13-Mar-21

3. Motion along a straight line

 Kinematics: we study ways to describe motion
without going into the causes of motion.
We study the motion without knowing the cause.
 Dynamics: We study the motion with the cause of
motion.
 Position: a reference with respect to some standard.

P (x,y,z) P (x,y,z)

Q (x1,y1,z1)
O (0,0,0)
QP = [(x-x1)2+(y-y1)2+(z-z1)2]1/2
OP = [(x-0)2+(y-0)2+(z-0)2]1/2

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Terminologies
Motion: when the position changes, we say the motion has occurred.
Position (s)  m
Change of position (s = sf – si); displacement  m
Rate of change of position (v = s/t); velocity  m s-1
Change of (rate of change of position); change of velocity (v)  m s-1
of change of rate of change of position (a = v/t); acceleration  m s-2

Change of rate of change of rate of change of position (a = af – ai); change of acceleration 
Rate of Change of rate of change of rate of change of position (j = a/t); jerk  m s-3
Change of rate of Change of rate of change of rate of change of position (j = jf – ji); change of jerk

3m
r

B
A 4m

AC = AB + BC displacement = 2 r

displacement = 2r
AC = 4 + 3 = 16 + 9 = 25

displacement, AC = 5m

distance, AB + BC = 4 + 3 = 7m

displacement ≤ distance

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3m
r

B
A 4m

2
AC = AB + BC distance = =
4 2

AC = 4 + 3 = 16 + 9 = 25 displacement = 2 r

displacement, AC = 5m

distance, AB + BC = 4 + 3 = 7m

displacement ≤ distance

A displacement, AA′ = 2 A’

A’

r
2

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A displacement, AA′ = 2 A’

AA′ = π + 2r
A’
AA′ = r π + 2
r
2
AA = r 10 + 4 = r 14

A distance is path of a cycloid

 Uniform velocity, Nonuniform velocities

 Average velocity, Instantaneous velocity
 Absolute velocity, Relative velocity
 Effective velocity

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

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Travel distance is divided into halves

A body travels between two destination in a straight line with velocity v1 for first half of the
distance and velocity v2 for the second half of the distance. What is the average velocity?

total displacement
average velocity =
total time
d d
v = v =
t v1 v2 t
d, t1 d, t2

2d

2d 2d 2d 2 2 2v v
average velocity, v = = = = = v +v =
t +t d d 1 1 1 1 v +v
+ d + + v v
v v v v v v
2v v
v =
v +v Homework for three parts
3v v v
Harmonic mean v =
v v +v v +v v

 Travel time is divided into halves

A body travels between two destination in a straight line with velocity v1 for first half of the
time and velocity v2 for the second half of the time. What is the average velocity?

total displacement
average velocity =
total time

d d
v = v =
t v1 v2 t
t, d1 t, d2

2t

d +d v t+v t v +v
average velocity, v = = =
2t 2t 2

v +v
v =
2
Arithmatic mean

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 13-Mar-21

Problem
 A vehicle travels in a straight line between two
destinations with uniform velocity. It travels with v1 for
onward journey and v2 for return journey.
(a) what is the average velocity? v = 0
2v v
(b) what is the average speed? Speed =
v +v

total displacement v1
average velocity =
total time
v2
total distance
average speed =
total time

C
Graphs: s-t B
=


=
−
−
=

s(m) A
 −
s5 = = =−
g  −
s4
s3

s2

s1

0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5
-s1
-s2

-s3
-s4

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Slope = Y2-Y1/(X2-X1)

Graphs: s-t Slope = s4-s1/(t4-t1)

s(m)
Slope = displacement/time
s5
s4
Velocity = displacement/time
s3
Area = displacement  time
s2

s1

0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5
-s1

-s2

∆v
slope =
∆t

Graphs: v-t acceleration, a =

∆v
∆t

v(ms-1)

v5
v4
v3

v2

v1

0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5
t(s)
-v1

-v2

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constant velocity, or rest

Graphs: a-t v = u + at ------- (1)

a(ms-2)
at = v − u
a5
a4
a3

a2

a1

0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t
t(s)
-a1

-a2

∆v v − u v−u
slope, a = = a=
∆t t − 0 t

v = u + at ------- (1)
u+v 1
Equations of motion area, s = t
2
s= t u+v
2
1 1
v(ms-1) s = t u + u + at s = t 2u + at
2 2
s = ut + at --------- (2)

v Squaring equation (1)

v = u + at = u + 2uat + a t
1
v = u + 2a ut + at
2
u v = u + 2as --------- (3)

v = u + at
0 t
1
s = ut + at
2

v = u + 2as

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 13-Mar-21

(a) A lives closer to the school than B

(b) A starts from the school earlier than B
(c) B walks faster than A
(d) A and B reach home at different time.
(e) B overtakes A on the road once.

v = u + 2as v = u + at

0 = 126 + 2 × a × 200 v−u

126 t=
a=− = −39.69 km h a
400 0 − 126
t=
−39.69
0 − 126
t= = 3.17 h = 3h 10m 12s
−39.69

s(km)
Office 2.5

2.0
1.5

1.0

0.5

Home 0.0
9 t1 9.30 5 5:06 t

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 13-Mar-21

s(m)

13
10

0
0 5 8 37 t(s)

v = u + at
v=0
1
s = ut + at
2

v = u + 2as v -g

v = u − gt

1 -v
s = ut − gt
2
-g
v = u − 2gs

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 13-Mar-21

v = u + at
1
s = ut + at
2
v = u + 2as

ℎ ℎ
u=0 1 v = u + 2as
s = ut + at
2
1
−h = 0t + −g t v = 0 + 2 −g −h
2
h -g
1
h = gt v = 2gh
2

2h
t= v= 2gh
g
t=? v=?

v = u + at
1
s = ut + at
2
v = u + 2as

ℎ
1 v = u + 2as
s = ut + at
2
1
0 = ut + −g t 0 = u + 2 −g h
2

1 u = 2gh
-g 0 = u − gt
2

2u u
t= h=
g 2g
u t=? h=?
v = u + at
0 = u − gt
u
t=
g

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 13-Mar-21

v= 2gh
2h
t=
g
v = 2 × 10 × 90
2 × 90
t=
10
v = 30 2
t=3 2 v = 30 × 1.414 = 42.42 ms
t = 3 × 1.414 = 4.242 s

v = 0.9 42.42 = 38.18 ms

2u 2v
t= t =
g g

2 × 38.18
t = = 7.636 s
10

v(ms-1)

v1

0 t t+t1

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Relative velocity
 Relative velocity of A w.r.to B V =V −V

A
A

B V = (−V ) − V = −(V + V )
B
⃗

v =u+a t
1
s = ut + at
2 −⃗
v = u + 2as

V =V −V
A
−18 = V − (54)

V =V −V V = 54 − 18 = 36

V = −90 − 54 = −144 kmh V =V −V

V = 36 − 0 = 36 kmh
V =V −V
B
V = 0 − −90 = 90 kmh

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 13-Mar-21

Effective velocity
 A train length 250 m is travelling with a speed of 25 ms-1.
How much time it will take to cross an electric post?
post

G E length of train
speed =
time
length of train
time =
speed
post
250
time = = 10 s
25
G E

Effective velocity
 A train length 250 m is travelling with a speed of 25
ms-1. How much time will it take to cross a bridge of
length 1.5 km? speed =
effective length
time
G E +
speed =
train bridge time
+
lt lb time =
speed
G E
bridge train

250 + 1500 1750

time = = = 70
25 25

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 13-Mar-21

Effective velocity
 Train-A of length 250 m is travelling with velocity 10 ms-1
and Train-B of length 300 m with velocity 15 ms-1 coming
from behind overtakes A. How much time it will take for
B to overtake A?
+
VB VA =
Train-A
time = −
Train-B
+
lB lA − =
time

250 + 300
15 − 10 =
time
550 550
5= time = = 110 s
time 5

Effective velocity
 Train-A of length 250 m is travelling with speed 10 ms-1
and Train-B of length 300 m with speed 15 ms-1 travel in
opposite directions. How much time it will take for them
to cross each other?
+
VB VA =
time = −
Train-B Train-A
+
lB lA − =
time

250 + 300
15 − (−10) =
time
550 550
25 = time = = 22 s
time 25

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V = 500 kmh V =V −V
V V V =V +V
V = −1500 kmh
V = −1500 + 500
V =?
V = −1000 kmh

a v
5
car v = 126 kmh = 126 × = 35 ms
18
s = 200 m v = u + at
v = u + 2as
0 = 35 + (−3.06)t
v = u + at
0 = 35 + 2 × a × 200
1 t = 11.43 s
s = ut + at a= −3.06 ms
2
v = u + 2as

uB uB
Train-B Train-B

l d l
uA uA
Train-A Train-A

l l
5
u = u = 72 kmh = 72 × = 20 ms
18
1
1 (s ) = (u )t + (a )t d = 1250 − 800 = 450
s = ut + at 2
2 1
( + 2 ) = (u − u )t + (a − a )t
2
1
( + 800) = (20 − 20)t + (1 − 0)(50)
2
1
( + 800) = × 2500
2

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v = u + at
1
s = ut + at
car-B car-A 2
v = u + 2as
car-C

= 10 = 15 = −15

= − = 15 − 10 = 5 1
s = ut + at
2
= − = −15 − 10 = −25 1
= t+ t
2
−1000 1
= ; −25 = 1000 = (5 × 40) + × × (40)
2
1000 1
= = 40 800 = × 1600 =1
25 2
Town-A

Cycle
Town-B

Bus Bus
Bus Bus

Velocity of Bus = Velocity of Cycle = = 20 ℎ = 5 .56

From Town-A From Town-B

= − = +

ℎ = − × 18 × 60 ℎ = +

ℎ = × × 60 ℎ = ×

− × 18 × 60 = × × 60 + × 6 × 60 = × × 60
− × 18 = + × 6 =

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− × 18 = − × 18 = + × 6

3 − = +
+ × 6 =
3 −3 = +

2 = 4 =2

= 40 ℎ

2 + × 6 =2

3 × 6 =2

18 = 2

=9

(a) downwards
−
(b) Velocity is zero, Acceleration is constant & downwards

+ (c)Upward motion: +ve, -ve, +ve

Downward motion: +ve, +ve, +ve

(d) u 2u
h= t=
2g g

(29.4) 2 × 29.4
h= = 44.1 t= =6
2 × 9.8 9.8

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Q.1: Find out the Instantaneous velocity of a particle traveling along a straight
line for time 3 seconds, with a position function x defined as 5t² + 2t + 4?

x=5 +2 +4 = 10 + 2 = 10

= = 10 + 2
?

= 30 + 2 = 32

= = = 10
?

Q.2: Find out the average velocity of a particle traveling along a straight line for
between time 3 seconds and 8 seconds with a position function x defined as
5t² + 2t + 4?

x=5 +2 +4 = 8 = 5 × 64 + 2 × 8 + 4 = 340

= 3 = 5 × 9 + 2 × 3 + 4 = 55
= 3; = 8;

−
= =
−

340 − 55 285
= = = 57
8−3 5

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 13-Mar-21

−
=
−
x= + = = + = 8.5 + (2.5 × 16) = 48.5

= = + = 8.5 + (2.5 × 4) = 18.5

=
?
48.5 − 18.5 30
= = = 15
= 2 =0 4−2 2

= 2 × 2.5 × 2 = 10

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