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GeneralChemistry1 - Q2 - Module-4 - Lewis Structures and Bond Formation - v5
GeneralChemistry1 - Q2 - Module-4 - Lewis Structures and Bond Formation - v5
General Chemistry 1
Quarter 2 - Module 4
Lewis Structures and Bond Formation
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Table of Contents
What I Know...................................................................................................................................................iii
Module 4:
Lewis Structures and Bond Formation .......................................................1
What’s In.....................................................................................................1
What’s New................................................................................................1
What Is It ...................................................................................................2
What’s More …..........................................................................................6
What I Have Learned..................................................................................6
Summary...................................................................................................................................... 7
Assessment: (Post-Test)............................................................................................................ 8
Key to Answers............................................................................................................................ 9
References................................................................................................................................... 10
Module 4
Lewis Structures is a model that uses electron-dot structures to show how electrons
are arranged in molecules. Pairs of dots or lines represent bonding pairs.
In this module, we observe the octet rule that says that the noble gas electronic
configuration is a particularly favourable one that can be achieved through formation of
electron pair bonds between atoms. In many atoms, not all of the electron pairs comprising
the octet are shared between atoms. These unshared, non-bonding electrons are called
‘lone pairs of electrons. In octet rule, atoms try to achieve the electronic configuration of the
noble gas nearest to them in the periodic table by achieving a full valence level with eight
electrons.
(STEM_GC11CBIId-g-76);
3. Write the formula of molecular compounds formed by the nonmetallic elements of the
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How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises
diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.
What I Know
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Pre-test: MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct answer.
Use separate answer sheet of paper.
4. If there are four (4) electron pairs around the central atom of a molecule, these
electron pairs are in a _________________arrangement.
A. linear C. tetrahedral
B. trigonal planar D. octahedral
10. The number of lone pairs of electrons around the central oxygen atom in In the Lewis
structure of the OF2 molecule is:
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4
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4 Lewis Structures and
Bond Formation
What’s In
In lesson 1, we have learned that atoms transfer or share their electrons to other
atoms to become more stable, thus forming new substances. In this lesson, the bonding
models will be represented through Lewis dot symbols and structures and the bond
formation of atoms will be illustrated. Furthermore, we will learn how to predict bonding and
formula of molecular compounds though Lewis structures and the application of the octet
rule.
What’s New
Activity 1: Meet the Nobles
Directions: Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.
Elemen Atomic
Electron Configuration
t Number
He 2 1s2
Ne 10 1s2 2s2 2p6
Ar 18 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Kr 36 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
Xe 54 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6
Ra 86 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10
6s2 6p6
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What Is It
Valence electrons of an atom are better represented with Lewis dot symbols. From
the previous module, the number of valence electrons of a main block element is usually
equivalent to its group number. For instance, Carbon is a Group 4(a) element, thus it has 4
valence electrons. The number of valence electrons of Fluorine is 7 because it is in
Group7(a). Magnesium has 2 valence electrons because it belongs to Group2(a).
Lewis dot symbol is very useful when learning about chemical bonding, and
chemical reactions. It consists of the symbol of an element and one dot for each valence
electron in an atom of the element. The dots are placed on the four sides of the symbol—
top, bottom, left, and right—and each side can accommodate up to two electrons. The
choice on which sides to place two electrons rather one electron is arbitrary since all four
sides are equivalent. It is recommended that we spread out the dots as much as possible. In
general, we cannot write simple Lewis dot symbols for the transition metals, lanthanides, and
actinides because they all have incompletely filled inner shells.
Source:https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=Lewis+dot+symbols+of+some+main+block+elements
The octet rule refers to the tendency of atoms to gain, lose or share electrons to have
eight electrons in the valence shell or attain the same number of electrons as the noble gas
nearest to them in the periodic table. Noble gases are known as stable elements as
evidenced by their general lack of reactivity. All the noble gases except Helium have eight
valence electrons that is why many atoms undergoing reactions end up with eight valence
electrons.
Octet rules does not generally apply to the d or f electrons. Only the s and p
electrons are involved in the octet rule, making it useful for the main group elements
(elements not in the transition metal or inner-transition metal blocks). Main group elements
have an octet which corresponds to an electron configuration ending with s 2p6. However,
there are some exceptions to the octet rule: boron and aluminum readily form compounds in
which they have six valence electrons, rather than the usual eight predicted by the octet rule.
For instance, table salt or NaCl is the result of Na + ions and Cl- ions bonding together
in an ionic bond. If sodium metal and chlorine gas react under the right conditions, they will
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form salt. Since sodium is a metal, it loses an electron, becomes positively charged and the
chlorine gains that electron and becomes negatively charged. The resulting salt is mostly
unreactive — it is stable. It will not undergo any explosive reactions, unlike the sodium and
chlorine that it is made of. (Note that each line that connects two atoms represents two
bonded electrons.)
Source:https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=Ionic+bond+formation+of+sodium+chloride
Figure 2. Ionic bond formation of Sodium Chloride
Source:https://
www.google.com.ph/search?q=Covalent+bond+formation+of+H2+
Figure 3. Covalent bond formation of H2
Several atoms form multiple bonds to satisfy the octet. If two atoms share two pairs
of electrons, the covalent bond is called a double bond. This type of bond is much stronger
and shorter than single bonds. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is one of the compounds where double
bonds are found.
Source:https:// www.google.com.ph/search?
q=Electron+sharing+of+CO2+through+double+bonds
A triple bond arises when two atoms share three pairs of electrons, as in the
nitrogen molecule (N2). This type of bond is much stronger and shorter than single and
double bonds.
Source:https://www.google.com.ph/ search?
q=Electron+sharing+of+N2+through+a+triple+bond
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Figure 5. Electron sharing of N2 through a triple bond
Lewis structures are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule,
and the unbonded electrons that may exist in the molecule. A Lewis structure can be drawn
for any covalently-bonded molecule. Lines are drawn between electrons that are bonded to
one another.
Excess electrons that are not bonded or lone pairs are represented as pair of dots
and are placed next to the atoms on which they reside. According to Brown, these
procedures should be followed when writing Lewis structures:
Note that the central atom is the least electronegative atom in the molecule.
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract toward itself the electrons. It increases
from left to right across a period and decreases down a group. Moreover, check the formal
charge of each atom. It is imperative to remember that atoms are more stable when they
have lesser charge or no charge at all. Negative formal charges should be assigned to more
electronegative atoms.
The overall formal charges of the atoms being bonded should be equal to the overall
charge of the compound.
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Source: Tapayan, 2020
What’s More
Activity 2: Predicting Chemical Products
Directions: The following pairs of atoms form ionic or covalent compounds when bonded.
Complete the table below with the needed details. Two answered rows serve as examples.
Charge of each Lewis dot
Lewis dot
Type of ion after electron symbol of each
Atoms symbol of Formula of the
Bond transfer if ionic ion if ionic
involved each atom Product
bond is formed bond is formed
Na+
Na, Cl ionic Na+ Cl- NaCl
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C, I covalent Not applicable Not applicable CI4
Mg, Cl
Ca, F
Na, O
Ca, N
S, Cl
Directions: The following Lewis structures are incorrect. Explain what is wrong and give a correct
Lewis structure for the molecule. (Relative positions of atoms are shown correctly.)
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SUMMARY
Lewis dot symbol is very useful when learning about chemical bonding, and chemical
reactions. It consists of the symbol of an element and one dot for each valence
electron in an atom of the element.
Valence electrons of an atom are better represented with Lewis dot symbols. From
the previous module, the number of valence electrons of a main block element is
usually equivalent to its group number.
The octet rule refers to the tendency of atoms to gain, lose or share electrons to have
eight electrons in the valence shell or attain the same number of electrons as the
noble gas nearest to them in the periodic table.
Lewis structures are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule,
and the unbonded electrons that may exist in the molecule.
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Assessment: (Post-Test)
Multiple Choice. Answer the questions that follow. Choose the best answer among
the given choices for each item.
3. In ammonia, the tetrahedral shape gets distorted because of the lone pair and becomes
__________.
A. trigonal pyramidal C. linear
B. T-shaped D. bent
4. The number of lone pairs of electrons around the central oxygen atom in In the Lewis
structure of the OF2 molecule is:
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4
5. Write the singly bonded Lewis dot structure for BF3. Which of the following statements
best describes this structure?
A. It obeys the octet rule on all atoms.
B. It has less than an octet on at least one atom.
C. It has a lone pair of electrons on the boron atom.
D. It has less than an octet of electrons on all atoms.
6. Which of the following elements can only form one bond in a Lewis structure?
A. N C. C
B. O D. H
10. The substance whose Lewis structure shows three covalent bonds is
A. H2O. C. NH3.
B. CH2Cl2. D. CCl4.
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Key to Answers
Pre-test Post-test
1. D 1. D
2. B 2. C
3. A 3. A
4. C 4. B
5. D 5. B
6. B 6. D
7. A 7. C
8. D 8. C
9. C 9. B
10. B 10. C
Activity 2
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References
“How to Draw a Lewis Structure”. Thoughtco. Accessed September 1, 2020.
https://www.thoughtco.com/how-to-draw-a-lewis-structure-603983
“Lewis Dot Symbols of Some Main Block Elements”. Accessed October 31, 2020.
https://www.google.com.ph/search?
q=Lewis+dot+symbols+of+some+main+block+elements
“The Octet Rule.” Chemistry LibreTexts. Accessed August 30, 2020.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textb
ook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/
Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/
The_Octet_Rule
“Three-dimensional structure of the flavonoid isorhamnetin. Accessed October 31, 2020.
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=the+structure+of+flavonoid+isorhamnetin
Brown, Theodore. Chemistry: The Central Science. New York: Pearson,2015.
Chang, R. and Goldsby, K. Chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill. Education, 2010.
Electron sharing of CO2 through double bonds. Accessed November 1, 2020.
https://www.google.com.ph/search?
q=Electron+sharing+of+CO2+through+double+bonds
Electron sharing of N2 through a triple bond. Accessed November 2, 2020.
https://www.google.com.ph/search?
q=Electron+sharing+of+N2+through+a+triple+bond
Electron Shells and Atom Stability. Accessed October 31, 2020.
https://www.google.com.ph/search?
q=stable+and+unstable+atoms&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiMr-
https://www.sheffield.k12.oh.us/Downloads/Chp%2012%20Review_2.pdf
Molview. Accessed September 2020. molview.org
Silberberg, Martin. Principles of General Chemistry. Boston: McGraw- Hill Higher
Education, 2013.
FAIR USE AND CONTENT DISCLAIMER: This SLM (Self Learning Module) is
for educational purposes only. Borrowed materials (i.e. songs, stories, poems,
pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in these modules are
owned by their respective copyright holders. The publisher and authors do not
represent nor claim ownership over them.
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