PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF ONE FLOOR PARKING LOT

FOR

KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC

BY

SHAIFA HAMISI MWAKITUNZA

INDEX NO: 1061200930

NOVEMBER 2022
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this project is my original work and that it has not been
presented for award of Diploma to any institution.

STUDENT:

INDEX NO: ----------------------------

SIGNATURE: ----------------------------

DATE: --------------------------------

Department of Building and Civil Engineering

Kenya Coast National Polytechnic

This report has been submitted for examination with my approval as Polytechnic
Supervisor

SUPERVISOR: -------------------------------

SIGNATURE: --------------------------------

DATE: ------------------------------

Department of Building and Civil Engineering

Kenya Coast National Polytechnic

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to thank the institution for accessible resources of books
which enabled me to carry out my research. Also their availability of laboratory
equipment which enabled me to undertake the tests for the project.
Special thanks to my fellow students SCOLLA THALU AND ESTHER MBODZE
for their assistance and suggestions.
I would also like to thank my supervisor MR DAVID CHILANGO for his guidance
which was highly required.

ii
 ABSTRACT
The introduction entails all what the project is about. The current situation before the
proposal and the justification of the project is explained. The objectives for the
proposed project are also laid out.

The surveying of the project is inclusive of all the necessary original surveying data
that is included in the project. The reduced levels from the temporary benchmark to
the proposed site location are also include in the earthworks.

Soil investigation involves details of samples taken on the proposed site locations
and tests carried out to classify the soils and show the strength analysis to determine
the bearing capacity.

The architectural requirements shows a site plan of all the existing features of the
proposed project and the elevations, sections and foundation layouts.

Structural requirements involve the design and details for the proposed project, the
type of reinforcement and the calculations used in structural designing for the work.

The measurement of works involves taking off of quantities for the sub structure
works of the proposed parking area and the bill of quantities for items.

Estimating and costing shows the buildup rates for all the measurement of works and
the pricing of all the items required for the parking area.

Site organization and management consists of a site layout plan for all the works and
a method statement for the substructure works. The detailed programme for works of
the proposed parking area and the plant schedule.

Services involving details for drainage of the parking area and the accessibility to the
completed project is shown.

iii
 Contents
DECLARATION...............................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......................................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT..........................................................................................................................iii
CHAPTER ONE.....................................................................................................................1
1.0 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 2...........................................................................................................................4
2.0 SURVEYING..............................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 3.........................................................................................................................11
3.0 SOIL INVESTIGATION.............................................................................................11
3.1 Laboratory test..........................................................................................................11
3.2 Grading test...............................................................................................................11
3.3 Proctor test................................................................................................................13
3.4 Atlerbers limit test....................................................................................................16
3.5 California bearing ratio............................................................................................16
CHAPTER 4.........................................................................................................................25
4.0 ARCHITECTURAL REQUIREMENTS................................................................25
CHAPTER 5.........................................................................................................................30
5.0 STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS........................................................................30
5.1 DESIGN.....................................................................................................................30
CHAPTER SIX.....................................................................................................................37
6.0 MEASUREMENT....................................................................................................37
CHAPTER SEVEN..............................................................................................................41
7.0 ESTIMATION AND COSTING..............................................................................41
7.1 Site clearance.............................................................................................................42
7.2 Top soil excavation....................................................................................................42
7.3 Main excavation........................................................................................................42
7.4 Hardcore....................................................................................................................45
7.5 Murram.....................................................................................................................46
7.6 Sand...........................................................................................................................47
CHAPTER EIGHT...............................................................................................................49
8.0 SITE ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT..................................................49
8.1 PLANNING...............................................................................................................49
8.3 SITE LAYOUT.........................................................................................................50
iv
 8.4 ORGANIZATION....................................................................................................50
8.5 PLANT SCHEDULE................................................................................................51
8.6 SITE SAFETY..........................................................................................................52
CHAPTER NINE.................................................................................................................53
9.0 SERVICES................................................................................................................53

v
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION.
A parking lot, is an area, usually divided into individual spaces ,intended for parking
vehicles like cars and motorcycles. This proposal provides solution at Kenya Coast
National Polytechnic students and staffs due to rising number of personal vehicles
users over the years. It will reduce the congestion and giving a good circulation at
the Institution as well as submitting multiple solutions which include time
management.

The Kenya Coast National Polytechnic formerly Mombasa Technical Training

Institute (Mombasa TTI) is located in the coastal town of Mombasa. It was
established in 1950 as a Technical High School. Upon the introduction of the 8-4-4
system of education , it was elevated to a middle level technical college in 1984 to
provide technical training. The polytechnic operates under the Education ART, Tvet
Act. It offers curriculum developed by Kenya Institute of Curriculum
Development(KICD), National Industrial Training Authority (NITA), Kenya
Accounts and Secretaries Examination Board(KASNEB)

The parking lot area will be located behind the football pitch near the garage and the
mosque and since there is an access to gate B it will be more easier. Area to be
covered by the parking lot is 14000mm by 21000mm with a rectangular shape like.
The topography of the area is gently slope and the drainage of the area is maintained.

It will accommodate total number of 57 vehicles. Ground floor will carry maximum
number 39 vehicles which include 10 motor cycles and 20 bicycle and 9 cars , while
the first floor will carry maximum number of 18 cars.

The material to be used in the project is concrete material. The reason for choosing
concrete its because concrete is more durable due to its strength and easily accessible
.The ratio to be used in concrete will be 1:1.5:3 class 25.

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Due to inadequate parking space especially during unfavorable condition example

during rainy season where the need for parking is poorly. Also the number of people
needing to park is much greater and increases daily than the parking spots located in
the center of the institution thus its giving a hard time to the accessors . Also causes
the parkers to have to move around waste more fuel which cause tardiness and
absence mostly to some lecturers. Insecurity in the institution since the parking lot is
insufficient we found that cases on thiefing has increased. Also due to insufficient
parking lot it promotes ugly looking environment where vehicles are parked
everywhere around the institution . Also due to few parking space it has led to
congestion of people at the institution.

By solving these problems , this proposed project will be a significant to the

institution since it will help to reduce congestion and will enable freely movement of
student and staffs.

1.2 JUSTIFICATION

Due to the problems which the institution is facing the proposed project will be
leading in making the value of KCNP to a higher level. Generally the proposed
project has never been in KCNP since the parking lot which exist it’s only ground
floor and the parking space is not enough.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

1.3.1 MAJOR OBJECTIVES

To provide an excellent parking area

1.3.2 MINOR OBJECTIVES

i)To save time

ii)Making a good looking environment

iii)To promote security

iv)To reduce congestions

2
SKETCH

3
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 SURVEYING
Surveying is the process of determining relative positions of different objects on the
surface of the earth by measuring horizontal distances between them.
2.1 Purpose for surveying.
 To transfer the datum from the kenya benchmark(B.M.18.6)
 To relate all surveying work on the proposed site of study.
The method to be used will be levelling.
Levelling is a process of determining the height of one level relative to onother.
In levelling calculations,the rise and fall method shall be used where the difference
of levels between consecutive points is found by comparing each point after the first
with that immediately preceding it.
The reduced level(R.L) will be found by adding rise of subtracting fall to the
preceding reduced level.
Survey was carried out by tje following group members:
1.Shaifa Hamisi
2.Esther Mbodze
3.Raymond Bongo
4.Scollar Thalu
5.Kennedy Wekesa
6Maxwell Owino

Tools to be used will be:

 Levelling machine
 Tripod stand
 staff rod
 Tapemeasure
 chalk(for marking)
The instrument to be used will be a dumpy level.
2.1.1 ADVANTAGES OF USING A DUMPY LEVEL:
4
 1. Has a high optical power.
2. Easy to use.
3. Adjustments can be made as per the requirement or type of ground.
4. Level readings are accurate.
Disadvantages of using a dumpy level :
1. Is limited to only horizontal angle measurements.

Field process involved:

The machine will be set on the ground ensuring that the nessesary adjustments are
made .
There will be elimanation of parallax where the bubble tube axis is made parallel to
the telescope making the bubble central when the line of site is horizontal.
The telescope is focused using the eyepiece unto the staff.The staff is to be held
vertically on the B.M and readings taken and recorded.
Afterwards, the staff is held and placed at intermediate stations at the required
distance from the first station.
The process will continue and there will be changes until the last reading is taken in
which the reduced level of a temporary B.M is established.

5
2.2 Transfer of levels from(B.M)at TUM to (T.B.M) at KENYA COAST
POLYTECHNIC at a distance of 20m apart
Rise and Fall method
BS IS FS RISE(+) FALL(-) R.L STATION
2.275 18.6 A
1.655 0.620 19.22
1.468 1.500 0.155 19.375 B
1.362 0.106 19.481
1.120 0.242 19.723
0.790 0.330 20.053
1.775 0.480 0.310 20.363 C
1.550 0.225 20.588
1.540 0.010 20.598
1.344 0.196 20.794
1.358 1.508 0.164 20.630 D
1.522 0.164 20.466
1.449 0.073 20.539
1.720 0.271 20.268
1.680 0.040 20.308
1.470 0.210 20.518
1.742 1.440 0.030 20.548 E
1.685 0.057 20.605
1.549 0.136 20.741
1.515 0.034 20.774
1.680 1.342 0.173 20.948 F
1.508 0.172 21.120
1.608 0.100 21.020
1.758 0.150 20.870
2.005 0.247 20.623
1.952 0.053 20.676
2.050 0.098 20.580
1.132 2.075 0.025 20.555 G
0.989 0.143 20.698
1.131 0.142 20.556
1.252 0.121 20.435

6
 1.349 0.097 20.338
1.655 0.306 20.032
1.651 0.004 20.036
1.840 0.189 19.847
1.385 1.995 0.155 19.692 H
1.520 0.135 19.557
1.405 0.115 19.672
1.701 0.296 19.380
1.698 0.003 19.383
1.880 0.182 19.201
1.878 0.002 19.203
2.063 0.185 19.018
1.070 2.150 0.087 18.931 I
1.025 0.045 18.976
1.275 0.250 18.726
1.343 0.068 18.658
1.458 0.115 18.543
1.300 0.158 18.701
1.448 1.258 0.042 18.743 J
1.298 0.150 18.893
1.375 0.077 18.816
1.233 0.142 18.958
1.383 0.150 18.808
1.550 0.167 18.641
1.718 0.168 18.473
1.548 2.100 0.382 18.090 K
1.589 0.041 18.049
1.768 0.171 17.870
1.975 0.207 17.663
1.489 2.028 0.053 17.610 L
1.645 0.156 17.454
1.442 0.203 17.657
1.240 0.202 17.859
1.070 0.170 18.029
0.708 0.362 18.391
0.436 0.272 18.663

7
2.182 0.300 0.136 18.799 M
1.950 0.232 19.031
1.639 0.311 19.342
1.322 0.317 19.659
1.255 0.067 19.726
1.258 0.003 19.723
1.335 0.077 19.646
1.198 0.137 19.783
1.498 1.210 0.012 19.771 N
1.568 0.070 19.701
1.555 0.013 19.714
1.678 0.123 19.591
1.455 0.223 19.814
1.705 0.250 19.564 O
1.020 1.848 0.143 19.421
1.401 0.381 19.040
1.380 0.021 19.061
1.568 1.400 0.020 19.041 P
1.742 0.174 18.867
1.782 0.040 18.827
0.615 1.760 0.022 18.849 Q
3.002 2.387 16.462
1.468 3.498 0.496 15.966 R
1.555 0.087 15.879
1.595 0.040 15.839
1.022 0.573 16.412

8
FLYING BACK LEVEL
B.S I.S F.S RISE FALL REDUCE DISTANC STATIO
D E N
LEVEL
0.735 16.412 0 A
3.200 0.945 0.210 16.202 40 B
1.615 0.628 2.572 18.774 80 C
1.412 0.203 18.977 120
1.673 1.330 0.082 19.058 160 D
1.091 1.230 0.443 19.502 200 E
1.400 0.920 0.171 19.673 240 F
1.341 0.059 19.732 280
1.421 0.08 19.652 320
0.941 1.569 0.148 19.504 360 G
1.567 0.626 18.878 400
1.999 0.432 18.446 440
1.074 2.595 0.596 17.850 480 H
1.619 0.545 17.305 520
1.321 0.298 17.603 560
1.723 0.961 0.36 17.963 600 I
1.333 0.39 18.353 640
1.465 0.850 0.483 18.836 680 J
1.522 0.057 18.779 720
1.910 0.388 18.391 760
1.845 1.720 0.19 18.581 800 K
1.528 0.317 18.898 840
1.223 0.305 19.203 880
1.620 1.110 0.113 19.316 920 L
1.294 0.326 19.642 960
1.032 0.262 19.904 1000
1.825 0.865 0.167 20.071 1040 M
1.410 0.415 20.486 1080
1.948 1.332 0.078 20.564 1120 N
1.555 0.393 20.957 1160
1.305 0.250 21.207 1200
1.545 1.200 0.105 21.312 1240 0
1.483 0.062 21.374 1280
1.863 0.380 20.994 1320
1.461 1.950 0.087 20.907 1360 P
1.575 0.114 20.793 1400
1.599 0.024 20.769 1440
1.270 0.329 21.098 1480
0.380 1.590 0.320 20.778 1520 Q
1.055 0.675 20.103 1560
9
 1.510 0.455 19.648 1600
1.615 0.105 19.543 1640
2.300 0.685 18.858 1680

Transfer of levels from TBM to site.

BS IS FS RISE(+ FALL( REDUCE DISTANC

) -) D LEVEL E
0.600 16.412 0 C.P
1.411 0.811 15.601 20
1.500 0.089 15.512 40
1.555 0.055 15.475 60
1.580 1.345 0.21 15.667 80 C.P
1.638 0.058 15.609 100
1.322 0.316 15.293 120
1.575 0.253 15.040 140

10
 CHAPTER TWO
3.0 SOIL INVESTIGATION

Soil investigation is carried out to establish the geological along the parking
alignment. Soil samples are taken to the laboratories for testing. The purpose of
testing the soil is to identify and confirm the characteristics of the soil along the
proposed parking.

Objectives of soil test

I. Helps in determining the total amount of materials required.

II. Determining the nature and physical properties of the soil used
in design.
III. Helps in foreseeing construction hazard that may be
encountered and the ways of solving them.
3.1 Laboratory test
The following tests were carried out on soil sample taken from the site;

I. Grading
test II.
Proctor
test

III. Alterbers test

The above test on soil samples were carried out in the constitutional
laboratory.

3.2 Grading test

The grading test was carried out to determine the proportion of different sizes of
particulars present in the soil

TEST PROCEDURE

I. Break the undistributed dry soil with the

mallet. II. Mix the material thoroughly then
sub divide it.

11
 III. Obtained the required sample and weigh its total mass.
IV. Arrange the sieves in the sequences as specified from larger to
the smaller one.
V. Pass the material on 20mm. seize and wash the remaining
particles to remove smaller remaining particles.
VI. Sieve the retained particles on the appropriate larger sieves
and record weight retained in each sieve.
VII. Calculate their percentages.
Total weight of the sample 2123.40g.

Sieve (mm) Weight retained (g) % retained % passing

50.0 0 0.0 100

34.5 20.30 0.5 99.5

28 54.20 2.5 97.8

25 80.60 4.0 96.5

20 150.20 7.1 93.0

14 233.40 10.0 90.0

10 388.70 18.0 82.0

6.3 496.90 24.0 76.8

5.0 600.90 28.5 72.0

3.35 759.8 35.8 64.5

2.0 920.5 40.8 56.8

1.18 1150.9 55.0 45.3

0.60 1340.5 64.0 36.5

0.425 1430.1 67.3 32.8

0.30 1600.4 75.0 25.4

0.15 1650.8 78.4 21.9

12
 0.075 1790.8 84.5 15.5

0.063 1940.5 94.50 8.5

Remarks

The soil was well distributed.

Calculations

Percentage retained = weight on sieve /total weight of sample × 100

Sieve 20 = 150.1/2123.4 ×100

= 7.1%
Percentage passing = 100 ─ % retained on the sample
Sieve 20 = 100% ─ 7.1%

= 92.9%

Grading modulus = sum of cumulative % retained /100

7.1 + 18.3+28.5+43.3+54.74+63.5+74.9+84.5+92.0/100

=4.6

Efficiency of uniformity = D60/D10

Curve

Example from curve D =6.0/D10

=2.5/0.08
=31.25

3.3 Proctor test

It was carried out to determine the mass of the soil that can be held per unit volume.

TEST PROCEDURE

13
 I. Obtained about 6kg of air dried soil passing sieve
20mm.
II. Weight the mould with base plate and record the
weight (ml).
III. Put the soil in a tray and mix thoroughly with water
starring with 20ml ,40ml and so on.
IV. Place the mold and base plate on a solid base and fix
the collars then fill and compact the soil in the mold using
T99(2.5kg).
V. Compact for about 25 blows and for about three larger
each.
VI. Remove the collars trim the excess soil over the edge
and weight the mold and base and soil.
VII. Place the mold on a tray remove the soil and take small
proctor for mixture content.
VIII. Break the specimen, mix with the remaining materials
in the tray and add again 2ml of water.
IX. Mix the soil thoroughly with water and repeat (IV) and
(III) four times with increment of 20ml of water each time.

Calculations

Moisture content = mass of water /mass of dry soil ×100

Bulky density (p) = m2 ─ m2/volume of mold

Dry density (pd) = 100 (bulk density)/100 + mc

MDD and OMC = peak of the curve (MDD) of the corresponding value on the
horizontal scale (OMC)

Bulky density determination

Test NO. 1 2 3 4 5
Weigh of 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000
sample (g)

14
 Water added 120 240 360 480 600
(ml)
Weight of 8610 8982 9298 9256 9011
mould and
sample
Weight of 4475 4475 4475 4475 4475
mould (g)
Weight of 4135 4507 4825 4780 4538
sample (C─D)
Volume of 2124 2124 2124 2124 2124
mould
Wet density 1948 2120 2270 2251 2136
E/F
×100(kg/m-3)

Moisture determination
Container no. A15 A11 A9 A14 A3
Weight of wet 256.20 280.54 247.30 259.30 240.05
soil and
container(g)
Weight of dry 236.30 224.22
soil and 250.65 270.50 244.90
container(g)
Weight of water 5.60 9.58 10.95 14.48 15.82
(g)
Weight of empty 86.45 86.60 86.55 85.27 85.34
containers(g)

Weight of dry 164.20 183.90 149.50 159.60 138.90

soil
Moisture content 3.40 5.20 7.30 9.04 11.40
%
Dry density 1883 2017 2118 2064 1918
(G×100/100+m)

15
3.4 Atlerbers limit test
Container no. 76 74 72 75

Liquid limit cone 177 19 24 26

penetration(mm)

Weight of cone 31.84 33.79 34.69 32.81

and wet soil(g)

Weight of cone 29.69 31.2 21.7 30.34

and dry soil(g)

Weight of 2.15 2.59 2.99 2.47

moisture (g)

Weight of dry 19.81 20.71 21.12 22.51

containers(g)

Weight of dry 9.88 10.49 10.59 9.83

soil(g)

Moisture content 21.8 24.7 28.2 31.5

%

Average 16

3.5 California bearing ratio

This is the basic test used to measure strength of sub grade soil. It is conducted by
penetrating a molded soil specimen with 2 cylindrical plunger at a constant rate of
1mm per minute and the forces corresponding with penetration of 2.5mm and
5.00mm are compacted and compared with strength of California vocus.
The following are applicable in the test.

Plunger – cylindrical piston of 1935mm2 fixed to the providing ring of CBR

machine, that penetrates the soil specimen.
Dial gauge – the instrument which indicates the load reading or penetration of
plunger as testing continues.

Surcharge – metal disk placed over soil specimen during soaking and testing to
stimulate weight of pavement layers.

Sweal - expansion of soil caused by water absorption.

16
Test method
I. British standard methods
Mould size – 152mm dia × 127mm high (volume =
2305cm3) Specimen 1:2.5kg rammes, 3 layers 62 blows per
layer.
Specimen 2: 4.5kg rammes , 5 layers, 30 blows per layer.
Specimen 3: 4.5kg rammes, 5 layers, 62 blows per layer.
II. American standards
Mould size : 152.4mm dia × 116.4mm high (volume = 2124)

Using 2.5kg rammes

Specimen 1 – 3 layer, 10 blows per
layer Specimen 2 – 3 layer, 30 blows
per layer.
Specimen 3 – 5 layer, 65 blows per layer.
NB; the method to be used consider ( American standard)
Test procedure
CBR compaction
a) Carry out proctor test in order to get the MDD and 0mc of the soil.
b) Prepare about 6kg of air – dried soil passing 20mm sieve for each of
the CBR specimen.
c) Determine the natural moisture contest of the dry soil before adding
water.
d) Calculate the amount of water to be added to the soil to get the
optimum moisture content (0mc – pmc ) × m
Pmc + 100
e) Weight the mould with its base plate and record.
f) Put the soil in a try and add amount of water.
g) Mix the sample thoroughly and leave a small portion for moisture
content.
h) Place the layers according to the specified method and compact each
using proper rammes.
i) Contribute blows uniformly over the surface of each layer.
j) Remove the collas, trim excess soil over the mould and take the
weight of the mould with the base plate and soil(m2)
k) Remove base plate and put filles proper on it invest the specimen and
tie the base plates back on the mould.
17
 l) Put perforated swell plate on the specimen, add surcharge weights and
put the specimen in a tank.
m) Place swell gauge on the specimen, record the initial reading (R1)
then add water to appproximarely 5mm below the top of the collas and leave
the specimen in water for 4 days.
Use the procedure for all the 3 specimen.
Moisture content = mass of water × 100%
Mass of dry soil
Bulk density (p) = m2 – m1
Volume of muld
Dry density (pd) = p+ 100
W + 10
Table
Observation and calculations
Observation and 2.5kg rammes 10 4.5kg rammes, blows, 4.5 kg rammes, 65
calculation blows, 3 layer 5 layers blows, 5 layers

Bulky density
determination
compaction

Number of blows per

layer
Mould no. 4 5 6
Weight of mould 12558 12877 13273
+base plate +
soil m1(g)
Weight of mould + 8864 8837 8888
base plate + m2(g)
Weight of soil m1 – 3694 4040 4387
m2 (g)
Volume of mould 2124 2124 2124
v(cm2)
Bulky density 1739 1202 2065
M1- m2 kg/m3

18
 V

Bulky density = weight of mould + base plate + soil – weight of mould +base plate
Volume of mould
= 12555 – 8864 = 1.739g/cm2

2124
CBR
penetrat
ion
a) After 4 days, place swell gauge on each specimen and record the final
reading (R2)
b) Remove the specimen from water, allow them to drain for 15 minutes
and then penetrate each one of them.
c) Record the dial gauge reading at each penetration interval i.e 2.5mm
and 5.0mm.
d) Use the ring factor to convest the gauge reading into force (kw)

Formula calculations
CBR value at 2.5mm = force at 2.5mm × 100
13.2kw
CBR value at 5.0mm = force at 5.0mm × 100
20.0
Swell = initial reading (R1) – final reading (R2) × 100
Height of specimen

Table
CBR penetration sheet AASHTO
Ring factor 0.02263
Mould 4: 2.54 g rammes/T99
Penetration of plunger (mm) Dial gauge reading (dr) Force on plunge (kw)

19
 0.00 0 0.00
0.64 53 1.20
1.27 87 1.97
1.91 110 2.49
2.54 135 3.06
5.08 220 4.98
7.62 287 6.49
CBR value at 2.5 mm = force at 2.5mm × 100
13.2 kw
= 3.06 ×100
13.2kw
=23.18
= 23
CBR results
Record the value obtained at penetration of 2.5mm and 5.0 mm and report the height
value as the CBR of the material.
NB
British standard specify CBR value at 2.3mm and require the test to be run. If the
value at 5.0 mm is greater than the one at 2.5 mm.
Report the swell value obtained at heavy compaction (i.e swell obtained at the mould
compacted with the highest number of blows using 4.5 kg rammer

Standard penetration 2.5 mm 50.0 mm

Standard force (kw) 13.2 20.0
10 blows 2.3 25
30 blows 42 40
65 blows 58 57

Summary
Blows Bb (kg/m3) CBR % SWELL %
10 1739 25 0.04

20
 30 1902 42 0.03
2065 58 0.02
Table
Ring factor 0.002263 kw
Mould 6: 4.5 kg rams/T180
65 blows
Penetration of plunger (mm) Dial gauge reading (dr) Force on plunge (kw)
0.00 0 0.00
0.64 116 2.63
1.27 202 4.57
1.91 278 6.27
2.54 340 7.69
5.08 502 11.36
7.62 612 13.85

Volume of mould = 2124 cm3 (according to AASHTO specification weight of soil

= (weight of would + base plate – (weight of mould + base plate ). i.e 12558 g –
8864 g
Table
Moisture content determination
Container no. A36 A37 A38
Weight of wet soil + container 179.58 167.10 189.55

Weight of dry soil + container 167.78 156.16 176.85

Weight of water w2 – w2 (g) 11.80 10.94 12.70
Weight of empty container (g) 42.6 42.4 41.8
Weight of dry soil w2 – (g) 125.56 113.76 133.7
Moisture content (w1 – w2) × 100 9.6 9.6 9.6
W2 – C
Dry density bulk density ×100 kg/cm3 moisture 1590 1735 1886
content + 100

21
Table
Soaking record
Date of moulding
Soaking days 4 4 4
Date of penetration
Table
Swell value
Initial gaguge reading (R1) 9.63 10.95 11.43
Final gauge reading (R2) 9.68 10.99 10.55
Swell (R1 – R2) × 100 0.04 0.03 0.02
Height of mould
20.0 kw
= 4.98 × 100

2
0
.
0

k
w

2
4
.
9

2
5

Table

22
Ring factor 0.02263 kw
Mould 5 : 45 kg rams / T180
30 blows
Penetration of plunger Dial gauge reading (dr) Force on plunge (kw)
(mm)
0.00 0 0.00
0.64 36 1.95
1.91 201 4.55
2.54 245 5.54
5.08 350 7.92
7.62 428 9.69

CRB value at 2.5 mm = force at 2.5 mm × 100

13.2 kw
= 5.54 × 100
13.2 kw
CBR value at 5.0 mm = force at 50 mm × 100
20.0 kw
= 7.92 × 100
20.0
= 39.6
= 40
CBR at 2.5 mm = force at 2.5 mm × 100
13.2 kw
= 7.69 × 100
13.2
= 58.26
= 58
CBR value at 5.0 mm = force at 50 mm × 100
20.0 kw
= 11.36 × 100
20.0 kw
23
= 56.8
= 57

24
 CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 ARCHITECTURAL REQUIREMENTS

25
26
27
28
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS

5.1 DESIGN

29
30
31
32
33
34
35
 CHAPTER SIX

6.0 MEASUREMENT

36
 Items to measure
Site clearance
Main excavation
Levelling and compacting
Hardcore filling
Murram blinding
sand layer
Interlocking concrete blocks

Site clearance
21.00 Clear site of small bushes, shrubs and undergrowth
14.00 661.78 including grabbing the roots, burning and cut away

Site excavation
21.00 L W
14.00 21000 14000
0.15 99.267 2/150 2/150
14000 14000

Ditto
Remove top vegetable soil n.e 150 mm

Main excavation
L W Depth
21000 14000 345
25
21.00 80
14.00 450- 150
0.3 198.534

37
 Levelling and compacting
L w
21000 14000

Level & compact the bottom of the trench

21.00
14.00 661.78

Granular bound material

21.00 Import fillings to make up level 345thick to be
14.00 compacted
0.45 297.8

21.00 661.78 Placing of road kerbs with lean concrete ratio 1:3:6
14.00

21.00
14.00 34.00 Sand layer
0.25 50mm sand blinding laid on a consolidated base
course

L W Depth
21000 14000 0.05
2/300 2/300
21000 14000

Concrete and topsoil

L W Depth
21.00
21000 14000 150
14.00 94.56
2/-150 2/-150
0.15
32300 20000 150

38
 Placing of 80mm thick concrete interlocking blocks
to class 45

L W D
32.00 19.70 0.15
0.25=128 0.25=78
128*78=9984

21.00 (0.15*0.15*0.15) =0.003375

14.00 94.56 9984*O.003375
33.696

21.00 Ddt
14.00 Ditto
0.15 94.56 60.864

39
 CHAPTER SEVEN
7.0 ESTIMATION AND COSTING

40
7.1 Site clearance
Assume
4 unskilled labour
1 paid 60ksh per hr
Assume
1m2= 6 hrs
4×60×6=1440 (add 30% profits and overheads)
432+1440=1872

7.2 Top soil excavation

Assume
Unskilled 1m3 =2hrs
0.1m3 =0.3hrs
1hr= 60 mins

0.3hrs =18mins/m3
Assume
1unskilled =90ksh per hr
2 unskilled =50kshs per hour
18×90 = 27Ksh
60
18×50 =15ksh
60
27+15=42 (add 30%profits &overheads)
= 54.6

7.3 Main excavation

Purchase price = 7,750,000sh
Cycle time= 1.5 mins

41
Efficiency= 90%
Scrap value of excavator=500,00ksh
Diesel consumption/week =225@104ksh
Insurance P.A =220,000
2250=working hours p.a
Working hrs per week=45hrs
Interest on excavation p.a. 19% price
Insurance p.a= 220,000
Repair and replacement= 30% annual depletion
Licenses and taxes on exacavation p.a.=30,000sh
Economic working life=6yrs
Haulage charges to and from site=50,000p.a.
Soil swell factor 1:3

1) Owning cost
Hourly depreciation=purchase price -scrap value .
Economically working life × working hrs per annum
=7,750,000- 500,000= 573sh/hr
6×2250
Interest on capital per hr
=7.75×0.19=654sh
2250
Insurance of excavation per hr=220,000=97.78per hr
2250
Major repaires and replacement per hr =hourly depreciation ×100%

537×30=161.10per hr

42
 100

Licenses and taxes per hour

=30,000=13.30per hr
2250
Haulage cost per hr =50,000=22.30per hour
2250
537+656+40+97.78+161.1+13.3+22.3=1487.88

2)Running cost
Fuel per week
working hrs per week=45
cost of fuel=104/L
No. of L per week =22.5

fuel/hr=225×104=520sh/hr
45
Oil per hr= No. of litres/week =15

cost per hr=15×120=40

45
operator@125/hr=125sh
Banksman@60sh per hr=60sh
sundries say 50ksh
Total running cost =520+40+125+60+50=795ksh
total running and operating cost/hr=2,282ksh

43
Output of excavator
No. of buckets per hr= 60=40
1.5
90%effieciency=40×90%= 36 buckets
actual output of exacavator in m3 per hr
= 36×0.45m3 =15.12m3
add buckling = 1.3 =15.12×1.3=19.656m3
Add 25% profits and overheads ksh=145.2KSh

7.4 Hardcore
Cost of hardcore=800sh
weight=1.75t/m3
Hand operated roller=250sh
Thickness 250mm
cost per m3 = 800×1.75=1400sh
(add 20%compaction and 5% waste)
20% of 1400= 350 5% of 1400=70
350+70+1400 =1820

cost per m3 = 1×1×1=1820sh

1×1×0.25=455sh
Labour
spreading =unskilled
Assume
unskilled =60sh per hr
0.75m3 =60sh
0.25m3=20sh

44
compaction hourly =250sh
Assume
50m3 hardcore=1hr
cost per m3 = 250 × 2 = 10sh per m2
50
Total cost = 455+20+10= 485sh
Add 20% profits and overhead=582

7.5 Murram
50mm per m2
Assume
Unskilled labour =50sh per hr
density of murram= 1500Kg/m
cost of murram= 500per tonne
cost per m3= 1500× 500= 750sh
1000
Add 5%waste and 10%compaction= 863sh
1m3 = 863
0.05= 43.15ksh

Labour for murram

Assume
10 mins to spread
cost per hour= 10× 50=8.33
60
Compaction
Assume
15 mins to compact once per m3 twice = 15×50×2=25
60

45
watering per m3 say 5 ksh
Total =43+8+25+5= 81ksh
(add 20% profits n overheads)= 97.2Ksh

7.6 Sand
50 mm per m2
Assume
unskilled labour= 50sh per hr
cost of sand 700 per tonne
density of sand =1500kg/m3
cost per m3 = 1500× 700=1050
1000
Add 5%waste and 10% compaction
5%of 1050=52.5 +
10% of 1050= 105 =1207.5ksh
cost of 50 mm sand
1m3 = 1207.5
0.05m3 = 60.375

Labour
Spreading
Assume
10 mins to spread
cost per hour= 10×50=8.33 say 8
60
Compaction

46
 Assume 15 mins to compact once per m3 twice
15×50×2=25
60
Assume watering per m3 say ksh 5
Total cost =60.38+81+25+5=98.38
(add 20% profits n overheads)= 19.68
19.68+98.38= 118.06ksh

Item Description Qty Unit Rate Amount (ksh)

1 Site clearance 661.78 M2 1872 1,238,856.16
2 Top soil 99.267 M2 54.6 5,419.98
excavation
3 Main excavation 165.445 M3 145.2 24,022.614
4 Hardcore 165.45 M2 582 96,262.8
5 Murram blinding 33.089 M2 97.2 3,216.251
6 Placing sand 32.111 M2 118.06 3,791.0247

Total amount= 1,371,568.83Ksh

(add 10% contingencies)= Ksh 2,739,725.74

47
 CHAPTER EIGHT

8.0 SITE ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT

8.1 PLANNING
Involves thinking ahead of the operations or activities to be performed.

Steps involved:

 The type, duration and quantities

 Classification and number of laborers
 Extent of aid needed financially
 Duration required to complete the project
 Objectives of planning the project
Main objective:

Project to be executed economically within the scheduled period.

One should include:

 Proper choice of plant

 Procurement of material
 Constant flow of funds
 Safety precautions

8.2 Work planning

After project is planned, it is scheduled. Scheduling is done to ensure the work is

done in an orderly way.

Advantages of work planning

 Gives clear idea about type, quantity and different stages of supply and
materials.
 Helps arrange both skilled and unskilled labor
 Money required at different stages will be known from different data.

48
  Total time to complete the project is known

8.3 SITE LAYOUT

49
8.4 ORGANIZATION
It consists of site administration, field control, field engineering, material control and
site supervision.

It involves a well detailed and safe process throughout the project duration.

Factors to be considered when organizing:

 Security
 Space available
 Site accommodation
 Temporary services such as water, drainage and power
 Access to the site, impact on traffic
 Storage of material

It is necessary to do preparations for starting work where it is important to plan

ahead and decide on the following;

I. What is be done.
II. What item needs special attention.
III. Item to carry out each sot.
IV. In what order the job should be done.
V. Who to assign in a given task.

ACTIVITY WORKS DURATION

50
 A Site Clearance 3days
B Main excavation 11days
C Levelling and compacting 4days
D Hardcore filling 6days
F Murram blinding 10days
G Sand laying 8days
H Placing mesh reinforcement 3days
I Concrete and top soil coverage 28days

8.5 PLANT SCHEDULE

For construction plants and equipment organisation the type of plant and equipment
needed has to be considered.

CLASSIFICATION TOTAL MONTH

OF LABOUR QUANTITY 1ST MONTH 2NDMONTH 2RDMONTH
REQUIRED WEEK WEEK WEEK
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
GRADER 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - -
EXCAVATOR 1 4 7 - - - - - - - - - -
TRUCK 1 4 7 - - - - - - - - - -
ROLLER 1 2 - - - 1 - - - - - - -
MIXER 1 - - - - 2 - - - - - -
POKER VIBRATOR 2 - - - - - 2 - - - - - -

8.6 SITE SAFETY

It is concerned with protecting construction site personnel from risking.

Measures taken to ensure safety in site:

• Ensure all to put on P.P.E at all times

51
• Keep the site tidy

• Ensure to keep safety signs and procedures

• Report defects and misses on time

52
 CHAPTER NINE

9.0 SERVICES
The importance of drainage to the proposed operation is efficient sine grasscerete is
permeable, it allows storm water to infiltrate into the ground. The water percolates
through the ground and recharges ground water, minimizes need to control storm
water runoff. On level ground, grasscerete can drain at 90% the rate of water with
the formers enabling retention of surface water where subgrade is slow to drain.
Periodic inspections and repair for the formers is done to ensure parking section is
maintained.

Where a slow drainage subgrade is encountered, consideration is given to the

underlying ground level. This creates a reservoir without weakening the ground-
bearing capacity.

53