Experiment No: 02

Name of the Experiment: Performance analysis of torque-speed characteristics of

shunt, series and compound DC motors.

Objective:
(i) To study the torque vs speed characteristics of DC shunt, series and compound
motors.
(ii) To calculate efficiency of DC shunt, series and compound motors.
Theory:
When the current flowing through the conductor produces a force and tries to rotate the
conductor clockwise, this frictional tendency is called torque. The value of the torque is equal to
the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the center of rotation. With a
constant voltage applied to the motor, the speed of a motor depends on the flux.
In a shunt motor, the shunt field coil consists of many turns of fine wire and is connected in
series with a field rheostat. The shunt-field circuit is connected across the line in parallel with the
armature. The torque developed by the motor directly dependent upon the armature current.
Increasing and decreasing the armature current would respectively increase and decrease the
torque. The armature current depends directly upon the load connected to the motor.
In a compound motor, torque developed will be larger than the torque developed of shunt motor
the speed of the compound motor is less then shunt motor.
In a series motor, the flux depends upon the current in the series field, which is the same current
that flows through the armature. At light loads the armature current is small therefore the flux
and torque are small. An increase the load increases both the armature current and the flux
producing a much greater increase in the torque. The speed of the series motor is determined by
the load current. The speed is low at heavy load and will be very high at the light load.

Apparatus:
(i) Electro Dynamometer
(ii) Motor Module
(iii) Ammeter
(iv) Voltmeter
(v) Power supply Unit
Circuit Diagram:

Fig-1: Shunt Motor

Fig-2: Series Motor

Fig-3: Compound Motor

Data Table:
E(volt) Armature Speed(r/min) Torque
Current(A)
206 0.48 1500 0.2
206 0.53 1430 0.26
206 0.61 1300 0.32
206 0.65 1250 0.4
206 0.71 1150 0.46

Table-1: Data of Series Motor

E(volt) Armature Speed(r/min) Torque

Current(A)
235 0.44 1430 0
235 0.51 1350 0.1
235 0.63 1250 0.2
235 0.72 1200 0.3
235 0.88 1100 0.4

Table-2: Data of Shunt Motor

E(volt) Armature Speed(r/min) Torque

Current(A)
235 0.4 1170 0
235 0.46 1110 0.1
235 0.54 1050 0.2
235 0.62 1000 0.3
235 0.68 900 0.4

Table-3: Data of Compound Motor

Report:
Report 1:
Torque Vs Armature current curve:

Graph-1: Curve between Torque and Armature current of Series Motor

Graph-2: Curve between Torque and Armature current of Shunt Motor

Graph-3: Curve between Torque and Armature current of Compound Motor

Speed Vs Armature current:

Graph-4: Curve between Speed and Armature current of Series Motor

Graph-5: Curve between Speed and Armature current of Shunt Motor

Graph-6: Curve between Speed and Armature current of Compound Motor

Speed Vs Torque curve:

Graph-7: Curve between Speed and Torque of Series Motor

Graph-8: Curve between Speed and Torque of Shunt Motor

Graph-9: Curve between Speed and Torque of Compound Motor

Report 2:
We know,
𝑁𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑−𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
%Speed Regulation = 𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
× 100

For series motor:

Here, consider full load for torque 0.46 n-m
No load speed = 1500 rpm
Full load speed =1150 rpm
According to equation of speed regulation:
Load (torque) loaded speed(rpm) Speed Regulation(%)
0.2 1500 0
0.26 1430 4.89
0.32 1300 15.38
0.4 1250 20
0.46 1150 30.43

For shunt motor:

Here, consider full load for torque 0.4 n-m
No load speed = 1430 rpm
Full load speed =1100 rpm
According to equation of speed regulation:
Load (torque) loaded speed(rpm) Speed Regulation(%)
0 1430 0
0.1 1350 5.92
0.2 1250 14.4
0.3 1200 19.16
0.4 1100 30
For compound motor:
Here, consider full load for torque 0.4 n-m
No load speed = 1170 rpm
Full load speed =900 rpm
According to equation of speed regulation:
Load (torque) loaded speed(rpm) Speed Regulation(%)
0 1170 0
0.1 1110 5.40
0.2 1050 11.42
0.3 1000 17
0.4 900 30
 Graph-10: Curve between Speed regulation and Torque of DC motor

Report 3:
We know,
Electrical input power of a DC motor, 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝐼a Watt …… (i)
Mechanical Output Power of a DC motor, Pout = (2𝜋𝑁𝜏/ 60) Watt ……. (ii)
Total losses of motor, Ploss= 𝑃𝑖𝑛 - Pout ……. (iii)
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
And Efficiency of DC motor, η = × 100 ……… (iv)
𝑃𝑖𝑛

According to equation (i), (ii), (iii) & (iv) Input electrical power, output mechanical power, total
losses of motor and efficiency of DC motor are as follows:

Series motor:
Pin(Watt) Ploss (Watt) Pout(Watt) Efficiency (%η)
Load Torque(𝜏)
98.88 0.2 67.43 31.45 31.8
109.18 0.26 70.25 38.93 35.65
125.66 0.32 82.1 43.56 34.66
133.9 0.4 81.5 52.35 39.09
146.26 0.46 90.87 55.39 37.87
 Graph-11: Curve between Loss & Efficiency and Torque of series motor

Shunt motor:
Pin(Watt) Ploss (Watt) Pout(Watt) Efficiency (%η)
Load Torque(𝜏)
103.4 0 103.4 0 0
109.85 0.1 105.7 14.13 11.27
148.05 0.2 121.88 26.17 17.67
169.2 0.3 131.51 37.69 22.27
206.8 0.4 160.73 46.07 22.27

Graph-12: Curve between Loss & Efficiency and Torque of shunt motor
Compound motor:
Pin(Watt) Ploss (Watt) Pout(Watt) Efficiency (%η)
Load Torque(𝜏)
94 0 94 0 0
108.1 0.1 96.48 11.62 10.74
126.9 0.2 104.9 22 17.33
145.7 0.3 114.2 31.41 21.55
159.8 0.4 122.1 37.7 23.59

Graph-13: Curve between Loss & Efficiency and Torque of compound motor

Discussion: In this experiment, we analyzed torque-speed characteristics of different types of

motors. We determined the armature current and speed through various load by using the
dynamometer control knob. While doing this experiment we noticed that in series motor the
speed increases as the armature current increases, but for shunt and compound motors it is
opposite. We also noticed that, as the motor torque increases, the armature current are increases.
And all these are the characteristics of DC motors in different connections. From these
characteristics, we determined the relationship between armature current, speed and torque and
plotted in MATLAB.
Answer of the review questions:
1) From your plotted graph, compare the characteristics of DC motors. Explain whether
your obtained results are satisfactory or not.
Answer: In the plotted graph we see that, in series motor the speed increases as the armature
current increases but shunt and compound motor speeds are gradually decreases as the
armature current increases. And as we see that our obtained results also maintain this
sequence so, we say our obtained results are satisfactory.
2) Explain how you can change the direction of rotation for shunt, series and compound
motors.
Answer: The direction of rotation of DC shunt motor can be reversed by reversing either
field terminals or armature terminals but not both. The torque can be changed by changing
either field flux or armature current.
In DC series motor, direction of rotation can be changed only if the direction of either field
current or armature current is changed. The direction of rotation of DC series motor may be
reversed by changing. The polarity of either field. or the polarity of the armature winding.
In compound motor, the direction of rotation can be reversed by reversing the connections of
either the armature or the field winding connection with the supply.
3) Explain how you can differentiate between a cumulative compound and differential
motor. How can you make a cumulative compound motor run as a differential compound
motor.
Answer: When the series field flux aids the shunt field flux, that means both are in same
direction, then the compound motor is known cumulative compound motor whereas when the
series field opposes the shunt field, that means both are in opposite direction, the motor is
known as differential compound motor.
By connecting the series field flux in opposite direction to the shunt field flux we can drive
the cumulative compound motor as a differential compound motor.
4) Explain with equations why series motor should never be start at no-load conditions.
Answer:
𝑉𝑡 −𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
Equation of speed, S= 𝑘∅

Here, 𝑉𝑡 = Terminal voltage

𝐼𝑎 = Armature current
𝑅𝑎 =Armature Resistance
∅=Field Flux
The DC series motor attains dangerously high speed when we run it on no load. The main reason
of over speeding is that at no load the flux produced by the field winding is very less and the
reduced flux cause over speeding of the motor. So, series motor should never be start at no-load
conditions.