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Module 1
Module 1
MLS 112
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MLS 112
PRINCIPLES OF
MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE PRACTICE 1
(PMLS 1)
1. Describe the Profession of Medical Laboratory Science, the Profession’s historical foundation,
the Profession’s code of ethics in the national setting, and the Profession’s impact to the health
care industry and society.
2. Discuss the Medical Laboratory Science curriculum, the Philippine Medical Technology Board
Exam and relevant international licensure examinations for Medical Laboratory Scientists
3. Identify the national and international bodies overseeing the Profession of Medical Laboratory
Science and characterize their functional responsibilities
4. Describe the clinical laboratory both as a health care workplace and as a training site of the
Medical Technology Internship program
5. Characterize the Clinical Chemistry section, its historical development, and the services it offers.
6. Describe the Microbiology section and enumerate the routine tests carried out inside the
Microbiology section
7. Enumerate the various classes of medically important parasites and the role of the Parasitology
section for the detection of parasites in stool samples
8. Describe the performance of physical, chemical, and microscopic examination during routine
urinalysis
9. Describe the Hematology section and characterize the parameters tested in the Complete
Blood Count
10. Describe the Immunology-Serology section and enumerate common tests performed in the
Serology section
11. Characterize the Blood Bank section and the routine services it offers
12. Enumerate and define the steps of routine tissue processing in the Histopathology section
13. Discuss biohazard and biosafety principles
14. Enumerate and describe other hazards found inside the clinical laboratory
15. Describe prescribed policies and practices in healthcare waste management in the Philippines
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COURSE INTRODUCTION
PMLS 1 acquaints the students to the major disciplines relevant to the practice of Medical
Technology/ Medical Laboratory Science profession.
The preliminary term of the course focuses on the nature of the profession of Medical
Laboratory Science. It also introduces the students to the historical foundations of the
profession, the profession’s role in the health care industry, and the profession’s impacts
within the context of modern society.
The preliminary term of the course also discusses the required education and licensure that
leads to the practice of medical laboratory science in national and international settings.
The midterm coverage of the course elaborates the on the role of the clinical laboratory as
the primary workplace of modern medical laboratory science. Moreover, the midterm
coverage also describes the routine working sections of the clinical laboratory.
Furthermore, the final term of the course introduces the hazards that are inherent in the
clinical laboratory setting and the safety principles for management of the said hazards.
By the end of the course, the student should be able to characterize the nature of the
Profession of Medical Laboratory Science, describe the clinical laboratory, and understand
the principles of biosafety and occupational safety.
With these, may you have a very productive First Semester 2020 via distance education.
Happy learning!
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MODULE 1 – Introduction to the Profession of Medical Laboratory Science
The module will introduce the student to the profession of Medical Laboratory Science and
the Profession’s role in the health care industry and society.
The module also shows the organizational and political structure of the Profession within the
context of the national and international setting.
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MODULE CONTENTS
Module Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
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MODULE OBJECTIVES:
After the student is done reading and doing the tasks in this module, the student is expected
to be able to:
1. describe the Profession of Medical Laboratory Science and its role to the health
care industry and to the society;
2. discuss the Profession’s historical foundation, the Profession’s code of ethics in the
national setting, and the Profession’s role in the health care industry and its impact
to society; and
3. identify the national and international bodies overseeing the Profession of Medical
Laboratory Science and characterize their functional responsibilities.
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UNIT 1: MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE: THEN AND NOW
Assume that you are currently watching the daily brief on COVID-19 related events on your
television set. The news coverage included a clip of a medical laboratory scientist collecting
a swab sample from a suspected COVID patient. Another clip showed a medical laboratory
scientist performing Reverse Transcriptase- Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) test while
on a full-body, air-supplied positive pressure suit.
It is undeniable that the COVID-19 crisis has increased the awareness of the public to the
often-underrepresented profession of Medical Laboratory Science.
Based on your prior readings and personal understanding, enumerate at least five tasks that
you think are performed by a medical laboratory scientist/ medical technologist.
Class Code: ________ Class No: _______ Name (FN, GN): ___________________
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EXPLORE
EXPLAIN
Fagelson (1961):
Branch of medicine concerned with the performance of laboratory
determinations and analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease
and the maintenance of health
Walters (1966):
The health profession concerned with performing laboratory analyses in
view of obtaining information necessary in the diagnosis and treatment of
diseases as well as in the maintenance of good health
Heinemann (1963):
Application of the principles of natural, physical, and biological sciences in
laboratory procedures to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases
In the Philippines, the practice of Medical Technology is formally defined by Republic Act
(R.A.) No. 5527, also known as the Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969. R.A. 5527 is
an act requiring the registration of medical technologists, defining their practices, and other
purposes.
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Practice of Medical Technology. Section 2 of the Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969
states that a person shall be deemed to be in the practice of medical technology when for
a fee, salary or other compensation or reward paid or given directly or indirectly through
another any of the following professional services for the purpose of aiding the physician in
the diagnosis, study and treatment of diseases and in the promotion of health in general:
1. Examination of tissues, secretions and excretions of the human body and body fluids
by various electronic, chemical, microscopic, bacteriologic, hematologic, serologic,
immunologic, nuclear, and other laboratory procedures and techniques either
manual or automated;
2. Blood banking procedures and techniques;
3. Parasitologic, mycologic and microbiologic procedures and techniques;
4. Histopathologic and cytotechnology; provided that nothing in this paragraph shall
inhibit a duly registered medical laboratory technician from performing
histopathology techniques and procedures;
5. Clinical research involving patients or human beings requiring the use of and/or
application of medical technology knowledge and procedures;
6. Preparations and standardization of reagents, standards, stains, and others, provided
such reagents, standards, stains, and others are exclusively for the use of their
laboratory;
7. Clinical laboratory quality control;
8. Collection and preservation of specimens;
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A medical technologist should have a degree in Bachelor of Science in Medical
Technology (now known as Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Science) or
Bachelor of Science in Hygiene (now known as Bachelor of Science in Public Health).
Moreover, he/ she should have passed the Board Examinations for Medical
Technologists.
B. Pathologist
Section 2 of R.A. 5527 defines a pathologist as a duly registered physician who is
specially trained in methods of laboratory medicine, or the gross and microscopic
study and interpretation of tissues, secretions, and excretions of the human body and
its functions in order to diagnose disease, follow its course, determine the effectivity
of treatment, ascertain cause of death and advance medicine by means of research
D. Phlebotomist
A phlebotomist is an individual trained to draw blood either for laboratory tests or for
blood donations.
In the Philippines, a medical technologist is required to be skilled in phlebotomy.
Nowadays, phlebotomy is a skill confined not only to medical technologists but also
to other health care practitioners as well, provided that they were given certification
by a reputed certifying or training body.
F. Cytotechnologists
Laboratory practitioners specialized in the preparation of cell slides for microscopic
study and detection of cellular abnormalities
G. Histotechnologists
Histotechnologists are medical technologists who are specialized in preparation of
solid tissue samples for examination under the microscope
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of patients. The laboratory findings are indispensable tools used by physicians for either
confirming or ruling out diagnosis of a suspected clinical condition.
B. Monitoring of Treatments
There are many laboratory examinations that are used for evaluating a treatment
regimen. Laboratory values are often used by physicians to have an educated
assessment on whether the treatment plan is helpful to the patient or not.
Moreover, values are used to gauge if a treatment plan is efficient enough. Therefore,
the laboratory findings are important in the establishment of the patient’s prognosis or
the patient’s likelihood of surviving or recovering from a clinical condition.
Medical technologists are held to a high level of standard when it comes to their professional
etiquette. Medical technologists are expected to conduct themselves in a manner that is
appropriate to the dignity of the health care profession.
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Medical Technology Code of Ethics
As I enter into the practice of Medical Technology, I shall accept the responsibilities inherent
to being a professional; I shall uphold the law and shall not engage in illegal work nor
cooperate with anyone so engaged; I shall avoid associating or being identified with any
enterprise of questionable character;
I shall work and act in a strict spirit of fairness to employer, clients, contractors, employees
and in a spirit of personal helpfulness and fraternity toward other members of the profession;
I shall use only honorable means of competition for professional employment or services and
shall refrain from unfairly injuring, directly or indirectly, the professional reputation, projects or
business of a fellow medical technologist; I shall accept employment from more than one
employer only when there is no conflict of interest;
I shall perform professional work in a manner that merits full confidence and trust carried out
with absolute reliability, accuracy, fairness and honesty; I shall review the professional work
of other medical technologists, when requested, fairly and in confidence whether they are
subordinates or employees, authors of proposals for grants or contracts, authors of technical
papers or other publications or involved in litigation;
I shall advance the profession by exchanging general information and experience with
fellow medical technologists and other professionals and by contributing to the work of
professional organizations;
I shall restrict my praises, criticisms, views and opinions within constructive limits and shall not
use the knowledge I know for selfish ends; I shall treat any information I acquired about
individuals in the course of my work as strictly confidential, and may be divulged only to
authorized persons or entities or with consent of the individual when necessary;
I shall report any infractions of these principles of professional conduct to the authorities
responsible of enforcement of applicable laws or regulations, or to the Ethics Committee of
the Philippine Association of Medical Technologists as may be appropriate.
To these principles, I hereby subscribe and pledge to conduct myself at all times in a manner
befitting the dignity of my profession.
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ELABORATE
Vivian Herrick traces the beginning of medical technology to as early as 1550 BC when
the first documented records of parasites and parasitic infections were made.
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Ruth Williams believe that medical technology began from the medieval period.
e. Medieval Period (1098-1438)
Diagnosis by ‘water casting’ (uroscopy) was widely practiced.
Urinalysis became commonplace and was a practice that was followed with
exaggerated zeal. Patients submitted their urine specimen in decorative flasks.
Physicians who failed to examine the urine samples were subjected to public
beatings.
Anna Fagelson prefers to date the beginnings of the profession in the 14th century.
f. Alessandra Gillani (14th century)
Was hired at the University of Bologna by Mondino de’ Liuzzi, an Italian doctor,
to perform some tests and other tasks in the laboratory.
Unfortunately, Gillani died from a laboratory-acquired disease in 1326
b. Rudolf Virchow
Recognized as the father of microscopic pathology and is credited to have
established the world’s first pathology laboratory
Was the first scientist/ physician of the time who emphasized the study of the
manifestation of diseases and infections, which are visible at the cellular level
by means of a microscope.
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1854: John Bacon Jr. was employed as the Chemist- Microscopist. However, he
later suggested to separate the duties of the hospital microscopist and the
hospital chemist.
1855: Dr. Calvin Ellis became the hospital microscopist. He is the first in the
hospital to significantly utilize the microscope in examination of specimens
leading to a diagnosis.
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h. John Bernard Henry
Edited the book authored by Todd. The said book was later named as Henry’s
Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. This book then
became the fundamental source in the practice of laboratory medicine.
Despite the training of many technicians by the Army during the war and the laboratory
courses offered by several medical schools, the demand for reliable, well-trained
technicians greatly exceeded their availability.
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n. University of Minnesota
Was the first to offer a degree program on medical technology in 1923
o. 1950’s
Medical technologists in the United States sought professional recognition from
the government of their educational qualifications through licensure laws
a. 1944
During the onslaught of World War II, U.S. bases were set up in Leyte
Members of the U.S. healthcare team were brought to the country to serve
their wounded soldiers and civilians.
26th Medical Laboratory of the 6th Infantry of the US Army
The first clinical laboratory in the Philippines; Established on Quiricada
Street, Sta. Cruz, Manila
Now known as Manila Public Health Laboratory
By February 1944, it provided a one-year training program to high school
graduates to work as laboratory technicians
b. June 1945
Staff of the 6th US Army left the facility after endorsing the newly established
clinical laboratory to the National Department of Health. However, the
laboratory facilities were not fully utilized and was later non-operational.
d. Dr. de Roda, Dr. Sta. Ana, and Dr. Tirso Briones (1954)
Conducted a six-month training course with certification. (However, the
project did not last long since formal education began in the same year)
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Formal Medical Technology Education in the Philippines
a. Philippine Union College (now the Adventist University of the Philippines) and Manila
Sanitarium Hospital (now the Manila Adventist Medical Center)
1954: Offered the first four-year Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology
program in the Philippines
Founders credited for development of the first Medical Technology program
include:
Dr. Willa Hilgert Hedrick:
“Founder of medical technology education in the Philippines”
With the help of Mrs. Antoinette McKelvey, prepared the course
curriculum and established the first complete laboratory in
microbiology, parasitology, and histopathology at the Manila
Sanitarium Hospital
Dr. Reuben Magsaysay: The then president of the Philippine Union
College
Rev. Warren: President of the North Philippine Mission of Seventh Day
Adventist and director of the Bureau of Education
Dr. Jesse Umali
First student to graduate Medical Technology from the Philippine Union
College in 1956
Later pursued a career in medicine (OB-Gyne)
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EVALUATE MODULE 1 UNIT 1 QUIZ
For CBL students: Refer to the Preliminary Term Summative Assessment Module and
answer Module 1 Unit 1 Quiz.
For OBL students: Wait for the instructions of the class instructor.
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UNIT 2: THE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST IN THE NATIONAL AND
INTERNATIONAL SETTING
As the only APO for Filipino medical technologists, the organization is expected to champion
all medical laboratory scientists and voice out their concerns and issues to appropriate
figures of authority. The PAMET is also expected to promote the Profession of Medical
Technology and increase the public’s awareness of the practice.
In your opinion, do you think that PAMET is adequately promoting the practice of Medical
Technology to increase the awareness of the public to the profession? Why or why not?
Do you think that PAMET is doing enough to advocate for a fair monetary compensation for
Filipino Medical Technologists? Why or why not?
Class Code: ________ Class No: _______ Name (FN, GN): _________________
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EXPLORE
As mentioned earlier, the Philippine Association of Medical Technologists (PAMET) is the only
accredited professional organization for Medical Technologists in the Philippines. PAMET
utilizes an official logo that distinguishes the association from any other professional
organizations.
The PAMET official logo has the following elements:
i. Circle
The circle represents to the continuous involvement where
practice and education must always be integrated
ii. Triangle
The triangle refers to the trilogy of love, respect, and integrity.
The trilogy should always be manifested by Filipino medical
technologists in the performance of their work.
iii. Green Color
The green color represents health.
iv. Microscope and Snake
These represent the science and profession of Medical
Technology.
v. 1964
This was the year when the first PAMET election was held.
EXPLAIN
- Historical Notes:
o Crisanto G. Almario
“Father of PAMET”
Graduated from Manila College of Pharmacy, now called the
Manila Central University
Licensed pharmacist who worked as a laboratory technician at
the San Lazaro Hospital where he felt the need to uplift the
profession to a more dignified level & standardize the laboratory
practice
o Birth of PAMET: 10:00 A.M. on September 15, 1963 at the Manila Public
Health Laboratory in Sta. Cruz, Manila
Note: During the same period, Mrs. Belen Siasco-Jose planned to
establish a similar organization but failed.
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o First national convention and election of officers were held on
September 20, 1964 in Far Eastern University wherein Charlemagne
Tamondong became the first president.
- PAMET Presidents:
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1977-1982 Venerable C.V. Oca “Educational Monthly seminars for the
Enhancement” continuing professional
education of medical
technologists
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2001-2002; Agnes B Medenilla “Organizational Job fairs for newly registered MT
2005-2006 Dynamism”
PAMET as recipient of the Most
Outstanding Professional
Organization by CHAp in 2001
Research-related activities
2013-2015 Romeo Joseph J. “Golden Celebration” V.O.I.C.E.: Visibility, Oneness,
Ignacio “Soar Higher through Integrity, Commitment, &
V.O.I.C.E.” Excellence
2015- Ronaldo E. Puno “Empowerment” Empowering Medical
Present Technologists towards Global
Advancement
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- Accomplishments of PASMETH (Highlights):
o Continuing professional education programs for MT faculty members
o Standard curriculum for the B.S. Medical Technology program
o Standard course syllabi for professional subjects in medical technology
o Annual PASMETH-PAMET quiz show
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3. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
- One of the oldest physical science laboratories; Currently under the US
Department of Commerce
- Promotes innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing
measurement science, standards, and technology
- Contributions/roles in clinical laboratory testing:
o Specifying Class A tolerances for laboratory glass wares such as serological
pipettes, beakers, biurets, graduated cylinders, etc.
All laboratory utensils should be Class A whenever possible to
maximize accuracy and precision
All NIST-certified Class A glass wares (such as Class A pipets) do not
need to be recalibrated by the clinical laboratory
o Production of standards used for calibration of laboratory instruments
E.g. NIST Class S Weights that are used for calibrating analytical
balances
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c. College of American Pathologists (CAP)
- Member-based physician organization composed exclusively of pathologists
certified by the American Board of Pathology
- Offers accreditation services to help laboratories earn accreditation under ISO
15189 Medical Laboratories
- Laboratory Accreditation Program: Peer-based inspection model
o Uses teams of practicing professionals qualified through a CAP training
which will perform on-site inspections every two years using CAP
ACCREDITATION CHECKLISTS
o CAP ACCREDITATION CHECKLISTS
All Common Checklist (COM): Contains a core set of
requirements that apply to all areas performing laboratory tests
and procedures
Discipline-specific checklist: Designed for a specific working area
in the laboratory
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ELABORATE
Class Code: ________ Class No: _______ Name (FN, GN): _________________
Instructions: The Crossword Puzzle below will test your understanding of concepts and terms
based on what you've studied in this module unit. Complete the crossword by filling in a word
that fits each clue.
Across
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7. Laboratory wares characterized with the highest degree of accuracy and precision
9. The only accredited professional organization for Filipino Medical Technologists
10. A core value in the practice of Medical Technology characterized by the
interdisciplinary and collaborative nature of health care workers.
11. Provides quality management system for clinical laboratory setting
12. Nearness of a measured value to the 'true' value
Down
For CBL students: Refer to the Preliminary Term Summative Assessment Module and
answer Module 1 Unit 2 Quiz.
For OBL students: Wait for the instructions from the class instructor.
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REFERENCES
Suba, S., & Florida, J. (2014). Introduction to Medical Technology with Science, Technology,
and Society. Pasig: Cengage Learnng Asia Pte Ltd
Cardona, C., Garcia-Meim, R., & Martin, G. (2015). Introduction to Medical Technology
Practice in the Philippine Setting. Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc.
Benitez, P., Dumaoal, O., Estrella, F., & Mortel, F., Nava, M.R. (2019). Principles of Medical
Laboratory Science 1. Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc.
Sunderman Sr., F.W. (1993). Evolution of Clinical Science: An Overview. Annals of Clinical and
Laboratory Science, 23(4), pp. 231-248
Turgeon, M. (2020). Linne & Ringsrud’s Clinical Laboratory Science. St. Louis: Elsevier
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