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WUDWDVHGHXPDH[DFHUEDomRSDWROyJLFDGHVWHDQVHLR
2H[FHOHQWHWUDGXWRULQJOrVGH1LHW]VFKH5-+ROOLQJGDOHOHPEUDTXHRDQ~QFLR
GD³WUHVYDORUDomR´DEVXUGRVHQVXSURSULRUHVXOWRXHPYHUGDGHLURVHQVXDOOHJRULFR
3RLVTXHPQHJDUiTXHGHVGHHQWmRYHPRFRUUHQGRXPDWUDQVIRUPDomRHVSLULWXDOGH
PDJQLWXGH GHVFRQKHFLGD GD TXDO QLQJXpP VDEH R TXH UHVXOWDUi PDV TXH
FHUWDPHQWHVHUiXPGLYLVRUGHiJXDVQDKLVWyULDGDKXPDQLGDGH"³+DYHUiJXHUUDV
FRPRMDPDLVKRXYHVREUHD7HUUD´GL]HOHQR~OWLPRFDStWXORGH (FFHKRPR/HQGR
R RX OHQGR R DQ~QFLR GD PRUWH GH 'HXV QD*DLD FLrQFLD p GLItFLO QmR LPDJLQDU
1LHW]VFKH FRPR XP VLVPyJUDIR VHQVLELOtVVLPR GR TXDO VRPHQWH DJRUD YDPRV
DSUHQGHQGRDLQWHUSUHWDURVVLQDLV
$Wp TXH SRQWR VHULD HOH UHVSRQViYHO SRU HVVD FULVH GRV YDORUHV" e LPSRVVtYHO
SUHFLVDUHPXPIHQ{PHQRGHVVDQDWXUH]DDPHGLGDHPTXHpFDXVDRXVLQWRPD
&HUWR p TXH GHYHPRV D HOH XPD FRQVFLrQFLD PDLV DJXGD GR QRVVR PDOHVWDU GR
QRVVRVHUGRHQWH(XPDSHUFHSomRPDLVFODUDGDQRVVDSRWHQFLDOLGDGHSDUDREHP
H SDUD R PDO ² TXH QXQFD IRL WmR JUDQGH FRPR DJRUD 9LYHPRV j VRPEUD GDV
SRVVLELOLGDGHVGHWRWDOIUXLomRRXWRWDOGHVWUXLomRGDYLGDSRVVLELOLGDGHVHVVDVTXH
HOHIRLRSULPHLURDVHQWLUHSHQVDUQDFDUQH1XQFDIRLWmRLQWHUHVVDQWHYLYHU²HOH
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DULVWyWHOHV D& ILOyVRIRJUHJRGLVFtSXORGH3ODWmR
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EDFK-RKDQQ6HEDVWLDQ  FRPSRVLWRUDOHPmR
EDFRQ)UDQFLV9LVFRQGHGH9HUXODP  ILOyVRIRLQJOrV
EDXGHODLUH&KDUOHV  SRHWDIUDQFrV
EDXHU%UXQR  ILOyVRIRDOHPmR
EHUOLR]+HFWRU  FRPSRVLWRUIUDQFrV
ELVPDUFN2WWRYRQ  HVWDGLVWDDOHPmR
ERUJLD&HVDUH " OtGHUSROtWLFRLWDOLDQR
ERXUJHW3DXO  HVFULWRUHSVLFyORJRIUDQFrV
EUDQGHV*HRUJ  FUtWLFROLWHUiULRGLQDPDUTXrV
EUHQGHO.DUO)UDQ]  FRPSRVLWRUHHVFULWRU
EURFKDUG9LFWRU  ILOyVRIRIUDQFrV
EXGD*DXWDPD ""D& SUtQFLSHKLQGXFULDGRUGREXGLVPR
EORZ+DQVYRQ  PDHVWURHSLDQLVWD
E\URQ/RUG  SRHWDLQJOrVKHUyLGR5RPDQWLVPR
FDJOLRVWUR&RQGH$OHVVDQGURGLSVHXG{QLPRGH*LXVHSSH%DOVDPR  DYHQWXUHLURLWDOLDQR
FDUO\OH7KRPDV  SHQVDGRUHFUtWLFRHVFRFrV
FKRSLQ)UpGHULF  FRPSRVLWRUSRORQrV
FRUQHLOOH3LHUUH  GUDPDWXUJRIUDQFrV
GDQWH$OLJKLHUL  SRHWDLWDOLDQR
GHODFURL[(XJqQH  SLQWRUIUDQFrV
GHVFDUWHV5HQp  SHQVDGRUHPDWHPiWLFRIUDQFrV
GKULQJ(XJHQ  ILOyVRIRHHFRQRPLVWD
HZDOG+HLQULFK  WHyORJRHRULHQWDOLVWD
ILFKWH-RKDQQ*RWWOLHE  ILOyVRIRLGHDOLVWD
IULW]VFK(UQVW:LOKHOP  HGLWRUHVWDEHOHFLGRHP/HLS]LJ
JDVW3HWHUSVHXG{QLPRGH+HLQULFK.|VHOLW]  DPLJRHGLVFtSXORGH1LHW]VFKHFRPSRVLWRU
JRHWKH-RKDQQ:ROIJDQJYRQ  SRHWDHVFULWRUHFLHQWLVWDDOHPmR
J\SSVHXG{QLPRGH*DEULHOOH&RQGHVVD0DUWHOGH-DQYLOOH  HVFULWRUDIUDQFHVD
KDHQGHO*HRUJ)ULHGULFK  FRPSRVLWRUDOHPmR
KHJHO*HRUJ:LOKHOP)ULHGULFK  ILOyVRIRDOHPmR
KHLQH+HLQULFK  SRHWDILFFLRQLVWDHFUtWLFR
KHUiFOLWR "D& ILOyVRIRSUpVRFUiWLFR
KHUGHU-RKDQQ*RWWIULHG  SHQVDGRUHHQVDtVWDDOHPmR
KLOOHEUDQG.DUO  FUtWLFRHKLVWRULDGRU
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KRUiFLR D& SRHWDURPDQR
LEVHQ+HQULN  GUDPDWXUJRQRUXHJXrV
NDQW,PPDQXHO  RPDLVLQIOXHQWHILOyVRIRDOHPmR
ODURFKHIRXFDXOG)UDQoRLVGH  PRUDOLVWDIUDQFrV
OHLEQL]*RWWIULHG:LOKHOP9RQ  ILOyVRIRDOHPmR
OHPDvWUH-XOHV  HVFULWRUIUDQFrV
OHRQDUGRGD9LQFL  SLQWRUHVFXOWRUHFLHQWLVWDLWDOLDQR
OLV]W)UDQ]  FRPSRVLWRUHSLDQLVWDDOHPmR
ORUUDLQ&ODXGHSVHXG{QLPRGH&ODXGH*HOpH  SLQWRUIUDQFrV
ORWL3LHUUHSVHXG{QLPRGH-XOLHQ9LDXG  HVFULWRUIUDQFrV
OXWHUR0DUWLQKR  UHOLJLRVRDOHPmRLQLFLDGRUGD5HIRUPDSURWHVWDQWH
PDXSDVVDQW*X\GH  ILFFLRQLVWDIUDQFrV
PHLOKDF+HQUL  GUDPDWXUJRHOLEUHWLVWDIUDQFrV
PHULPpH3URVSHU  ILFFLRQLVWDIUDQFrV
PROLqUHSVHXG{QLPRGH-HDQ%DSWLVWH3RTXHOLQ  FRPHGLyJUDIRIUDQFrV
PRQWDLJQH0LFKHO(\TXHPGH  HQVDtVWDIUDQFrV
QDSROHmR%RQDSDUWH  PLOLWDUHHVWDGLVWDIUDQFrV
QRKO/XGZLJ  FUtWLFRHKLVWRULDGRUGHP~VLFD
SDVFDO%ODLVH  ILOyVRIRPDWHPiWLFRHFLHQWLVWDIUDQFrV
SODWmR D& RPDLVLQIOXHQWHILOyVRIRJUHJR
SRKO5LFKDUG  FUtWLFRGHP~VLFDDOHPmR
UDFLQH-HDQ%DSWLVWH  GUDPDWXUJRIUDQFrV
UDQNH/HRSROGYRQ  KLVWRULDGRUDOHPmR
UpH3DXO  ILOyVRIRHPpGLFRDPLJRGH1LHW]VFKH
ULWVFKO)ULHGULFK:LOKHOP  ILOyORJRFOiVVLFRSURIHVVRUGH1LHW]VFKH
URVVLQL*LRDFFKLQR  FRPSRVLWRULWDOLDQR
VDORPp /RX $QGUHDV    HVFULWRUD H SHQVDGRUD DPLJD GH 1LHW]VFKH H GHSRLV DPLJD H GLVFtSXOD GH
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VFKRSHQKDXHU$UWKXU  ILOyVRIRDOHPmR
VKDNHVSHDUH:LOOLDP  SRHWDHGUDPDWXUJRLQJOrV
VyFUDWHV D& ILOyVRIRJUHJR
VSHQFHU+HUEHUW  SHQVDGRUHSHGDJRJRLQJOrV
VSLWWHOHU&DUO  HVFULWRUVXtoR
VWHLQ+HLQULFKYRQ  ILOyVRIRHHVFULWRU
VWHQGKDOSVHXG{QLPRGH+HQUL%H\OH  URPDQFLVWDIUDQFrV
VWUDXVV'DYLG  HQVDtVWDDOHPmR
WDLQH+LSSRO\WH  KLVWRULDGRUIUDQFrV
WUHLWVFKNH+HLQULFKYRQ  KLVWRULDGRUDOHPmR
YLVFKHU)ULHGULFK7KHRGRU  WHyULFRGDHVWpWLFD
YLWWRULR(PDQXHOHLL  UHLGD6DUGHQKDHGHSRLVGD,WiOLD
YROWDLUHSVHXG{QLPRGH)UDQoRLV0DULH$URXHW  HVFULWRULOXPLQLVWDIUDQFrV
ZDJQHU&RVLPD  ILOKDGH/LV]WPXOKHUGH:DJQHU
ZDJQHU5LFKDUG  FRPSRVLWRUDOHPmR





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GHPDVLDGR KXPDQR *HQHDORJLD GD PRUDO H(FFH KRPR WRGRV SXEOLFDGRV SHOD
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%UDVLOLHQVH H$VSDODYUDVGH)UHXGRYRFDEXOiULRIUHXGLDQRHVXDVYHUV}HV
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