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A comprehensive review on the use of sugarcane bagasse ash as a

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DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.264

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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

A comprehensive review on the use of sugarcane bagasse ash as a

supplementary cementitious material to produce eco-friendly concretes
Ibrahim Saad Agwa a,⇑, Abdullah M. Zeyad b,c, Bassam A. Tayeh d, Adeyemi Adesina e,
Afonso R.G. de Azevedo f, Mohamed Amin a, Marijana Hadzima-Nyarkog
a
Suez University, Faculty of Technology and Education, Civil and Architectural Constructions, Suez, Egypt
b
Jazan University, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
c
University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering, Aden, Yemen
d
Islamic University of Gaza, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering, Gaza, Palestine
e
University of Windsor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Windsor, Canada
f
North Fluminense State University (UENF), Civil Engineering Laboratory (LECIV), Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque California, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
g
University of Osijek, V. Preloga 3, 31000 Osijek, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer, Croatia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The growing interest in finding partial substitutes for cement is the result of the desire to reduce air pol-
Available online xxxx lution caused by the cement industry. One of these partial substitutes is sugarcane bagasse (SCB). SCB is a
by-product of the sugar industry extracted from sugarcane. After burning, a large volume of SCB becomes
Keywords: sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) to generate electricity during sugar processing. Many papers studied the
Chemical properties SCBA influences as a construction material due to having pozzolanic characteristics. This paper is a
Mechanical properties comprehensive review of the SCBA used as a supplementary cementitious material (SCMs) to produce
Microstructure
eco-friendly concretes. Firstly, treatment, physical and chemical properties of SCBA. Finally, review the
Physical properties
Sugarcane bagasse ash
concrete properties, including SCBA. The concrete properties such as slump, mechanical properties, water
Slump absorption, porosity, and microstructure. Based on the literature review, the slump increases or decreases
with increasing the SCBA percentage because of influenced treatment by heating and/or milling, and
optimum replacement ratio range of 5%–10% better mechanical properties.
Copyright Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on Advances in Construction Materials and Structures.

1. Introduction products has resulted in massive amounts of agricultural waste

Apart from the need to minimize dependence on cement due to
the environmental damages it causes and to reduce the use of non-
renewable natural resources, the increasing global demand for
concrete has also necessitated the search for alternatives to its
raw materials [1]. The cement industry is the third energy con-
sumed globally, after steel and aluminum industries [2]. Further-
more, a major issue during cement production is the release of a
massive amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere; this
gas is a major contributor to global warming [3]. In recent years,
additional or alternative cement (cementitious) materials have
been adopted to reduce cement use, and consequently, CO2
emissions. The considerable increase in demand for agricultural
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ibrahim.agwa@suezuniv.edu.eg (I. Saad Agwa).
(AW), which is frequently in the form of ash after the energy-
generating process. Ashes from agricultural leftovers were mixed
with lime and clay and kneaded for 2 days to produce a material
that resembles cement and exhibits a strong bond [4]. Researchers
have recently demonstrated the feasibility of using ashes from var-
ious agricultural leftovers in the concrete industry. Agricultural
leftovers have high amounts of CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3, and
thus, they can be used as a partial substitute for traditional stabi-
lizers, such as cement and quicklime [5]. The use of agricultural
residual ash in the concrete industry can result in the manufacture
of green concrete, which is more environment-friendly and sus-
tainable. [6,7]. The ASTM C618 specification is the most extensively
used for pozzolan materials. It requires a total oxides concentration
of>70% of SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 to be classified as pozzolanic and
have CaO and CO2 contents [8].

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.264
2214-7853/Copyright Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Advances in Construction Materials and Structures.

Please cite this article as: I. Saad Agwa, A.M. Zeyad, B.A. Tayeh et al., A comprehensive review on the use of sugarcane bagasse ash as a supplementary
cementitious material to produce eco-friendly concretes, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.264
I. Saad Agwa, A.M. Zeyad, B.A. Tayeh et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 1. Production of SCB in 2021 (thousand metric tons) [21]

Fig. 2. Processing stage of SCB [25]

Fig. 3. SCBA after calcination at various temperatures and durations [25]

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I. Saad Agwa, A.M. Zeyad, B.A. Tayeh et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 1
Chemical composition of SCBA after treatment [25].

Temperature(oC) Durations (h) Chemical composition (%)

SiO2 P2O5 CaO K2O Al2O3 SO3 MgO Fe2O3 Na2O LOI
600 1 64.9 4.7 1.9 1.9 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.5 0.1 1.8
2 74.8 6.2 2.1 2.6 2.2 0.7 1.2 0.4 0.3 0.5
3 71.5 8.3 3.0 3.4 0.6 0.8 1.4 1.4 0.5 0.2
700 1 65.9 7.4 2.6 2.7 1.4 0.7 1.0 1.8 0.3 0.2
2 72.0 5.9 2.2 2.5 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.4 0.2 0.2
3 84.8 6.0 2.2 2.6 1.2 1.0 1.2 0.4 0.3 0.2
800 1 84.1 7.3 2.5 2.5 0.9 0.5 1.2 0.4 0.3 0.2
2 84.3 5.6 1.9 2.9 1.1 0.5 1.4 1.7 0.3 0.1
3 82.9 5.1 2.0 2.3 1.6 0.3 1.2 3.4 0.2 0.1

A frequent feature of AW ash is that it is composed of micro-

materials with pozzolanic properties. Furthermore, the amount of
SiO2 can reach 90%–96% in some varieties after combustion,
enabling it to react with Ca(OH)2 and further form C-S-H [9]. Agri-
cultural leftovers and waste ash are abundant. They include cotton
stalk, palm leaf and rice straw [10,11]; rice husk [12–14]; palm oil
fuel [15] ; bottom[16] ; banana [17] ; and biomass ashes [18]. Agri-
cultural leftovers and waste ash can be used as partial alternatives
to cement in the concrete industry to reduce cement consumption
or as supplementary cementitious material (SCMs) to improve the
durability and strength of concrete.[19].
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is a by-product of the sugar indus-
try. After burning, a large volume of SCB becomes sugarcane
bagasse ash (SCBA) to generate electricity during sugar process-
ing [20]. Fig. 1 shows that Brazil and India are the largest pro-
ducers of sugarcane in 2021, accounting for 46.3% of the
Fig. 4. Raw bagasse ash exhibiting various shapes [26]
world’s production [21]. The bagasse waste is cumulative in

Table 2
Physical properties of SCBA from various references.

Property Kazmi, S.M., et al [28] Jagadesh and. Kazmi, S.M.S., et al., [30] Ganesan et al. [31] Maldonado-García Sua-iam and
Murugesan [29] et al. [32] Makul [33]
Specific gravity 1.96 2.218 2.12 1.9 – 2.4
Density (kg/m3) 258.6 245.4 610.6 – – –
Particle size (mm) – 30 (mean size) – 5.4 (mean size) 36.9 (D50) 107.9 (D50)
Surface area – – 4532 cm2 /g 943 m2/kg 60.5 m2/g 274 cm2/g

Table 3
Chemical composition of SCBA from various references, in wt%

Authors SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 K2O Na2O LOI SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3
Shafiq, N., et al [36] 77.2 6.3 4.2 4 2.6 0.1 2.3 1.3 – 87.7
Patel, D., et al [34] 58.6 14.9 12.2 1.9 2 2 – – 1.1 85.7
Oyejobi, and Lawal [35] 72.8 1.1 6.9 9.9 6.4 – 6.7 1.9 4.2 80.8
Kazmi, S.M., et al [28] 87.97 1.84 2.65 2.65 0.72 0.15 0.32 0.28 10.45 92.46
Kazmi, S.M.S., et al [30] 85.17 1.69 2.73 2.59 0.69 0.17 0.36 0.29 3.55 89.59

Table 4
Influence of SCBA on slump or flow from various references.

Authors Replacement of cement Findings

Results Status
Subramaniyan and Sivaraja [38] 0 %, 10% ,20% ,30% , and 40% 104 ,124, 137,144,and 153 mm receptively Increases
Priya and Ragupathy [39] 0% , 5% ,10% ,15% , 20% and 25% 70, 85, 90 ,100, 125 ,and 160 mm receptively Increases
Chusilp, et al.[40] 0% , 10% ,20% , and 30% 150, 160, 180, and 190 mm receptively Increases
Hussein, et al.[41] 0% , 5% ,10% ,15% ,20%,2%5 and 30% 160, 170, 175,180,190,and 215 mm receptively Increases
Kazmi et al.[30] 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% 112 , 110, 105 , 101 ,and 96 mm receptively Decreases
Hasnain, et al [43] 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% 740, 720 ,685, and 660 mm receptively Decreases

3
I. Saad Agwa, A.M. Zeyad, B.A. Tayeh et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 7. Relationship between SBA and compressive strength [42]

Fig. 5. Relationship between SCBA and slump [42]

Fig. 8. Relationship between SCBA and tensile strength [31]

Fig. 6. Slump for each SCC mixture [44]

the landfill with massive amounts, then burned and converted to
ash by about 30%. The bagasse ash is a considerable replacement
from cement due to its compliance characterization with cement
properties [22]. Therefore the current work aims for a compre-
hensive review on the use of SCBA as a to SCMs produce eco-
friendly concretes. Firstly, treatment of SCBA, properties of SCBA,
finally, the influences of SCBA on concrete properties, including
slump, mechanical properties, water absorption, porosity, and
microstructure.
2. Treatment of SCBA
Ghorbani, et al [23] presented that, any AW or any other by-
product containing low organic and high carbon content can be
used as an introduction to the production of ash, which is used
as a partial substitution for cement after treatment by heating
and/or milling. On the other hand, each type of AW has its compo-
sition, it must be noted that the final product will differ according
to the type of AW, of the burning method. Among these AW s SCB
as shown in Fig. 2
Some researchers have reported that burning SCB at tempera-
tures between 600 °C and 800 °C produces SCBA that contains a
high proportion of shapeless silica, which provides it with high
pozzolanic properties [24]. Shafiq et al. [25] provided that the
ashes depend on burning degree and duration; the SiO2 content
increases by increasing the burning temperature and duration up
to 800 °C for 2 h, as presented in Fig. 3 and Table 1.
Amin, M., et al [10] reported that the AW was heated in the con-
trolled oven dry for two hours after reaching the required temper-
ature. The heating and cooling rates are 10 °C/min and 1.67 °C/min,
respectively.

Table 5
Influence of SCBA on compressive strength at 28 days from various references.

Authors Replacement of cement Findings

Results Optimum
Ramesh and Kishore [46] 0% , 5% ,10% ,15%, and 20% 27.9, 28.3, 24.4, 22, and 19.7 MPa receptively 5%
Kiran, and Kishore [47] 0% , 5% ,10% ,15%,20%, and 25% 39.4, 45.5, 42.9, 39.7, 30, and 18.7 MPa receptively 5%
Modani, and Vyawahare [49] 0% , 10% ,20% ,30%, and 40% 22.3 23.8, 21.9, 19.2, and 14.7 MPa receptively 10%
Khan, et al., [50] 0% , 5% ,10% ,15%, and 20% 50.2, 50.1, 53.8, 48, and 43.4 MPa receptively 10%
Srinivasan and Sathiya [48] 0% , 5% ,10% ,15%,20%, and 25% 21.5, 29.5 , 24.7, 19.3, 18.9, and17.7 MPa receptively 5%
Ramakrishnan, et al., [54] 0% , 5% ,10% ,15%, and 20% 42.3, 45.5, 39.3, 51.6, and 46.3 MPa receptively 5%
Rerkpiboon, et al., [51] 0% , 10% ,20% ,30% ,40%, and 50% 41.1, 46.5, 46, 41.2, 39.4, and 37.6 MPa receptively 10%
Priya, et al., [39] 0% , 5% ,10% ,15%,20%, and 25% 33.3, 37.4, 38.1, 36.8, 35.8, and 30.1 MPa receptively 10%
Chamundeeswari.,[52] 0% , 5% ,10%, and 15% 46.2, 46.6, 47.5,and 44 MPa receptively 10%
Ganesan, et al., [31] 0% , 5% ,10% ,15%,20%,25%, and 30% 28.3, 33.4, 33.9, 32, 27.9, 26.1,and 25 MPa receptively 10%

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I. Saad Agwa, A.M. Zeyad, B.A. Tayeh et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

3. Physical properties of SCBA
The particles shapes of SCBA as shown in Fig. 4. SCBA particles
of different morphology, namely prismatic, spherical, irregular, and
fibrous [26,27]. Table 2 indicates that the researched physical
properties of SCBA are specific gravity density, particle size, and
surface area. Studies conducted by various researchers have shown
that the specific gravity of SCBA is within the range of 1.9–2.4, den-
sity is within the range of 245.4–610.6 kg/m3, mean particle size is
within the range of 4.5–30.5 (mm), and surface area of SCBA in a
range between 274 and 4532 cm2 /g.
the slump of 293 , 276 , 271 , and 269 mm, respectively [44]. Fur-
ther, they described that the slump decreases are due to the sur-
face area and volume fraction of SCBA content. SCBA adsorbed
the water due to a high surface area. The free water in the mortar
decreased. The higher the replacement of cement by SCBA, the
more superplasticizer was required to achieve the slump, which
probably was due to a large number of pores [45].
6. Mechanical properties
6.1. Compressive strength

4. Chemical properties of SCBA
The bagasse ashes chemical composition obtained in previous
investigations is provided in Table 3. The bagasse ashes’ chemical
composition is influenced by treatment procedure, grinding condi-
tions, and methodology for collection [25,27]. Patel, et al [34], Oye-
jobi, and Lawal [35], Shafiq, et al [36], Kazmi, S.M.S., et al [30], and
Kazmi, et al [28] reported 58.6%, 72.8, and 62.44%,77.2, 85.17 and
87.97 of silica content, respectively in their studies. However, the
primary components, i.e., aluminum, silica, and other mineral ele-
ments, are present in all the samples. In accordance with ASTM
C618-08a [37] natural pozzolans in which the total mass of Al2O3 +-
SiO2 + Fe2O3 is > 50% are classified as class C pozzolans, while those
with a total mass of > 70% are classified as class F pozzolans.
Table 5 summarizes the compressive strength at 28 days and
the optimum ratio of SCBA in earlier studies. In, Ramesh and
Kishore [46], Kiran, and Kishore [47], Srinivasan and Sathiya [48],
and Ramakrishnan, K., et al., [54], investigated the SCBA effect as
cement replacement concrete. In their study 5 to 25% SCBA was
replaced with cement. The authors reported that 5% is an optimum
replacement. On the other hand, in Modani, and Vyawahare [49],
Khan, et al [50], Rerkpiboon, A., et al., [51], Priya, et al., [39],
Chamundeeswari.,[52], Ganesan, K., et al., [31]. In their study, 5
to 30% of SCBA has been replaced with cement the compressive
strength of concrete using SCBA was investigated. The authors con-
cluded that substitution of only 10% is necessary to obtain good

5. Slump

Table 4 summarizes the slump of SCBA in earlier studies. The

slump increases or decreases with increasing the percentage of
SCBA. In Subramaniyan and Sivaraja [38], Priya and Ragupathy
[39], Chusilp, et al.[40] , and Hussein, et al.[41] investigated the
SCBA influence as partial replacement of cement on the slump.
Also, it reported that the mixture workability enhances with
increasing the SCBA ratio. For instance, as shown in Fig. 5, the
replacement of 0 to 30% SCBA causes an increase in a slump from
70 mm to 140 mm, respectively [42]. This result can be attributed
to coarser SCBA particle size. On the other hand, Kazmi et al.[30] ,
Hasnain, et al [43], and Ganesan et al. [31] evaluated the effect of
SCBA as partial replacement of cement on the slump. Reported that
with increasing the percentage of SCBA, slump decreases indicating
a reduction in workability. For instance, as shown in Fig. 6, the
Fig. 9. Relationship between SCBA replacement and flexural strength [42]
replacement of 0, 10, 20, and 30% SCBA causes the decrease in

Table 6
Influence of SCBA on splitting tensile strength at 28 days from various references.

Authors Replacement of cement Findings

Results Optimum
Srinivasan and Sathiya [48] 0% , 5% ,10% ,15%,20%, and 25% 1.5, 1.9, 1.6, 1.5, 1.3, and1.2 MPa receptively 5%
Kiran and Kishore [47] 0% , 5% ,10% ,15%,20%, and 25% 1.31, 1.37, 1.34, 1.32, 1.05, and 0.86 MPa receptively 5%
Dhengare, et al.,[55] 0% , 10% ,15%,20%,25%, and 30% 3.25, 3.25, 3.39, 2.68, 2.12,and 1.69 MPa receptively 15%
Ramakrishnan, et al.,[54] 0% , 5% ,10% ,15%, and 20% 4.25, 5.71, 6.21, 6.74, and 5.42 MPa receptively 15%

Table 7
Influence of SCBA on flexural strength at 28 days from various references.

Authors Replacement of cement Findings

Results Optimum
Srinivasan and Sathiya [48] 0% , 5% ,10% ,15%,20%, and 25% 3.46, 3.74, 3.56, 3.38, 3.18, and 3.02 MPa receptively 5%
Kiran, and Kishore [47] 0% , 5% ,10% ,15%,20%, and 25% 3.92, 4.38, 4.12, 4.00, 2.86, and 2 MPa receptively 5%
Dhengare, S.W., et al.,[55] 0% , 10% ,15%,20%,25%, and 30% 5.1, 6, 6.5, 4.45, 3.9,and 2.55 MPa receptively 15%

5
I. Saad Agwa, A.M. Zeyad, B.A. Tayeh et al.
compressive strength as shown in Fig. 7 and Table 5 . Attributed to
the presence of different amounts of reactive silica and aluminum
in SCBA according to chemical composition of SCBA is influenced
by various factors such as treatment procedure, grinding condi-
tions, and methodology for collection [53].
Fig. 10. The porosity of concrete [57].
Fig. 11. SEM of the control 0% SCBA at a) 1, b) 7, c) 28, d) 90, and e) 600 days [61].
6
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
6.2. Splitting tensile strength
The splitting tensile strength at 28 days, cement replacement
with SCBA, and optimum ratio of SCBA were obtained in previous
studies in Table 5. In Srinivasan and Sathiya [48] and Kiran and
Kishore [47]examined the tensile strength of concrete after 28 days
of curing. In their study 5 to 25% SCBA was replaced with cement.
The authors reported that 5% is an optimum replacement. On the
other hand, in Ramakrishnan, et al.,[54], Dhengare, et al.,[55] and
Ganesan, [31] replacement up to 30% of cement by SCBA. In that
15% replacement gave the maximum splitting tensile strength as
shown in Fig. 8 and Table 6. May be attributed to the presence of
varying amounts of reactive silica and aluminum in SCBA.
6.3. Flexural strength
Table 7 summarizes the flexural strength of SCBA at 28 days in
previous studies. Fig. 9 depicts the effect of SCBA as a cement sub-
stitute on flexural strength. In their investigation, cement weight
was used to replace 5%–30% of SCBA. The authors determined that
I. Saad Agwa, A.M. Zeyad, B.A. Tayeh et al.
10% replacement cement is optimal [42]. In Srinivasan and Sathiya
[48], the flexural strength of concrete produced with 5%–25% SCBA
partially replaced with cement was investigated. The maximum
flexural strength was observed with 5% SCBA replacement. In Kiran
and Kishore [47], the flexural strength of concrete with 0%–25%
SCBA as partial cement substitution was tested. From the test
results, the maximum flexural strength was observed with 5%
SCBA replacement. In Dhengare, et al.,[55], the flexural strength
of concrete with 0%–30% SCBA as partial cement substitute was
tested. The maximum flexural strength was observed at 15% SCBA
replacement.
7. Water absorption, and porosity
In Le., et al., [44], and Garrett et al. [56] investigated the effect
of SCBA as cement replacement concrete on water absorption. In
their study 10 to 30%, SCBA was replaced with cement. Regarding
the effect of cement replacement level, found 30% SCBA the
higher than the water absorption was. Ganesan et al. [31] proved
that the increasing SCBA ratio increases water absorption. For
instance SCBA as cement replacement of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% ,20 ,
Fig. 12. SEM of 20% SCBA at a) 1, b) 7, c) 28, d) 90, and e) 600 days [61].
7
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
25 and 20% the saturated water absorption was 4.71% , 4.78% ,
4.86% , 4.90% , 5.16% , 5.56% , and 6.08% respectively. The increase
in water absorption could be attributed to an increase in the col-
lective volume of the pores [56]. In Summer and Prinya [57] show
the high porosities of concrete containing SCBA with 10%, 20%,
and 30% compared to the control mixture. For instance SCBA as
cement replacement of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% the porosities
was 7.20% , 7.22% , 8.31, and 8.50% respectively at 28 days (see
Fig. 10).
8. Microstructure
A heterogeneous matrix can be observed in the micrographs of
the control mixture (Fig. 11a and 11b) at days 1 and 7. The C-S-H
and CH phases formed by Portland cement hydration were found
in the majority of the cementitious products [58]. The matrix of
the mortars was denser at 28, 90, and 600 days (Fig. 11c, 6d, and
11e), but porous zones with cementitious components and cement
particles were still visible. The micrographs of mortars with 20%
SCBA collected at 1 and 7 days (Fig. 12a and 12b) show some
cement particles, unreacted SCBA particles, and cementitious
I. Saad Agwa, A.M. Zeyad, B.A. Tayeh et al.
products on the surface of SCBA particles, similar to that in the con-
trol mixture. In mixtures with replacement ratios of 20% SCBA
(Fig. 12c, 12d, and 12e) the cementitious matrices became denser
than those of the control mixture as time passes. The improvement
of concrete microstructure may be attributed to two reasons. 1)
Packing efficiency was ascribed to the fineness of SCBA due to its
smaller average particle size diameter than that of cement. This
characteristic helps reach and fill additional narrow areas (microp-
ores). The pozzolanic reaction increased the density of the gel (C-S-
H) through its interaction with the products of the hydration pro-
cess [Ca (OH)2]. In addition to the improvement of transport prop-
erties by reducing the permeability of water and ions, the
improvement of the microstructure was directly reflected in the
enhancement of the mechanical properties compared with those
of the control mixture[59,60].
9. Conclusion
 Interest in sustainable development and the acknowledgment
of eco-concrete have surged as a result of global population
expansion. The concept of a green economy, which is essential
for the environment and society, has elicited increasing con-
cerns among researchers.
 Previous studies indicate the possibility of using SCBA as a
cementitious material in the concrete industry.
 The chemical composition of SCBA is influenced by various fac-
tors such as treatment procedure, grinding conditions, and
methodology for collection. Each treatment procedure affects
the concrete properties.
 The slump increases or decreases is depending on increasing the
percentage of SCBA. The point of discussion was that if there
was demand of more superplasticizer while increasing the SCBA
percentage, then the slump should decrease. However, some
researcher results were opposite of it.
 Based on the literature review, the use of Portland cement
replacements within the range of 5%–10% by weight of SCBA
imbues concrete with outstanding mechanical properties.
 Water absorption and porosity were increased with increasing
the SCBA ratio.
10. Future viewpoint
 The effects of a combination of more than one type of AW or/
with industrial waste on the properties of high-strength con-
crete should be investigated.
 Research on the applications of SCBA to nonstructural concrete,
such as pavement concrete, insulation concrete, and concrete
mortar, should be expanded.
 Many studies have been conducted on the properties of SCBA
for improving strength, permeability, unit weight, and consis-
tency of concrete. However, further research on the long-term
durability of concrete incorporated with ash is necessary.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Ibrahim Saad Agwa: Conceptualization, Writing – original
draft. Abdullah M. Zeyad: . Bassam A. Tayeh: Supervision, Writing
– review & editing. Adeyemi Adesina: Supervision, Writing –
review & editing. Afonso R.G. de Azevedo: Supervision, Writing
– review & editing. Mohamed Amin: . Marijana Hadzima-
Nyarko: Investigation. Abdullah M. Zeyad: Data collection, Writ-
ing. Mohamed Amin: Data collection, Writing.
8
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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