Thesis Report on

Mosquito Repellent finishes on Textile fabrics (woven

& Knit) by using different medicinal natural plant
(Tulshi, Neem, & Mint-leaf) and comparison among
them.

Submitted by,

Name of the student ID

Syed Samiul Alam 16061175

Supervisor Name,

Burhan Uddin Banna

Lecturer,
Dept. of wet processing
National Institute of Textile Engineering & Research
 National Institute of Textile Engineering & Research (NITER)
12 June 12, 2020

To,
Burhan Uddin Banna
Lecturer,
Dept. of Wet Processing Engineering
National Institute of Textile Engineering & Research,

Subject: Submission of Thesis Report for Graduation

Dear Sir,
I’m pleased to submit you our Thesis report on “Mosquito Repellent finishes on
Textile fabrics (woven& knit) by using different medicinal natural plant (Tulshi,
Neem, Mint-leaf) and comparison among them” which is an academic requirement
for completing our Graduation level
I hope that you will be glad enough to accept the report and help me to complete
the Graduation.
Your sincerely,

Syed SamiulAlam
ID-16061175

2
 Acknowledgement
The Thesis work that I had done in National Institute of Textile Engineering &
Research (NITER) was a great chance for learning and development of my
knowledge. At first I would like to thanks my Almighty. For His great kindness I
have successfully completed my thesis work.
I would like to express my indebtedness appreciation to Burhan Uddin Banna
(Lecturer, Dept. of Wet Processing ) for continuously supervising us and catching
up on our confidence through the thesis topic .I also would give my heartful thanks
to NITER Wet Processing Lab committee for helping us with necessary equipment
required for completing the thesis work .
Without my group members it is impossible to complete the work. I express my
sincere thanks to all of them. I’ve learnt a lot from this work. This lesson will help
me in my future educational life.

3
 Abstract
In textile, Finishing is one of the significant process which augments the
performance of the fabric and functional properties as well. Health is considered to
be an indispensable requirement for human beings to live without any stress and it
aids to give the best output of any work. Hygiene is also one of the important
elements to live comfortably. A mosquito repellent textile protects the human
beings from the bite of mosquitoes and ensure safety from the diseases like malaria
and dengue fever. Medicinal plants like neem, tulashi & mint-leaf etc. are used for
induction of organic mosquito repellent activity and all of them are ecofriendly.
This project is an exiguous endeavor in developing an eco-friendly mosquito
repellent finished fabric using the herbal extract from neem, tulashi and mint-
leaf .The extracted chemicals are finished on to the fabric by pad-dry-cure process
and are evaluated using a mosquito repellency activity test .As the textile fabrics
are subjected to washing, the wash fastness of the finished fabrics were appraised
at three intervals – 5th,7th & 9th washes .After finishing, the finished fabric showed
near about 90% of mosquito repellent activity for direct application method.

4
 Table of Content

Chapter Pages
Chapter 1 7-9
1.1 Introduction 7
1.2 Objectives 8
1.3 Methodology 8
1.4 Present progress 9

Chapter 2 (Literature Review) 9-14

Finishing process 9
The effect of mosquito in human’s life 9
Necessity of mosquito repellent finishing 10
Natural methodology is better than the chemical once 11
Research in mosquito repellency 11
Chemical composition of Tulshi 12
Chemical composition of neem 12
Chemical composition of mint 12
Why tulshi 13
Why mint 13
Why neem 13
Chapter 3 (working details) 14-26
Fabric selection 14
Medical Plant selection 16
Working Procedure 22
Mosquito Repellency test 24

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Result & Discussion 25
Video Link of Mosquito repellency fabric 25
Chapter 4 26-28
Findings 26
Further Development 27
Chapter 5 28-30
Conclusion 28
Reference 29

List of Figure Pages

Figure 2.3.1 11
Figure 2.4.1 12
Figure 2.4.2 12
Figure 2.4.3 12

Figure 3.1.1 15
Figure 3.2.1 15
Figure 3.2.2 16
Figure 3.3.1 16
Figure 3.3.2 17
Figure 3.3.3 18
Figure 3.3.4 18
Figure 3.3.5 18
Figure 3.3.6 19
Figure 3.3.7 20
Figure 3.4.1 21

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 Chapter -1
Introduction

Mosquito repellent is a substance or finishing process applied to skin,

cloths, other surface which repels away mosquitos. There are 3000
species of mosquitos ,but only three members are responsible for the
fatal diseases. Only female mosquitos have the mouth parts necessary
for sucking blood . So they are responsible for the diseases like
malariya , Dengu , Yellowfever , Chikungunia etc. Because of global
warming the distribution of mosquitoes has expanded from topical
region to northern latitudes , and that leads to a spread in sources of viral
infection from mosquitoes . The use of effective insect repellents
provide certain public health benefits. During the 3rd World War many
people have died because of the disease caused by mosquito. There is no
effective vaccine for malaria (website). In the modern era “Smart
Textile” is became a buzzword. Protective Textile is aslo a part of smart
technology of textile. by using this part human beings solves many
problems and mosquito repellent textile is one of them. It is one the
revolutionary feature of driving away mosquitoes. By using this anyone
can keep themselves far away from mosquitoes. Plant like neem, tulshi&
mint are contained a great herbal characteristics. They are available in
nature and also hygienic
. The chemical treatment may cause problems on human skins but the
natural treatment does not create any such kind of harms rather
sometimes it is very helpful to human body skin. So natural treatment is
preferable against chemical ones . This kind of fabrics will make
revolutionary development in the upcoming days . So many projects
have been completed about mosquito repellent finish. Some of them are
by natural plan and some of them are by artificial and synthetic
chemical. Natural sources are always preferable because they have less
adverse effect on environment and always eco-friendly.

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Objectives of this thesis work

The objectives of this thesis work is given below

*To produce a mosquito repellent finished fabric (cotton &polyester)

*To use the natural plants like mint, tulshi , lemongrass , neem in the
substitution of chemical solutions.

*To test the effectiveness of the fabrics after the finishing process

*To compare the finished cotton and polyester fabric

Methodology

In the experiment cotton and polyester fabric is used . The wet

processing technique used here are scouring, bleaching and dyeing. In
one word bleached dyed fabric is used here. Repellent finish is applied
on the fabric by herbal process. The methodology of the whole
experiment are shown below as a flow chart

1. Extraction from the leaves (2 months)

(mixed with Methanol)

2. Filtration & Evaporation

3. Finished the fabrics with the solution by using the PDC method

4. Repellency effect test

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 ## for PDC process ( website link )

Present Progress
We had stared the work at 22 September and finished it at 23 January.
The effectiveness of the fabric had tested and the result came positive.
We used a blank jar and put the finished fabrics into it. After that we had
collected some mosquitoes and pushed them into the jar. After
sometimes we saw that the mosquitos became weak and could not be
able to fly. Thus we had successfully completed our work.

Chapter 2
(Literature Review)
Finishing process :
In textile manufacturing, finishing refers to the processes that convert
the woven or knitted cloth into a usable material and more specifically
to any process performed after dyeing the yarn or fabric to improve the
look, performance, or hand feel of the finish textile or clothing. The
precise meaning depends on context.
Effect of mosquito in human’s life :
Mosquito creates a harmful effect on humans life . It spreads many fatal
diseases in human body. Sometimes it damages some parts also. It is
small in size but its effect is more harmful . The diseases caused by
mosquito is given below;

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 Malaria ( link )
 Dengue fever ( link )
 Chikungunya ( link )
 Yellow fever ( link )
 Rose river fever ( link )
 Japanese encephalitis ( link )
 Western Equine encephalitis ( link )
 West Nile Fever ( link )
Necessity of mosquito repellent finishing:
As far we know mosquito is small in size but it effects is totally
disproportional to its gestalts. Many people have been died by
mosquito biting. So we hardly need protection from them.
Mosquito repellent finished textile is a proper way to avoid the
mosquitoes.

Natural methodology is better than the chemical once:

There are three technique to mosquito repellency . (|) Natural (||)

Chemical & (|||) Physical .
In the chemical process DEET (C12H17NO), Permethrin
(C21H20Cl2O3) are used .
The DEET has toxicological profile . Rather it creates irritation
over the skin . The Permethrin has the same behavior as DEET .
When people get Permethrin on their skin , they may have tingling,
burning , and itching at that spot . if Permethrin gets in the eye , it
can cause redness and pain .

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 DEET 2D DEET
PM 2D PM 3D
3D

In the physical process mosquito nets and mosquito traps are required.
when it is added with the textile it look like follows;

Figure 2.3.1 Mosquito net fabric

It may be perfect in the battle-field but it looks so odd in a public place.

But in the natural process neem, mint, tulshi , lemongrass is used which
has no bad effect in the skin rather sometimes it used as a solution of
various skin disease .
So natural methodology is far better than the chemical and physical one.

11
 Figure 2.4.2 TULSHI Figure 2.4.3 MINT
Figure 2.4.1 NEEM

Research in Mosquito repellency

In Mehran University of Engineering & Technology (MUET)
Pakistan, some students completed there research about this topic .
but they use Chitosan as a chemical . So in this sence our
experiment is totally different because we use herbal plant here .

Chemical Composition of Tulshi

The scientific name of tulshi is Ocimum Tenuiflorum . Tulshi is
cultivated for religious and medicine purposes. However the
chemical composition of tulshi is oleanolic acid , Rosmarinic acid ,
Eugenol (70%) , Linalool, germacrene(2%) & Bita –
Caryophyllene (19%).

Chemical composition of Neem

The scientific name of neem is Azadirachta indica
. The chemical constituents are found in neem leaves are n-
hexacosanol , amino acid , 7-desacetyl7-benzoylazadiradione, , 17-
hydroxyazodiradione . Quercetin & R-sitosterol , polyphenolic
flavonoids were purified from neem fresh leaves and were known
to have antibacterial & antifungal properties .

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Chemical composition of Mint

The scientific name of mint is Mentha . The main chemical

compound of mint are limonene, cineole , menthol , menthofuran
, isomenthone, methyle acetate pulegone & carvone.

Why tulshi
In a research it is found that extraction oil of tulshi has been
reported to 100% larvicidal activity against the mosquito . From
the extraction of tulshi hydroxychloroquine is observed . And in
another research it is found that the chloroquine is an anti malarial
ingredient ( website). So in mosquito repellent finishing we use
tulshi as a main product .

Why Mint leaf

The extracted mint leaf contain limonene . Its an active ingredient
in multiple pesticide products such as eco-friendly insect repellent .
( Website )
Again mint extracted leaf contain menthol . Generally mosquitoes
doesnot like the smell of menthol (website)

Why neem
Extraction of neem oil contains carotene . Carotene is good for the
human skin . It prevent skin damages . ( website)
It also contains minerals . minerals helps to prevent the irritation of
human skin . It also helps the skin to absorb the moisture (website)
Again extraction of neem creates a smell which is not tolerated by
the mosquitoes .

13
 Chapter 3
(Material & Method)

Woven
Fabrics
Knit

Neem Mint
Plants Tulshi

Methanol
Chemicals

Citric Acid

The natural plant was collected from natural sources in a pure form. We
have collected the fabrics from our wet processing lab. The chemicals
are also supplied from the lab store.

14
Fabric Selection
In the experiment cotton fabric (woven and knit) was used as textile
substrates. The physical properties of the chosen fabric are given below:
For Woven Fabric-
Count – 22Ne
Ends per Inch – 124
Picks per Inch – 92
For Knit Fabric-
Count – 24Ne
The wet processing technique used here were desizing, scouring,
bleaching and dyeing. Then the mosquito repellent chemicals were
applied through pad-dry-cure process

Figure 3.1.2 KNIT FABRIC

Figure 3.1.1 WOVEN FABRIC

Selection of Medicinal Plant

At first the medicinal plants were identified and collected from natural
sources both living area and forest area. For this experiment Neem,
Tulshi & Mint-leaf were chosen. The method initiates with the selection
of the medicinal plants were screened and therefore those were washed
by distilled water for several times. These plants were collected since
they are herbal and keep away insects.

15
 Figure 3.2.1 NEEM, TULSHI & MINT

Procedure Extraction
from neem
According to the fabric weight, equal amount of leaves of neem plant
were taken. Around 5gm leaves per 100ml methanol was taken in a glass
container. Then the solution was kept in room temperature and under
shadow for 2 months. The solution was agitated by glass rod in every 7
days. The amount of methanol vaporized into the environment is only
under permissible limits and thus does not create any harm to the
surroundings.

Figure 3.3.1 NEEM WITH METHANOL

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Condensation
The solution was filtered to get the required extracted solution.
Subsequently the finishing solution was taken from the extracted
solution from the evaporation process and was used to finish the fabric.
The evaporation was done by burner for 2 minutes.
Extraction from tulshi leaves
According to the fabric weight, equal amount of leaves of tulshi plant
were taken. Around 7 gm leaves per 100ml methanol was taken in a
glass container. Then the solution was kept in room temperature and far
from day light for 2 months. The solution was agitated by glass rod in
every 7 days. The amount of methanol vaporized into the environment is
only under permissible limits and thus does not create any harm to the
surroundings.

Figure 3.3.2 TULSHI WITH METHANOL

Condensation
The solution was filtered to get the required extracted solution.
Subsequently the finishing solution was taken from the extracted
solution from the evaporation process and was used to finish the fabric.
The evaporation was done by burner for 2 minutes.

17
Extraction from mint leaves
According to the fabric weight, equal amount of leaves of mint were taken.
Around 5 gm leaves per 100ml methanol was taken in a glass container. Then the
solution was kept in room temperature and away from sun light for 2 months. The
solution was agitated by glass rod in every 7 days. The amount of methanol
vaporized into the environment is only under permissible limits and thus does not
create any harm to the surroundings.

Figure 3.3.3 MINT WITH METHANOL

Evaporation
The solution was filtered to get the required extracted solution. Subsequently the
finishing solution was taken from the extracted solution from the evaporation
process and was used to finish the fabric. The evaporation was done by burner for
2 minutes.

Figure 3.3.4: Extracted Chemicals

Figure 3.3.5: Evaporation Process

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Recipe for mosquito repellent finishing on textile materials \
For Exhaust method ( Knit Fabric) -
Extracted Chemicals: 3% (owf)
Citric Acid: 1 cc/L
Salt:15gm
Wetting Agent: 1cc/L
pH: 5-5.5
Temperature: 55°C
Time:10 – 20 minutes
M:L: 1: 8
For Pad-dry-cure method (Woven Fabric)-
Extracted Chemicals: 20cc/l
Citric Acid: 1 cc/L
Salt: 30gm/L
Wetting Agent: 1cc/L finishing
pH: 5-5.5
Figure 3.3.6 Fabric & Chemicals
Pick up%: 70 – 80
Drying Temp: 100°C
Curing Temp: 140-160°C
Curing Time: 1-3 minutes

19
Procedure
Here pad-dry-cure process was used for woven fabric and knit fabric
was finished by exhausted method. Required amount of extracted
mosquito repellent finishing chemicals, wetting agent, salt and citric
acid were taken in a beaker and were mixed carefully. Then by pad dry
cure process, woven fabric was treated and by exhaust process knit
fabric were finished.

Figure 3.3.7 Pad-Dry-Cure Process

Standardization Process of Mosquito Repellent Activity

The mosquito repellent property of herbal plants extract treated fabric is
shown in Table. The sample treated by extracted chemicals showed near
about 80% efficiency act as the mosquito repellent. The cotton fabric
was treated by chemicals by pad-dry-cure process and exhausted process
and then dried at 90°C for 5 minutes. Mordanting of this cotton fabric
was done with 10 percent citric acid.

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 Sl Organic Padding Drying After Curing
No Mosquito time Temp. & Treatment Temp &
Repellents Time Time
1 Untreated - - - -
Cotton Fabric
2 Neem Leaves 90 mins 90°C for 5 60 mins 120°C for 2
mins mins
3 Mint Leaves 90 mins 90°C for 5 60 mins 120°C for 2
mins mins
4 Tulshi Leaves 90 mins 90°C for 5 60 mins 120°C for 2
mins mins

Mosquito Repellency Testing

The mosquito repellency efficiency of the fabric finished with
methanolic extract, aqueous extract, by pad dry cure method and
exhausted method were tested by using a handmaid box
Mosquito Repellency Procedure
Mosquito collection
Anopheles mosquitoes were identified based on morphologic keys and
they were collected during the evening hours. All mosquitoes were
starved of blood and sugar of 4 hours before the tests.

Figure 3.4.1 Exito Chamber (Selfmade)

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Repellency Behavioral tests
Specially designed two repellency test chambers (figure 1) were used to
evaluate the efficiency of repellency activity. Mosquitoes were
deprived of all nutrition and water for a minimum of 4 hours before
exposure.
Laboratory tests were performed during daylight hours only and each
test was replicated four times. Observations were taken at one-minute
interval for 30 minutes. After each test was completed, the number of
Escaped specimens and those remaining inside the chamber was
recorded separately for each exposure chamber, external holding cage,
and paired control chamber. Escaped specimens and those remaining
inside the chamber, for the treated samples, were held separately in
small holding containers with food and water. Following formula is
used:

No. of escaped specimen + No. of specimen dead*100

Mosquito Repellency=
No. of specimen exposed
Result & Discussion
The research work has given a new idea in finishing of cotton fabric
with medicinal plants for mosquito repellent activity. The treated fabric
was found very hygienic. We have checked the test after washing the
fabric. The details results is presented below

Assessment to Wash Fastness

The finished fabric showed a great result until 9th wash as the extract
were only coated at surface without any bonding on the fabric which
22
were removed by repeated washing. After washing 9 times we have

23
found that the repellency behavior of fabric was decreasing
gradually. The percentage of repellency is measured by using
formula. The total calculation is describing below:
For Neem Leaves: (By using formula)
No. of escaped specimen + No. of specimen dead*100
Mosquito
Repellency=
No. of specimen exposed
6+3 *100
= 10
= 90%

Here we have got that, for woven fabric the mosquito repellency activity of the
chemical of neem leaves is 90%

For Mint Leaves: (By using formula)

No. of escaped specimen + No. of specimen dead*100
Mosquito
Repellency =
No. of specimen exposed
6+3 *100
= 10
= 90%

Here we have got that, for woven fabric the mosquito repellency activity of the
chemical of mint leaves is 90%

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For Tulshi Leaves: (By using formula)
No. of escaped specimen + No. of specimen dead*100
Mosquito
Repellency=
No. of specimen exposed
5 + 2 *100
= 10
= 70%

Here we have got that, for woven fabric the mosquito repellency activity of the
chemical of tulshi leaves is 70%
Same result was obtained for knit fabric as well.
Comparison
We have finished both woven and knit cotton fabric by using herbal
extract mosquito repellent chemical. The result was not same for every
fabric and chemicals
From the calculation it is clear that the mosquito repellency activity of
the extracted chemicals from mint and neem leaves is higher than that of
tulshi leaves. In case of neem & mint leaves the repellency percentage
was 90% for both while 70% activity was found for the tulshi leaves.
For both cotton woven and cotton knit fabric we obtained the same
result. So it is apparent that the behavior of neem and mint leaves extract
chemicals is behavior than the tulshi leaves extracted chemicals. We
have also forced some mosquito to stay on the fabrice but after few
seconds it flew away. The total comparison is giving the below table:

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 Sl Fabric No. of No. of No. of Mosquito
No Sample Specimen Specimen Specimen Repellency in
Exposed Escaped Dead %
1 Untreated 10 10 0 0
cotton fabric
2 Cotton fabric 10 6 3 90
treated with
neem leaves
extraction
3 Cotton fabric 10 6 3 90
treated with
mint leaves
extraction
4 Cotton fabric 10 5 2 70
treated with
tulshi leaves
extraction
5 Knit cotton 10 6 3 90
fabric treated
with neem
leaves
extraction
6 Knit cotton 10 6 3 90
fabric treated
with mint
leaves
7 Knit cotton 10 5 2 70
fabric treated
with tulshi
leaves
extraction

For mosquito repellent finishing video ( website link )

26
 Chapter 4

Findings
Our findings from this projects work are:
1. We have obtained the repellency percentage of the different
fabric treated by natural plants
2. We have identified that the repellency activity of tulshi extracted
chemicals is lower than other chemicals.
3. We forcefully made a mosquito to stay on the fabric but it was not
stayed more then 5 seconds
4. We have checked mosquito repellency behavior of fabric after
washing and identified that after 9 times washing it gradually lost
its power of repellency but before 9th wash it showed an excellent
repellent activity
5. We have found that for both knit and woven fabric the
chemicals have good behavior to repellency.
6. We compared the repellency percentage among all treated fabrics
and found a great result

27
Further Development of This project
Many researchers and scientists today are trying to develop the mosquito
repellency fabric by using different herbal and non-herbal medicine. Our
this project work could be a little contribution to their research. Here we
have treated cotton fabric (woven & knit) by using medicinal plant
extracted chemicals. We hope in future we will try to apply this
technique in polyester, nylon and other fabrics. However the process
might be completed by some other herbal plants for instances-
lemongrass, Notchi, Citronella, Cinnamon, Eucalyptus, Vervier roots.
Extracts from roots, stem, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds of diverse
species of plants exhibit mosquito repellent properties which could be
used for the finishing process. In India thousands of species are known
to have medicinal value and the use of different parts of several
medicinal plants to cure specific ailments has been in vogue since
ancient times. These herbal products are ecofriendly and quite stable for
prolonged timed period. Therefore, with the above findings, it would be
helpful for the scientific community in finding the right durable and
reusable textiles for various medical applications. Herbs are available in
nature abundantly. A major part of the total population in developing
countries still uses traditional folk medicine obtained from plant
resources. Biologically active compounds present in the medicinal plants
have always been of great interest to scientists working in this field. The
application of herbal oils on apparel fabrics will give added protection
from different organisms present in air. We hope that we will be able in
upcoming years by applying this process in the garments and other
important sector of textiles.

28
 Chapter 5
Conclusion:

This research aimed to identify effective uses of textile finishes that

makes the fabric repellent from mosquitoes as well as other insects.it can
be a subject for a huge industrial production. Based on qualitative and
quantitative analysis ,it can be concluded that elements from nature has a
great power and the elements has different effects on different type of
fabric. The results indicate that, our country has the prominence to grab
and to develop the sector. In today’s world, the growing number of
mosquito -borne diseases necessitates the discovery of new forms of
mosquito repellents, in both synthetic and natural forms. The developed
fabrics were assessed for mosquito repellent efficiency. This study
proved that mosquito repellent finishes can be given to the textile
materials in order to provide external protection in the form of door
curtains, bed sheets, table and sofa covers, to prevent the mosquito bites.
Apart from the industrial use, Mosquito repellent finish on textiles has
become essential in our day today life to live in free diseases and
hygienic atmosphere. The finish has excellent potential in various textile
uses, baby care products and. Night wears. Even though many products
have come, but still there is very good scope for the textile researchers in
this field.

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