YDULiYHO SULQFLSDO7RGDYLD D LGHLD GH WRWDOLGDGH R ELQ{PLR ORFDOL]DomRGLVWULEXLomR H R
princípio da unidade e diversidade orientam a regionalização fundamentada na geopolítica e na geoe-
FRQRPLD2VUHGXFLRQLVPRVFRQFHLWXDLVUHIHUHQWHVj$PpULFD/DWLQDUHVXOWDPHPJUDQGHPHGLGDGD
GLILFXOGDGHPHWRGROyJLFDGHUHVROYHUGLDOHWLFDPHQWHD³RSRVLomRHQWUHDGLYHUVLGDGHHDXQLGDGH´
2VVRILVPDVUHJLRQDLVDOLPHQWDPVHGRVPRGLVPRVHGRVGHVFRQKHFLPHQWRVDWLQHQWHVDRELQ{PLROR-
FDOL]DomRGLVWULEXLomR3HUVLVWHPWDPEpPLQFRPSUHHQV}HVVREUHKRPRJHQLDHKHWHURJHQLDHVSDFLDLV
,PSRUWDDVVLPGHVWDFDUFRQIRUPH0RUHLUDSTXH
2SULQFtSLRGDORFDOL]DomRUHJHRXQR2SULQFtSLRGDGLVWULEXLomRUHJHRP~OWLSOR2SULQFtSLRGDORFD-
lização valoriza a unidade, enquanto o princípio da distribuição valoriza a diversidade (...). A unidade
212
age no sentido de internalizar e assimilar a diversidade dentro do uno. A diversidade, no sentido de
realizar-se plenamente dentro e como múltiplo. Então, o olhar de um contradita o olhar do outro.
3RVLFLRQDPHQWRV¿QDLV
3DUD$QGUDGHS³DIURQWHLUDHQWUHRV(VWDGRV8QLGRVHR0p[LFRVLPEROL]DGDSHORULR*UDQGH
VHULDROLPLWHGD$PpULFD/DWLQD7RGRVRVWHUULWyULRVVLWXDGRVDRVXOGHVWDIURQWHLUDIRUPDULDPD$PpULFD/DWLQD
WDQWRDVXDSRUomRFRQWLQHQWDOFRPRDVLOKDV´1mRKiVXEWUDo}HVWHUULWRULDLVHPIXQomRGHFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVpWQLFDV
A terminologia Latina, LQGHSHQGHQWHPHQWHGHVXDLQDGHTXDomRJXDUGDQHVWHHVFRSRRXWURVVLJQL¿FDGRV
$VLQWHUSUHWDo}HVTXHFRQYHUJHPQDGLUHomRGHXPD$PpULFD/DWLQDTXpFKXDWLFXQDODWLQDHWFWHQ-
GHPDFRQFHErODQmRVRPHQWHSRUPHLRGDSOXUDOLGDGHpWQLFDPDVWDPEpP±HSULQFLSDOPHQWHSRULQWHUPp-
GLRGDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVVRFLDLVHFRQ{PLFDVSROtWLFDV&RPSUHHQGHUD$PpULFD/DWLQDHVHXVOLPLWHVLPSOLFD
LQFOXVLYH UHIOH[mR H DomR VREUH RV GLUHLWRV EiVLFRV SDUD D WRWDOLGDGH GRV SRYRV 6HU RX QmR VHU
ODWLQRDPHULFDQRpXPDTXHVWmRVRFLDOXOWUDSDVVDDVRULJHQVpWQLFDV2OLYHLUDSDVVLQDODTXHVH
QmRKiSRUXPODGRXPDLGHQWLGDGHFXOWXUDOQD$PpULFD/DWLQD³H[LVWHSRURXWURODGRXPDUHODWLYDXQLGDGH
GHGHVWLQRUHIHUHQWHjVXDKLVWyULDSROtWLFRHFRQ{PLFD´$VVLPFRQIRUPH2OLYHLUDS
DDXVrQFLDGHXPDLGHQWLGDGHSUySULD³ODWLQRDPHULFDQD´QmRQHJDQHFHVVDULDPHQWHDH[LVWrQFLDGHXPD
unidade. Enquanto uma dada realidade socioespacial ela pode ser diversa e plural e a sua diversidade e
SOXUDOLGDGHFRQVWLWXLUVHQXPDXQLGDGHFRPRFRUROiULRGHXPSURFHVVRKLVWyULFRFRPXP
$DQWLJD&(3$/SUHRFXSDYDVHFRPDVFRQGLo}HVGHH[LVWrQFLDGRVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVHFRPDSRVLomR
SHULIpULFDGD$PpULFD/DWLQDQRFRQWH[WRPXQGLDO'XDOLVWDVPDU[LVWDV³GHSHQGHQWLVWDV´GHVHQYROYLPHQ-
WLVWDV±QHQKXPHPHVWDGRSXUR±UHDOL]DYDPUHÀH[}HVHODERUDYDPFRQFHLWRVHSURSRVLo}HVSDUDD$PpULFD
/DWLQD1mRIDOWDYDPSHQVDGRUHVHFRQVWUXo}HVWHyULFDVDFHUFDGDVHVWUXWXUDVPDFURHFRQ{PLFDVGRVSDtVHV
ODWLQRDPHULFDQRV3HVTXLVDGRUHVHVWDGXQLGHQVHVWDPEpPFRQWULEXtUDPSDUDDD¿UPDomRGRWHUPRWRGDYLD
PXLWRPDLVSHORLQWHUHVVHGHGHPDUFDUQLWLGDPHQWHD$PpULFD/DWLQDGD$PpULFD$QJORVD[{QLFD3RUWDQWR
DGHQRPLQDomRSURYHQLHQWHGDVDVSLUDo}HVJHRSROtWLFDVGH1DSROHmR,,,SHUVLVWLXSURVVHJXLXSURQXQFLDGD
UHXWLOL]DGDJUDIDGDHPPRYLPHQWRFRQWUDGLWyULR
$XWHQWLFDPHQWHRXQmRDH[SUHVVmRUHSUHVHQWDYDSDUDGHWHUPLQDGRJUXSRYDORUHVpWQLFRVFRPRDOD-
WLQLGDGHSDUDDOJXQVLQWHOHFWXDLVGRVpFXOR;,;RWHUPRHQXQFLDYDQRHQWDQWRXPDSRVWXUDDQWLLPSHULDOLVWD
(frente aos EUA); outros tentavam introduzir à denominação princípios nacionalistas burgueses adicionados
de simbologias ameríndias, mas, nos recentes países latino-americanos, as ideias positivistas predominavam;
RVPRYLPHQWRVHVWXGDQWLVXQLYHUVLWiULRVGRLQtFLRGRVpFXOR;;OHYDQWDYDPEDQGHLUDVDQWLROLJiUTXLFDVH
DQWLLPSHULDOLVWDVHRFRQFHLWRGH$PpULFD/DWLQDDGTXLULDGHVWDPDQHLUDIRUWHFRQRWDomRJHRSROtWLFD&RQWX-
do, o nome América Latina IRLUDWL¿FDGRSDXODWLQDPHQWHQRGHFXUVRGRQHRFRORQLDOLVPRHGDFRORQLDOLGDGH
contida, evidentemente, nas políticas neocoloniais).
213
Nacionalismos, racismos, regionalismos, classismos, e, sobretudo, o neocolonialismo sintetizavam as
PXLWDVUHODo}HVVRFLDLVHRVGLYHUVRVSURFHVVRVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVRFRQFHLWRGH$PpULFD/DWLQDGHYHULDHP
JUDQGHSDUWHGHVFHQGHUGHVWDVUHODo}HVHSURFHVVRV3LY{GDVDo}HVJHRSROtWLFDVGH1DSROHmR,,,R0p[LFR
HPFXUWRSHUtRGRH[SHULPHQWRXSHUGDVWHUULWRULDLVSDUDRV(8$DLQYDVmRHDGHUURWDIUDQFHVDDUHWRPDGDGR
OLEHUDOLVPRHDUHYROXomR=DSDWLVWD1DVHTXrQFLDQRYRVVLJQL¿FDGRVIRUDPDFXPXODGRVjH[SUHVVmR$PpULFD
/DWLQDHPGHFRUUrQFLDSRUH[HPSORGDVLQWHUYHQo}HVGRV(VWDGRV8QLGRVQD1LFDUiJXDRXHP&XEDGDV
*XHUUDVFRPRDGR3DUDJXDLGDFRQVWUXomRGR&DQDOGR3DQDPi2FRQFHLWRVHULDDLQGDEDVWDQWHHQULTXH-
FLGRSHOD&(3$/HDVVLPSURVVHJXLULDHPHPWUDQVPXWDomRSRUHIHLWRGRBogotazo (e posterior guerra
FLYLOGDUHYROXomREROLYLDQDHPGD5HYROXomR&XEDQDLQLFLDGDHPRXVHMDSHORFXUVRKLVWyUL-
co. Registrem-se, assim, sequencialmente, outros percursos macrorregionais pertinentes ao conceito como as
GLWDGXUDVPLOLWDUHVFLYLVQDVGpFDGDVGHHSRVWHULRUPHQWHDVDo}HVHUHDo}HVDRQHROLEHUDOLVPR
1HVWHVHQWLGRLPSRUWDLQGDJDUVREUHDVUHODo}HVHQWUHDKLVWyULDODWLQRDPHULFDQDHDGHVFRQVWUXomR

GRFRQFHLWRFRQYpPORFDOL]DUDVIRUoDVLGHROyJLFDVUHSURGXWRUDVGRVGLVWDQFLDPHQWRVHQWUHRUHDOHRFRQFHL-
WXDOPDVpPDLVUHOHYDQWHHOHJHUFRQVFLHQWHPHQWHSURFHGLPHQWRVPHWRGROyJLFRVGHDQiOLVHGHUHJLRQDOL]DomR
TXHIDYRUHoDPFRPSUHHQGHUD$PpULFD/DWLQDHUHFRQFHLWXiODDVVLPVHJXQGR2OLYHLUDS
6HSRUXPODGRRSURFHVVRKLVWyULFRFRQWULEXLXSDUDDFHQWXDUDVGLIHUHQoDVHRVFRQWUDVWHVVRFLRHVSD-
FLDLVHQWUHRVSDtVHVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVSRURXWURKiXP¿RFRPXPXPDUHODWLYDXQLGDGHGHGHVWLQR
que lega a esses países semelhanças nas suas estruturas e nos seus problemas, sobretudo quando vistos
QDVXDUHODomRFRPRPXQGRHLQVHULGRVQRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRKLVWyULFRPXQGLDODSDUWLUGRVpFXOR;9,
'HVHQYROYLPHQWRKLVWyULFRTXHQmRGHYHVHUUHGX]LGRDRVHIHLWRVJHRSROtWLFRVGDVFRORQL]Do}HVLEp-
ULFDVHUHVSHFWLYDVLPSRVLo}HVFXOWXUDLVSRLVDFRQVWUXomRGD$PpULFD/DWLQDpPXLWRPDLRUGLYHUVDHFRQ-
WUDGLWyULD&RQVLGHUDUDDPSOLWXGHGRVSURFHVVRVKLVWyULFRVHDFRQVHTXHQWHIRUPDomRGDVHVWUXWXUDVHVSDFLDLV
ODWLQRDPHULFDQDV FRQVWLWXL PpWRGR TXH GLDORJD FRPR XPD FRQFHSomR H XPD GHOLPLWDomR JHRJUi¿FD PDLV
FRPSOHWDPDLVFRPSOH[DHUHSUHVHQWDWLYDGDWRWDOLGDGHUHJLRQDO

Referências
$/,021'$+$,QYHQomRGD$PpULFD/DWLQDHRXWUDV2EVHVV}HV,QEstudos Sociedade e Agricul-
tura.1-XQKR5LRGH-DQHLUR8)55-SS'LVSRQtYHOHPKWWSELEOLRWHFDYLUWXDOFODFVRRUJDUDU
libros/brasil/cpda/estudos/dois/hector2.htm$FHVVDGRHP
$1'5$'(0&O Brasil e a América Latina6mR3DXOR&RQWH[WR
$5,&Ï-Marx e a América Latina.5LRGH-DQHLUR3D]H7HUUD
$=(9('2(5 +(5%2/'+&DULEH±2SDUDtVRVXEPHWLGR6mR3DXOR%UDVLOLHQVH
%$7$,//21&1DWLRQVDX0H[LTXHFRQVWUXFWLRQHWPpWLVVDJHV,QHérodote - revue de géographie
HWGHJpRSROLWLTXH±$PpULTXHV1DWLRQV+LVSDQLTXHVQ3DULV/D'pFRXYHUWSS
%$=$17-20p[LFRGDLQGHSHQGrQFLDD,Q%(7+(///RUJHistória da América Latina
±GDLQGHSHQGrQFLDDWpYRO,,,6mR3DXOR863,PSUHQVD2¿FLDO%UDVtOLD)XQGDomR$OH[DQGUHGH
*XVPmRSS
%(7+(///RUJ+LVWyULDGD$PpULFD/DWLQD±GDLQGHSHQGrQFLDDWpYRO,,,6mR3DXOR
863,PSUHQVD2¿FLDO%UDVtOLD)XQGDomR$OH[DQGUHGH*XVPmR
%,(/6&+2:6.<5RUJ&LQTHQWDDQRVGHSHQVDPHQWRQD&(3$/95LRGH-DQHLUR5HFRUG
%/$.(025(+Latin America. /RQGRQ2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
%58,7+$,QYHQomRGD$PpULFD/DWLQD,QAnais Eletrônicos do V Encontro da ANPHLAC. Belo
Horizonte. Disponível em KWWSZZZLIFKXQLFDPSEUDQSKODFDQDLVHQFRQWURKHFWRUKWP $FHVVDGR HP
.
%58,7+5HYROXo}HVQD$PpULFD/DWLQDRTXHVmRDVUHYROXo}HV"0p[LFRH%ROtYLD&XEDH1LFDUi-
JXD6mR3DXOR$WXDO
%87/$1'*-/DWLQ$PHULFD±$UHJLRQDO*HRJUDSK\/RQGRQ&ROFKHVWHU/RQJDPQV
&$5'262( +(/:(*($$(FRQRPLDGD$PpULFD/DWLQD±'LYHUVLGDGHWHQGrQFLDVHFRQÀLWRV
6mR3DXORÈWLFD
&$67527Nossa América - Geopolítica comparada.3HWUySROLV9R]HV
&(3$/Estudo Econômico da América Latina e do Caribe.2QRYRFRQWH[WR¿QDQFHLURPXQGLDOHIHL-
WRVHPHFDQLVPRVGHWUDQVPLVVmRQDUHJLmR5HVXPR([HFXWLYR6DQWLDJRGR&KLOH218
&(3$/Panorama Social da América Latina 2018'RFXPHQWR,QIRUPDWLYR6DQWLDJRGR&KLOH218
&(3$/Balance preliminar de las economías de América Latina y el Caribe - 20086DQWLDJRGR&KLOH
218
&(3$/3DQRUDPDVRFLDOGH$PpULFD/DWLQD±6DQWLDJRGR&KLOH218
&(3$/Balance preliminar de las economías de América Latina y el Caribe - 20056DQWLDJRGR&KLOH
218
&(3$/Notas de la CEPALQ6DQWLDJRGR&KLOH218
&(3$/7HQGrQFLDVHFRQ{PLFDVHVRFLDLVQD$PpULFD/DWLQDHQR&DULEHHP*Ui¿FRV5LRGH-DQHLUR
&(3$/,%*(&25(&21
&(3$//DHFRQRPtDGH$PpULFD/DWLQDHQ1RYD<RUTXH218

&+$8183História da América Latina6mR3DXOR'LIXVmR(XURSpLDGR/LYUR
&2//,1'(/$9$1'$/C$PpULTXH/DWLQH±$SSURFKHJpRJUDSKLTXHJpQHUDOHHWUpJLRQDOH±7RPH
I. 3DULV%RUGDV
&255Ç$$0 %(//27720/$$PpULFD/DWLQDGHFRORQL]DomRHVSDQKROD6mR3DXOR+X-
citec.
'($.$2V)LOKRVGH=DSDWD,QCadernos do Terceiro Mundo±Q5LRGH-DQHLUR7HUFHLUR
0LOrQLRSS
',1,='&%2FRQFHLWRGH$PpULFD/DWLQDXPDYLVmRIUDQFHVD,QCaligrama5HYLVWDGH(VWXGRV
Românticos.Y%HOR+RUL]RQWH8)0*SS
'25$7,272 ) (VSDoRV QDFLRQDLV QD$PpULFD /DWLQD da utopia bolivariana à fragmentação. São
3DXOR%UDVLOLHQVH
(*/(5&$V$PpULFDVVLQJXODULGDGHVGHXPFRQWLQHQWHSOXUDO,Q2/,9,(5$0&2(/+20
H&255Ç$$RUJV2%UDVLOD$PpULFD/DWLQDHRPXQGRHVSDFLDOLGDGHVFRQWHPSRUkQHDV, Rio de
-DQHLUR/DPSDULQD$QSHJH)DSHUMSS
(6&2/$50&UtWLFDGR'LVFXUVR*HRJUi¿FR6mR3DXOR+XFLWHF
)(5(6 -81,25 - A História do conceito de LATIN AMERICA nos Estados Unidos. São Paulo,
('86&
)5(*26,53DUDJXD\OD³QDWLRQJXDUDQLH´,QHérodote - UHYXHGHJpRJUDSKLHHWGHJpRSROLWLTXH –
$PpULTXHV1DWLRQV+LVSDQLTXHVQ3DULV/D'pFRXYHUWSS
)857$'2&)RUPDomRHFRQ{PLFDGD$PpULFD/DWLQD5LRGH-DQHLUR/LD
*$/($12(As Veias Abertas da América Latina5LRGH-DQHLUR3D]H7HUUDHG
*21=È/(=A Comuna de Paris. 2V$VVDOWDQWHVGR&pX6mR3DXOR%UDVLOLHQVH
*521',10Haiti: FXOWXUDSRGHUHGHVHQYROYLPHQWR6mR3DXOR%UDVLOLHQVH
+$(6%$(575Regional-Global'LOHPDVGD5HJLmRHGD5HJLRQDOL]DomRQD*HRJUD¿D&RQWHPSRUk-
QHD5LRGH-DQHLUR%HUWUDQG%UDVLO
+$(6%$(5750RUWHHYLGDGDUHJLmR$QWLJRVSDUDGLJPDVHQRYDVSHUVSHFWLYDVGD*HRJUD¿D5H-
JLRQDO,Q6326,72(2UJ3URGXomRGRHVSDoRHUHGH¿QLomRUHJLRQDLVDFRQVWUXomRGHXPDWHPiWLFD
3UHVLGHQWH3UXGHQWH81(63SS
+$(6%$(5755HJLmRGLYHUVLGDGHWHUULWRULDOHJOREDOL]DomR,Q*(2JUDSKLD*(2JUDSKLD±5HYLV-
WDGD3yVJUDGXDomRHP*HRJUD¿DGD8))$QR,QMXQ1LWHUyL5-8))(**SS
+2%6%$:0(A Era do capital: 1848-18755LRGH-DQHLUR3D]H7HUUD
+257$&$&$PpULFD/DWLQD(VWDGRV1DFLRQDLVH$SURSULDomRGH5HFXUVRV1DWXUDLV,Q0$726
R. (org.) 3RSXODomR5HFXUVRV0DWHULDLVH*HRSROtWLFD63-XQGLDt3$&2SS
+257$&$& )5$1&$552PXURHVWDGXQLGHQVHXPDJHRSROtWLFDGRGHVHQFRQWUR,QCA-
DERNOS DO LESTEY%HOR+RUL]RQWH8)0*SS
,$11,2O Labirinto Latino-Americano3HWUySROLV9R]HV
-$0(63Latin America1HZ<RUN2G\VVH\3UHVV

.(11('<$VFHQVmRHTXHGDGDVJUDQGHVSRWrQFLDV±WUDQVIRUPDomRHFRQ{PLFDHPLOLWDUGHD
2000.5LRGH-DQHLUR&DPSXV
/$0262/38P(QVDLRVREUH5HJLmRH5HJLRQDOL]DomRGHVD¿RVHSLVWHPROyJLFRVHSROtWLFRV,Q
2/,9(,5$0&2(/+20H&255Ç$$RUJVO Brasil, a América Latina e o mundo: espacialidades
contemporâneas (I).5LRGH-DQHLUR/DPSDULQD$QSHJH)DSHUMSS
0$5;.>@2GH%UXPiULRGH/XtV%RQDSDUWH,Q7H[WRV±.DUO0DU[H)ULHGULFK(QJHOV9RO
3.6mR3DXOR(GLo}HVVRFLDLVSS
0$5;.>@$JXHUUDFLYLOQD)UDQoD,Q7H[WRV±.DUO0DU[H)ULHGULFK(QJHOV9RO São
3DXOR(GLo}HVVRFLDLVSS
025$(6$&5$'LPHQVmR7HUULWRULDOQDV)RUPDo}HV6RFLDLV/DWLQRDPHULFDQDV,QRevista do
'HSDUWDPHQWRGH*HRJUD¿DGD8QLYHUVLGDGHGH6mR3DXOR16mR3DXOR863SS
025(,5$53HQVDUH6HUHP*HRJUD¿D(QVDLRVGHKLVWyULDHSLVWHPRORJLDHRQWRORJLDGRHVSDoR
JHRJUi¿FR6mR3DXOR&RQWH[WR
0285$*Estados Unidos e América Latina(G63&RQWH[WR
2/,&1%Geopolítica da América Latina6mR3DXOR0RGHUQD
2/,9(,5$03$PpULFD/DWLQDOHJDGRVRFLRHVSDFLDOHJOREDOL]DomR,Q+$(6%$(575RUJ
*OREDOL]DomRHIUDJPHQWDomRQRPXQGRFRQWHPSRUkQHR1LWHUyL8))SS
32+/,H=(33-Latin America: DJHRJUDSKLFDOFRPPHQWDU\/RQGRQ6RXWKDPSWRQ-RQK0XUUD\
Ltd.
320(5/As Independências na América Latina6mR3DXOR%UDVLOLHQVHHG
35$'20/ 3(//(*5,12*+LVWyULDGD$PpULFD/DWLQD6mR3DXOR&RQWH[WR
35$'20/$IRUPDomRGDVQDo}HVODWLQRDPHULFDQDV6mR3DXOR&RQWH[WR
48(17$/3$$ODWLQLGDGHGRFRQFHLWRGH$PpULFD/DWLQD,QGEOgraphiaY5-1LWHUyL8))
SS
48,-$12$2V)DQWDVPDVGD$PpULFD/DWLQD,Q129$(6$RUJ2LWR9LV}HVGD$PpULFD/DWL-
na6mR3DXOR6(1$&SS
5,%(,52$&75HJLRQDOL]DomRIDWRHIHUUDPHQWD,Q/,021$'(+$(6%$(575H025(,-
RA, R. (orgs.). %UDVLO6pFXOR;;,±3RUXPDQRYDUHJLRQDOL]DomR"$JHQWHVSURFHVVRVHVFDODV6mR3DXOR
0D[/LPRQDGSS
52%,1621+Latin America - $*HRJUDSKLFDO6XUYH\1HZ<RUN)UHGHULFN$:DVKLQJWRQ3UDHJHU
Bublisher United States of America.
52'5,*8(6/67RS{QLPRVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVXPHVWXGRHWLPROyJLFR,QRevista de Estudos de
LinguagemYQ%HOR+RUL]RQWH8)0*SS
52848,e$O extremo ocidente - ,QWURGXomRj$PpULFD/DWLQD6mR3DXOR863
6$'(5(H-,1.,1*6,FRRUGV/DWLQRDPHULFDQD±(QFLFORSpGLDFRQWHPSRUkQHDGD$PpULFD
Latina e do Caribe.5LRGH-DQHLUR8(5-$/3$&6mR3DXOR%RLWHPSR
6$))25')3ROtWLFDLGHRORJLDHVRFLHGDGHQD$PpULFD(VSDQKRODGRSyVLQGHSHQGrQFLD,Q%(-
7+(///RUJHistória da América Latina ±GDLQGHSHQGrQFLDDWpYRO,,,.6mR3DXOR863,PSUHQVD

2¿FLDO%UDVtOLD)XQGDomR$OH[DQGUHGH*XVPmRSS
62$5(6*3H&2/20%265HIRUPDOLEHUDOHOXWDVFDPSRQHVDVQD$PpULFD/DWLQD±0p[LFRH
3HUXQDV~OWLPDVGpFDGDVGRVpFXOR;,;HSULQFtSLRVGRVpFXOR;;63))/&+863
=$585*&/2UJ5HJLmRHQDomRQD$PpULFD/DWLQD%UDVtOLD81%
$PpULFD/DWLQDFRQFHLWRHOLPLWHV
Resumo: &RPR FDUDFWHUL]DU H GHOLPLWDU D$PpULFD /DWLQD" 2 &DULEH FRPS}H D$PpULFD /DWLQD" 5HJLRQDOL]Do}HV SDXWDGDV QR
HXURFHQWULVPRHVWmRDVVRFLDGDVDGHVFXLGRVFRQFHLWXDLVHLPSUHFLV}HVQRVOLPLWHVGD$PpULFD/DWLQD$UJXPHQWDVHHQWmRTXHR
VLJQL¿FDGRGH$PpULFD/DWLQDGHVGHDVXDRULJHPIXQGDPHQWDVHHPSURFHVVRVJHRSROtWLFRVHJHRHFRQ{PLFRV
3DODYUDVFKDYHUHJLRQDOL]DomRHWQRFHQWULVPRJHRSROtWLFDXQLGDGHGDGLYHUVLGDGH
Latin America: concept and limits.

Abstract: :KDWFULWHULDVKRXOGEHXVHGWRFKDUDFWHUL]HDQGGHOLPLW/DWLQ$PHULFD"'RHVWKH&DULEEHDQEHORQJWR/DWLQ$PHULFD"
5HJLRQDOL]DWLRQVEDVHGRQHXURFHQWULVPDUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKFRQFHSWXDOSUREOHPVDQGLQDFFXUDFLHVLQWKHOLPLWVRI/DWLQ$PHULFD,W
is argued that the meaning of Latin America, since its origin, is based on geopolitical and geoeconomic.
.H\ZRUGVregionalization; ethnocentrism; geopolitics; unity of diversity.
$PpULFD/DWLQDFRQFHSWR\OtPLWHV
Resumen: ¢4XpFULWHULRVGHEHUtDQXVDUVHSDUDFDUDFWHUL]DU\GHOLPLWDU$PpULFD/DWLQD"¢(O&DULEHSHUWHQHFHD$PpULFD/DWLQD"/DV
UHJLRQDOL]DFLRQHVEDVDGDVHQHOHXURFHQWULVPRHVWiQDVRFLDGDVFRQSUREOHPDVFRQFHSWXDOHVHLPSUHFLVLRQHVHQORVOtPLWHVGH$PpUL-
FD/DWLQD6HDUJXPHQWDTXHHOVLJQL¿FDGRGH$PpULFD/DWLQDGHVGHVXRULJHQVHEDVDHQSURFHVRVJHRSROtWLFRV\JHRHFRQyPLFRV
Palabras claveUHJLRQDOL]DFLyQHWQRFHQWULVPRJHRSROtWLFDXQLGDGGHGLYHUVLGDG

América Latina Conceito e Limites

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

América Latina Conceito e Limites

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DOI 10.21057/10.21057/repamv15n2.2021.

Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas V. 15, N. 2, 2021 ISSN: 1984-1639

O imperialismo francês e a invenção do termo regional

'HDFRUGRFRP+REVEDZP S ³GH]RLWRPHVHVGHSRLVWRGRVRVUHJLPHVTXHGHUUXEDUDIR-

Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas V. 15, N. 2, 2021 ISSN: 1984-1639

O duradouro 1848 francês

+HJHOREVHUYD  TXHWRGRVRVIDWRVHSHUVRQDJHQVGHJUDQGHLPSRUWkQFLDQDKLVWyULDGRPXQGRRFRU-

Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas V. 15, N. 2, 2021 ISSN: 1984-1639

2GLVFXUVRSROtWLFR R¿FLDO GH&KHYDOLHUGHDSHORpWQLFRFDOFDGRQDUHOLJLRVLGDGHHQDODWLQLGDGHQmR

Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas V. 15, N. 2, 2021 ISSN: 1984-1639

3LHUUH&KDXQX S UHVVDOWDDSRVLomRSROtWLFDGRVFRPHUFLDQWHVIUDQFHVHVTXHH[LJLDPGHFODUDGD-

6HJXQGR5RXTXLp S ³D,JUHMDGR0p[LFRHUDDSULPHLUDSURSULHWiULDGRSDtVQDpSRFDGD

Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas V. 15, N. 2, 2021 ISSN: 1984-1639

1HVWHFRQWH[WRDH[SUHVVmRAmérica LatinaVHJXQGR%UXLW VS IRLXPDLQYHQomR³GHGRLV

$QWHULRUPHQWHHPD)UDQoDRFXSDUDPLOLWDUPHQWHRSRUWRGH9HUD&UX]GHYLGRDSUREOHPDV GtYLGDV HQWUHFRPHUFLDQWHV

Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas V. 15, N. 2, 2021 ISSN: 1984-1639

+RUWDH)UDQFD  DVVLQDODPTXHRV(VWDGRV8QLGRVFRQVWDQWHPHQWHTXHVWLRQDYDPR7UDWDGRGH

¬TXHGDGH1DSROHmR,,,  SURFHGHXVHXPDMXQWDSDUODPHQWDU 7HUFHLUD5HS~EOLFD)UDQFHVD

Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas V. 15, N. 2, 2021 ISSN: 1984-1639

%UXLW S VDOLHQWDTXHVRERJRYHUQRFRQWUDGLWyULRHUHIRUPLVWDGH0DGHUR³RVFDPSRQHVHV

A manutenção, a difusão e a substancialização do termo

Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas V. 15, N. 2, 2021 ISSN: 1984-1639

1D6HJXQGD&RQIHUrQFLDGH/LPD  VXFHGHUDPVHGLVFXVV}HVHSURSRVLo}HVVREUHDVLQWHUYHQ-

4XDQWRDRV(VWDGRV8QLGRVFDEHDYDOLDUDVLQWHUIHUrQFLDVWHUULWRULDLVGLUHWDV LQYDV}HVPLOLWDUHV PDV

'LQL] S D¿UPDTXH³IRLQRVPHLRVLQWHOHFWXDLVGDVMRYHQVQDo}HV´TXHDGHQRPLQDomRAmérica

6HJXQGR$OLPRQGD S IUHQWHjVOXWDVSHODVLQGHSHQGrQFLDVQDFLRQDLVDVHOLWHV UHSUHVHQ-

Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas V. 15, N. 2, 2021 ISSN: 1984-1639

Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas V. 15, N. 2, 2021 ISSN: 1984-1639

&RQIRUPH4XLMDQR S RVFRQÀLWRVHQWUH0p[LFRH(VWDGRV8QLGRVHDJXHUUD+LVSDQR$PHU-

%UXLW VS FRQWXGRD¿UPDTXH³IRLQRSHUtRGRGD6HJXQGD*XHUUDTXHRQRPHGH$PpULFD/DWLQD

Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas V. 15, N. 2, 2021 ISSN: 1984-1639

3DUDRHFRQRPLVWDHFHSDOLQR&HOVR)XUWDGR S D³H[SUHVVmR$PpULFD/DWLQDFULDGDQRV(VWDGRV

Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas V. 15, N. 2, 2021 ISSN: 1984-1639

3RU¿PPHUHFHGHVWDTXHDSRVLomRGH2OLYHLUD S DRDVVLQDODUTXHDH[SUHVVmRAmérica La-

(VWHSRVLFLRQDPHQWRGH2OLYHLUD  EHPFRPRRVHVWXGRVGH%UXLW  GH&DVWUR  5RX-

Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas V. 15, N. 2, 2021 ISSN: 1984-1639

Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas V. 15, N. 2, 2021 ISSN: 1984-1639

³)RUDPH[FOXtGRV « RVYDVWRVWHUULWyULRVGD$PpULFDGR1RUWHTXH « D(VSDQKDHPDLVWDUGHR

5RGULJXHV S HPDUWLJRGHyWLPDTXDOLGDGHVREUHWRS{QLPRVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVDSUHVHQWD

5RGULJXHV  D¿UPDTXHH[SUHVVmR$PpULFD/DWLQDHVWiDVVRFLDGD³DTXHVW}HVHFRQ{PLFDVHVRFLDLVGRV

1HVVHWUHFKRGDUHIHULGD HyWLPD REUDKiXPDFRQFHSomRUHVWULWDVREUH³FRQVWUXomRJHRJUi¿FD´)LFD

Caribe não é América Latina?

Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas V. 15, N. 2, 2021 ISSN: 1984-1639

&DUGRVRH+HOZHJH S DVVLQDODPTXHDV³DQWLJDVFRO{QLDVQmRHVSDQKRODVGR&DULEHHGD

pDSUHVHQWDGRFRPRXPWRGR QmRFRPRXPDVXEUHJLmR DOpPGHVHUDSUHVHQWDGRFRPRGHOLPLWDo}HVYDULDGDV(PJHUDOQmRFDX-

Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas V. 15, N. 2, 2021 ISSN: 1984-1639

Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas V. 15, N. 2, 2021 ISSN: 1984-1639

Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas V. 15, N. 2, 2021 ISSN: 1984-1639

6HJXQGR*URQGLQ S R&DULEHpFRPSRVWRSRU³YLQWHHVHWHLOKDVSULQFLSDLVHTXDWURWHUULWy-

4XDQWRjVLOKDV*URQGLQ S D¿UPDTXH³VmRPXLWRGLIHUHQWHVXPDVGDVRXWUDVWDQWRpWQLFD

As plantations Do~FDUFDFDXEDQDQDDOJRGmRFDIpHWF HQJHQGUDUDPYiULDVUHJL}HVGD$PpULFD/D-

&DUGRVRH)DOHWWR  KLHUDUTXL]DUDPDOJXQVSDtVHVGD$PpULFD/DWLQDSRUQtYHLVGHGHSHQGrQFLD$VHFRQRPLDVGHHQFODYH

Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas V. 15, N. 2, 2021 ISSN: 1984-1639

2TXHGL]HUGDV$PpULFDVQHJUDV  "6mRODWLQDVDV$PpULFDV$PHUtQGLDVGD*XDWHPDODRQGHGDSRSX-

1R+DLWLFRQIRUPH3HVFKDQVNL S RVQHJURVIRUPDPPDLVGHGDSRSXODomRWRWDO4XDQWR

Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas V. 15, N. 2, 2021 ISSN: 1984-1639

Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas V. 15, N. 2, 2021 ISSN: 1984-1639

Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas V. 15, N. 2, 2021 ISSN: 1984-1639

1HVWHVHQWLGRLPSRUWDLQGDJDUVREUHDVUHODo}HVHQWUHDKLVWyULDODWLQRDPHULFDQDHD GHV FRQVWUXomR

Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas V. 15, N. 2, 2021 ISSN: 1984-1639

Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas V. 15, N. 2, 2021 ISSN: 1984-1639

Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas V. 15, N. 2, 2021 ISSN: 1984-1639

'HDFRUGRFRP+REVEDZPS³GH]RLWRPHVHVGHSRLVWRGRVRVUHJLPHVTXHGHUUXEDUDIR-

+HJHOREVHUYDTXHWRGRVRVIDWRVHSHUVRQDJHQVGHJUDQGHLPSRUWkQFLDQDKLVWyULDGRPXQGRRFRU-

2GLVFXUVRSROtWLFRR¿FLDOGH&KHYDOLHUGHDSHORpWQLFRFDOFDGRQDUHOLJLRVLGDGHHQDODWLQLGDGHQmR

3LHUUH&KDXQXSUHVVDOWDDSRVLomRSROtWLFDGRVFRPHUFLDQWHVIUDQFHVHVTXHH[LJLDPGHFODUDGD-

6HJXQGR5RXTXLpS³D,JUHMDGR0p[LFRHUDDSULPHLUDSURSULHWiULDGRSDtVQDpSRFDGD

1HVWHFRQWH[WRDH[SUHVVmRAmérica LatinaVHJXQGR%UXLWVSIRLXPDLQYHQomR³GHGRLV

$QWHULRUPHQWHHPD)UDQoDRFXSDUDPLOLWDUPHQWHRSRUWRGH9HUD&UX]GHYLGRDSUREOHPDVGtYLGDVHQWUHFRPHUFLDQWHV

+RUWDH)UDQFDDVVLQDODPTXHRV(VWDGRV8QLGRVFRQVWDQWHPHQWHTXHVWLRQDYDPR7UDWDGRGH

¬TXHGDGH1DSROHmR,,,SURFHGHXVHXPDMXQWDSDUODPHQWDU7HUFHLUD5HS~EOLFD)UDQFHVD

%UXLWSVDOLHQWDTXHVRERJRYHUQRFRQWUDGLWyULRHUHIRUPLVWDGH0DGHUR³RVFDPSRQHVHV

1D6HJXQGD&RQIHUrQFLDGH/LPDVXFHGHUDPVHGLVFXVV}HVHSURSRVLo}HVVREUHDVLQWHUYHQ-

4XDQWRDRV(VWDGRV8QLGRVFDEHDYDOLDUDVLQWHUIHUrQFLDVWHUULWRULDLVGLUHWDVLQYDV}HVPLOLWDUHVPDV

'LQL]SD¿UPDTXH³IRLQRVPHLRVLQWHOHFWXDLVGDVMRYHQVQDo}HV´TXHDGHQRPLQDomRAmérica

6HJXQGR$OLPRQGDSIUHQWHjVOXWDVSHODVLQGHSHQGrQFLDVQDFLRQDLVDVHOLWHVUHSUHVHQ-

&RQIRUPH4XLMDQRSRVFRQÀLWRVHQWUH0p[LFRH(VWDGRV8QLGRVHDJXHUUD+LVSDQR$PHU-

%UXLWVSFRQWXGRD¿UPDTXH³IRLQRSHUtRGRGD6HJXQGD*XHUUDTXHRQRPHGH$PpULFD/DWLQD

3DUDRHFRQRPLVWDHFHSDOLQR&HOVR)XUWDGRSD³H[SUHVVmR$PpULFD/DWLQDFULDGDQRV(VWDGRV

3RU¿PPHUHFHGHVWDTXHDSRVLomRGH2OLYHLUDSDRDVVLQDODUTXHDH[SUHVVmRAmérica La-

(VWHSRVLFLRQDPHQWRGH2OLYHLUDEHPFRPRRVHVWXGRVGH%UXLWGH&DVWUR5RX-

³)RUDPH[FOXtGRV«RVYDVWRVWHUULWyULRVGD$PpULFDGR1RUWHTXH«D(VSDQKDHPDLVWDUGHR

5RGULJXHVSHPDUWLJRGHyWLPDTXDOLGDGHVREUHWRS{QLPRVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVDSUHVHQWD

5RGULJXHVD¿UPDTXHH[SUHVVmR$PpULFD/DWLQDHVWiDVVRFLDGD³DTXHVW}HVHFRQ{PLFDVHVRFLDLVGRV

1HVVHWUHFKRGDUHIHULGDHyWLPDREUDKiXPDFRQFHSomRUHVWULWDVREUH³FRQVWUXomRJHRJUi¿FD´)LFD

&DUGRVRH+HOZHJHSDVVLQDODPTXHDV³DQWLJDVFRO{QLDVQmRHVSDQKRODVGR&DULEHHGD

pDSUHVHQWDGRFRPRXPWRGRQmRFRPRXPDVXEUHJLmRDOpPGHVHUDSUHVHQWDGRFRPRGHOLPLWDo}HVYDULDGDV(PJHUDOQmRFDX-

6HJXQGR*URQGLQSR&DULEHpFRPSRVWRSRU³YLQWHHVHWHLOKDVSULQFLSDLVHTXDWURWHUULWy-

4XDQWRjVLOKDV*URQGLQSD¿UPDTXH³VmRPXLWRGLIHUHQWHVXPDVGDVRXWUDVWDQWRpWQLFD

As plantations Do~FDUFDFDXEDQDQDDOJRGmRFDIpHWFHQJHQGUDUDPYiULDVUHJL}HVGD$PpULFD/D-

&DUGRVRH)DOHWWRKLHUDUTXL]DUDPDOJXQVSDtVHVGD$PpULFD/DWLQDSRUQtYHLVGHGHSHQGrQFLD$VHFRQRPLDVGHHQFODYH

2TXHGL]HUGDV$PpULFDVQHJUDV"6mRODWLQDVDV$PpULFDV$PHUtQGLDVGD*XDWHPDODRQGHGDSRSX-

1R+DLWLFRQIRUPH3HVFKDQVNLSRVQHJURVIRUPDPPDLVGHGDSRSXODomRWRWDO4XDQWR

1HVWHVHQWLGRLPSRUWDLQGDJDUVREUHDVUHODo}HVHQWUHDKLVWyULDODWLQRDPHULFDQDHDGHVFRQVWUXomR