MET 212-2

COMPLEX ANALYSIS AND

MATHEMATICAL TRANSFORMS
Lecture # 3
Lecturer:
Eng. Asangi Tennakoon
Department of Engineering Technology

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Addition of complex numbers by
geometry
Let 𝑍1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 & 𝑍2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 be two complex numbers represented by the
points P & Q on the argand diagram.
Draw a parallelogram such that OP & OQ be two adjacent sides named OPRQ.
Im

R (Z) R

Q (𝑍2 ) Q
S S S – mid point of OR
S - mid point of PQ
P
P (𝑍1)

Re 0
0

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Addition of complex numbers by
geometry (Contd.)
S = mid point of OR S = mid point of PQ
𝑥+0 𝑦+0 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
∴𝑆= , ∴𝑆= ,
2 2 2 2
𝑥 𝑦
= ,
2 2
𝑥 𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦 𝑦1 +𝑦2
= & =
2 2 2 2
𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 & 𝑦 = 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
Z=(𝑥1 +𝑥2 ) + 𝑖(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )
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Addition of complex numbers by
geometry (Contd.)
Thus the summation of two complex numbers is
represented by the extremity of the diagonal of
the parallelogram formed by OP (𝑍1 ) &
OQ(𝑍2 ) as adjacent sides.

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Subtraction of complex numbers by
geometry
Let 𝑍1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 & 𝑍2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 be two complex numbers represented by the
points P & Q on the Im
argand diagram.
Extend OQ such that OQ=O𝑄1 as
P (𝑍1) shown.
Now draw the OPR𝑄1 parallelogram
R
S Q (𝑍2 ) such that OP and O𝑄1 be two adjacent
sides.
Re
0 𝑄1 represents −𝑍2 complex number.
Now take the summation of 𝑍1 and
𝑄1
−𝑍2 by considering the Cartesian
points of S.

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Subtraction of complex numbers by
geometry (Contd.)
S = mid point of OR S = mid point of P𝑄1
𝑥+0 𝑦+0 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
∴𝑆= , ∴𝑆= ,
2 2 2 2
𝑥 𝑦
= ,
2 2
𝑥 𝑥1 −𝑥2 𝑦 𝑦1 −𝑦2
= & =
2 2 2 2
𝑥 = 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 & 𝑦 = 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
Z=(𝑥1 −𝑥2 ) + 𝑖(𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )
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Multiplication of two complex
numbers by geometry
Let the two complex numbers be 𝑍1 and 𝑍2 such that,
𝑍1 =𝑟1 (cos 𝜃1 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 )
𝑍2 =𝑟2 (cos 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃2 )
𝑍1 𝑍2 =𝑟1 𝑟2 [cos(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) + sin(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )]

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Multiplication of two complex
numbers by geometry
Im R
Measure 𝜃1 angle counterclockwise along
OQ.
Now any complex number on this line
Q (𝑍2 ) represents an argument of 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 .
∴ 𝑍1 𝑍2 complex number should be on this
line.
𝜃1 Cut off OC=1 along real axis.
𝜃2 P (𝑍1)
𝜃1 Mark point R, on the drawn line such
0 Re that, O𝐶P=O𝑄R
C=(1,0)

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 Multiplication of two complex
numbers by geometry (contd.)
Construct ORQ ∆ on OQ similar to OCP ∆ 𝑂𝑅 𝑂𝑄
R =
P
𝑂𝑃 𝑂𝐶
𝑂𝑅 𝑟2
=  OR= r1 r2
𝑟1 1
𝜃1
O C Let R≡ 𝑍 ≡ (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)
𝑟2
Then 𝑍 =r1 r2
arg(Z)=𝜃1 + 𝜃2

O ∴ 𝑍 = 𝑍1 𝑍2
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Division of two complex numbers by
geometry
Let the two complex numbers be 𝑍1 and 𝑍2 such that,
𝑍1 =𝑟1 (cos 𝜃1 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 )
𝑍2 =𝑟2 (cos 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃2 )
𝑍1 𝑟1 ( cos 𝜃1 +𝑖 sin 𝜃1 )
=
𝑍2 𝑟2 ( cos 𝜃2 +𝑖 sin 𝜃2 )
𝑍1 𝑟1
= cos 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 − 𝜃2
𝑍2 𝑟2

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Division of two complex numbers by
geometry (Contd.)
Im
Measure 𝜃2 clockwise with OP such that
R'
OR‘ represents an argument of (𝜃1 − 𝜃2 )
P (𝑍1)
any complex number on OR‘ .

Cut off OC=1 along real axis.

R Mark point R, on OR‘ such that,
𝜃2
O𝑄C=O𝑃R
Q (𝑍2 )

𝜃1 𝜃2
0 Re
C=(1,0)

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 Division of two complex numbers by
geometry (Contd.)
Construct OQC ∆ similar to OPR ∆. 𝑂𝑃 𝑂𝑅
=
P 𝑂𝑄 𝑂𝐶
Q 𝑟1 𝑂𝑅 𝑂𝑅 =
𝑟1
= 𝑟2
𝑟2 1

𝜃2
R
R ≡ 𝑍 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
O C 𝑟1
𝑍 = OR =
𝑟2
Arg(Z) = (𝜃1 − 𝜃2 )
𝑍1
∴ R represents
𝑍2
O

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