Name: Fawad Arif

Reg no:2020132

Power system protection(EE412)

Name: Fawad Arif

Section:EEP
Submitted to:Dr Ammar Arshad
Name: Fawad Arif
Reg no:2020132

Power System Protection (EE412)

Design and Analysis of a Distribution Network

CEP REPORT

Introduction:
This project provided us with the chance to design a radial transmission line system in the
vicinity of central Finland. It involves connecting a single main substation to nine secondary
substations, as illustrated in Figure 1. The primary transmission line incorporates a
transformer that reduces the voltage from 110 kV to 20 kV. Subsequently, this reduced
voltage is conveyed to the secondary substations through high-voltage conductors, which
can be either overhead or underground.

Working:
The map is provided in the statement of the problem. The map is marked with points representing
primary and secondary substations. The first task is to accurately be marking on the map using
provided coordinates. The selection of points provides the exact distance between two substations.
Name: Fawad Arif
Reg no:2020132

The route selection is according to the analysis of the area.

Figure 2: coordinate marks

The route is selected to avoid forests and water reservoirs. The route is shown in figure 2 and 3, most
of the selected route is along the road to avoid faults but in some areas, the route is under the water
to minimize the length of transmission lines. In this project, we have the choice to use overhead lines
or cables, depending on several factors like cost, fault clearance, and distance between poles. Among
the overhead lines and cables, the further choice is given depending upon their short circuit current
carrying capacity. We mostly preferred overhead lines over cables due to some factors. The main
factor is the cost which is quite low for overhead lines as compared to cables. The other factor is fault
detection and clearance time of that fault. Fault detection is easy in overhead lines because the
location of the fault is exactly known but in the case of cables, the main disadvantage is to find the
location of the faults.

Coordinates, ETRS -TM35FIN Load CIC-parameters

X (East) Y (North) P max Q max a b

Node ID
(m) (m) (kW) (kvar) (€/kW) (€/kWh)
734 528903 7194173 466 225.7 1.1 11
111 549017 7188650 92 44.6 1.1 11
200 534103 7196847 126 61.0 1.1 11
223 530980 7189343 79 38.3 1.1 11
337 531849 7185818 203 98.3 1.1 11
452 538073 7192062 196 94.9 1.1 11
448 539383 7186635 64 31.0 1.1 11
620 542046 7190713 40 19.4 1.1 11
197 545157 7188737 93 45.0 1.1 11
Name: Fawad Arif
Reg no:2020132

Figure 3: Clear view of coordinate marks

Network diagram in ETAP 19:

Figure 4: Network diagram in ETAP19 without load flow

Name: Fawad Arif
Reg no:2020132

Load Calculation:

The nodal data for secondary substation is calculated using the provided values in the problem
statement. This data is shown in the below table.

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS:

From this simulation we have performed load flow analysis in next sub part for voltage values on bus
bars taken from ETAP is:
Name: Fawad Arif
Reg no:2020132

Figure 5: Network diagram in ETAP19 with load flow Analysis using SPST switch.

Once the voltages are known, load current can be easily calculated.

Load current calculations:

P
I=
√ 3 (U B cos ∅ )
Maximum short circuit current calculations:
Name: Fawad Arif
Reg no:2020132

Before selecting the transmission line conductor, one crucial step is applying the short circuit
analysis formula:
The reactance of lumped network:

Where the value of Un is 110x103 V, the value of Ik is 12.6 kA, Vs is 20x103 V and Vp is
110x103 V. So, putting these values in the equation

Xnetw=0.167 j Ω
The reactance of transformer network:

The value of XK is 0.2Ω which is an assumption, UK is 20x103 V and SK is 50MVA which

is also assumption. So, putting all these values in the equation
X transf =1.6 j Ω

The 3φ Maximum Short Circuit Current is as follows:

UB
I max , ∅=
√ 3(X T + X K + X L )

However, there is one problem the I k1s rating is when the time of maximum short circuit
current passing through the line is for 1s but the primary circuit breaker will interrupt the
current in 0.5s meaning the I k1s rating will change the new rating can be found using this
formula:

From this formula we get the value of Ik0.5s which is 7.945 kA. So, this will be our new current rating
for Raven conductor. If all the maximum short circuit currents are less than this rating, then we can
use this conductor otherwise we will have to change the conductor to something else.

Minimum short circuit calculation:

We have not used the formulae, instead the maximum short circuit current of a bus is equal the
preceding’s Bus’s minimum short circuit current as shown in the table below.

UB
I min, 3 ∅=
√ 3 (RT + X T + X K + X L )
Name: Fawad Arif
Reg no:2020132

√3
I min, 2 ∅= × I min, 3 ∅
2

2nd method (Fault Analysis):

Furthermore, I've utilized another method in my evaluation process. I conducted a

comprehensive fault analysis using ETAP for the four conductors specified in the overhead
line table. This fault analysis provides insights into how each conductor responds to potential
faults and aids in making an informed choice regarding the most suitable conductor for the
specific electrical system requirements as shown in figure 4. This dual approach, combining
the short circuit analysis formula and ETAP fault analysis, allows for a comprehensive
assessment and informed decision-making when it comes to selecting the right conductor.
For the transmission line. This fault analysis has taken for (Raven). Similarly, I have done this
Name: Fawad Arif
Reg no:2020132

for all OHL conductors that are given in the list.

Figure 4: Fault analysis on node 223 for finding I (max ,3 ∅) .

Selection of conductor:
After conducting thorough calculations for short circuit current, performing in-depth fault
analysis in ETAP, and considering cost-effectiveness, the (Raven) conductor emerged as the
optimal choice for our inland network. Its robust short circuit capabilities, cost-efficiency,
and a meticulous assessment of all factors make it the most suitable conductor for our
project.
Name: Fawad Arif
Reg no:2020132

Protection of the Feeder:

Protection is a key factor for safe and smooth running of Electrical Networks. The second objective of
the Project is the protection of the feeder. For the protection of network 12 relays are being used.
The condition for overloading is 25% of maximum current. The circuit breaker operating time is 0.5
sec. The overshoot time (circuit breaker operating time and relay operating time) is 10%. Protection
is started from right to left of the system, so the relays are labelled accordingly. First relay is Relay A
which is installed at the node 197 (right most). For Relay A calculation is given as

Node 111:
I l=2.662 A

I f , max=1.219 KA
Condition
I Ol=I l × 25 % I l =2.662× 1.25=3.32 A
CT ratio= 5:1
Plug setting = 1 A
I relay
PSM 111=
PS
I f ,max 1.219 KA
I relay = × Ns= =243.8 A
Np 5
243.8 A
PSM 111= =243.8
1A
0.14 ×TMS 0.14 ×0.1
T R , 111= 0.02
= 0.02
=0.12 s
PSM −1 243.8 −1
We assume time of circuit breaker:
T CB, 111=0.5 s
And Overshoot time is 10%.
T OS ,111=0.062 s
Node 197:
T RB , 197=T R ,111 +T OS ,111+ T CB ,111=0.12+0.5+ 0.062=0.682 s

I l=4.664 A

I f , max=1.442 KA

I f , min =1.219 KA
Condition
Name: Fawad Arif
Reg no:2020132

I Ol=I l × 25 % I l =4.664 × 1.25=5.83 A

CT ratio= 10:1
Plug setting = 1 A
I relay
PSM 197=
PS
I f ,max 1.442 KA
I relay = × Ns= =144.2 A
Np 10
144.2 A
PSM 197= =288.4
1A
(PSM ¿¿ 0.02−1)× T R , 197 (144.2¿¿ 0.02−1)×0.682
TMS= = =0.509 s ¿ ¿
0.14 0.14
We assume time of circuit breaker:
T CB, 197=0.5 s
And Overshoot time is 10%.
T OS ,197 =0.1175 s
Node 620:
T RB , 620=T R ,197 +T OS ,197 +T CB ,197 =0.682+0.5+ 0.1266=1.3086 s

I l=2.006 A

I f , max=1.624 KA

I f , min =1.442 KA

I relay
PSM 620=
PS
I f ,max 1.624 KA
I relay = × Ns= =324.8 A
Np 5
324.8 A
PSM 620= =324.8
1A
(PSM ¿¿ 0.02−1)× T R , 620 (324.8¿¿ 0.02−1)×1.3086
TMS= = =1.145 s ¿ ¿
0.14 0.14
We assume time of circuit breaker:
T CB, 620=0.5 s
And Overshoot time is 10%.
T OS ,620 =0.18086 s
Name: Fawad Arif
Reg no:2020132

Node 452:
T RB , 452=T R ,620 +T OS ,620 +T CB ,620 =1.3086+0.18086+ 0.5=1.989 s

I l=5.66 A

I f , max=2.197 KA

I f , min =1.624 KA

I relay
PSM 452=
PS
I f ,max 2.197 KA
I relay = × Ns= =219.7 A
Np 10
219.7 A
PSM 452= =219.7
1A
(PSM ¿¿ 0.02−1)× T R , 452 (219.7 ¿¿ 0.02−1)× 1.989
TMS= = =1.618 s ¿ ¿
0.14 0.14

Node 337:
I l=5.866 A

I f , max=1.216 KA
Condition
I Ol=I l × 25 % I l =5.866 ×1.25=7.33 A
CT ratio= 10:1
Plug setting = 1 A
I relay
PSM 337=
PS
I f ,max 1.216 KA
I relay = × Ns= =121.6 A
Np 10
121.6 A
PSM 337= =121.6
1A
0.14 ×TMS 0.14 ×0.1
T R , 337 = 0.02
= 0.02
=0.139 s
PSM −1 121.6 −1
We assume time of circuit breaker:
T CB, 337=0.5 s
And Overshoot time is 10%.
T OS ,337 =0.0639 s
Name: Fawad Arif
Reg no:2020132

Node 223:
T RB , 223=T R ,337 +T OS ,337 +T CB ,337 =0.139+0.0639+ 0.5=0.7029 s

I l=2.283 A

I f , max=2.759 KA
Condition
I Ol=I l × 25 % I l =2.283 ×1.25=2.853 A
CT ratio= 5:1
Plug setting = 1 A
I relay
PSM 223=
PS
I f ,max 2.759 KA
I relay = × Ns= =551.8 A
Np 5
551.8 A
PSM 223= =551.8
1A
(PSM ¿¿ 0.02−1)× T R , 223 (551.8¿¿ 0.02−1)×0.7029
TMS= = =0.675 ¿ ¿
0.14 0.14

Node 734:
I l=13.467 A

I f , max=10.749 KA
Condition
I Ol=I l × 25 % I l =13.467 ×1.25=16.83 A
CT ratio= 20:1
Plug setting = 1 A
I relay
PSM 111=
PS
I f ,max 10.749 KA
I relay = × Ns= =537.45 A
Np 20
537.45 A
PSM 111= =537.45
1A
0.14 ×TMS 0.14 ×0.1
T R , 734 = 0.02
= 0.02
=0.1045 s
PSM −1 537.45 −1
Node 200:
Name: Fawad Arif
Reg no:2020132

I l=3.641 A

I f , max=3.661 KA

Condition
I Ol=I l × 25 % I l =3.641× 1.25=4.55 A
CT ratio= 5:1
Plug setting = 1 A
I relay
PSM 200=
PS
I f ,max 3.661 KA
I relay = × Ns= =732.2 A
Np 5
732.2 A
PSM 200= =732.2
1A
0.14 ×TMS 0.14 × 0.1
T R , 200 = 0.02
= 0.02
=0.1 s
PSM −1 732.2 −1
Node 448
I l=3.206 A

I f , max=2.828 KA

Condition
I Ol=I l × 25 % I l =3.206 ×1.25=4.007 A
CT ratio= 5:1
Plug setting = 1 A
I relay
PSM 200=
PS
I f ,max 2.828 KA
I relay = × Ns= =565.6 A
Np 5
565.6 A
PSM 200= =565.6
1A
0.14 ×TMS 0.14 ×0.1
T R , 448 = 0.02
= 0.02
=0.104 s
PSM −1 565.6 −1
Name: Fawad Arif
Reg no:2020132

In this part of the problem, firstly, bus bar protection is done using deferential protection and the
values for primary and secondary ratios are given in Figure 6 also the table tells the CT ratios and
load current:

Figure 6: The simple network 1 with relay coordination and circuit breaker

Reliability analysis of network 1:

The formulas for the reliability analysis are as follows.
Uj=λiri
Where Ui is the annual outage time for a single component, λi is the average outage rate and ri is
the average outage duration.
Cj=Σλi {aj+bijtij }Pj
Name: Fawad Arif
Reg no:2020132

Where aj(tij ) and bj(tij ) are the per-unit cost values for the demand and energy not supplied for
the load point j when the outage time is tij (e.g. € /kW and € / kWh). The Pj is the outage power at
load point j, tij is the outage time at point I caused by load j and λi is the same. Now let us create a
table based on this. In reliability analysis we are basically trying to see if the network is cost efficient
or not. This gives us a way to compare different networks to see which one is the most cost effective.
Normally we need to do analysis with respect to every component but here we are only focusing on
the transmission lines so in the tables only the transmission lines are considered.

Table are given below:

Name: Fawad Arif
Reg no:2020132

Load section Fault location FaultߛRate Time U cost=Y(a+bt)p

A A 0.464 4 1.856 1925.2288
B 0.382 4 1.528 1602.2226
C 0.591 4 2.364 1066.164
D 0.6188 1 0.6188 479.19872
E 1.032 4 4.128 9122.4672
F 0.442 1 0.442 1085.6846
G 0.7735 1 0.7735 739.38865
H 0.465 1 0.465 708.939
I 0.1188 1 0.1188 669.86568
Subtotal 17399.15925
B A 0.464 1 0.464 516.5248
B 0.382 4 1.528 1602.2226
C 0.591 4 2.364 1066.164
D 0.6188 1 0.6188 479.19872
E 1.032 4 4.128 9122.4672
F 0.442 1 0.442 1085.6846
G 0.7735 1 0.7735 739.38865
H 0.465 1 0.465 708.939
I 0.1188 1 0.1188 669.86568
Subtotal 15990.45525
C A 0.464 1 0.464 516.5248
B 0.382 1 0.382 429.8646
C 0.591 4 2.364 1066.164
D 0.6188 1 0.6188 479.19872
E 1.032 4 4.128 9122.4672
F 0.442 1 0.442 1085.6846
G 0.7735 1 0.7735 739.38865
H 0.465 1 0.465 708.939
I 0.1188 1 0.1188 669.86568
Subtotal 14818.09725
D A 0.464 1 0.464 516.5248
B 0.382 1 0.382 429.8646
C 0.591 1 0.591 286.044
D 0.6188 4 2.4752 1786.10432
E 1.032 4 4.128 9122.4672
F 0.442 1 0.442 1085.6846
G 0.7735 1 0.7735 739.38865
H 0.465 1 0.465 708.939
I 0.1188 1 0.1188 669.86568
Subtotal 15344.88285
E A 0.464 1 0.464 516.5248
B 0.382 1 0.382 429.8646
C 0.591 1 0.591 286.044
D 0.6188 1 0.6188 479.19872
E 1.032 4 4.128 9122.4672
F 0.442 1 0.442 1085.6846
G 0.7735 1 0.7735 739.38865
H 0.465 1 0.465 708.939
I 0.1188 1 0.1188 669.86568
Subtotal 14037.97725
Name: Fawad Arif
Reg no:2020132

F A 0.464 1 0.464 516.5248

B 0.382 1 0.382 429.8646
C 0.591 1 0.591 286.044
D 0.6188 1 0.6188 479.19872
E 1.032 1 1.032 2447.4912
F 0.442 4 1.768 4046.6426
G 0.7735 4 3.094 2755.90315
H 0.465 1 0.465 708.939
I 0.1188 1 0.1188 669.86568
Subtotal 12340.47375
G A 0.464 1 0.464 516.5248
B 0.382 1 0.382 429.8646
C 0.591 1 0.591 286.044
D 0.6188 1 0.6188 479.19872
E 1.032 1 1.032 2447.4912
F 0.442 1 0.442 1085.6846
G 0.7735 4 3.094 2755.90315
H 0.465 1 0.465 708.939
I 0.1188 1 0.1188 669.86568
Subtotal 9379.51575
H A 0.464 1 0.464 516.5248
B 0.382 1 0.382 429.8646
C 0.591 1 0.591 286.044
D 0.6188 1 0.6188 479.19872
E 1.032 1 1.032 2447.4912
F 0.442 1 0.442 1085.6846
G 0.7735 1 0.7735 739.38865
H 0.465 4 1.86 2642.409
I 0.1188 1 0.1188 669.86568
Subtotal 9296.47125
I A 0.464 1 0.464 516.5248
B 0.382 1 0.382 429.8646
C 0.591 1 0.591 286.044
D 0.6188 1 0.6188 479.19872
E 1.032 1 1.032 2447.4912
F 0.442 1 0.442 1085.6846
G 0.7735 1 0.7735 739.38865
H 0.465 1 0.465 708.939
I 0.1188 4 0.4752 2496.77208
Subtotal 9189.90765
Total 117796.9403
Name: Fawad Arif
Reg no:2020132

The total cost of network 1 will be 117796.9403€/year and I used 9 manual switches in the
network 1 so the total cost of them come out to be around 24000€ and cost of transmission line
will be added to it.
€
Total cost=117796.9403 +24000 € + 1206666.7=1348463.68
year

Network 2:

This is the extra connection of network 2 337 node to 452 node approx. 15.752 km and in this
network used 9 manual switches.

Figure 7 extra connection of network 2 node 337 to node 452

Figure 8: The network 2 with manual switches and extra connection 337 to 452 node in etap
Name: Fawad Arif
Reg no:2020132

Reliability analysis of network 2:

Name: Fawad Arif
Reg no:2020132
Name: Fawad Arif
Reg no:2020132

The below table shows the cost analysis of transmission line with extra connection of the nodes:

The total cost of network 1 will be 145019.7008€/year and I used 9 remote switches in the
network 2 so the total cost of them come out to be around 58500€ and cost of transmission line
will be added to it.
€
Total cost=145019.7008 +58500 € +1504867=1708386.68
year

Network 3:

This is the extra connection of network 2 337 node to 452 node approx. (15.752 km) and
another extra backup connection is from 448 to 620 node with approx.(10.915km) in this
network I used 9 circuit breaker.

Figure 9 the extra backup connection of network 3

Name: Fawad Arif
Reg no:2020132

Figure 10 the network 3 with backup connections in etap

Reliability analysis of network 3:

Name: Fawad Arif
Reg no:2020132
Name: Fawad Arif
Reg no:2020132
Name: Fawad Arif
Reg no:2020132

The below table shows the cost analysis of transmission line with extra connection of the nodes:

The total cost of network 1 will be 97317.7881€/year and I used 9 circuit breakers in the
network 3 so the total cost of them come out to be around 174000€ and cost of transmission
line will be added to it.
Name: Fawad Arif
Reg no:2020132

€
Total cost=97317.7881 +174000 € +1726435.94=1997753.728
year

Network chosen= Network 3:

Figure 11 The chosen network out of 3 based on reliability analysis.

Conclusion:
Our proposal was based on a few aspects, including cost optimization and fault elimination. In this
situation, we contrasted the costs of overhead lines and cable; cable is expensive, and defect
detection is difficult. The most cost-effective approach was assessed, and protected parameters were
established. The constraints of voltage drop (10% of nominal), short circuit current, and conductor
ampacity were met. The entire feeder is protected from overcurrent. As an interrupting device, the
primary substation's circuit breaker is employed. The CT selection, plug configuration, and time
multiplier setting are our concerned factors for security. Finally, the network is enhanced by
comparing several network strategies. Tie-line is utilized as a backup, and switches are left open.