Annex.

3 Load & Traffic evaluation

Load evaluation (5/5)

example: cells with 4 TRXs (28 TCHs)

Nb free TCH FREEfactor Load = ( -Nb free TCH/Total TCH)x LOADfactor

t <= - dB t <= % + dB
< t <= - dB % < t <= % + dB
< t <= dB % < t <= % dB
< t <= + dB % < t <= % - dB
<t + dB %<t - dB

Nb free TCHs = 4 Nb free TCHs = 20

Load = 85.7% HO? Load = 28.6%
Cell 0 Cell n
FREEfactor(0) = -8 dBm FREEfactor(n) = +7 dBm
LOADfactor(0) = -15 dBm LOADfactor(n) = 0 dBm

in cell evaluation of cell n for outgoing HO from cell 0:

• in ORDER(n): + FREEfactor(n) - FREEfactor(0) = +7 - (-8) = +15 dB
• in GRADE(n): + LOADfactor(n) = +0 = 0 dB

1.321

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 Annex.3 Load & Traffic evaluation
Traffic evaluation (1/4)

long term measurement of the load of a cell

corresponds to function Traffic_load(cell)
Traffic_load() value is determined from a number
N_TRAFFIC_LOAD of consecutive non-sliding window load
averages AV_TRAFFIC_LOAD calculated from Nb of free TCH
samples updated every A_TRAFFIC_LOAD x
TCH_INFO_PERIOD sec

1.322

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 Annex.3 Load & Traffic evaluation
Traffic evaluation (2/4)

3 possible values for Traffic_load(): high, low, indefinite

initialization: Traffic_load() = indefinite
Traffic_load() becomes:
high if the last N_TRAFFIC_LOAD consecutive
AV_TRAFFIC_LOAD load averages are all greater
than HIGH_TRAFFIC_LOAD threshold
low if the last N_TRAFFIC_LOAD consecutive
AV_TRAFFIC_LOAD load averages are all lower
than LOW_TRAFFIC_LOAD threshold

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 Annex.3 Load & Traffic evaluation
Traffic evaluation (3/4)

Traffic_load() becomes indefinite if:

Traffic_load() was high and the last
AV_TRAFFIC_LOAD load average is lower than
LOW_TRAFFIC_LOAD (or IND_TRAFFIC_LOAD if not
0%)
Traffic_load() was low and the last
AV_TRAFFIC_LOAD load average is greater than
HIGH_TRAFFIC_LOAD (or IND_TRAFFIC_LOAD if
not 0%)
Traffic_load(n) is always equal to indefinite if cell n is
external to BSC
HIGH_TRAFFIC_LOAD ≥ IND_TRAFFIC_LOAD ≥
LOW_TRAFFIC_LOAD

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 Annex.3 Load & Traffic evaluation
Traffic evaluation (4/4)

Example with N_TRAFFIC_LOAD = 3

Back
Cause 12

Back
Cause 26

1.325

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 Annex.3 Load & Traffic evaluation
Cell TCH radio resource evaluation usage

1.326

© Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02 Page 1.326

 ANNEXES

Annex.4 Handover Management

1.327
© Alcatel University - 8AS 90200 1485VH ZZA Ed.02

Erlang B law
Frequency hopping influence on PCHO process
Load & Traffic evaluation
Training exercises solutions

© Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02 Page 1.327

 Annex.4 Handover Management
Principles

Handover Management made up of:

Cell Filtering Process (according to call history)

Handover Decision (according to the best cell in the list)

Handover Management followed by:

Handover Protocol

1.328

BTS BSC

HO Preparation

Radio Active
Link HO Candidate
Channel HO Detection
Measurements Cell Evaluation
Pre-processing

HO
management

HO
protocol
MSC

© Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02 Page 1.328

 Annex.4 Handover Management
Global Handover Process

/ + * /

'
- 5 -

'

% # 5 '

1.329

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 Annex.4 Handover Management
Cell Lists usage

Three cell lists:

Ordered target Cell list

target cells provided by Candidate Cell Evaluation

REJ_CELL_LIST
cells internally rejected by the MSC or BSC

MS_CELL_REJ_LIST
cells to which the MS failed to hand over

1.330

▼ Since B6 release, some changes have been provided to the HO management process which is in charge of the HO
execution triggering, when the need of handover is detected by the HO preparation process.
▼ These changes are :
use of the T_FILTER parameter in a different way than for B5,
the parameter NBR_HO_ATTEMPTS which was used for internal HO in B5 is removed,
use of the T7 parameter and of the REJ_CELL_LIST list also for internal HO in B7,
same behavior in case of internal and external HO in B7,
immediate attempt after rejection or failure without waiting for a new alarm in case of internal and external HO
in B7,
implicit rejection of cells in B7 with the help of the target cell identity in the HO command received from the
MSC.

© Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02 Page 1.330

 Annex.4 Handover Management
Timers usage

T_FILTER: controls the global handover procedure

started: when a cell list is to be sent by Candidate Cell Evaluation
expiry empty target cell list sent to the Handover Management
T7: controls the clean-up of REJ_CELL_LIST
started: when a target cell list is to be sent to Handover Protocol
expiry empty REJ_CELL_LIST
T_MS_CELL_REJ: clean-up of MS_CELL_REJ_LIST
started: when an MS reports a failure to seize the target channel
expiry empty MS_CELL_REJ_LIST
T_HO_REQ_LOST: to supervise answer of MSC (no HANDOVER
REQUIRED REJECT message sent)
Started: HO REQUIRED sent
Stopped: HO COMMAND received
Expiry external channel change procedure is
terminated. 1.331

▼ If the candidate cell list provided by the candidate cell evaluation process is different from the previous one (the number
of cells is different or same number of cells but new cells in the list), an alarm is sent to the HOM process. In B7, if
T_FILTER expires, it means that the HO is no more necessary.
▼ For both internal and external HOs in case of HO failure from the MS, the cell is filtered until the expiry of the
T_MS_CELL_REJ timer. When the T_MS_CELL_REJ timer expires, the rejected cell may be a candidate.
▼ In B7 release, T7 timer is used to manage the REJ_CELL_LIST list and a subsequent HO REQUIRED can be sent to
the MSC before T7 expiry if the target cell list has changed (new cell or removed cell).
▼ The REJ_CELL_LIST list is used for both internal and external Hos.
▼ T_HO_REQD_LOST Expiry
This timer is used to supervise response from the MSC. It is started when sending the first HANDOVER
REQUIRED to the MSC and it is stopped in the following cases:
• when HANDOVER COMMAND is received from the MSC or
▼ when HANDOVER REQUIRED REJECT is received from the MSC only if the same number of
HANDOVER REQUIRED REJECT messages have been received from the MSC than the number of HANDOVER
REQUIRED messages sent to the MSC for this channel change procedure) (i.e. no message crossing over A
interface).
In case where more HANDOVER REQUIRED messages have been sent to the MSC, the timer
T_HO_REQD_LOST is not stopped upon HANDOVER REQUIRED REJECT receipt, as there is no way for the
BSC to know if the received HANDOVER REQUIRED REJECT is a response to the last HANDOVER
REQUIRED message or a response to a previous one (message crossing over A interface).
On expiry, an O&M error report is raised only when no message has been received from the MSC since the last
HANDOVER REQUIRED message, and the external channel change procedure is terminated.

© Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02 Page 1.331

 Annex.4 Handover Management
Handover Execution Process

+ * /

# 5
* / 1 L /
*+
9 1/ $ +/
7 * / 1 L 7
+
>
'
* ?
#N+

! / 1 ! / 1
L *+ L +
>
9
+ 2 '!!2%'M2!
%'M2 '!!2! 2+ 2 '!!2%'M
? / 1 / 1

1.332

© Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02 Page 1.332

 Annex.4 Handover Management
HO execution example
ordered
1. Cell1
2. Cell2
3. Cell3
HO mgt HO prot update
ordered filtered
1. Cell1 1. Cell1 HO fails Cell1 ->
2. Cell2 - 2. Cell2 on cell1 MS
3. Cell3 Rej. lists 3. Cell3 rej list
ROC
MS BSC/MSC
empty empty

HO mgt update HO prot update

ordered filtered Cell2 ->
T_MS_CELL HO fails MS
1. Cell1 Cell1
2. Cell2 - 1. Cell2
_REJ
Expires on cell2 rej list
Cell1 ->
3. Cell3 Rej. lists 2. Cell3
MS rej list ROC BSC
empty rej list
MS BSC/MSC
cell1 empty

HO mgt HO prot
ordered filtered
1. Cell1 Cell1 HO to
2. Cell2 - Cell2 cell3
3. Cell3 Rej. lists 1. Cell3

MS BSC/MSC
cell2 cell1

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 Annex.4 Handover Management
T_FILTER controls HO procedure (1/2)

End of Handover procedure = T_FILTER timer expiry

T_FILTER restarted each time a target cell list is to be sent

by Candidate Cell Evaluation to the Handover Management
(same list than the one previously sent or not)

The target cell list is sent to the Handover Management if

different from the last target cell list previously sent

T_FILTER expiry means no handover is needed anymore

1.334

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 Annex.4 Handover Management
T_FILTER controls HO procedure (2/2)

New candidatecell list fromthe

candidatecell evaluation function

No handover is on-going
A handover is on-going

Yes Is No
T_FILTER
running ?

A handover is NOW on-

going

Start T_FILTER
Yes No An HO alarm containingthe candidatecell
Isthe candidatecell
list issent to the HO management
entity
list different from
thepreviousone ?

Restart T_FILTER
Restart T_FILTER
An HOalarm containingthe candidatecell
list issent to the HO management
entity
T_FILTER is restarted
each time the alarm is Back
still on

1.335

© Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02 Page 1.335

 ANNEXES

Annex.5 ellipsoid arc determination

1.336
© Alcatel University - 8AS 90200 1485VH ZZA Ed.02

Erlang B law
Frequency hopping influence on PCHO process
Load & Traffic evaluation
Training exercises solutions

© Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02 Page 1.336

 Annex.5 ellipsoid arc determination
B8 Positioning methods : CI+TA positioning 2/2

ellipsoid arc definition:

Point (O)= serving BTS site coordinate
North θ= serving cell antenna azimuth - β /2
β =A*width of serving cell sector in [°],
calculated from bisector angles of co-sited
antenna azimuths
Point (o) θ r1= inner radius of TA ring-(B-0.5)*554 in
β [m]
R2=(B+C)*554 in [m]
r1

– A: ARC_SIZE_FACTOR
r2 – B: MIN_RADIUS_FACTOR
– C: MAX_RADIUS_FACTOR Back

1.337

▼ An ellipsoid arc is a shape characterised by the co-ordinates of an ellipsoid point o (the origin), inner radius r1,
uncertainty radius r2, both radii being geodesic distances over the surface of the ellipsoid, the offset angle (θ) between
the first defining radius of the ellipsoid arc and North, and the included angle (β) being the angle between the first and
second defining radii. The offset angle is within the range of 0° to 359,999…° while the included angle is within the
range from 0,000…1° to 360°. This is to be able to describe a full circle, 0° to 360°

▼ For CI+TA method which is default one , the answer is given by description of "ellipsoid arc".

▼ Optimization parameters:
ARC_SIZE_FACTOR
Factor used in the computation of the width in degree of the ellipsoid arc returned by the MFS when
computing location estimate based on TA positioning method.
MIN_RADIUS_FACTOR
Factor used in the computation of the minimum radius of the ellipsoid arc returned by the MFS when
computing location estimate based on TA positioning method

MAX_RADIUS_FACTOR
Factor used in the computation of the maximum radius of the ellipsoid arc returned by the MFS when
computing location estimate based on TA positioning method

© Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02 Page 1.337