Final Paper 1-3

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AUTOSCHED: AUTO-GENERATE CLASS SCHEDULING SYSTEM

BASED ON EXPERT SYSTEM
A Design Project Presented to the Faculty of the

College of Engineering
Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering
By:
Cimacio, Carlo Bisa

Delos Reyes, John Non
Rejano, John Kenneth Batistil
Sorreda, Meldric Baña
June 2023
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preliminaries
Title Page ……………………… i

Table of Contents ……………………… ii
List of Tables ……………………… iii
List of Figures ……………………… iv
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
Introduction ………………………. 1
Background of the Study ………………………. 3
Statement of the Problem ………………………. 4
Conceptual Framework ………………………. 5
Assumptions ………………………. 7
Significance of the Study ………………………. 9
Scope and Limitations ………………………. 10
Definition of Terms ………………………. 15
Chapter 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Conceptual Literature ………………………. 18
Research Literature ………………………. 30
Relevance to the Present Study ………………………. 50
Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Project/Research Design ………………………. 51
Project Development ………………………. 52
Operation/Testing Procedure ………………………. 88
Evaluation Procedure ………………………. 93
Evaluation Criteria ………………………. 94
Instruments and Techniques Used ………………………. 97
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING iii
LIST OF TABLES
Table Number Title Page

1 System Constraints 11
2 Algorithms used by Several Studies 38
3 Possible Output Combination 78
4 Five Categories used for Testing Procedure 88
5 Experimental Default Parameters 89
6 Comparison of Default and New Parameter 90
7 Evaluation Criteria for Software Material 94
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Number Title Page

1 Conceptual Framework of the Study 6
2 Genetic Algorithm Crossover 44
3 Before and After of Genetic Algorithm 45
4 Genetic Algorithm Flowchart 47
5 Agile Software Development Life Cycle 53
6 In-depth Diagram of Development Phase 57
7 System Architecture Diagram 58
8 Use Case Diagram for Autosched 53
9 Contextual Diagram of the System 63
10 Data Flow Diagram of the System 64
11 Initial Design for the Web Application 66
12 Bootstrap 5 Guide on Grids and Columns 68
13 Bootstrap 5 Guide on Card and Accordion 68
14 Sample Icons from Font Awesome 69
15 UI Color Reference on Tailwind CSS 70
16 Django Code Flow 71
17 Genetic Algorithm Flowchart 74
18 Genetic Algorithm in Class Scheduling 75
19 Sample Randomly Selected Parent 1 & 2 77
20 Crossover Operator 79
21 Random Mutation 80
22 Django Admin Dashboard 81
23 User Login Page 83
24 Django Integrated Admin Login Page 84
25 User Home Page Interface 85
26 Lists and Forms 85
27 About Us Page 86
28 Test Procedure Results Documentation 92
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Class schedule is one of the crucial tasks for every university and academic
institution. Class scheduling determines the distribution of courses, teachers,
classrooms, and time slots that will be followed by the institution for the entire
semester. Aside from being time-consuming, the traditional way of class scheduling is
difficult and error-prone. Thus, making multiple inefficient outputs consumes more
time for revision. As a result, this problem requires an efficient and automated system
that can produce a schedule that caters the conditions and constraints that the
institution considers. The traditional method of class scheduling involves the use of
software and paper-based forms like spreadsheet and manual data entry and
manipulation. With the advancement in technology today, sticking to the traditional
way of class scheduling is not a practical choice anymore. Considering the constraints
and conditions that every institution has, this likely led the institutions to seek
advancements that will ease their workload.
Advancements such as the expert system have been proposed to be the
solution for automatic generation of class schedules. Expert systems are computer
programs that can simulate the decision-making process of human experts in a

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 2
particular domain. [1] They use knowledge-based rules and algorithms to generate
optimal solutions while considering various constraints set by the user. Expert systems
have been widely used in various fields such as medicine, finance, and engineering.
[2]
Expert system has been utilized in many ways including integration of it to
schedule processing and automatic generation. [3] The approach that has been
utilized also varies from rule-based, constraint-based, genetic algorithm, and neural
network-based methods. This following approach shows promising results in
generating high-accuracy schedules while considering various constraints and
preferences. However, there is still a need for further research and expansion to
improve the performance and efficiency of these systems.
In this study, we aim to utilize an expert system to create an automatic
scheduler on a hard and soft constraint approach. The proposed scheduler will
consider constraints and conditions such as course requirements, teaching loads,
classroom and instructor’s availability, as well as interval of vacant time of students
especially those who are irregular. We will evaluate the system by comparing it to the
traditional way that the university is using. The results of this study will contribute to
the improvement of an effective scheduling system that will improve the quality and
workload of institutions when it comes to planning and conceptualization of academic
schedules.
Background of the Study
Numerous educational institutions offer multiple programs for their students.
The generation of class schedules among educational institutions are currently
performed in a conventional manner. Traditional scheduling methods are time-
consuming and error prone, leading to inefficiencies and decreased productivity. This
study focused on maximizing rooms and facilities utilization, this intended to output an
auto-generated proper class schedule based on an expert system. The Pamantasan
ng Cabuyao (University of Cabuyao) Computer Engineering Department is the pilot
research area for the study. The research study respondent is Engr. Aldrin Soriano
wherein, he is currently the Department Chairperson of the Computer Engineering
Department. He is responsible for handling the class schedule for Computer
Engineering students. The Department Chair acknowledged the Commission on
Higher Education Memorandum Order (CMO) in implementation of class schedules
due to time conditions for students.
Furthermore, he stated that he encountered several problems in the course of
implementing class schedules for the school semester, these are: room conflicts, part
time professor availability, number of teachers available to teach the course, and
student time vacancy. The use of computer office software tools as an aid in
generating class schedules is presently utilized. There is no other alternative
automatic system available in Pinnacle Learning Management System (LMS). As per
Mr. Luigi Kim Flora, the present Director of PNC-MISD, there is no algorithm in the
scheduling system in Pinnacle LMS because it is not automated. The issue of
automated class scheduling has grown more important as university administration
systems based on computers and information systems have improved. This study
intended to provide an automatic class scheduling based on an expert system, also
to reduce the amount of time and effort required to create a class schedule and ensure
the optimized use of class schedule for the institution’s needs.
Statement of the Problem
The main objective of this study is to develop an AI that automatically generates
teaching and class schedules based on the data of the user. Moreover, the following
questions were addressed in this study:
1. How does the proposed system generate automated schedules based on expert
system techniques?
2. How does the expert systems algorithm perform to optimize the scheduling system?
3. How the proposed system generates the following reports:
3.1 Class schedule per section, per program, and year level.
3.2 Faculty Loading
3.3 Room Utilization
4. What are the assessments and evaluations of all end users on the proposed
system in terms of the following:
4.1 Functionality;
4.2 Reliability;
4.3 Content;
4.4 Availability;
4.5 Maintainability; and
4.6 Marketability;
Conceptual Framework
This study aims to explore the conceptual framework of an automatic generated class
scheduling system based on expert systems and assess its effectiveness in
maximizing rooms and facilities utilization.

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of Autosched: Auto-Generate Scheduling System
Based on Expert System in Maximizing Rooms and Facilities Utilization
The paradigm shown in Figure 1 is the conceptual framework for Automatic
Generation of Scheduling System based on the Expert System and can be broken
down into three main components: input, process, and output. The input consists of
various elements, including Instructors, Meeting Rooms, Meeting Time, Course
Offerings, Year Level and Section.
The process includes the utilization of Genetic Algorithms to incorporate
human-like reasoning and decision-making. The output is an Auto-generate Class
Scheduling System that maximizes the use of available rooms and facilities while
taking into account the constraints and preferences of course offerings, time and day
availability, university professors, and available rooms.
Furthermore, the conceptual framework for this system is designed to enhance
the effectiveness of scheduling courses in a university, resulting in better utilization of
resources and a better overall learning experience for university students.
Assumptions
The succeeding assumptions are formulated when the design project is
executed:
1. The expert system will be designed to optimize the scheduling of classes based
on the availability of resources, such as classrooms and instructors.
2. The expert system will be capable of learning and adapting to changing
conditions, such as changes in course offerings or instructor availability, in
order to continually improve the scheduling process.

3. The expert system will be designed to be user-friendly and accessible, with a
simple and intuitive interface that allows users to input data that is needed such
as Subjects, Names of Professors, Time and view the resulting schedules.
4. The system will secure and protect sensitive information such as student and
faculty data.
5. The expert system will be able to generate optimized schedules based on pre-
defined criteria such as minimizing conflicts, maximizing classroom utilization,
and balancing instructor workload.
6. The expert system will be evaluated for its accuracy and reliability in generating
schedules.
7. The expert system will be designed with a feedback mechanism that allows
users to provide feedback on generated schedules, and to suggest
modifications or improvements to the scheduling rules or knowledge base.
8. The system will be designed to automate the semi-manual scheduling
procedure of BSCpE Program Chair.
The present study conducted by the proponents assumes that the implementation
of an expert system in a class scheduling system will improve the reliability and
accuracy of the scheduling process by utilizing expert knowledge in the field, reducing
human error, and optimizing resource allocation.

Significance of the Study
This research study is conducted by the proponents for the following
beneficiaries:
Academic Institutions. Even with the advancement in terms of technology,
Academic Institutions are still manually creating their schedule. Thus, this study will
highly benefit the institution as the integration of this technology will increase their
productivity and lessen the time spent on planning.
Program Head/Dean. The proposed design project highly benefits the
chairperson of every department as the system will only require them to enter the data
needed to generate a schedule. Thus, consuming less time to manually create one.
Professors. The proposed design project has profound significance to
professors as it will generate schedules based on their preferred time and assure that
the workloads are based on their field of expertise.
Students. The proposed design project highly benefits the students, as this
system will help them in a way that they would not need to wait longer to attend their
next class since our system will be designed to be more considerate on the time gaps
of one subject to another.
Future Researchers. This serves as a future reference for researchers who
wanted to conduct a study in line with artificial intelligence.

Scope and Limitations
The scope and limitations listed below by the researchers specify what the
study covers and what it does not.
Scope
The study’s functionality are as follows:
1. The system will be able to generate schedules.
2. The system will provide automatic optimization of schedules that minimizes
conflicts and maximizes resource utilization.
3. The system focuses on the course offerings of the Computer Engineering
department, which includes course details such as course name, course code,
number of credits, and other relevant information.
4. The system can manage the faculty schedules, including their availability,
teaching load, and preferences.
5. The system provides a user-friendly interface for administrators to input their
constraints, as well as to view and modify the generated schedule.
6. The expert system will automate the scheduling process and reduce the need
for semi-manual intervention, thereby reducing the potential errors and
reducing time spent in manual scheduling.

Class Scheduling Constraints:
Validation for each constraint is required before computing the schedule.
Constraints are a set of guidelines that govern how an output is to be accepted. There
will be two different kinds of limitations applied;
Soft Constraints Hard Constraints
Even distribution of course in a section Professional and General Education

per week. Faculty members can only teach one
class at a time.
Capacity of Students in Rooms and Professional and General Education
Facilities. faculty members teaching according to
their availability.
First year schedule should only be Sections only take one lesson at a time.
between 8:00AM to 5:00 PM, but may
vary based on the number of sections in
the said year level.
Maximum of 3 preparations per Rooms can only take classes when they
professor are available.
National Service Training Program 1 Subject’s meeting time is according to
(NSTP1) must be scheduled every its duration
Saturday only.
Table 1. System Constraints

Functional and Non-Functional Capability of Autosched
The following are the analysis of functional and non-functional, which is
composed of a set of requirements for an automated class scheduling system based
on an expert system in maximizing rooms and facilities utilizations. This helps to check
the functionality and performance of the software.
Functional:
1. User Management: The system shall allow users (program head and
faculty) to create and manage their profiles, login and access the system
with their respective privileges.
2. Course Management: The system shall allow program head to manage the
courses offered by the institution including course names, credits, and other
relevant information.
3. Resource Management: The system shall allow program head to assign the
available resources such as classrooms, labs, equipment, and physical
facilities.
4. Scheduling Management: The system shall allow administrators to create
and manage the scheduling of classes, including assigning rooms, times,
and faculty to courses.

5. Conflict Detection: The system shall be able to detect and alert
administrators to any scheduling conflicts, including overlapping schedules
or double bookings of resources.
6. Optimization: The system shall use expert system algorithms to optimize
the scheduling process, taking into account factors such as the availability
of resources, the preferences of faculty and students, and the need to
maximize room utilization and other utilities facilitations.
Non-functional:
1. Reliability: The system shall be highly reliable, with a minimal risk of system
downtime or data loss.
2. Security: The system shall be secure, with appropriate measures in place
to protect user data, prevent unauthorized access, and ensure data privacy.
3. Performance: The system shall be highly performant, with fast response
times and minimal latency, even under heavy user load.
4. Scalability: The system shall be able to scale to accommodate growing user
demand and larger data.
5. Usability: The system shall be user-friendly, with an intuitive user interface
and clear instructions on how to use the system.

6. Compatibility: The system shall be compatible with a range of devices,
operating systems, and web browsers, to ensure widespread adoption and
ease of use for all users.
7. Maintenance: The system shall be easy to maintain, with clear
documentation, and easy updates and patches when necessary.
Limitations
The following are the constraints for the design project:
1. The system will rely heavily on the accuracy and completeness of the input
data, which may be subject to human errors or omissions.
2. The system may not be able to consider external factors that may impact the
scheduling process, such as special requests due to admin positions or
unexpected events.
3. The system is limited by the fact that it cannot replace human expertise entirely.
Although it can generate a schedule that satisfies various constraints and
preferences.
4. The system requires access to personal data such as student and faculty
schedules, which may raise privacy concerns. Therefore, proper data security
and privacy measures must be implemented to ensure that the data is
protected.
Definition of Terms
Scheduling System based on Expert System is a software solution that utilizes
an expert system to automate and optimize the scheduling of classes in an
educational institution department. The following lists of terms are conceptually and
technically defined for better comprehension. These are the terminologies used in this
study:
Chromosome. A chromosome is a long, linear DNA molecule that carries genetic
information. In the study, it is a carrier which consists of a sequence of genes or
genetic information that encodes the characteristics or parameters of the solution.
Crossover Population. Process of exchanging genetic material between two
individuals to create new offspring with a combination of traits from both parents.
Crossover population was used in the study in terms of selecting pairs of individuals
from a population and exchanging genetic information (genes or parts of
chromosomes) to create offspring that inherit characteristics from both parents.
Evolve. The process by which living organisms change over time, adapting to their
environment through natural selection. In the study, it refers to the iterative process of
improving the quality or performance of a population of solutions over successive
generations in evolutionary algorithms. It involves the application of genetic operators

such as selection, crossover, and mutation to generate new populations that are
expected to exhibit better fitness or suitability for a given problem.
Fitness. The ability of oneself or a solution to live and reproduce in a specific
environment or fitness environment. In the study, it is the measurement of how well
an individual solution or chromosome performs in a given problem or environment.
Evaluated based on an objective function or a set of criteria that capture the desired
characteristics or objectives of the problem being solved.
Genes. The basic units of heredity and are segments of DNA that contain the
instructions for building and maintaining an organism’s biological characteristics. It
represents the parameters, variables, or characteristics that define a potential
solution.
Mutate Population. Process of introducing genetic variation or changes in a
population of individuals through mutation operations. The process of introducing
random changes or variations in the genetic material (genes or chromosomes) of a
population.
Mutation Rate. It represents the likelihood of a gene or genetic element being subject
to mutation within an individual. A parameter that determines the probability or
frequency of mutation occurring in a population during the evolutionary process.

Population. All the inhabitants of a specific location. Collection of individual solutions
or chromosomes that exist at a particular generation. It represents a set of potential
solutions to a problem and serves as the basis for generating new populations through
genetic operators.
Population Size. A number of inhabitants found in the particular location. The number
of individuals or chromosomes present in a population at any given generation in a
genetic algorithm.
Selection. The deliberate selection of someone as the best. Process of choosing
individuals from a population to become parents for producing offspring in the next
generation of an evolutionary algorithm.

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURES AND STUDIES
Presented in this chapter are the review of literature and studies that are
relative to the study at hand.
Conceptual Literature
Class scheduling is a common task in the education sector. It plays a vital role
when it comes to organization of classes which contributes to the convenience of the
students as well as the instructors. However, the traditional method of scheduling a
class is conflict-prone and time consuming. [46]
Higher Education Institutions (HEI) in the Philippines are governed and
mandated by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED). The Higher Education
Act of 1994, also known as Republic Act No. 7722, was passed on May 18, 1994, and
it was this act that established the Commission on Higher Education (CHED). An
administratively affiliated agency to the Office of the President, CHED is run by a
chairman and four commissioners, each of whom has a four-year tenure in office. The
Commission En Banc functions as a collaborative organization to develop plans,
policies, and strategies for higher education and the management of CHED. Also,
there is an order called CHED Memorandum Order (CMO) that specifies all the
requirements that are to be followed by HEIs in the Philippines for each degree
program. [47]
Moreover, as the technology advances the so called ‘Expert Systems’ plays a
vital role in solving specific problems that arise in different fields that are encountered
on a daily basis. An expert system in artificial intelligence is a computer program that
mimics the judgment skills of a human expert. Expert systems are designed to tackle
complex problems by reasoning through bodies of knowledge, which are generally
expressed as if-then rules, as opposed to using standard procedural code.
Expert systems specialize in a specific field of study, such engineering,
science, or medicine. An expert has loaded and tested a knowledge base, which is a
collection of learned experience, into the system. Like other artificial intelligence
systems, expert systems may have their knowledge expanded by adding to their rule
set or knowledge base. The performance of the expert system will improve as more
experience is added to it. [48]
Programming languages such as Python, Java, C# and C++ are more likely to
be used to develop Expert Systems. Using this system, we can make a project that
can automate the traditional method of scheduling and error checking in a matter of
seconds with the computing power of today’s computers. Python programming offers
easy to understand code which is very helpful for project implementations. Python is
frequently used for creating websites and applications, automating repetitive tasks,
and analyzing and displaying data. Python has been used by many non-programmers,
including accountants and scientists, for a range of routine activities including
managing finances since it is very simple to learn.
According to Charles R. Severance of the University of Michigan and Coursera
lecturer, “writing programs is a really creative and fulfilling endeavor.” You can build
programs for a variety of purposes, such as earning a job, solving a challenging data
analysis challenge, having fun, or assisting someone else in addressing a problem.
[49]
Foreign Literature
Traditional Approach: The Genesis of Scheduling
A key component of efficient time management in every project or assignment
is scheduling. Scheduling entails coordinating activities or tasks logically and
effectively to produce the desired results within the time allotted. However, the pen-
and-paper approach, in which all scheduling is routed through an appointment’s
secretary with a central calendar, is the traditional technique of scheduling
appointments for a workgroup. In this model, the individuals whose time is being
reserved must check in frequently to learn about their schedule and to inform the
secretary of any times when they will not be accessible. This technique can easily
become unworkable in large workgroups or with extremely packed schedules. [4]
Moreover, in the educational sector administrators are frequently required to gather
scheduling data from numerous sources and manually enter the information, which
causes mistakes in the course scheduling process. It can be frustrating for
administrators to retroactively correct these errors. More significantly, though, these
mistakes hinder students’ ability to advance in their academic courses. [5] The
necessity of scheduling is just one of the numerous similarities between schools and
universities. Scheduling for events, classes, and other things. But ineffective
scheduling might result in misunderstandings or double bookings, as well as inefficient
utilization of rooms and resources. [6] The inevitable conflicts in scheduling due to
human error is the reason why people begin to think of a new way to handle this kind
of tedious task.
Programming Languages and its Crucial Roles
The technology comes into picture due to problems encountered in different
fields given its potential to surpass humans in terms of efficiency. We often hear about
the term “Programming Language”, but what does this term really mean? A
programming language is a type of computer language that is used by programmers
to create software, scripts, and other types of sets of instructions that are intended to
be executed by computers. Each language has its unique syntax, despite the fact that
many of them have commonalities. A programmer uses a text editor or integrated
development environment (IDE) to write the source code after learning the language’s
rules, grammar, and structure. After that, the programmer frequently converts the code
into a form that a computer can comprehend. [7] However, some Higher Education
Institutions (HEIs) raise many challenges in teaching as well as the learning of
introductory programming. In the study entitled “A Systematic Literature Review on
Teaching and Learning Introductory Programming in Higher Education”, which aims
to analyze the present environment of introductory programming in a more modern
setting, adding to the body of information created by earlier systematic literature
studies. It presents a description of the difficulties associated with introductory
programming and points out key issues that must be addressed in a research strategy
intended to improve introductory programming teaching and learning in higher
education. These are the research questions they used to assess the possible cause
of those challenges encountered.
1) What previous skills and background knowledge are key for a novice student
to learn programming?
2) What difficulties do novice students encounter in learning how to program?
3) What challenges do teachers encounter in teaching introductory
programming? [8]
Given that there are challenges in teaching and learning even though it is
introductory programming, developers keep creating languages with syntax that is
easy to understand. Python is frequently considered as one of the simplest
programming languages to learn for novices. Python is a wonderful place to start if
you’re interested in learning a programming language. In addition, it is one of the most
popular. It is the second most popular language after C according to the TIOBE Index
for June 2021, and its use is on the rise. You may benefit from the vibrant learning
and development community as well as the career chances that come with
understanding Python as you gain knowledge. Learning the foundations of Python
typically takes two to six months. But you may quickly pick up enough knowledge to
develop your first brief program. [9] These programming languages are one of the
tools used to develop useful computer programs as well as websites with different
purposes.
Django: The web framework for perfectionists with deadlines
This paper will develop a web application which is easily accessed by the end
user using different devices. The common tool to create a website is the Hyper-Text
Markup Language (HTML) or HTML. Using HTML components, such as tags and
attributes, it enables the development and structuring of sections, paragraphs, and
links. [50] The usability and interactivity offered by web apps now compete with those
of native programs because of the rapid evolution of the technology. Building
specialized solutions that are this proficient requires a lot of the technology and
knowledge. A web app framework is one of the things that, thankfully, makes
developing online applications simpler. “A software framework that is meant to assist
the creation of online applications, including web services, web resources, and web
APIs,” according to GeeksforGeeks, is what “web application frameworks” or “web
frameworks” are. Web frameworks are, to put it simply, a piece of software that
provides a mechanism to build and operate online applications. As a result, you are
spared the necessity to code independently and search for any errors and flaws. Web
frameworks were first introduced in the early days of online app development as a
way to stop hand-coding apps, where only the creator of a certain app could update
it. It was a long time ago; today, we have web-specific languages, and the introduction
of a generic performance has made it possible to change an app’s structure without
experiencing any problems. You may now pick one web framework that meets all of
your requirements or combine different frameworks, depending on your purpose. [x]
Automated Scheduling: Advantages, Disadvantages and Use Cases
Automated scheduling is one of the products of the fastly evolving technology.
As it is being considered as helpful, automated scheduling has a lot of usage. The
benefits of automated scheduling start from reduced error and time consumed for
revisions. It also allows institutions to be organized for their implementation of
schedule. [10] Furthermore, by using automated scheduling, the efficiency of the
process increases. Unlike traditional scheduling, automated scheduling perceives
constraints beforehand (e.g., changes in client’s request, cancellation, and urgent
requests). Thus, reducing the time allotment for the process, which is in contrast to
the traditional approach. [11] It also satisfies client’s expectation, although it is the
same with traditional approach, time wise, automated scheduling is much more
exceptional than its traditional counterpart.
Despite the good features that it offers, we cannot disregard the fact there is
no perfect system and that comes with disadvantages. One of the downsides of
automated scheduling is mainly the possibility of technical glitch. Technical glitch or
glitch in general term, is a temporary error in a system that is usually caused by
problems encountered during the data processing. [12] Automated systems exceed
expectations through efficiency, but they lack flexibility. This is mainly because
automated scheduling heavily relies on fixed parameters and constraints. Thus,
making it unable to accommodate last-minute changes to parameters due to a case-
to-case basis situation. [13] Complexity is also a problem that is entailed to automated
scheduling systems. There are variations of this system that are too complex and hard
to use. Thus, making it hard to be operated solely by respondents who are not familiar
with using this kind of system. [14]. Given that automated scheduling showcases
potential and downside at the same time, developers and investors still lay an eye to
it as a solution to an underlying problem with the traditional approach. Additionally, the
use case of automated scheduling varies from a wide spectrum of application and
field.
Automated scheduling is used for the operation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
(UAVs). Automated scheduling is incorporated in the operations of UAVs to create an
autonomous manufacturing system that requires less human intervention where the
system is backed by a heuristic approach in algorithm. [15] Heuristic algorithm is an
approach where it uses a quick solution to solve an existing problem [16]. Automatic
scheduling systems are utilized to facilitate maintenance schedules in construction
companies, while they use a Building Information Modelling (BIM} as their framework.
[17] The use cases vary from one field to another, and so the possible framework and
algorithm that you can use in developing this automated scheduling system. One of
the leading approaches in automated or intelligent scheduling is the expert systems.
Expert Systems: Constraint Satisfaction Approach
Expert system is a computer program that uses Artificial Intelligence (AI) and
is developed to mimic or act as a human who is an expert in a specific field. [18] It is
one of the leading techniques in automated scheduling systems, along with fuzzy
logic, machine learning, stochastic local search optimization and constraint

programming. [19] The expert system has variations like a constraint-based approach
in which the system acts as a human that considers given constraints. Constraint-
based approach in an expert system is the easiest and fittest one in an automated
scheduling system as it considers constraints that are set to make the output more
accurate and aligned to client’s satisfaction. Although the expert system that is meant
to be used in the scheduling system works well with a constraint-based approach,
there are still options for other use cases. Aside from the constraint-based approach,
there are also other approaches like the rule-based, frame-based, Neural, Fuzzy and
Neuro-fuzzy approach. [20]
Traditional vs. Automated: A Comparison of two Approach
Both traditional and automated scheduling systems have their own advantages
and disadvantages. Manual approach is time consuming, given that it doesn’t involve
an algorithm to process and create the schedule itself. On the other hand, the process
is faster when it comes to automated scheduling with the help of software to aid in the
processing of the data. Thus, giving it a significant advantage in terms of time allotted
and efficiency. [21] In terms of flexibility, manual scheduling has an advantage over
automated scheduling systems. It is because manual scheduling can easily adapt to
changes in the client’s preferences as they can directly change the necessary
information. In comparison to this, automated scheduling is regarded to have a poor

level of flexibility. Despite its efficiency, automated scheduling heavily relies on
predefined constraints and parameters making it hard for the system to cope up with
last-minute changes and modification. Although it is said to have a poor level of
flexibility, existing advanced systems now allow employees to directly request
changes in the schedule where the system can be utilized on whether to accept or
deny it. [22] Uniformity is also considered in creating an efficient schedule as it needs
to be accurate. When it comes to accuracy, automated scheduling has an advantage
over its manual counterpart. Errors are less likely to appear in an automated approach
because of the existence of predefined parameters and constraints that are set to be
the rule and basis on how the system will generate the schedule. While on the manual
scheduling system, it requires a trial-and-error method to come up with a suitable
result. It is also because there is no existing algorithm and constraints that will
automatically work to automatically generate one. Thus, resulting in multiple attempts
in formulating a scheduling and reducing the accuracy of this approach. [23]
Local Literature
The Commission on Higher Education implemented a memorandum order for
Bachelor of Computer Engineering (BSCpE) curriculum standard, which intended to
ensure depth and emphasis in certain disciplines through cognate/tracks and to
assure breadth of understanding of the discipline through a series of professional

courses. The minimum number of credits required for the curriculum is 166, 115 of
which must be in technical courses. Technical courses contain 9 units of
elective/cognate coursework, 8 units of natural/physical sciences, 6 units of
fundamental engineering sciences, 8 units of related courses, 72 units of professional
courses, and 12 units of mathematics. On the other hand, the non-major courses the
general education courses, which are divided into 24 units of general education
courses, 12 units of GEC electives/mandated courses, 8 units of physical education
(PE), and 6 units of the National Service Training Program in accordance with CMO
20 series of 2013 – The New General Education Curriculum (NSTP). The commission
also stated all full-time faculty members instructing professional courses in the BSCpE
must hold a Master’s degree in CpE or a related field, and preferably a doctoral degree
and teachers holding professional certificates that call for industry certification must
hold current industry certification. The recommended curricular requirements in CHED
Memorandum Order (CMO) 87 s. 2017, which is known as Policies, Standards, and
Guidelines for BSCpE, has been effective since 2018. This applies across the HEI’s
with BSCpE program. [24]
Considering the proponents will be receiving the data provided by the research
respondent, we take precautions to ensure that it is not misused the Republic Act
10173-Data Privacy Act of 2012 specifies that monitoring for security infringement and
taking preventative, corrective, and lightening steps against security occurrences that
can lead to a security breach are required. The personal information holder must also
ensure that the mediators or third parties processing the personal information on its
behalf meet the security rules outlined in the clause. Accessing information without
the owner’s permission will result in a prison sentence of one to five years and a fine
of 500,000 to one million pesos. The researchers came up with the idea to safeguard
and have tighter protection for the information of the students by creating a scheduler
that can guarantee the students data privacy, according to the article. [25]
Research Literature
It is necessary to get to know the potential solutions for the problem, as this
can reveal shared traits that may lead to a breakthrough in finding a better solution.
Furthermore, gathering information on the proposed solution will assist in directing
research towards formulating an improved solution.
Foreign Literature
The Case of the Knapsack Problem: How Humans Solve Complex Problems
As stated in a University of Colorado [26], the knapsack problem is a well-
known problem in the field of computing schedules. It is a type of combinatorial
optimization problem that involves selecting a subset of items with the highest value
from a set of items with given weight and value, subject to a weight constraint. The
research on how humans solve complex problems [27] found that people typically use
a greedy algorithm during the early to middle phase of solving the knapsack problem,
followed by a branch and bound searching technique. In their experiment, the
researchers found that the average number of full knapsack configurations was 1,381,
and the chance of getting the most optimal solution was only 0.7%. However, humans
were able to perform exceptionally well on this problem, with a median score of 97.4%
of the most optimal solution value.
It is important to note, however, that while humans can solve the knapsack
problem with optimal solutions, this may not be the case for scheduling problems.
Scheduling problems involve additional factors and constraints that may make them
more complex than the knapsack problem. As such, solutions to scheduling problems
may require more sophisticated algorithms or techniques than those used for the
knapsack problem. Nonetheless, the study’s findings shed light on how humans’
approach complex problems and may inform future research on optimizing scheduling
algorithms.
Methods for Resolving University Class Scheduling
According to a study [28], university class scheduling is a challenging problem
that falls under the category of optimization problems in operational research. The
problem is considered one of the most difficult issues faced by universities and
colleges today. There are several approaches to solving scheduling problems, as

noted in [29]. However, some of these approaches are only feasible up to a certain
level and may have limitations in terms of constraints they can handle, objectives to
meet, and computation time.
Among the common approaches to solving scheduling problems are
construction algorithms, including greedy algorithms, and search algorithms such as
tabu search, simulated annealing, particle swarm optimization, and genetic algorithm,
as reviewed in [30]. Construction algorithms may be combined with search algorithms,
such as a hybrid approach that uses greedy and genetic algorithms. In this approach,
the population may depend on the individuals generated by the greedy algorithm.
Algorithms are the building blocks of artificial intelligence and machine learning, and
they are used to create intelligent systems capable of tasks like image recognition,
natural language processing, and decision-making [31], here are the set of instructions
commonly used in problem-solving involving multiple issues, specifically the
constraints and conflicts included in the scheduler. There are several algorithms that
were utilized in processing schedules. These algorithms generate schedules without
conflict when compared generating schedules manually which may contain errors and
hindrance. Furthermore, scheduling problems in universities and colleges are
complex and require various optimization methods to be resolved effectively. There is
no one-size-fits-all solution, and different approaches must be considered based on
the constraints, objectives, and computational resources available.

The genetic algorithm reduces conflicts and optimizes fitness. The algorithm
considers various factors such as the quantity of students in each class, class time,
class size, time availability in each class, and lecturer who is in charge of the classes
[32], it considers various factors such as the capacity of the audience, complete
facilities, lecturing time, etc., to find the optimal solution. The study finds that the
proposed algorithm can reduce conflicts and optimize fitness, thus improving the
utilization of available classroom space for a given time table of courses at the
university.
Additionally, the creation of comprehensive curriculum system for academic
institutions [33], wherein two algorithms, GA (Genetic Algorithm) and MA (Memetic
Algorithm), are compared in respect of timetabling problems, which resulted in the use
of a smart adaptive mutation scheme and problem specific chromosome format helps
to speed up convergence and improve the quality of the output. This method may not
be applicable to other domains that require optimized allocation of resources.
The theory of schedules, the genetic algorithm, takes into account the specifics
of each university. The development and implementation of an algorithm that can form
an optimal university class schedule based on the genetic algorithm, the use of a
genetic algorithm for class scheduling can lead to an optimal schedule that takes into
account the specific needs of each university. This acknowledges that the solution to
the problem of class scheduling heavily depends on the specifics of each university,
and there may be limitations in the applicability of the genetic algorithm to all
universities. [34]
Among the algorithms, the evolutionary algorithm is widely used. The
implementation genetic algorithm on lecture scheduling issues resulted in minimum
clash of schedules. [35] The approach uses the process of scheduling using genetic
algorithms. It is a search technique that has a set of instructions written to produce
multiple possible solutions. Proponents created coding techniques, Initialization of
initial population, Chromosomes evaluation, Selection, Crossover, and Mutation in
implementation of the GA. Researcher recommends the exploration of modifying
Genetic algorithm components, this to determine the capability of Genetic algorithm
operators to find the most excellent schedules.
As colleges and universities continued to expand and increase enrolment,
teaching management faced the challenge of scheduling courses effectively. The
problem was complex, with numerous restrictions, and required repetitive experiments
and adjustments if the number of courses scheduled was large. Manpower scheduling
was unable to meet the needs of educational administration due to the complicated
workforce and large data volume. However, a research team investigated the mutation
genetic algorithm, an evolutionary algorithm, as a potential solution to the course

scheduling problem. [36] They applied the algorithm to the student’s scheduling
system and found that it was an efficient and accurate method of scheduling courses.
The algorithm was able to generate schedules quickly, providing strong support to the
educational administration staff in solving the tedious scheduling work. The study
sheds light on a promising approach to course scheduling using computer technology,
leading the way for further investigations into machine learning and artificial
intelligence to improve scheduling efficiency and accuracy.
In the world of modern information technology, course scheduling problems
have become increasingly complex and diverse, making traditional genetic algorithms
less effective in finding solutions. However, a group of engineering researchers has
been able to improve the traditional genetic algorithm and establish a new adaptive
genetic algorithm. [37] They achieved this by introducing adaptive operators and
conflict detection methods to address the multi-constraint complex combination
optimization problem of course scheduling. With the new algorithm, they established
a mathematical model of an intelligent course scheduling system and conducted
experiments to evaluate its efficiency and effectiveness. The experimental results
showed that the proposed algorithm has significantly improved convergence speed
and the global optimal solution, providing new ideas and methods for intelligent class
scheduling problems. Despite the proposed algorithm’s limitations, the researchers

recommended future studies to focus on further improving the algorithm’s
performance, exploring the use of hybrid optimization techniques and evaluating its
effectiveness in real-world settings.
In the study conducted in [37], a comparison was made between different
metaheuristic approaches used to address the university course timetabling problem.
The researchers found that conventional, generic genetic algorithms (Gas) performed
poorly in this context and suggested that they should be enhanced with domain-
specific knowledge to improve their results. When simple Gas was employed, they
often generated illegal timetables that violated various constraints. To overcome this
issue, researchers introduced modified genetic operators, heuristic operators, and
local search techniques.
Terashima-Marín, Ross, and Valenzuela-Rendón (1999) investigated the
application of Hardness Theory in genetic algorithms for timetabling problems.
Hardness Theory is typically used for constraint-type problems. The researchers
compared Gas that evaluated individuals within a population using either a hardness-
based function or a normal penalty function. However, the application of hardness
theory was found to have limited effectiveness for the timetabling problem due to the
complexity of constraints and the large number of available resources. [38]

Yu & Sung (2002) proposed a sector-based GA to solve the UCTP. The “sector”
concept was implemented in the initialization, crossover, and mutation operators, with
the introduction of a “check-and-repair” routine to keep the solutions within the feasible
region. The results obtained were promising but the algorithm’s performance and
efficiency were questionable. [39]
The study conducted by Lukas, Aribowo & Muchri (2009) also used a GA
combined with heuristic search to solve the UCTP. However, the proposed method
had many limitations, such as being able to schedule a course only one segment at a
time. [40]
Equivalently, Lewis & Paechter (2005) presented a Grouping genetic algorithm
(GGA) combined with powerful constructive heuristics. GGAs are genetic algorithms
that specialize in solving grouping problems. The experimental results showed that
the recombination drives the search towards fitter individuals and higher quality
solutions, but it was limited by the available time. [41]
In the field of engineering research, the experts were working on developing an
improved genetic algorithm for the scheduling problem. The team aimed to enhance
the accuracy and efficiency of the traditional algorithm by introducing a self-adapting
crossover rate and variation rate and enhancing the fitness function. They developed
a gene coding method that used decimal coding with standardized information
encoding to accurately represent each course’s details. Through a systematic
approach, the team tested the traditional and improved algorithms and found that the
latter outperformed the former in terms of efficiency and accuracy. The team
concluded that their new gene coding method and self-adapting rates make the
algorithm more effective in finding the global maximum. Despite some limitations, the
research team recommended further studies to address the limitations and explore
other gene coding methods for complex scheduling problems. [38]
This table provides a comparison of different algorithms cited by various
authors. Each row in the table represents an author and the algorithm they have
referenced in their work. The algorithms listed include Genetic Algorithms, Hybrid
Algorithms, and other types of algorithms. The purpose of this comparison is to
provide a quick overview of the algorithms used by different authors and their
respective publications.
Sources Genetic Hybrid Other

Algorithm Algorithms Algorithms
(Algorithms
with GA)
R. Q. Camungao, et. Al (2019) ☑️
Y. Fedkin, et. Al (2019) ☑️
M. Ali, et. Al (2018) ☑️
G. Gupta, et. Al (2021) ☑️
J. Ni and N.-N. Yang (2013) ☑️

D. Calimot, et. Al (2013) ☑️
R. Ansari and N. Saubari (2020) ☑️
Chen, X., Yue, X.G., Li, R., ☑️

Zhumadillayeva, A. & Liu, R. (2021)
P. Wang et. Al (2019) ☑️
G. Sun and Y. Li (2020) ☑️
Terashima-Marín, Ross, and

Valenzuela-Rendón (1999) ☑️
Yu & Sung (2002) ☑️
Lukas, Aribowo & Muchri (2009) ☑️
Lewis & Paechter (2005) ☑️
Table 2. Algorithm used by Several Studies
Several researchers opt for genetic algorithms above other optimization methods
because of their ability to handle complex and nonlinear problems efficiently. The
genetic algorithm is based on the idea of natural selection and involves the formation
of a population of solutions that go through selection, reproduction, and mutation to
generate new and improved solutions. This iterative process enables genetic
algorithms to converge towards the global optimum solution, even in problems with
complex variables and constraints. Furthermore, the genetic algorithm’s resilience to
changing surroundings and factors, such as crossover and mutation rates, makes it
suited for dynamic and uncertain challenges. These characteristics make genetic
algorithms appealing to authors looking to optimize complicated issues rapidly and
reliably.
An Overview of Genetic Algorithms
According to Darwin’s theory of evolution, the emergence and advancement of
the genetic algorithm is closely related to the ability of various biological systems to
adapt to their environment and survive. In the field of modern cytology and genetics
research, it has been established that the material basis of heredity and variation in
organisms is primarily located in the chromosome, chromosomal DNA, and protein.
Modern molecular biology has revealed that DNA is responsible for the genetic effects
of gene fragments, and genetic information is stored in the genes, which regulate
protein synthesis and biological traits. Organisms operate through gene duplication
and trait selection, as well as recombinant genetic variation to produce a wide range
of traits. Genetic characteristics of organisms allow for the maintenance of relatively
stable biological species, while biological variability is necessary for health and
survival.
The research into genetic algorithms began in the late 1960s to early 1970s,
initiated by Professor John Holland and his colleagues and students at the University
of Michigan. After over 20 years of development, fruitful results and theoretical
research progress have been achieved, especially with the recent boom in
evolutionary computation as an important direction of artificial intelligence research.
The First International Conference on Genetic Algorithms was held at Carnegie Mellon
in 1985, and in May 1997, the IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
established genetic algorithms as a mature method for high-performance computing
system optimization, adaptation, and learning modeling. [39]
The algorithm helped in scheduling a number of students with a fitness value
with high iteration. In order to utilize genetic algorithms and generate test data, the
following steps should be taken:
Step 1: Initialization – The process of a genetic algorithm begins with the
generation of a population of individuals. Each individual is the solution to the given
problem in this case. A person contains or is defined by a set of parameters known as
genes. The solution to the problem is to combine genes into a string and generate
chromosomes. The use of random binary strings is one of the most popular
initialization techniques. Identify the test data variables based on the given path and
create a random string of 0s and 1s for each variable according to coding principles.
These strings form individuals.
• Let V be the set of test data variables
• Let P be the population of individuals, each represented as a binary
string of length |V|
• For each individual p ∈ P, initialize the binary string with random values
from {0, 1}
Step 2: Fitness Assignment – The fitness function is used to determine an
individual’s fitness, which is defined as an individual’s ability to compete with other
individuals. Individuals are evaluated based on their fitness function in each iteration.
Each individual receives a fitness score from the fitness function. This score also
determines the likelihood of being chosen for reproduction. The higher the fitness
score, the more likely it is that the individual will be selected for reproduction.
• Let F(p) be the fitness function for an individual p
• For each individual p ∈ P, evaluate F(p) based on the structure of the
fitness function
Step 3: Selection – The selection step includes the selection of individuals for
offspring reproduction. To increase reproduction, all of the selected individuals are
arranged in pairs of two. It converts the 0s and 1s string corresponding to each
variable into a binary number to generate the test data. These individuals then pass
on their genes to the next generation.
There are three kinds of selection methods available:
• Roulette wheel selection
• Tournament selection
• Selection based on rank
Step 4: Reproduction – The reproduction step occurs after the selection
process. The genetic algorithm employs two variation operators that are applied to the
parent population in this step. The two operators involved in the reproduction phase
are listed below:
Crossover: The crossover plays a critical role in the reproduction phase of the
genetic algorithm. During this process, a crossover point within the genes is chosen
at random. The crossover operator then swaps the genetic information of two parents
from the current generation to create a new individual representing the offspring.
Figure 2. Genetic Algorithm Crossover
Parents’ genes are exchanged among themselves until the crossover point is
reached. These newly produced offspring are incorporated into the population. This
procedure is also known as crossover. Available crossover styles include:
• One point crossover
• Two-point crossover
• Livery crossover
• Inheritable Algorithms crossover
Mutation – To maintain population diversity, the mutation operator inserts
random genes into the offspring (new child). It is possible to accomplish this by flipping
some chromosome bits.
Mutation aids in the resolution of the issue of premature convergence and
increases diversification. The following image depicts the mutation process:
There are various mutation styles available.

o Flip bit mutation
o Gaussian mutation
o Exchange/Swap mutation
Figure 3. Before and After of Genetic Algorithm
• Let S(p) be the selection function that determines the probability of
selecting an individual p for reproduction
• Let C (p1, p2) be the crossover function that generates a new individual
by combining the genetic material of two individuals p1 and p2
• Let V(p) be the variation function that introduces random changes to an
individual p
• For each individual p ∈ P, apply the following operations:
• If p is not selected based on S(p), apply either C (p1, p2) or V(p) to
generate a new individual

• Select the best individuals from the current generation to form the next
generation
• Repeat until all individuals in P are selected
Step 5: Termination – Following the reproduction phase, a stopping criterion is used
to determine termination. After reaching the threshold fitness solution, the algorithm
terminates. It will identify the final solution as the best solution in the population.
Figure 4. Genetic Algorithm Flow Chart

Local Literatures
Typical Scheduling Situations in the Philippines
According to an article published by Althea Gonzales and Jessy Go [40],
students have varied opinions regarding a new scheduling rule implemented by their
university. This rule involves earlier classes with 15-minute breaks between each
subject to allow students to prepare and avoid missing classes. Educational
institutions often come up with their own scheduling schemes to address their
particular situations. Meanwhile, an independent news assessment of K-12 education
in the Philippines [41] reveals that many schools still lack the resources needed to
accommodate students, such as classrooms and teachers. Private schools also face
challenges, particularly with an influx of students supported by the voucher system.
To address resource shortages, schools have implemented a shorter scheduling
scheme with shifts to accommodate students, as stated in [42] These resource
shortages also affect college-level education, as highlighted in [43], which discusses
the challenges students face in creating a comfortable schedule due to limited subject
openings and conflicts. Such challenges are common among institutions that cannot
accommodate every scenario.

Genetic Algorithms in Local Setting
In the Philippines, specifically the Isabela State University-Main Campus
addresses the problem of poor schedule management through adopting the
representation and fitness methods of Genetic Algorithm. This generates pre
scheduling templates and determines the functionality and usability of the scheduling
process. Results showed the scheduling system had a high level of functionality and
usability based on the ISO 9126 Standard. Also, it was found that the scheduling
process was more accurate and reliable, and it minimized time conflicts and time
consumption. However, the study did not include individual schedules for both regular
and irregular students and campus extension integration thus reformulating the fitness
function to include other components and variables of scheduling, such as individual
schedules for both regular and irregular students and campus extension integration
was recommended. [44]
The scheduling of classes in universities and colleges is generated every start
of the academic year. The University of Immaculate Conception uses the Genetic
Algorithm to find the best class schedule generator. The theory of genetic algorithms
is explored, with an emphasis on less fully encoded systems using non-genetic
operators. It is observed that the Genetic Algorithm has the potential to be enhanced
by integrating repair strategies, and can be scaled up to tackle scheduling problems.

By leveraging the principles of genetic algorithms, the researchers developed an
alternative class scheduling system that yielded optimal schedules and optimized the
use of each classroom with respect to time, space, and constraints. [45]
Relevance to the Present Study Literature
In recent years, the demand for reliable and automated systems has increased
across various industries, including education. With the increasing number of students
and courses, class scheduling has become a complex and time-consuming task for
educational institutions. To address this challenge, several studies have explored the
development of automated class scheduling systems. The present study’s relevance
to the literature is evident as it proposes an auto-generate class scheduling system
using genetic algorithms that can efficiently and accurately generate a class schedule
based on various constraints and requirements. The proposed system’s potential to
improve the scheduling process and enhance educational institutions’ efficiency aligns
with the current trend towards automation and optimization in various fields.
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the project/research design, project development,
operation/testing procedure, evaluation procedure, evaluation criteria, instruments
and techniques used. This also represents how design products are critically planned
to be relevant as a whole.
Project/Research Design
The Researchers aim to develop an expert system for academic scheduling
that can automatically create schedules based on the given constraints and conditions
such as course requirements, teaching loads, classroom and instructor’s availability,
and students’ vacant time intervals. The developed system will be evaluated by
comparing its performance with the traditional scheduling method used by the
university to identify the benefits of the proposed approach.

Project Development
For the development process of the prototype, proponents formed plans to help
achieve building the design project. This project involves the development of a
software prototype to be used in a research study. The prototype will be designed to
provide an interactive platform for the collection and analysis of data. The prototype
model will allow for the rapid development and testing of the software, allowing for
quicker implementation and feedback.
The prototype model will also enable the researchers to quickly identify any
areas where the software is not functioning as expected and make any necessary
adjustments. The software prototype will be designed with the user in mind, taking into
account the needs and preferences of the user in order to create a satisfying and
useful experience.
The software will also be designed to be able to accommodate different types
of data and analysis techniques, allowing for the researchers to be able to conduct
their research in the most efficient manner.

Figure 5. Agile Software Development Life Cycle Model
Following the principles and approach of agile software development life cycle, the
development of the system shall undergo through the stages of the model.
The Agile Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a project management
methodology that prioritizes iterative and adaptable software development, customer
involvement, and team collaboration.
Development 1: During this phase, the development team focuses on creating the
core functionalities of the auto-generate scheduling system based on expert systems.
Proponents work collaboratively to design and implement the necessary features and
functionalities, following agile principles such as iterative development and continuous
improvement.
Integration & Test 1: After completing Development 1, the development team
integrates the developed components and modules to ensure they work together
seamlessly. They conduct thorough testing to identify any bugs or issues that may
have arisen during the integration process. This phase aims to validate the
functionality and stability of the system.
Development 2: In this phase, the development team continues to enhance the auto-
generate scheduling system by adding new features or improving existing ones. They
follow an iterative approach, prioritizing the most valuable functionalities based on
user feedback or project requirements.
Integration & Test 2: Similar to Integration & Test 1, the team integrates the newly
developed features with the existing system and performs comprehensive testing.
This phase helps identify any integration issues, assess the overall system
performance, and ensure the new functionalities align with the system requirements.
Development 3: The development team proceeds with further enhancements or
modifications to the auto-generate scheduling system. They collaborate closely with
stakeholders to gather feedback and refine the system accordingly. This iterative
development approach allows for flexibility and adaptability to changing needs or
emerging requirements.
Integration & Test 3: Once Development 3 is completed, the team integrates the final
set of features and conducts comprehensive testing to ensure the system is stable
and functions as expected. This phase focuses on identifying any remaining bugs or
performance issues before moving forward.
Release: Upon successful completion of the integration and testing phases, the auto-
generate scheduling system is ready for release. The development team packages
and delivers the software to the end-users or clients, making it available for
deployment in the production environment.
Feedback Review: After the release, the development team collects feedback from
the users or clients regarding their experience with the auto-generate scheduling
system. They review the feedback to identify areas for improvement and gather
insights that can inform future iterations or updates of the software.
Accept? If yes: Based on the feedback review, if the feedback is positive and the
system meets the desired expectations, the team proceeds to the next steps.
Test: The team conducts further testing based on the feedback received, addressing
any reported issues or bugs. This phase ensures that the software remains reliable
and performs optimally in real-world scenarios.
Implement: After successfully testing and resolving any identified issues, the team
implements the necessary changes, improvements, or bug fixes to enhance the auto-
generate scheduling system. This phase incorporates the user feedback and ensures
the system's continuous evolution.
If no: If the feedback review reveals significant issues or concerns, the team moves
to this branch of the process to address the feedback accordingly.
Record & Integrate Changes: The team records the feedback and suggested
changes in a systematic manner. They prioritize and integrate the required
modifications or enhancements into the development process.
Adjust & Track: In this phase, the team makes adjustments to the auto-generate
scheduling system based on the recorded feedback and integrated changes. They
track the progress of these adjustments and ensure that the system meets the desired
quality and functionality standards.

The agile software development life cycle for the auto-generate scheduling system
follows an iterative and collaborative approach, allowing for continuous improvement,
feedback incorporation, and adaptation to changing requirements.
Figure 6. In-depth Diagram of the Development Phase of Agile SDLC
Sprint 1 of Development Phase
Phase 1 – Plan. During the planning phase, the researchers started
brainstorming the approach that they will utilize on developing the specific system.
This is also the phase where the researcher gathers information needed to start
conceptualizing solution for the given problem. This is the phase of selecting which
IDE, framework, programming language, algorithm, and software requirements will be
utilized for the system to function. At this phase, the researchers came up with Visual
Studio Code as IDE, Django Framework as the system’s framework, Python as

programming language. The researcher also included Bootstrap and Font Awesome
for the front-end designing software. In terms of algorithm, the researchers utilized the
traditional genetic algorithm as the system’s algorithm.
Figure 7. System Architecture Diagram

The figure represents the system architecture diagram. It consists of end user,
front-end layer, back-end layer, and genetic algorithm as main scheduling algorithm.
The system architecture allows the end user to access the Autosched System by
accessing the link address that allow them to redirect in the front-end layer, in which
the end user has the capability to create schedule input, read the schedule generated,
update schedule resources (meeting time, course offering, instructors, rooms,
sections, and programs). Once done, the Django controller handles the logic for
processing user inputs, managing data flow, and making decisions based on inputs.
Once the data are handled, it will be stored into the database. The database is the
storage for the web application's data. Once the raw data is stored in the database,
the data processing follows. The major part of data processing is based on the expert
system and genetic algorithm. The expert system is the knowledge-based system that
provides expert advice or decision-making capabilities based on a set of rules or
knowledge base.
Once done, the Django controller handles the logic for processing user inputs,
managing data flow, and making decisions based on inputs. Once the data are
handled, it will be stored into the database. The database is the storage for the web
application's data. Once the raw data is stored in the database, the data processing
follows. The major part of data processing is based on the expert system and genetic
algorithm. The expert system is the knowledge-based system that provides expert
advice or decision-making capabilities based on a set of rules or knowledge base. The
genetic algorithm is responsible for generation of schedules based on the given
parameters.
Once the generated schedule by genetic algorithm is done creating schedule,
the expert system will align the schedule by considering the soft and hard constraints
set in the system. The generated schedule will then convert into output that will reflect
on the user’s interface once the generation is done.
Figure 8. Use Case Diagram for Autosched

In this use case diagram, there are two actors which are the user (Program
Head) and the Administrator. The user can access the features of the dashboard
which is input information, and display the schedule. The Administrator (Management
Information System) can manage the users and database management system.
The use case diagram is a powerful tool in software engineering and system
analysis that provides a visual representation of the interactions between different
actors and the system itself. It offers a high-level view of the system’s functionality,
emphasizing the actions that can be performed by various actors or users. Let’s
expand on the idea presented:
Actors:
- User: The primary actor in the system, representing individuals who interact with
the system to perform certain tasks.
- Administrator: A specialized actor who has additional privileges and
responsibilities compared to regular users. They have the authority to manage the
system, configure settings, and perform administrative tasks.
Use Cases:
- Managing the Database: The Administrator can perform actions related to
managing the database. This can include tasks such as adding, modifying, or deleting
records, running queries, generating reports, and ensuring data integrity.
- Custom Scheduling: Users can perform actions related to scheduling tasks or
events according to their specific requirements. This may involve creating, editing, or
deleting schedules, setting reminders, assigning resources or participants, and
defining constraints.
- Displaying Schedules: Both users and administrators can view schedules based
on their roles and permissions. This use case allows users to access and visualize
their schedules, filter or search for specific events, and navigate through different
views (e.g., daily, weekly, monthly). Administrators might have additional capabilities
to view schedules of all users or perform advanced searches.
Use Case Representation:
In the use case diagram, each use case is typically represented as an oval or
ellipse shape, and it is connected to the corresponding actors through lines or
associations. The diagram provides a clear visualization of the interactions between
actors and use cases, illustrating the system’s overall functionality.

The use case diagram helps identify the actors involved in the system and their
specific roles, as well as the various tasks or actions they can perform. It serves as a
communication tool between stakeholders, developers, and designers, allowing them
to understand the system’s behavior and requirements in a concise and intuitive
manner. Additionally, the diagram can serve as a basis for further analysis, such as
identifying dependencies between use cases, refining requirements, and prioritizing
development efforts.
Figure 9. Contextual Diagram of the System

In this context diagram, there are two actors: User and Administrator. The
System is in the middle and interacts with these two actors. On the user – system
side, the user can input information into the system, while the system can display the
automated schedule to the user. On the admin – system side, the system can give
access to the administrator, and the administrator can override the schedule from the
system.
Furthermore, the context diagram provides a high-level view of the system’s
interactions with the actors and helps to identify the inputs and outputs of the system.
It also shows the relationships and dependencies between the actors and the system.
Figure 10. Data Flow Diagram of the System

In this data flow diagram, the system has four major processes: Login,
Dashboard, Input Information, and Display Schedule. There are also two data stores:
Constraint Storage and Login Credentials.
The first entity is the user, and it passes the data flow “User info” into the login
process. This sends the data “login credentials” to the Dashboard process, then it will
ask for the user’s input and will store it into the constraint, and will go to the process
Display Schedule before it can send the Auto-generated Schedule into the user.
Phase 2 – Design. After data gathering and brainstorming, the researchers
then proceed on visualizing the approach they will utilize in the development of the
system. This also include the visualization of the system’s design through sketching
which includes functionality of the web application and assessing if it satisfies the
solution needed to meet the objective of the system. In this phase, the researcher
conceptualizes the system’s user interface by creating a mockup design of web
application first in Canva Design in which the researchers will use as basis for the
interface on the building phase.

Figure 11. Initial Design for the Web Application
The researcher conceptualized the expected layout of the web application
through the use of Canva Design. The initial design includes the dashboard that
includes the step-by-step process needed before generating a schedule. It also has a
notification tab that notifies the user once the generation of schedule is done. The
initial system also has a setting button that enables the user to personalize the web
application to their interest and liking. The initial design also indicates a directory at
the upper left part of the content card of the selected tab. It also offers a CRUD
operation where user can manipulate the data input.

Phase 3 – Build. After designing, the building phase follows. During this phase,
the researcher started on the development of the system. In this phase, the
researchers will start on building the front-end and backend of the system, as well as
setting up the framework and the backend of the system. In this phase, the
researchers used Visual Studio Code on the development of the system’s front and
back-end. The task on the development of the system was divided into two parts: the
first part is where the development of front-end is designated, in which 2 of the
researchers are assigned. The remaining 2 researcher was assigned to do the back-
end development.
Figure 12. Bootstrap 5 Guide on Grids and Columns

Figure 13. Bootstrap 5 Guide on Card and Accordion
During the front-end development, the researcher used Bootstrap 5 and Font
Awesome to enhance the quality and presentation of the system. The researcher used
Bootstrap for the CSS aspect of the system in terms of the card and columns feature.
It was also use for the templates, accordions, and drop-down buttons in the front-end.
The researcher also utilized Bootstrap 5 for the color effect in which the system
uses linear gradient. Overall, the Bootstrap 5 made the front-end development easy
as it offers fundamentals and tutorial on how it can be implemented through codes.
Figure 14. Sample Icons from Font Awesome

The icons on each tab presented on the system’s dashboard is represented by
embedded icons imported from Font Awesome. Aside from the dashboard, Font
Awesome was also use to give representation for the real time data counter on the
upper part of each template where cards like meeting room, time, instructors, and
course offerings are located. Font awesome was also use to import the default font
family of the system which is Montserrat. The researchers integrated the fonts and
icons in the system through coding.
Figure 15. UI Color Reference on Tailwind CSS
In terms of the color schemes of the system’s user interface, the researcher
utilized Tailwind CSS Color Generator. The system utilizes a linear gradient of dark
blue green and light blue green. The colors used on dashboard, cards, fonts, icons,
and frames are all imported and provided by Tailwind CSS Color Generator.
Simultaneously, the other 2 researcher started on the development of the backend
where they utilized Django Framework.
Figure 16. Django Code Flow

Django: Web Application Framework
This study will utilize Django, a high-level Python web framework called Django
enables the quick creation of safe and dependable websites. Django, which was
created by seasoned programmers, handles a lot of the pain associated with web
development, allowing you to concentrate on developing your app without having to
recreate the wheel. It is open source and free, has a strong community, excellent
documentation, and a variety of free and paid support options.
URLs: While it is possible to process requests from every single URL via a single
function, it is much more maintainable to write a separate view function to handle each
resource. A URL mapper is used to redirect HTTP requests to the appropriate view
based on the request URL. The URL mapper can also match particular patterns of
strings or digits that appear in a URL and pass these to a view function as data.
View: A view is a request handler function, which receives HTTP requests and returns
HTTP responses. Views access the data needed to satisfy requests via models, and
delegate the formatting of the response to templates.
Models: Models are Python objects that define the structure of an application’s data,
and provide mechanisms to manage (add, modify, delete) and query records in the
database. The researchers created models such as meeting time, room, instructors,
course, program, and sections.
Forms: The researchers added form class, it is the heart of Django's form handling
system. It specifies the fields in the form, their layout, display widgets, labels, initial
values, valid values, and (once validated) the error messages associated with invalid
fields. The class also provides methods for rendering itself in templates using
predefined formats (tables, lists, etc.) or for getting the value of any element (enabling
fine-grained manual rendering).
Templates: A template is a text file defining the structure or layout of a file (such as
an HTML page), with placeholders used to represent actual content. A view can
dynamically create an HTML page using an HTML template, populating it with data
from a model. A template can be used to define the structure of any type of file; it
doesn’t have to be HTML [51]
Scheduling: The scheduling system will automatically generate schedules based on
the input data and the constraints set in the expert system using Genetic algorithm.
The schedules will be displayed on the system dashboard and will include all
necessary information such as class number, department, section, course, time,
classroom, and instructors.

Figure 17. Genetic Algorithm Flow Chart
Step 1: Initialize S chedule Population. The population is initialized by
randomly generating a collection of Schedule samples. The size of the population
depends on the number of Classes to schedule, and the computational time it takes
to evaluate each individual.

Figure 18. Genetic Algorithm in Class Scheduling
The figure above shows the sample chromosome and population of genetic
algorithm in class scheduling. Chromosome is referring to one specific class while the
population refers to the overall classes inside the department. The figure above also
shows that if the POPULATION SIZE is equal to two (2), the algorithm will initialize
schedules for all the classes inside the department twice. The POPULATION SIZE is
one of the main parameters of genetic algorithm.
Step 2: Evaluate Chromosomes. The evaluation function determines the
fitness of an individual. This is the most important part to the Genetic algorithm, if this
function is flawed, the algorithm will not produce results. The evaluation function
should not return a Boolean(true/false) value, it has to be a comparable result. If
individuals are able to be sorted from fittest to weakest, it is a viable evaluation
function. For evaluating class schedules the system identifies each conflict and adds
to the overall number of conflicts that will be used to determine the fitness value of
each automated schedule created. For a classifier the system returns this formula
[1/(1.0*self._numberOfConflicts +1)] as a score assignment, of how likely an individual
(class schedules) is a solution.
Step 3: Randomly choose the fittest class schedule(s). We will choose the
parents for mating during selection. Every youngster in the new population is subject
to selection. Fitness Proportionate Selection, Tournament Selection, and Truncation
Selection are the three types of parent selection techniques, in our case we use
tournament selection. A practical choice is to pass on a few people to the following
generation.
Figure 19. Sample Randomly Selected Parent 1 and 2
The first operator of genetic algorithm is the Selection operator as shown in
Figure 14. In this phase, we select a random schedule from the population based on
the number of selections that we set in the system. In this case we can only set the
number of selections to two (2) maxima because the number of populations is only
two (2). Since we set the selection number to 2 there are 4 different combinations that
the system may select;

Combination 1 Combination 2 Combination 3 Combination 4
Schedule1, Schedule 1, Schedule 2, Schedule 2,
Schedule1 Schedule 2 Schedule 1 Schedule 2
Table 3. Possible Output Combinations
Once the system identifies the fittest schedule on the randomly selected
schedules from the population it will become the parents, we need to mix and match
their DNA to create a new population of offspring. This procedure is known as
crossover. For each member of the population, a new parent will be chosen using
fitness proportional Selection. We choose a parent in a tournament and mate them
with every class in the population of schedules. Two DNA arrays can be crossed in
three different ways. Crossovers at 1 point, 2 points, and at random are all acceptable
but in our case, we use a new method to crossover called uniform crossover, wherein
the offspring has equal chances of getting traits from its parents.
Figure 20. Crossover Operator
By introducing variation into the population through mutation, the algorithm is
able to seek previously uncharted territory in the search space for better answers.
Each DNA element (classes) in the array has a 1-5% chance of being randomly
changed to implement mutation. With every offspring, the mutation procedure is
triggered.
Figure 21. Random Mutation
The figure shows the actual random mutation in class scheduling. We first initialize
a new population that will be used by the system to mutate or change each class in
the offspring. As stated above, each class has 1 to 5% chance of being mutated, this
is the last part of evolution. After this, we go back to the evaluation step; while the
fitness score of the evolved schedules does not meet the stop criteria of 1.0 fitness
score or NO CONFLICT schedules we keep on generating and evolving schedules.
Recalling the formula to get the fitness of the schedule from step number 2,
[1/(1*NumberOfConflicts + 1)], if we substitute 0 in number of conflicts we get
1/(1*0+1), This will be 1/1 = 1. [52]
System Overview
Figure 22. Django Admin Dashboard
In the system development, Django was utilized as a layer of security for the
system, as well as the database. In this dashboard, the admin that operates the
backend can see the data input of the user on the dashboard. Similar to the functions
in the front end, the admin can also perform CRUD operation at the backend. The
admin can also check the data per tab that is being inserted through the front-end by
the user.
After the development of front and back-end of the system, the researchers
then proceed on connecting the backend and the front-end. The process started
where researchers integrated login system before the user can access the front-end
of the web application. After setting up, the researchers then proceed on coding the
commands that will give functions to the buttons in the front-end. The buttons are then
subjected for functionality test to see if all the buttons are working and performing
based on their given function. After the buttons, the forms and the responsiveness of
the UI to different screen size is tested. After all the test, the system is now ready for
finalization. Once finalized, the system is now subject for dry run.
At this stage of development, the system will be tested through running it into
a command prompt terminal that is a built-in feature of Visual Studio Code. After being
run on the terminal, the IDE will then provide a localhost server that can be access by
the user through offline.

Figure 23. User Login Page
The figure above is the actual interface of the user login page. This is where
authorized users are authenticated, if the system determines that the user does not
exist in the system it will only redirect to the same page with a warning message that
the credentials entered is invalid.

Figure 24. Django Integrated Admin Login Page
This page is for administrator of the system, anything that is inputted from the
forms in the front end will reflect in the admin dashboard and admins can create
multiple accounts for users and give them limited permissions to the web application.
Figure 25. User Home Page Interface
This is the actual looks of the user interface after the user login to the website.
In the homepage there is a complete user manual how to use the system.
Figure 26. Lists and Forms

This page is where the user can perform the CRUD operation, Create, Read,
Update and Delete on all available data in the list. Also, there are cards at the top of
the list where the user can check the recent counters of all the inputted data. The rest
of the pages in the navigation bar such as, Instructors, Rooms, Course Offerings,
Programs and Sections are formatted like this.
Figure 27. About Us Page
In this page the user can view the developers of the system with their contact
information and social media accounts, so that if they need a support from the expert,
they can directly contact them with the links provided.

Phase 4 – Test. During this phase, the researchers proceed on the dry run
and testing of the system’s capacity to generate by categorizing testing phase into five
testing procedures.
Phase 5 – Review. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, researchers
assessed the system for its functionality and effectiveness. On this phase, the
researchers utilized various instruments and criteria for the review and assessment of
the system. The researcher also set responds that they believe should assess the
system as they are the ones who will benefit the most in this study. The researcher
used survey questionnaire as instrument to gather evaluation data from the
respondents. The research respondents are individuals who had experienced
scheduling a system, both current and previous. These respondents are Deans,
Department Chairs, and Vice Presidents of Pamantasan ng Cabuyao. It also includes
the Secretaries of the above-mentioned individuals as they are also responsible for
conceptualizing schedules.
Operation/Testing Procedure
The operation and testing procedure of the Autosched: Auto-Generate Scheduling
System Based on Expert System study involves several steps to ensure that the
developed software meets its objectives and goals. The following steps can be taken
to test the functionality and performance of the system. The testing procedure are as
follows:
Testing Procedure Number Description
1 Test Runs with all Constraints
Test Runs with all Constraints for 1st -

2
2nd Year
Experimental Default vs. New

3
Parameter
Test Run including 1st – 3rd Year,

4
Removed Soft Constraints
Test Run including 1st – 4th Year,

5
Removed Soft Constraints
Table 4. Five Categories used for Testing Procedure

The testing phase is consisted of five testing procedures that consists of 50 test
runs in test procedures 1 to 4, with 15 test runs in procedure 5.
Test Procedure 1. During this testing phase, the researchers use the default
parameters and considered all the constraints in generating scheduling for this testing
procedure.
Population Size 9
Number of Elite Schedules 1
Tournament Selection Size 3
Mutation Rate 0.05
Table 5. Experimental Default Parameters
At the earlier stage of the testing procedure, the researchers utilized the
experimental default parameters that they come up with upon the development of the
system. The parameter plays an important role in schedule generation as it greatly
affects the time generation and the accuracy of the generated schedule. With that
being said, the researchers proceed on testing using the above-stated parameter and
by considering both soft and hard constraints given when scheduling a system. Lastly,
this testing procedure only cover the first year of BSCpE Program with 2 Sections
named 1CpE-A and 1CpE-B.

Test Procedure 2. Similar to the procedure 1, procedure 2 is also utilizing the
default experimental parameters that the researchers used. The difference is that in
this procedure, the second year is included with two sections as well.
Test Procedure 3. This is the testing procedure where the researchers
included the third year of BSCpE Program. Thus, making it a three section and a total
of 6 sections in which there is a two section per year level. In this same testing
procedure, the researchers did a comparison of parameters in which the researcher
utilized new parameter for the testing procedure.
Parameter Default New
Population Size 9 50
No. of Elite Schedules 1 1
Tournament Selection
3 15
Size
Mutation Rate 0.05 0.05
Table 6. Comparison of Default and New Parameters
The goal of the comparison is to check which parameters can accommodate
the increasing number of population and data. One of the factors that affects the
generation time is the complexity of the output being generated, one of the things that
makes a schedule more complex is the number of year levels and the increasing count
of section that the system needs to generate and give schedule.
Test Procedure 4. This testing procedure includes first to third year with 2
sections each, similar to testing procedure 3. The difference is testing procedure 3
considers all of the constraints (soft and hard), while testing procedure 4 does not
include the soft constraints as criteria on generating schedule.
Test Procedure 5. Similar to testing procedure 4, this testing procedure does
not consider soft constraints when generating schedule too. The only difference it has
to testing procedure 4 is that it includes all year levels starting from first to fourth year,
each with two sections.

Figure 28. Test Procedure Results Documentation

The researchers documented all of the test runs data specifically the generation
time in seconds and generation count. The researchers documented all the data
through google spreadsheet and google drive for the pdf copy of the generated
schedule.
Evaluation Procedure
In order to achieve the objectives of the study, researchers assessed the
system for its functionality and effectiveness. The following procedures were followed:
Instrument
Based on the related literature and studies reviewed, the researcher prepared
questionnaires to assess the acceptability of the program. Questionnaires will be
distributed to the respondents. The evaluation tool includes 5 design project metrics
(Excellent, Very Good, Good, Fair and Poor) and considers the first three metrics were
satisfactory and the fourth and fifth were unsatisfactory. The proponents consider
“Very Good” as the acceptable and satisfactory rating. The researcher utilized RMSE
Performance Metrics to assess the output of the system in comparison to the previous
class schedules.
Respondents
Respondents of the study include Program head and Professionals.
Professionals include computer engineers, electronics engineers, electrical
engineers, technology researchers, technology experts, analysts, systems engineers,
web developers, and instructors in the field of computing and engineering.
Questionnaires will be distributed to all department chairpersons and 10
Professionals. Purposive quota sampling will be used to select the respondents.
Quota sampling is a non-probability sampling technique, specified numbers of persons
of certain types will be included in the sample. Purposive sampling targets a particular
group of people. This method of sampling is selected when the desired population for
the study is rare or very difficult to locate and recruit for a study (i.e., engineering and
technology experts).
Assess Excellen Very Good Fair Po

ment t Good or
Easy Easy to Less Hard to Do not
and use difficult use work as
Functio Conveni intended
nality ent to
use
The The The The The

consisten consisten software software software
Reliabil cy of the cy of the provides sometime does not
ity software software the s provides give
to to desired the consisten
produce produce result desired t results.
the the consistent result.
desired desired ly.
result is result is
outstandi outstandi
ng. ng. Some
errors
detected
The The The The The
software software software software software
Conten contains contains contains contains contains
t accurate accurate accurate innacurat inaccurate
data and data and data and e data. data and
updates updates updates outdated
as soon moderatel slower data.
as y slower than
possible than expected.
. expected.
The The The The The
Availability software software software software software
perform performs performs performs performs
s according according a bit below
accordin to its to its slow. expectatio
g to its specificati specificati ns.
specifica ons ons. Contains
tion . Imposes Imposes significant
minimal significant improvem
ents
s. improvem improvem .
Imposes ent s ents
no
improve
ments.
The The The The The

Maintainabi software software software software system is
lity can can cannot has high
handle handle handle provision maintenan
quick some quick s when ce.
enhance enhancem enhancem an error
ments ent s and ent s and appears.
and modificati modificati
modifica on on
tion
Table 7. Evaluation Criteria for Software Material

Instruments and Techniques Used
This section is used by the researchers to provide gathered information for the
development of the present study. It is implemented to guarantee the capacity of the
function and to acquire it, the following are listed below.
Observation. The researchers used naturalistic observation; the researchers
depended on what they saw as based on a circumstance that is being considered a
problem that needs to be addressed.
Interview. The proponents utilized an interview in involved departments in order to
develop deeper knowledge and understanding about class scheduling through the use
of open questions.
Flowchart, tables, and diagrams. The researchers provide flowcharts, data flow
diagrams, and block diagrams that helps to fully comprehend the procedures that must
be performed during the project building.
Library Research. The researchers were able to obtain the material they need from
numerous reputable educational websites that provide studies that are beneficial for
the current investigation and are related to those studies. Studies and publications in
the topic came from a variety of online sources as well. The data mentioned above is
important for creating the suggested design project.
Gantt chart. The researchers used Gantt charts to set an expected progress in the
study every week, as well as to help the researchers to work on the paper in an
organized manner.
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

AUTOSCHED: AUTO-GENERATE CLASS SCHEDULING SYSTEM

A Design Project Presented to the Faculty of the

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Cimacio, Carlo Bisa

Title Page ……………………… i

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Table Number Title Page

Figure Number Title Page

institution. Class scheduling determines the distribution of courses, teachers,

manipulation. With the advancement in technology today, sticking to the traditional

advancements that will ease their workload.

Advancements such as the expert system have been proposed to be the

programs that can simulate the decision-making process of human experts in a

Expert system has been utilized in many ways including integration of it to

network-based methods. This following approach shows promising results in

generating high-accuracy schedules while considering various constraints and

improve the performance and efficiency of these systems.

In this study, we aim to utilize an expert system to create an automatic

consider constraints and conditions such as course requirements, teaching loads,

classroom and instructor’s availability, as well as interval of vacant time of students

workload of institutions when it comes to planning and conceptualization of academic

Background of the Study

Numerous educational institutions offer multiple programs for their students.

The generation of class schedules among educational institutions are currently

performed in a conventional manner. Traditional scheduling methods are time-

auto-generated proper class schedule based on an expert system. The Pamantasan

ng Cabuyao (University of Cabuyao) Computer Engineering Department is the pilot

wherein, he is currently the Department Chairperson of the Computer Engineering

Department. He is responsible for handling the class schedule for Computer

Engineering students. The Department Chair acknowledged the Commission on

Higher Education Memorandum Order (CMO) in implementation of class schedules

due to time conditions for students.

Furthermore, he stated that he encountered several problems in the course of

automatic system available in Pinnacle Learning Management System (LMS). As per

scheduling system in Pinnacle LMS because it is not automated. The issue of

automated class scheduling has grown more important as university administration

intended to provide an automatic class scheduling based on an expert system, also

the optimized use of class schedule for the institution’s needs.

Statement of the Problem

The main objective of this study is to develop an AI that automatically generates

questions were addressed in this study:

3.2 Faculty Loading

3.3 Room Utilization

system in terms of the following:

4.5 Maintainability; and

scheduling system based on expert systems and assess its effectiveness in

maximizing rooms and facilities utilization.

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of Autosched: Auto-Generate Scheduling System

Based on Expert System in Maximizing Rooms and Facilities Utilization

The paradigm shown in Figure 1 is the conceptual framework for Automatic

Offerings, Year Level and Section.

The process includes the utilization of Genetic Algorithms to incorporate

human-like reasoning and decision-making. The output is an Auto-generate Class

availability, university professors, and available rooms.

Furthermore, the conceptual framework for this system is designed to enhance

the effectiveness of scheduling courses in a university, resulting in better utilization of

resources and a better overall learning experience for university students.

The succeeding assumptions are formulated when the design project is

on the availability of resources, such as classrooms and instructors.

2. The expert system will be capable of learning and adapting to changing

conditions, such as changes in course offerings or instructor availability, in