HEALTH PROMOTION, RISK REDUCTION AND CAPACITY BUILDING

STRATEGIES

HEALTH PROMOTION - Green and Kreuter (1991)- any combination of health education
and related organizational, economic and environmental
supports for behavior of individual, groups or communities
conducive to health
- Parse (1990)- Behavior that is motivated by the desire to
increase wellbeing and to reach the best possible health
potential
HEALTH PROTECTION- Parse (1990) behaviors in which one engages with the specific
intent to prevent disease, detect disease in the early stages or to
maximize health within constraints of disease
HEALTH RISK- The probability that a specific event will occur in a given time frame
Risk Assessment- conducted to determine health risks to individuals, groups and
populations. A systematic way of distinguishing the risks posed by potentially
harmful exposures
Steps of risk assessment- Hazard Identification, risk description, exposure
assessment and risk estimation.

Risk factor- an exposure that is associated with a disease

3 Criteria for establishing a risk factor

1. The frequency of the disease varies by category or amount of factor.
2. The risk factor must precede the onset of the disease.
3. The association of concern must not be due to any source of error.

Two types of Risks Factors

- Modifiable Risk Factors- individual has some control
- Non- Modifiable Risk Factors- little or no control.( Ex. genetic makeup, gender,
age)

Risk Reduction – a proactive process in which individuals participate in behaviors

that enable them to react to actual or potential threats to their health
Risk communication- process through which public receives information regarding
possible threats to health

To improve the nutritional status of the population, nutrition and education is essential. The
10 Nutritional Guidelines for Filipinos were developed to facilitate dissemination simple
and practical messages to encourage healthy diet and lifestyle.
1. Eat variety of foods everyday

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 2. Breast feed infants exclusively from birth to 4-6 months and give appropriate foods
while continuing breastfeeding
3. Maintain children’s normal growth through proper diet and monitor their growth
regularly
4. Consume fish, lean meat, poultry or dried beans
5. Eat more vegetables, fruits and root crops
6. Eat foods cooked in edible/cooking oil daily
7. Consume milk and milk products and other calcium rich foods such as small fish and
dark leafy vegetables everyday
8. Use iodized salt but avoid intake of excessive intake of salty foods
9. Eat clean and safe food
10. For a healthy lifestyle and good nutrition, exercise regularly, do not smoke and avoid
drinking alcoholic beverages

Sleep is essential component of chronic disease prevention and health promotion.

How much sleep do you really need?
AGE SLEEP NEEDS
Newborn (1-2 months) 10.5-18 hours
Infants (3-11 months) 9-12 hours during night and 30-minute to 2
our naps 1-4 times a day
Toddlers (1-3 years) 12-14 hours
Preschoolers (3-5 years) 11-13 hours
School-aged children (5-12 years) 10-11 hours
Teens (11-17 years) 8.5-9.25 hours
Adults 9 hours
Older Adults 9 hours

Sleep Hygiene (National Sleep Foundation 2010)

1. Avoid caffeine and nicotine close to bedtime
2. Avoid alcohol as it can cause sleep disruptions
3. Retire and get up at the same time everyday
4. Exercise regularly but finish all exercise and vigorous activity at least 3 hours before
bedtime
5. Establish a regular relaxing bedtime routine (a warm bath, reading a book)
6. Create a dark, quiet, cool sleep environment
7. As much as circumstances allow, have comfortable beddings
8. Use the bed for sleep only. Do not read, listen to music or watch TV in bed
9. Avoid large meals before bedtime

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Smoking Cessation is an important step in achieving optimum health. The American Cancer
society recommends the following

Steps to Quit Smoking:

1. Make decision to quit.
2. Set a date to quit and choose a plan
3. Deal with withdrawal through. Avoid temptation
4. Staying off tobacco is a lifelong process. Remind yourself of the reasons why you
quit

Alcohol Consumption
Health authorities have defined moderation as not more than 2 drinks a day for the average
sized man and not more than 1 drink a day for the average size woman
Heavy Drinking- consuming more than 2 drinks/day on average for men and more
than 1 drink per day for women
Binge drinking- drinking 5 or more drinks on a single occasion for men / 4 or more
drinks on a single occasion for women
Excessive Drinking- can take the form of heavy drinking/ binge drinking/ both.

Organized by the WHO, the 1st International Conference on Health Promotion was held
at Ottawa, Canada on November 17-21, 1986. It calls for a commitment to health
promotion to achieve the goal of Health for All by the year 2000 and beyond.
-The charter defines health promotion as the process of enabling people to increase
control over and improve their health. It is not just the responsibility of the health sector but
goes beyond healthy lifestyles to well-being.

3 basic strategies for Health Promotion

1. Advocacy for health to provide for the conditions and resources essential for health
2. Enabling all people to attain their full health potential
3. Mediating among the different sectors of society to achieve health

5 priority action areas provides support for these 3 strategies:

1. Build Healthy Public Policy
2. Create Supportive Environments
3. Develop Personal Skills
4. Reorient Health Services
5. Moving into the Future

HEALTH EDUCATION- a process of changing people’s knowledge, skills and attitudes

for health promotion and risk reduction.

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 -The nurse participate in health education by empowering people
so that they are able to achieve optimum health and prevent
disease by bringing out lifestyle changes and reducing exposure
to health risk in the environment

Basic principles that guide the Effective Nurse Educator (based on Knowles Theory on
adult learning)
1. Message – send a clear/understandable message to the learner. Consider factors
that may affect learner’s ability to receive and retain info.
2. Format- strategy must match the objectives
3. Environment –conducive environment for learning, therapeutic and supportive
relationship with the learner
4. Experience – organize positive and meaningful learning experience
5. Participation- engage learner in participatory learning by involving then in the
discussion, solicit feedback
6. Evaluation- use tools such as quizzes, individual conferences and return
demonstration

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