“Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that studies relationships between side lengths and angles of triangles.

• Introduction to Trigonometry.
• Definition of Angle.
• Relation between Degree & Radian.
• Table of trigonometric angles.
• Right angle triangle.
• Sinθ, cosθ , tanθ , cotθ , secθ, cosecθ.
• Sign of trigonometric functions.
• Trigonometric Identities.
• Inverse Trigonometric formulae.
• Hyperbolic function & it’s important formulae.

Very Useful collection of Trigonometric formulae (Total 107 formulae)

5 Rs. /-
Only…

Prof. Chougale Yogesh Anandrao Sharada

M.Sc. Mathematics, GATE (AIR-512)
(University Of Mumbai)
Mob. 9028732271

‘The study of mathematics, like the Nile, begins in minuteness but ends in magnificence.’
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Introduction to Trigonometry
Trigonometry (from Greek trigonon "triangle" + metron "measure")
Want to learn Trigonometry? Trigonometry ... is all about triangles.
▪ Trigonometry (from Greek trigōnon, "triangle" and metron, "measure") is a branch of mathematics that
studies relationships between side lengths and angles of triangles.
▪ The field emerged in the Hellenistic world during the 3rd century BC from applications of geometry to
astronomical studies.
▪ The Greeks focused on the calculation of chords, while mathematicians in India created the earliest-
known tables of values for trigonometric ratios (also called trigonometric functions) such as sine.
▪ Throughout history, trigonometry has been applied in areas such as geodesy, surveying, celestial
mechanics, and navigation.
▪ Trigonometry is known for its many identities, which are equations used for rewriting trigonometrically
expressions to solve equations, to find a more useful expression, or to discover new relationships.
Trigonometry helps us find angles and distances, and is used a lot in science, engineering, video
games, and more!

Definition of Angle

▪ In plane geometry, an angle is the figure formed by two rays, called the sides of the angle, sharing a
common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle. Angles formed by the intersection of two curves in a
plane are defined as the angle determined by the tangent rays at the point of intersection.

We can measure Angles in Degrees.

There are 360 degrees in one Full Rotation
(one complete circle around).

The Degree Symbol: °

We use a little circle ° following the number to mean degrees.
For example 90° means 90 degrees
Why 360 degrees? Probably because old calendars
(such as the Persian Calendar) used 360 days for a year - when
they watched the stars they saw them revolve around the North
Star one degree per day.
Also 360 can be divided exactly by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15,
18, 20, 24, 30, 36, 40, 45, 60, 72, 90, 120 and 180,
which makes a lot of basic geometry easier.

‘The only way to learn mathematics is to do mathematics.’

➢ Right-Angled Triangle
Another angle is often
The triangle of most interest is the right-angled triangle. labeled θ, and the three
The right angle is shown by the little box in the corner: sides are then called:
Adjacent: adjacent
(next to) the angle θ,
Opposite: opposite the
Opposite side Hypotenuse
angle θ,
900 θ Longest side is the
Hypotenuse.
Adjacent side

Opposite side y
sinθ = =
Hypotenuse r
➢ Sine, Cosine and Tangent
The main functions in trigonometry are Sine, Cosine and Tangent Adjacent side x
cosθ = =
Hypotenuse r
They are simply one side of a right-angled triangle divided by another.
For any angle θ, Opposite side y
tanθ = =
Adjacent side x

Adjacent side x
cotθ = =
Opposite side y
Hypotenuse (r) Opposite side(y)
Hypotenuse r
secθ = =
Adjacent side x

θ 900 Hypotenuse r
cosecθ = =
Opposite side y
Adjacent side (x)

𝜋 𝜋
x (-x) ( − 𝑥) ( + 𝑥) (𝜋 − 𝑥) (𝜋 + 𝑥) (2𝜋 − 𝑥) (2𝜋 + 𝑥)
2 2

sinx − sinx cosx cosx sinx −sinx − sinx sinx

cosx cosx sinx −sinx −cosx −cosx cosx cosx

tanx − tanx cotx −cotx −tanx tanx −tanx tanx

cotx − cotx tanx −tanx − cotx cotx −cotx cotx

secx secx cosecx −cosecx −secx − secx secx secx

cosecx −cosecx secx secx cosecx −cosecx − cosecx cosecx

‘Mathematics is not about numbers, equations, computations, or algorithms:

it is about understanding.’
 Relation between Degree & Radian

Radian 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 5𝜋 4𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
(x)
0 𝜋 2𝜋
6 4 3 2 3 4 6 6 4 3 2 3 4 6

Degree
(x)
00 300 450 600 900 1200 1350 1500 1800 2100 2250 2400 2700 3000 3150 3300 3600

1 1 √3 √3 1 1 −1 −1 −√3 −√3 −1 −1
sinx 0 1 0 −1 0
2 √2 2 2 √2 2 2 √2 2 2 √2 2

√3 1 1 −1 −1 −√3 −√3 −1 −1 1 1 √3
cosx 1 0 −1 0 1
2 √2 2 2 √2 2 2 √2 2 2 √2 2

1 −1 1 −1
tanx 0 1 √3 ∞ −√3 −1 0 1 √3 ∞ −√3 −1 0
√3 √3 √3 √3

1 −1 1 −1
cotx ∞ √3 1 0 −1 −√3 ∞ √3 1 0 −1 −√3 ∞
√3 √3 √3 √3

2 −2 −2 2
secx 1 √2 2 ∞ −2 −√2 −1 −√2 −2 ∞ 2 √2 1
√3 √3 √3 √3
2 −2 −2
2
cosecx ∞ 2 √2 1 √3 √2 2 ∞ −2 −√2 √3 −1 √3 −√2 −2 ∞
√3

‘Mathematics is the most beautiful and most powerful creation of the human spirit.’
 Trigonometric Identities

• Pythagorean Identities

1. sin2θ + cos2θ = 1 4. sec2θ − tan2θ = 1 7. cosec2θ − cot2θ = 1

2. sin2θ = 1 − cos2θ 5. sec2θ = 1 + tan2θ 8. cosec2θ = 1 + cot2θ
3. cos2θ = 1 − sin2θ 6. tan2θ = sec2θ −1 9. cot2θ = cosec2θ −1

• Quotient Identities

1
10. sinθ = cosecθ 18. sinθ.cosecθ = 1 26. cotθsecθ = cosecθ
1 sinθ
11. cosecθ = sinθ 19. tanθ.cotθ = 1 27. cosecθ = sin2 θ
1 cosecθ
12. tanθ = cotθ 20. secθ.cosθ = 1 28. = cosec 2 θ
sinθ
1 tanθ tanθ
13. cotθ = tanθ 21. sinθ = secθ 29. cotθ = tan2 θ
1 cotθ cotθ
14. secθ = cosθ 22. cosθ = cosecθ 30. tanθ = cot 2 θ
1 sinθ secθ
15. cosθ = secθ 23. tanθ = cosθ 31. cosθ = sec 2 θ
sinθ cosθ cosθ
16. cosθ = tanθ 24. cotθ = sinθ 32. secθ = cos2 θ
cosθ
17. = cotθ 25. tanθcosecθ = secθ TRIGNOMETRY
sinθ

• Sum Identities

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷 𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷

33. sinC + sin D = 2 sin ( ).cos( ) 35. cosC + cos D = 2 cos ( ).cos( )
2 2 2 2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷 𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
34. sinC− sin D = 2 cos ( ).sin( ) 36. cosC − cos D = − 2 sin ( ).sin( )
2 2 2 2

• Addition & Subtraction Identities

37. sin(A+B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB 40. cos(A−B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB

tanA+tanB
38. sin(A−B) = sinAcosB− cosAsinB 41. tan (A + B) = 1−tanAtanB
tanA−tanB
39. cos(A+B) = cosAcosB − sinAsinB 42. tan (A − B) = 1+tanAtanB

• Product Identities

43. 2sinAcosB = sin(A+B) + sin(A – B) 45. 2cosAcosB = cos(A+B) + cos(A – B)

44. 2cosAsinB = sin(A+B) – sin(A – B) 46. 2sinAsinB = cos(A–B) – cos(A + B)

‘Mathematics is the king of all sciences & queen of arts’

 • Multiple & Half angle formulae

θ
1− tan2
3sinθ − sin3θ 68. cosθ = 2
47. sin2θ = 2sinθcosθ 54. sin3θ = 3sinθ – 4 sin θ 3
61. sin θ =
3
1+ tan2
θ
4 2
θ
2tanθ cos3θ + 3cosθ 2tan
48. sin2θ = 1+tan2θ 55. cos3θ = 4cos θ – 3cosθ
3
62. cos θ =
3 69. tanθ = 2
θ
4 1− tan2
2

3tanθ−tan3 θ θ θ θ 1− cosθ
49. cos2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ 56. tan3θ = 63. sinθ = 2sin2 cos2 70. sin2 2 =
1−3tan2 θ 2
θ
1−cos2θ 2tan θ 1+cosθ
50. cos2θ = 1 − 2sin2 θ 57. sin2 θ = 64. sinθ = 2
θ 71. cos 2 2 =
2 1+ tan2 2
2

1+cos2θ θ θ θ
65. cosθ = cos 2 2 − sin2 2 72. 1 + cosθ = 2cos 2
2
51. cos2θ = 2cos 2 θ −1 58. cos 2 θ = 2

1− tan2 θ θ θ
52. cos2θ = 59. 1 + cos2θ = 2cos2θ 66. cosθ = 1 − 2sin2 2 73. 1 − cosθ = 2sin22
1+tan2 θ
2tanθ θ
53. tan2θ = 1− tan2θ 60. 1 − cos2θ = 2sin2θ 67. cosθ = 2cos2 2 −1 TRIGNOMETRY

• Inverse Trigonometric function

Specifically, they are the inverses of the sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant functions, and are
used to obtain an angle from any of the angle's trigonometric ratios. Inverse trigonometric functions are widely
used in engineering, navigation, physics, and geometry.

74. sin-1(-x) = – sin-1(x)
75. cos-1(-x) = 𝜋 – cos-1(x)
76. tan-1(-x) = – tan-1(x)
1
77. cot-1(-x) = 𝜋 – cot-1(x) 80. sec-1(x) = cos-1(𝑥)
1 𝜋 𝜋
78. cosec-1(x) = sin-1(𝑥) 81. sin-1(x) + cos-1(x) =
2
83. cosec-1(x) + sec-1(x) = 2
1 𝜋
79. cot-1(x) = tan-1(𝑥) 82. tan-1(x) + cot-1(x) = 2

• Hyperbolic function

In mathematics, hyperbolic functions are analogs of the ordinary trigonometric functions defined for the
hyperbola rather than on the circle: just as the points (cost, sint) form a circle with a unit radius, the points
(cosht , sinht) form the right half of the equilateral hyperbola.

ex −e−x 1
84. sinh(x) = 90. sech(x) = cosh (x) 96. sech(– x) = sech(x) 102.sinh(ix) = i sinx
2
ex +e−x 1
85. cosh(x) = 91. coth(x) = tanh (x) 97.cosech(– x) = – cosech(x) 103.cosh(ix) = cosx
2
ex −e−x
86. tanh(x) = ex +e−x 92. sinh(– x) = – sinh(x) 98. cosh2x – sinh2x = 1 104.tanh(ix) = i tanx
sinh (x)
87. cos h(x) = tanh(x) 93. cosh(– x) = cosh(x) 99. sech2x + tanh2x = 1 105.coth(ix) = – i cotx
cosh (x)
88. sinh(x)
= coth(x) 94. tanh(– x) = – tanh(x) 100. coth2x – cosech2x = 1 106.sech(ix) = secx
1
89. cosech(x) = sinh (x) 95. coth(– x) = – coth(x) 101. sinh2x = 2sinhx.coshx 107.cosech(ix) = –icosecx
‘Mathematics may not teach us to add love or subtract hate, but it gives us hope that every problem has a solution.’