  2  M  M*z 2.

30 × 10 -3
 M   τu* = = = 12.4MPa
á s,EF = 0.6  sx  + 3 −  sx  = 1.0 2 × Ae × t 2 × 18.5 × 10 -3 × 5 x 10 -3
  Moa    Moa
 
1 
(Eqn 5.6.1.1(3)) Ae = (b − t)(d − t ) = 18.5 × 10−3 m2
(see section 8.2.4.1 of [9]
Msx,E = 62.8 KNm or Appendix H, Clause
H4 of [5])
αm,E = 1.25 (see Table 5.6.2, case Number 2). b = 100 mm
d = 200 mm
ΩMbx,E = Ωαs αm Msx ≤ ΩMsx t = 5 mm
Vw = Vv x = 380 kN
ΩMbx,E = ΩMsx = 37.7 kNm fy = 350 MPa

As αs αm > 1.0, the segment EF has full lateral *

Veq = 27.7kN < ΩVw = 0.62 x 380 = 236 kN
restraint.
Check interaction of equivalent shear and
(Check on point B is covered in the design of the bending
main member)

Checking x-axis moment adequacy M*x,E 17.5

= = 0.46 < 0.75
ÙM sx 0.6 × 62.8
M*x,E ≤ ΩMbx,E is required
Therefore don’t need to check interaction of
equivalent shear and bending (Clause 5.12.2 of
M*x,E = 17.5 kNm ≤ 37.7 kNm √ OK
NZS 3404 applied to working loads).

Bending about the y-axis The y-axis check is similar and will be OK by
comparison.
M*y ,E ≤ ΩMsy,E is required
Calculation of member compression capacity

M*y ,E = 4.30 kNm ≤ 0.6 x 31.6 = 19.0 kNm √ OK Member compression capacity is calculated for the
length EF.
Calculation of equivalent shear
The actual length EF of 3.3 m is used for this, with
As described in section 8.2.4 of the Structural an effective length factor of 1.0, as this is now
Steelwork Limit State Design Guides Volume 1 [9] design of the member and second-order effects
and also in Commentary Clause C8.5 of have already been determined.
NZS 3404: Part 2 [5], the uniform torsion, M*Z , will
Nc = á cNs
interact with the applied shear, Vy* ,E to produce an
Ncx = 0.895 × 911 = 815 KN
equivalent design shear force.
Ncy = 0.675 × 911 = 615 KN
The second-order influence of on the design M*x
torque must first be determined, as described in αcx = 0.895 From Table 6.3.3(2) of [5]
C8.5.4.2 (c) of [5]. for αb = -0.5 and λnx = 52.5
αcy = 0.675
1 1 αb = -0.5
δz = = = 1.02
M*x,E 17.5  Le   fy 
1- =   (k f )  
1-
Moa,EF 929
ën
-V~~,
 r 
 250 
 
λnx = 52.5
M*z,E = M*z x δ z = 2.25 x 1.02 = 2.30 kNm λny = 89.8
Equivalent shear is now given from C8.5.5.2 of [5] rx = 71.5 mm
as; ry = 41.8 mm
Le = 3.3 m
 τ* V  ke = 1.0
*
Veq = Vy* ,E + u w  = 27.7 KN
 0.60 × f  L = 3.3 m
 y 
kf = 0.925
Vy* ,E = 5.30 KN fy = 350MPa

HERA Steel Design & Construction Bulletin Page 7 No. 73, April/May 2003
Check on member adequacy in compression R *y ,A = - M*Bx / 1 .2 = - 33.2kN
N* ≤ ΩNs
5.30 ≤ 0.6 x 911 = 547 kN √ OK Determination of second-order effects

N* ≤ ΩNcx The same situation applies over length BC of the

5.30 ≤ 0.6 x 463 = 278 kN √ OK main member as applied over length EF of the
telescopic boom, in terms of the need to calculate
N* ≤ ΩNcy an equivalent fixed ended cantilever length BC.
5.30 ≤ 0.6 x 137 = 82.2 kN √ OK
Cantilever deflection at C, excluding rotation
Check combined bending and compression at B

The section capacity check at E uses Clause

PL3 −3
P8.3.4, as applied through Clause 8.3.4.1. υc = = 17.04 × 10 m
3EIx
N* M*x M*y 5.30 17.5 4.30 P = Fy* = 5.30 kN (we are ignoring self
+ + = + +
ÙN s ÙM sx ÙM sy 0.6 × 911 0.6 × 62.8 0.6 × 31.6 weight)
= 0.701 ≤ 1.0 L = 4.20 m
E = 200 GPa
-6 4
The member capacity check on EF uses Clause Ix = 38.4 x 10 m
P8.4.5, as applied through Clause 8.4.5.1.
Slope at B
1.4 1.4
 M*x   M*y   17.5 
1.4
 4.30 
1.4 MB* 2L
  +  = + θB = = 1 .16 × 10 −3 radians
 ÙM   
 ÙM iy   0.6 × 62.1  0.6 × 31.1 
6EI
 cx   
MB* = 22.3 KNm
= 0.475 ≤ 1.0
L = LAB = 1.2 m
Mcx = Mix Full lateral restraint ; see Clause 8.4.5.1
Total deflection at C

 
Mix = Msx 1 −
N*
 = 62.8 × 1 −
5.30 
 = 62.1 KNm υ(total ) = υc + èB × 4.20 = 21.9 ×10 −3 m
 ÙN   0.6 × 815 
 cx 
Equivalent beam length as fixed ended cantilever
 N *   5.30 
Miy = Msy  1 − = 31.6 × 1 −  = 31.1 KNm PL3e
 ÙN   0.6 × 615 
 cy  υ=
3EIx
The design check on the telescopic boom is now
complete. õ 3EIx
Le = 3 = 4.57m
Design Check on Main Member P

The critical cross section for bending is, by This equivalent length is then used for Noms
inspection, over the hydraulic ram at point B. calculation in the x and y directions.

Design actions in member Calculation of Nomsx and Nomsy

M*x,B = F*y x 7.50 The main beam is a combined section and this
= 39.8 KNm needs to be accounted for. The relevant table
∗ from Roark, fifth edition [7] is page 534, table 34,
M*y,B = F x x 7.50 item 1a. From the sixth edition it is on page 670.
= 9.75 KNm
∗ π 2EIx1
M z,B = 2.25 KNm Nomx = K1 × = 170 KN
L2eq, x
∗
V y,B = 5.30 KN
∗
K1 = 0.419 from table 34 of [5]
V x,B = 1.30 KN
Ix2 38.4
R *y ,B = Fy* x (3.3 + 4.2 + 1.2) /1.2 = 38.5 kN = = 2.67 Therefore take as equal to 2.0
Ix1 14.4
(force required at ram for this configuration)
to match tables.

HERA Steel Design & Construction Bulletin Page 8 No. 73, April/May 2003
 a 4.82 Bending about the x-axis
= = 0.58 Therefore take as equal to 0.5
L eq, x 8.36
This involves checking moment capacity at B;
section moment capacity at E and member
P2 0 moment capacity over segment length AF. The
= =0 (There is no increase in
P1 5.30 latter is based on the hydraulic ram not providing
compression load on the effective twist restraint at B, which is probably
larger section) conservative.

L eq = 4.57 + 3.79 = 8.36 m Section moment capacity at B

ΩMsx,B = 0.6 x 131 = 78.6 kNm

K1 x π 2 EÉy 1 Ω = 0.6, from Table 73.2
Nomy = = 39.8KN
(2.2/2 )2 L2eq, y Msx,B = 131 kNm, from Table 73.1 for the
lower section.
The (2.2/2) multiplier on the denominator for Nomy Member moment capacity along length AF
makes allowance for the increase in effective
length for a fixed cantilever specified by NZS 3404
This is determined by using Clause 5.6.2 of [5], in
Fig. 4.8.3.2 Case 5. Given that K1 from Roark conjunction with Clause 5.6.1.1.2 which accounts
already takes account of the cantilever
for the change in cross section at C.
configuration, ie. k=2, with regard to elastic
compression buckling load, the adjustment for
Calculation of non-uniformity factor, αst
NZS 3404 is (2.2/2).
á st = 1.0 - [1.2rr (1 - rs )] = 0.777
K1 = 0.419 from table 34 of [5].

rr = Lr/L = 0.38
Éy 2 17.5
= = 3.56 ⇒ take as equal to 2.0 for tables
Éy 1 4.92 Af m   0.4dm  
rs = 0.6 +  
 = 0.511
Afc   dc  
a 5.4
= = 0.59 ⇒ take as equal to 0.5
L eq, y 9.2 Af m = 0.100 x 0.005 x 2 = 1.00 x 10 m
-3
-3
Af c = 0.150 x 0.006 x 2 = 1.80 x 10 m
P2 0 dm = 200 mm
= =0 dc = 250 mm
P1 5.30
Lr = 3.3 m
L = 1.2 + 4.2 + 3.3 = 8.70 m (Actual
L eq = 1.20 + 4.2 + 3.79 = 9.2 (The distance AB length of main beam AC and length of
is added, because there is no support against telescopic beam EF)
buckling about the y-axis offered by the hydraulic
support at B. The actual length ABC is therefore Calculation of uniform elastic buckling moment,
used). Moa, based on cross-section at B (same as at A)

Calculation of elastic buckling load factors

  π 2El   2 
Moa, u,AF =  y  GJ +  π El w    = 1193 kNm
 2   L2  
ëcx =
N omsx
=
170
= 32.1 1  eL   e   
*
N 5.30 (Eqn 5.6.1.1(4))

N omsy -6 4
39.8 Iy,A = 17.5 x 10 m
ëcy = = = 7.51
N* 5.30 Le = 1.0L = 8.70 m
kt = 1.0 (FU)
As λcx > 10, no need to magnify M*x . kl = 1.0 (Load above flange but taken
into account by moment Mz)
As λcy < 10, must magnify M*y . kr = 1.0 (FU)
G = 80 GPa
-6 4
0.95 J = 39.0 x 10 m
äm = äs = = 1.10 lw = 0 (RHS member; see Clause 5.6.1.4)
 1 
1-  
 λ cy  Reduction in elastic buckling moment for the
segment due to the change in cross-section at C.
M*y ,B = äm M*y ,B first order = 1.10 x 9.75 = 10.73 kNm

HERA Steel Design & Construction Bulletin Page 9 No. 73, April/May 2003
Moa,AF = αst x Moa,u,AF = 0.777 x 1,193 = 927 kNm M*Z,B 2.35 × 10 -3
τu* = = = 5.59 MPa
2 × Ae × t 2 × 35.1× 10 -3 × 6.0 × 10 -3
  2  
 M   M sx  
á s,AF = 0.6   sx  + 3  
- 
  = 0.96 Ae = (b − t )(d − t) = 35.1× 10-3 m2
 1  M oa  
  M oa  
  b = 150mm
(Eqn 5.6.1.1 (3)) d = 250mm
t = 6.0mm
Msx = 131 kNm
αm = 1.25 (To allow for self weight and the Vw = Vv x = 577 KN
moment distribution in the beam
due to the telescopic beam fy = 350 MPa
reactions, refer DCB No. 16 for
improved αm ) *
Veq = 20.6 kN << ÙV w = 0.62 x 577 = 358 kN

Mbx = αmαsMs x = 1.25 x 0.96 x 131 = 156 kNm ≤ Msx Check interaction of equivalent shear and
(Eqn 5.6.1.1(1)) bending

Mbx,B = Msx,B = 131 kNm M*x,B 39.8

= = 0.51 < 0.75
ΩMbx,B = 0.6 x 131 = 78.6 kNm ÙM sx 78.6

(As αsαm > 1.0, the segment AF has full lateral Therefore don’t need to consider interaction of
restraint). equivalent shear and bending.

Checking x-axis moment adequacy The y-axis check is similar and will be OK by
comparison.
M*x,B ≤ ÙM bx,B is required
Calculation of member compressive capacity
M*x,B = 39.8 kNm ≤ 78.6 kNm √ OK Member compression capacity is calculated for the
length BF for the x-axis and the length AF for the
Bending about the y-axis y-axis, as the hydraulic ram does not provide
y-axis restraint.
M*y ,B ≤ Ω Ms y B, is required
Both lengths comprise the main member and the
telescopic member, thus requiring design to
M*y ,B = 10.73 kNm (including second - order effects)
Clause 6.3.4.
≤ 0.6 x 72.9 = 43.7 kNm
√ OK This first requires calculation of Nomx and Nomy , so
as to calculate the slenderness ratio.
Calculation of equivalent shear
Calculation of Nomx and Nomy
The second-order influence of Mx* on the design
The relevant table from Roark fifth edition [7]
torque on the main member must first be is Table 34, p.535. For the sixth edition it is on
determined. page 670.
1 Earlier in this main member design, the Nomx and
ä = = 1.04
M* Nomy for the elastic effective lengths for this sway
1- x member were calculated in order to determine the
M oa
second-order effect multipliers. For individual
M*x = 39.8 kNm member design, in accordance with NZS 3404
Moa = 927 kNm Clause 4.8.3.1 (a) (iv), the member effective length
factor is taken as ke = 1.0. This corresponds to a
M*z,B = M*z x äz = 2.25 x 1.04 = 2.35 kNm pin-pin ended member and so means that the item
number from Table 34 of [7] corresponding to the
Equivalent shear is now calculated thus: k e = 1.0 (pin-pin) case must be used. That is case
number 1b.
 τ* V  π 2EIx1
*
= Vy* ,B +  u w  = 20.6 KN Nomx = K1 × = 577 KN
Veq
 0.60 × f
 y

 (ke L eq, x )2
Vy* ,B = 5.30 KN K1 = 1.297 From table 34 of [7], Item 1b.

HERA Steel Design & Construction Bulletin Page 10 No. 73, April/May 2003