Planning X

PLANNING
a reviewer for Architecture students
2023
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PLANNING 1: SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE
PLANNING 1: SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
LESSON 1. SITE PLANNING PRINCIPLES AND CONSIDERATIONS
LESSON 1.1. SITE PLANNING
Site Planning Needs and Objectives

● organization of both the external and physical ● A design which is site specific and responds to
environment to benefit human behavior. the unique conditions of each place
● Organization of an area of land to fit a program ● Development which integrates into and
for its development which is efficient, expresses harmonizes with the existing landscape
the character of the site and provides attractive ● Outdoor space which responds to orientation,
spaces to use. views, and microclimate
● It involves: ● The use of sustainable materials and indigenous
○ Land use & zoning, vegetation
○ Access,
○ Circulation, Planning Process
○ Privacy, Research Phase (problem identification)
○ Security, ● Survey
○ Shelter. ● Data Collection
○ Land. Analysis Phase (programming - site and user
○ Drainage, and other factors analysis)
● Purposes: ● Opportunities
○ learns and practices logical method(s) of ● Constraints
carrying design programs and sites ● Program Development
harmoniously Synthesis Phase (schematic design of the plan)
○ To understand interaction of following factors ● Concept Alternatives
in design process ● Review
■ Natural factors (landscape), ● Design Refinement
■ Socio-economic forces (planning), ● Acceptance
and
■ Technological functions (architecture Site Planning Considerations
& engineering) Major Components
● Above the site
Scope of Work ● On the site
● Selecting and analyzing sites ● Below the site
● Forming land use plans Natural Factors
● Organizing vehicular and pedestrian circulation ● Geology
● Designing visual form and material concepts ● Topography
● Readjusting the existing landforms by design ● Hydrography
grading ● Soil
● Providing proper drainage ● Vegetation
● Developing the construction detail necessary to ● Wildlife
carry out the project ● Climate
Zoning Land Use Considerations

● Dictates the use of buildings in a particular zone ● Development
● Similar uses are in the same zone, different uses ● Transportation
are segregates ● Activities
● Issues addressed: (1) land use, (2) public health ● Growth
and, (3) overcrowding.
● Determines possible improvements Layout and Form
● Separates land into parcels The overall layout of the site (i.e.: placement and
○ Group of parcel = zone form of its buildings, infrastructures, and amenities) is
● Defines whether an area is purely residential or the starting point for development of the site
mixed
● Regulates home renovations and extensions of Layers of Site Planning
property ● Mass and space
● Proper zoning also allows communities to ● Circulation
effectively preserve neighborhood’s assets and ● Zoning
maintain unique identities. ● Services
Site Design Elements
Buildings Transportation
● Main buildings ● Public
● Service buildings ● Private Vehicles
Roads Parking
● Private ● Ground
● Services ● Underground
● VIP ● Handicapped
Access Landscape
● Cars ● Softscape
● Pedestrian ● Hardscape
● Services, Emergency, and Drop off ● Furniture
Design Considerations
● Street patterns ● Natural and man-made spaces
● Street section ● Movement and circulation within and around
● Scale and hierarchy / form / space the site
● Land use ● Vehicle vs pedestrian activities
● Typologies ● Access to the site / within the site
● Neighborhood relationships, formal street ● Public spaces vs. private spaces
variation ● Open space
● Perspective relationships, views ● History
● Negative and positive spaces ● Climate - sun angle and shadows
Massing and Building Blocks

Grid diagonal to east-west axis
● Grid pattern: maximizes radiation throughout its straight streets
● Diagonal east-west orientation: better distribution of sun exposure and shade to streets and supports
dynamic movement of air
● Form of alleys and buildings
Narrow, zigzagging valleys
● Winding or zigzagging narrow alleys receive minimum radiation
● Reduces effects of stormy winds
● Establish shaded spaces throughout the day, providing a cool and comfortable microclimate
● Stays relatively warm during cold nights and in winter
Site Inventory
Characteristics Bldg. Elements Site Elements
● Building layout for solar

● Location of green and paved
orientation
areas
● Location of windows, entrances,
Geographical Latitude and ● Vegetation and integration with
and loading docks
microclimatic factors landscape
● Air inlets
● Biodiversity
● Architectural Elevations
● Buffer zones
● Surface to volume ratios
● Gravity fed sewer lines

● Building proportions ● Land fillings
Topography and adjacent land ● Wind loads ● Natural site features for rain /
forms ● Architectural elevations storm water drainage
● Drainage strategies ● Location of groundwater
detention ponds
● Building position for day lighting,

photovoltaic and solar passive ● Location of energy-efficient
techniques features
Solar Access
● Construction of walls ● Placement of trees (deciduous
● Selection of building materials trees on the south side)
and finishes
● Structural considerations for site

● Foundation type
Geologic and seismic data landscaping (retaining walls,
● Structural specifications
fixed seating, etc.)
Site Inventory (cont.)

Characteristics Bldg. Elements Site Elements
● Placement of wind towers

● Location of fenestrations on the ● Site layout of building structures
Air movement patterns
basis of pressure differentials, to trap wind for ventilation
passive solar cooling design
● Site grading procedures that

Soil types, textures, and load bearing
● Foundation design and location minimize erosion
capacity
● Plant selections as per soil type
● Making the potential access

● Planning for the capacity to
Parcel shape and access with points, which do not burden the
accommodate the proposed
adjacent land uses and buildings lower density or adjacent land
development
use
● Location of utility and

Neighboring or proposed future ● Design flexibility for future
infrastructure for future
developments extension
expansion
LESSON 2. RULES 7 & 8
LESSON 2.1. OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATIONS
Occupancy Classifications
Group A: Residential dwellings
Group B: Residential, hotels, and apartments
Occupancy Group C: Educational and recreation
Group D: Institutional
● The use of a building or structure
Group E: Business and Mercantile
● General requirements differ per occupancy
Group F: Industrial
● 10 classifications, 25 sub-classifications Group G: Storage and Hazardous
Group H: Assembly
Group I: Assembly with 1000 or more occupants
Group J: Accessory
Group A: Residential Dwellings

A-1
● For single family occupants
Group C: Education and Recreation
● School or company staff houses
C-1
● Boarding houses (of less than 8 boarders)
● Educational facilities
● Residential houses with neighborhood stores,
● School and day-care facilities
provided that the shop does not exceed 10% of
● Universities and colleges
TFLAR of the dwelling unit
● School auditoriums and gymnasiums
● Churches, parks, and playgrounds
● Libraries, museums, and exhibit halls
A-2
C-2
● Non-leasing, occupants not exceeding 10
● Recreational facilities
● School campus dormitories, and schools with up
● Amusement halls
to 16 classrooms
● Massage and sauna parlors
● Military barracks, convents, and monasteries
● Billiard halls, pool rooms, and golf clubhouses
● Residential houses with offices or home
● Dancing schools, disco, health studios and salons
occupation, provided the FLAR of the office
space does not exceed 30% of the total FLAR
and does not exceed 10 users.
Group D: Institutional
D-1
● Buildings wherein personal liberties of occupants
are restrained
● Mental hospitals and asylums
● Jails, prisons
Group B: Residential, hotels, and apartments
● Reformatories and rehabilitation centers
● Multiple dwelling units that can accommodate
D-2
more than 10 people
● Full-time health care facilities accommodating
● Low-rise, non-leasing condominiums and
more than five people
tenement houses (building height up to 5
● Home for the aged and nursing homes
storeys)
● Hospitals with non-ambulatory patients
● Elementary and high schools with up to 20
● Nurseries for children below kindergarten age
classrooms
D-3
Condominiums 5-12 storeys high
● Institutions for ambulatory patients or children
over kindergarten age
● Home for the aged and nursing homes (with
ambulatory patients)
● Hospitals with ambulatory patients
● Nurseries for children over kindergarten age
Group G: Storage and Hazardous

G-1
● Storage and handling of hazardous and highly
flammable material
○ Processing plants
Group E: Business and Mercantile
○ Water and power generation and distribution
E-1
plants
● Service and maintenance stations without the
○ Liquid and solid waste management facilities
use of open flame welding or highly flammable
G-2
liquids
● Storage and handling of flammable materials
● Gas filling stations
● Dry-cleaning plants
● Storage garages
● Paint stores
E-2
● Paint shops and spray painting rooms
● Stores, office buildings, or dining establishments
● Sign and billboard painting ships
that have less than one hundred occupants
G-3
● Printing plants
● Woodworking establishments
● Police and fire stations
● Planning mills and box factories, shops,
● Factories and workshops not using highly
manufacturing of combustible fibers or dust
flammable liquids
● Warehouses for highly combust materials
E-3
G-4
● Aircraft hangers and open parking garages
● Repair garages and engine manufacturing
● Department stores
facilities
● Shopping malls
● Turbine and engine factories and testing facilities
● Commercial complexes
G-5
● Aircraft facilities
● Hangars
● Aircraft engine manufacturing and assembly
factories
Group H: Assembly (less than 1000)

H-1
● Assembly building with stage (less than 1000)
Group F: Industrial H-2
● Non-pollutive and non-hazardous industries ● Assembly building without stage (300 or more)
● Department stores H-3
● Shopping malls ● Assembly building without stage (less than 300)
● Commercial complexes H-4
● Stadia reviewing stands, amusement park
structures not included within H-1, H-2, H-3,
H-4, and Group I
Group J: Accessory
J-1
● Agricultural structures
● Sheds, barns, piggeries, etc.
● Stables, greenhouses, silos, and granaries
● Poultry houses
J-2
● Private garages
● Carports
Group I: Assembly (more than 100)
● Fences (above 1.80m in height)
● Assembly halls with stage (more than 1000)
● Steel and concrete tanks
● Swimming pools, shower, and locker rooms
● Towers and smokestacks
J-3
● Stages, platforms, and similar structures
● Basketball, tennis, and badminton courts
● Tombs and mausoleums
● Zoo structures
● Banks and record vaults
Note: Any other occupancy not mentioned in Section 701 of PD1096 shall be included in the group which it
most nearly resembles based on the existing or proposed life and fire hazard. Changes in a building’s
occupancy has to be approved by the building official and must comply with the requirements of the
code. Unless approved by the building official, no change shall be made in the building’s occupancy.
MIXED-USE BUILDINGS
For mixed occupancy buildings (more than one-storey), the occupancy with the most restrictive
requirement shall be used. For one-storey buildings, each portion of the building needs to conform to the
requirements of its own occupancy. For buildings with minor accessory, unless the minor accessory occupies
more than 10% of the FLAR, the whole building shall be classified under its major occupancy.
Classification of mix-used buildings:

● One-hour fire resistive: one-hour resistive rating for openings
● Two-hour fire resistive: two-hour resistive rating for openings
● Three-hour fire resistive: opening area must be less than 10sqm., and opening length must not exceed
25% of the storey’s wall length
● Four-hour fire resistive: no openings allowed
LESSON 2.2. ZONING
Zoning Classifications
R: Residential
Occupancy GI: General Institutional
Refers to the use of the building C: Commercial
UTS: Utilities, transportation, and services
SPE: Special
I: Industrial
PRE: Park Structures, Recreation and Entertainment
Zone CUL: Cultural
Refers to the use of lands and lots A: Agricultural
AI: Agro-industrial
PUD: Planned Unit Development
Residential (R) Zone

R-1 (Division A-1) R-3 (Division B-1)
● Low-density residential ● High-density residential
● Single family dwellings, single-detached ● Multiple family dwellings with mixed housing
dwellings types
● Executive subdivisions and exclusive residential ● May include: low-rise, medium-rise
communities condominiums
R-2 (Division A-2) ● General Types:
● Medium-density residential ○ Basic R-3: row houses, separate units / family
● Multiple family dwellings (1-3 storeys)
● General Types: ○ Maximum R-3: medium-rise (6-12 storeys)
○ Basic R-2: single-attached or duplex (1-3 R-4 (Division B-1)
storeys) ● Medium- to high-density residential
○ Maximum R-2: low-rise multi-level dwellings ● May include: low-rise townhouse for exclusive
(3-5 storeys) use as multiple family dwellings
● Series or rows of buildings within a subdivided lot
or property
R-5 (Division B-1)
● Very high-density residential use
● Medium- or high-rise condominium
General Institutional (GI) Zone

● Community to national level of institutional use
● Low-rise to high-rise buildings Utilities, Transportation, and Services (UTS) Zone
Occupancy Division C-2 (Division E-1, G-1)
● for educational, training, and related activities ● Utilitarian / functional uses or occupancies
(i.e.: schools and related facilities) ● Low-rise or medium-rise building / structure for
Occupancy Division D-1 low to high intensity community support functions
● For medical, government service, administrative, ● May include: terminals, inter-modals,
and related activities (i.e.: hospitals, health care multi-modals, and depots
facilities, government offices, military, police,
and correctional buildings)
Commercial (C) Zone Special (SPE) Zone (Division E-2)

C-1 (Division E-1) ● Other vertical facilities not mentioned under
● Light commercial regular uses / occupancies of buildings /
● Neighborhood or community level structures (i.e.: cemeteries, memorial parks, etc.)
● Low-rise building for low intensity commercial,
service, and business activities Industrial (I) Zone
● May include: 1-3 storey shopping center, small I-1 (Division F-1)
offices, or mixed-use buildings ● Light industrial use
C-2 (Division E-2) ● Low-rise but sprawling buildings for low intensity
● Medium commercial manufacturing or production activities
● Municipal or city level I-2 (Division G-1)
● Medium-rise building for medium- to ● Medium industrial use
high-intensity commercial, service, and business ● Low-rise but sprawling building for medium
activities intensity manufacturing or production activities
● May include: 3-5 storey shopping centers,
medium to large office, or mixed-use buildings Park Structures, Recreation, and Entertainment
C-3 (Division E-3)
(PRE) Zone (Division H-1, I-1)
● Metropolitan Commercial
● Recreational
● Metropolitan level
● Low- to medium-rise building for low to medium
● Medium- to high-rise building for high to very
intensity recreational or entertainment functions
high intensity commercial / trade, service, and
● May include: structures on campuses, auditoria,
business activities
mess halls, seminar facilities, gymnasia, stadia,
● May include: large to very large shopping malls,
arenas, etc.
very large offices, or mixed-use buildings
Cultural (CUL) Zone (Division H-1, I-1) Agro-Industrial (AI) Zone (Division J-1)
● Low- to medium-rise buildings ● Low-rise building for low- to high-intensity
● Community to national level agro-industrial or related activities
● May include: cultural centers, convention ● May include: offices, educational, training,
centers research, and related facilities for agro-industry
Agricultural (A) Zone (Division J-1) Planned Unit Development (PUD) Zone (Division
● Agricultural or agriculture-related use J-1, J-2)
● Low-rise or medium-rise building for low- to ● Land development or redevelopment schemes
high-intensity agricultural or agri-related activities for a new or built-up project site
● May include: poultry houses, hatcheries, ● Requires a Comprehensive Development Master
piggeries, greenhouses, granaries, research and Plan (CDMP)
related facilities for agriculture, etc. ● Examples: BGC, Nuvali, New Clark City
LESSON 2.3. LOT TYPES
Interior Lot Inside Lot

Corner Lot Through Lot
Corner-Through Lot Corner Lot Abutting

End Lot
LESSON 2.4. MINIMUM SETBACKS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
Minimum Setbacks for Residential Buildings / Structures
Minimum Setbacks for Commercial (including mixed-use R5), Industrial, Institutional, and
Recreational Buildings
LESSON 3. PARAMETERS OF SITE SELECTION AND ANALYSIS
LESSON 3.1. SITE SELECTION AND ANALYSIS
Site Planning
Kevin Lynch’s definition:
● Art of arranging structures on the land and
shaping the spaces between
● Art linked to architecture, engineering, Site Analysis Considerations
landscape architecture, and city planning Natural Factors
Harvey M. Rubenstein’s definition: ● Geology
● Art and science of arranging the uses of portions ● Geomorphology: physiography, landforms, soils,
of land… drainage, topography and slopes, and soil
In site planning, the critical thinking process of erosion
research, analysis, and synthesis makes a major ● Hydrology: surface and groundwater
contribution to the formation of design decision: ● Vegetation: plant ecology
● Research material ● Wildlife: habitats
○ existing projects, books, photographs, or ● Climate: solar orientation, wind, and humidity
experiments Cultural Factors
○ Identifies elements required to develop the ● Existing land use: ownership of adjacent
project (programming) property, off-site nuisances
● Analysis of the site ● Traffic and transit: vehicular and pedestrian
○ Considers all existing features (natural and circulation on or adjacent to site
man-made) ● Density and zoning: legal and regulatory control
○ Personality: inherent qualities of the site ● Socio-economic factors
○ Topographical analysis is mandatory ● Utilities: sanitary, stormwater, water & power
○ Emphasis on the site’s relationship with the supply, and communication
total environment and its special values or ● Historic factors: historic buildings, landmarks, and
potentials archaeology
Aesthetic Factors
● Natural features
● Spatial patterns: spaces and sequences
Two Methods of Establishing a Site: ● Visual Resources: views and vistas
Site Selection Process: selects from a list of potential sites
one that suits best the given use and requirements of the
project
Development Suitability Process: selects the best possible
use and development suited for a given site.
Natural Factors
Geology
Topography and Slopes
● The natural science that studies Earth
● Slope Analysis: understanding slope forms for site
(composition, processes that shaped it, and
design requires understanding of local geologic,
history)
soil, hydrologic, and vegetative conditions.
● Igneous Rocks: rocks produced by crystallization
● Slope Form: expressed graphically in terms of a
from a liquid
slope profile, a silhouette of a slope drawn to
● Sedimentary Rocks: weathered igneous rocks,
known proportions with distance on the
deposited into rivers and oceans
horizontal axis and elevation on the vertical axis
● Metamorphosed Rocks: metamorphosed
● Four basic slope forms detectable on contour
(transformed) sedimentary rocks due to pressure
maps
and temperature
Geomorphology
● Branch of geology that deals with the origin,
nature, and distribution of landforms
● Physiography: description of landforms ● Angle of repose: angle at which soil can be
● Landforms: irregularities on the earth’s surface safely inclined and beyond which it will fail
(derived from volcanic, glacial, or erosional ● Topographic map: map of a portion of the earth
processes) that describes the shape of the earth’s surface
● Basic geomorphologic information: by contour lines.
○ Soil properties (composition and soil texture) ○ Contours: imaginary lines that join points of
○ Drainage equal elevation; measures height of
○ Topography and slopes mountains, depth of the ocean bottoms, and
○ Soil erosion steepness of slopes
● Soil Survey: helps guide in site selection for ● Slope Pattern
development that involves surface and subsurface ○ Generally flat (0-5%): highly buildable
structures ○ Gently rolling (5-10%): moderately buildable
● Soil Properties infer about bearing capacity, ○ Gentle to mild slopes (10-15%): moderately
internal drainage, erodibility, and slope stability difficult to build
○ Composition: material that makes up soil ○ Mild to steep slopes (15-20%): difficult to build
■ Mineral Particles ○ Harsh, steep slopes (20% and over):
■ Organic Matter unbuildable
■ Water ● Slope Map
■ Air ○ Prepared to visually express slope patterns
○ Texture: composite sizes of particles in a soil ● Desirable Slopes
sample ○ Flat or gently sloping: preferred for industrial
● Good Drainage: soil’s ability to transfer gravity and commercial buildings
water downward through infiltration, permeability, ○ Hilly sites: preferred for fashionable suburban
and percolation residences
Natural Factors
Topography and Slopes Hydrology

Slopes influence the alignment of modern roads ● The natural science that studies the waters of the
according to class of roads (higher class, lower Earth
maximum grades allowable) ● Hydrologic cycle: movement of water from the
ocean to the atmosphere to the continents and
back to the sea
● Water Table: upper boundary of the zone of
groundwater; the top of unconfined aquifer
● Aquifer: permeable geological stratum of

formation that can store and transmit
groundwater in significant quantities
● Soil Erosion ● Watershed: information about watershed
○ Process of breaking down rocks (weathering) boundaries is critical for water quality and
into small particles stormwater management
○ Factors to consider in erosion prevention:
■ Vegetation
■ Soil type
■ Slope size and inclination
■ Frequency and intensity of rainfall
Natural Factors
Wildlife:
Vegetation
Groups of habitat elements essential to different
Relevant for:
species of wildlife:
● Climatic control
● Openland Wildlife: birds and mammals
○ Solar Radiation: trees block or filter sunlight
associated with crop fields and non-forested
and cool the air under their canopies
lands
providing natural air conditioning
○ Grain and seed crops
○ Wind: trees buffer winds in urban areas
○ Grasses and legumes
caused b convection and Venturi effects
○ Wild herbaceous upland plants
○ Precipitation: plants intercept rain and slow it
○ Hardwood woody plants
down - aid in moisture retention and prevent
● Woodland Wildlife:
soil erosion
○ Grasses and legumes
● Environmental Engineering
○ Wild herbaceous upland plants
○ Air purification: plants clean air through
○ Hardwood woody plants
photosynthesis; trees also filter out other
○ Cone-bearing shrubs (i.e.: pines)
pollutants
● Wetland Wildlife:
○ Noise: plants absorb sound waves through
○ Wetland food plants or wild herbaceous
their leaves, branches, twigs (most effective
plants of moist to wet sites
for thick fleshy leaves and thin petioles); tree
○ Shallow water development
trucks deflect sound
○ Excavated ponds
○ Glare and Reflection: plants reduce glare
○ Streams
and reflection caused by sunlight by using
proper size, shape, and foliage density
Climate
○ Erosion Control: plants prevent erosion from
● General Types: Cold, Temperate, Hot Arid, and
stormwater runoff and construction through
Hot Humid
their root systems
● Site should be investigated in terms of:
● Architectural and Aesthetic Uses
○ Solar orientation for buildings
○ Space Definition: wall element, canopy, or
○ Best facing slopes: temp. Varies by 3 degrees
ground cover
for every 300m in daytime; the more
○ View Control: screens out objectionable
perpendicular slope, the warmer the surface
views and provide backdrops for sculpture
temperature
and fountains
○ Wind flows for breezes: consider smooth
○ Mood: plants affect people’s moods
forms that induce smooth air flow
Site Planning Concept Using Natural Factors

Passive Cooling: technology of cooling spaces through proper siting of structure and use of energy-efficient
materials, with the overall objective of energy conservation
Cultural Factors
Existing Land Use Socio-economic Factors

● Land Use Plans: determine the areas for ● Determines whether there is a need, an interest,
commercial, institutional, industrial, residential, or any objections on the project
and open space uses in each city or ● Any proposed project must be compatible with
municipality the economy of the particular community (i.e.:
Traffic and Transit Systems high-end boutique is hardly suitable in a
● Relationships of traffic pattern to each other and low-income community)
to the site must be studied for adequacy of ● Community’s social structure must be considered
access and efficiency of circulation within and to ensure that a proposed development will not
outside of the site. result in any displaced families or any major
● Efficient traffic and transportation systems will disruption in their businesses and other activities
result in successful integration of the different Utilities and Services
development in the vicinity ● Determine the existing availability of utilities on
● Direction of dominant traffic flow, both vehicular site in terms of adequacy and efficiency
and pedestrian, establish points of highest visual ● Includes:
impact for the site ○ Sanitary and sewage system
● Access must also consider pedestrian ○ Electric power supply
movement. ○ Water supply
Density and Zoning ○ Drainage
● Density: population per unit land area; Historic Factors
determines whether existing utilities and land ● Historic buildings
areas are sufficient to sustain additional future ● Historic Landmarks
development ● Archeology
● Density may be expressed in number of families
or dwelling units per hectare or in Floor Area
Ratio (FAR)
● Density influences privacy, social contact, and
freedom of movement
● Zoning ordinances divides the city into land use
areas designated by building height, building
coverage, density of population, and open
space
Site Analysis Final Product

Aesthetic Factors
Natural Features
● Outstanding natural features of earth, rock,
water, or plant material are natural assets of the
land
Spatial Patterns
● The way an open space of a given site is
configured according to an arrangement of
elements that evoke activity of flow, both
physically or visually
Visual Resources
● View: a scene observed from a vantage point
○ May be a theme that suggest and give
added meaning to buildings
○ Full view is not always the best view
● Vista: a confined view, usually directed toward a
terminal or dominant feature
○ Viewing station
○ View: usually better framed or seen through
an appropriate screen
○ Foreground
LESSON 4. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
LESSON 4.1. INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
Landscape
● A section or expansion or rural scenery, usually
extensive, that can be seen from a single view
Landscape Architecture
point
● The design of outdoor public areas, landmarks,
and structures to achieve environmental, social
Landscaping
behavioral, or aesthetic outcomes
● Development of outdoor space to provide
various amenities, privacy, comfort, beauty and
ease of maintenance
Landscape Architecture Factors to Consider in Landscape Design

● Study and practice of designing environments ● Consider maintenance parameters before
(outdoors & indoors) of varying scale that designing
encompasses elements of art, environment, ● Consider canopy, height, species before
architecture, engineering, and sociology selecting the plant species
● Landscape Architects: ● Understand the site topography and grading
○ involved in the designing of spaces that ● Planting positioning for security and visual access
“creates and enables life between to views
buildings”. ● Solution to site problems
○ Analyze, plan, design, manage, and nurture
built and natural environments Landscape Conservation
○ Have a significant impact on communities ● Rapidly growing practice of people working
and quality of life together across large geographies to conserve
○ Design parks, campuses, streetscapes, trails, natural and cultural heritage and ensure a
plazas, and other projects that help define a sustainable future for both people and nature
community ● Long-term efforts characterized by a focus on:
● Purpose: ○ Conservation of healthy ecological systems
○ Make good spaces ○ Use of sustainable and culturally sensitive
○ Achieve environmental, social behavioral, or conservation planning
aesthetic outcomes ○ Collaborative network structure
○ Provide various amenities, privacy, comfort, ○ Meaningful multi-sector stakeholder
beauty, and ease of maintenance engagement
○ Make one site visually aesthetic
○ Design the site with more natural aspects Land Reclamation and Landscaping of Derelict
○ Make the site more comfortable Lands
○ Restore environmental aspects ● Derelict land: any land so damaged by industrial
○ Maintain own characteristics of the site or other development that is not capable of
○ Keep natural elements and decorate them further use without treatment; left in an
○ Improve quality of life unserviceable state
● Two aspects:
○ Reclamation: generally calls for direct action
Elements of Landscape Architecture
by the public sector
● Vegetation: plants and planting
○ Prevention: prevention of further dereliction
● Land forms
from mineral and other activities achieved
● Sculptures and water bodies
by conditions imposed on planning consents
● Pavement materials
given to land owners and private companies
● Site amenities and street furniture
for mineral operations and industrial
● Lighting
development
● Signage
LESSON 4.2. ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & LANDSCAPE DESIGN
Water
● Stages in Life of a River
○ Young River: heavy erosion, waterfalls, rapids,
Landform
speed of water flow
● A feature on the Earth’s surface that is part of
○ Mature River: relatively lower erosion,
the terrain.
reduced water speed, creates fertile
● Four major types of landforms: mountain, hills,
floodplains
platforms, and plains
○ Old River: very sluggish and rate of deposition
● Ridge: consists of a chain of mountains or hills
is very high; forms a delta before draining
that divides the landscape into a series of
water into the river
drainage areas called “watershed”
● Water as a Design Element: line, form, color,
● Valley: lower part in the land, between two
texture, and sound
higher parts (hill or mountain)
● Water Edge Design
● Watershed or Drainage Basin: area of land that
○ Minimum disruption is the best (stable at
contributes water to a stream or river
banks and shores)
● Contour: defines slope of a terrain
○ Use of docks, decks, terraces, etc. for access
● Landform Manipulation: done to attain design
to water
solutions for landform as a profile, enclosure, or
○ Maintenance of smooth flow / current
comfort.
○ Habitable structures built above 100 year
● Contributes to: sense of a region, surface
flood stage
drainage, gravity flow infrastructural systems,
○ Align paths of movements in harmony with
and physiological comfort
the line of flow
○ Stream crossings best occur where channel is
narrow and banks are high and stable
Planting Design
● One of the essential tools in making and
managing a living environment Lighting Design
● Helps restore and maintain a sustainable ● Includes but not limited to: underwater luminaire,
relationship between people and nature in-ground luminaires, recessed luminaires, wall
● Consider: plant material, plant type, canopies luminaires, bollards luminaires, light columns, post
● Plant as Design Element top luminaire, street and area luminaires
○ Establishes visual character ● Signage Design: wayfinding
○ Temporal and sensual character
○ Environmental indicator
SITE PLANNING PROCESS
STAGE 1-PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

● information divided to
○ site inventory
○ needs inventory
STAGE 2-RESEARCH AND INVENTORY
● 2D informations are from maps with scale, title, and author of the map.
● Government Agencies: DENR, NAMRIA, PAG-ASA, PHIVOLCS, PSA, and LGUs
are top sources of authorized maps
● interpretation of data
● search patterns of data
● producing site and user program, a cyclic process going back to goals
and objectives
● site potentials and limitations
● Analysis as partial conclusion: based on the vegetation map, the site is
covered by grass, therefore it can be removed. but if it is covered by narra
trees, the construction will be limited.
STAGE 3-ANALYSIS
● if you start looking for the meaning, data gathering initially includes problem
identification which you will have the total gasp of the problem as you go over
the process.
● The site planner understands the problem first as the fundamental step of the
site planning.
● Goal: vague, general, achieved towards at the end of the process, always start
with a noun
○ sample: provision of livable housing environment
● Objectives: geared towards achievement of goals and objectives. adheres
based on smart: specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time-bound.
use verbs
○ sample: (1) provide low-cost housing > (2) provide single detached
low-cost housing > 200,000 housing units > that can be constructed in
one month > (3) provide cheap bamboo materials
○ simpler example: the goal of the bgy. community is to win the game.
○ the objectives of the bgy. are:
■ look for players available and know how to play basketball,
■ find coach who is available in the community
■ look for a muse
■ get a manager
■ practice 2x every weekend every 2 hours
STAGE 4-SYNTHESIS AND CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
● putting all the data together, produce 2- 3 schemes including natural, social,
and aesthetic factors.
● The criteria for selection is also a cyclic process that goes back to goals and
objectives.
● if all schemes fall short to goals and objectives, make another
scheme/alternative.
STAGE 5-IMPLEMENTATION
● make your plan presentable using 2d drawings or plans and 3d or model forms
that can be understood, in general.
● make sure that it will attract investors and audience.
RESEARCH AND INVENTORY
● INFORMATION GATHERED, COLLECTED AND GATHERED DOCUMENTATION CAN

BE DONE IN 2D USING GRAPHICS AND WRITTEN REPORT; 3D USING MODELS
CATEGORIES AND NEEDS AND SITE INVENTORY TOOLS FOR SITE PLANNING ARE:
1. maps: contains geographic setting and location
2. land suitability maps
3. geo-hazard maps (NAMRIA, Project NOAH)
TYPES OF MAPS:
● general map, many information
● thematic map, one map one information for example,
○ specifically “contour map”
○ analytic/derived map, result of analysis for example, “an erosion
potential map”
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
● on-foot survey
● windshield survey
● aerial survey (not anymore done)
● remote sensing using craft or satellite
● GPS-global positioning system
● GIS-geographic information system
LAND SUITABILITY MAPS
● residential ● industrial
● commercial ● institutional
GEO-HAZARD MAPS (NAMRIA, PROJECT NOAH)
● erosion potential
● landslide potential
● earthquake potential
IMPORTANT FACTORS:
NATURAL FACTORS
1. geology – geo/earth and logos/study;
● composition of rocks, where the foundation stands, it is important since it
determines minerals underneath and water source as well as fault lines
● 1990’s, there was not a proper study for earthquake effects, and now,
3-storey or more should have seismic analysis
○ geomorphology – study of origin and natural distribution of
landforms
○ physiography – landforms such as valley, mountain, hill; studied
using slope and contour maps
2. soil – inherent features of soil with regards type of foundation
● has 3 types: sandy, clay (very thick, does not very good in draining,
but has bearing capacity), loam soil
● soil suitability: kand uses such as absorption fields for septic tank,
street and parking areas
● soil classification requirement for plant habitat
● characteristics: acody, permeability, erosion potential, depth to
bedrock
3. topography and slopes
● study of elevation and slope
● activities in land are dependent on inclination/slope
● people want have their homes on higher ground to avoid flooding
● 0-5%, generally flat, all developments are possible
● 5-10% gently rolling, moderately buildable
● 10-15% gentle to mild slopes, moderately difficult, expensive
construction
● 15-20% mild to steep slope, difficult terrain, also expensive
4. climate
● temperature, wind, rainfall, solar radiation, potential natural hazards
● pagasa is the main dept for this
5. vegetation – climate control mitigation
● uses are: visual barrier, food and shelter for animals, aesthetics, view
control, noise control, pollution control
● specimen trees include: tree size, species, condition, location
● mapping of trees: use grid in investigating tree types, numbers, and
conditions that are usually based on the law for vegetation analysis
6. wildlife – habitat of flora and fauna
7. hydrology – bodies of water
● flood plains: natural drainage system
● aquifers: underneath water
● wetlands: time to time there is water, example is marsh where
animals can store their eggs
● swamp lands: water-logged soil
CULTURAL FACTORS
1. existing land use plan
● prepared by LGU, partnered with zoning ordinance
● subdivide land in certain period of time, residential, institutional,
commercial zones
● R-1: low density, forbes park, white plains, single detached houses
● R-2 medium, apartments, duplexes
● R-3 high density, condominiums
● C-1, range within neighborhood
● C-2, city supermarkets, wet markets, repair shops
● C-3, SM, Divisoria, Baclaran, Quiapo where other people who are not
residents are going
● I-1, manufacturing, “backyard manufacturing”
● I-2, hazardous affecting either health or environment
● I-3, highly hazardous and pollutive that both affects environment and
health
2. off site nuisances
● visual, auditory, olfactory, safety hazards
● railroad traffic, automobiles
3. linkages
● parkways, pedestrians, transportation
● traffic, volume of vehicles and people, time of the day
4. utilities
● storm water, sanitary water, portable water
● electricity
● natural gas
● telephone
● e. television cables and internet cables
5. density and zoning
● sociological and legal element of development
● influence of privacy and freedom of movement or social contact
● setbacks, building heights, parking adjustments
○ in MOA, 45m are limited here since there is an airport near the mall
○ PD 957: (70%) subdivision regulations, street layouts, (30%) lot
sizes/unsaleable lots for open spaces, and community
facilities/utilities - HLURB
○ BP220 socialized and economic housing
● demographics, population trends found on psa
6. existing buildings
● physical layout of new site plan will help regarding the design phase
7. historic information
● consider historical site values
AESTHETIC FACTORS
1. natural
● spatial patterns, pleasing or objectionable bears, views re framed
● visual barriers, elevated highways or rivers
2. vistas
● may be natural or man made, dominant focal point or terminus or
landmark
○ paths (people circulation)
○ nodes (people concentration or commercial spaces)
○ districts (intersections or parts of cities with unique characteristics,
intramuros or binondo)
○ edges (edge of river, or intramuros that cannot be built on)
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE PROVISIONS RELATED TO SITE

PLANNING
● parking areas, slots, types, etc. (see next topic)

● get more information on pdf of irr national building code of the philippines
● public markets or commercial, the number of parking spaces depends on
who are the users and sqm of the site/building or no. of rooms for
institutional buildings such as hospitals and schools.
● to move around the site smoothly, don’t include dead ends and this will be
prevented through Cul-de-sac and turn courts.
● sidewalks are based on the RROW. The minimum width of sidewalk is 1.20m
since one person walking is equivalent to 0.60m.
○ example: if the planting strip is 1m and sidewalk is 1.20m then the
total width of sidewalk is 2.20m.
○ should comply to accessibility law or bp344
● a sustainable city includes planting strips, bicycle lanes, and jogging
lanes/paths.
PRINCIPLES ON PARKING
● parking is the act of stopping vehicle and leaving unoccupied more than brief
of time
● today, all new structures need to enough parking
● Perpendicular Parking
○ 2.50x 5.00 for cars
○ 3.60x 18.00m for trucks and bus
○ 3.00x 9.00m jeeps or shuttles
● Angled / Diagonal Parking:
○ space for cars: 2.50x 5.00m per car
● Parallel Parking
○ 2.50x6.00M (longer parking)
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE PARKING
● size of parking area
● angle parking
● traffic flow
● types of parking (valet, or your own)
● width of access space and drive
● organization of circulation
● drainage of parking
● aesthetics of parking
● maximum walking distance
● separation of customer and service areas
● parking index, minimum number of vehicles per occupancy based on
NBC
TYPES OF PARKING
● angular parking
○ can be 60 or 45 degree, establishes one way traffic system,
gentler turn allows easier and quicker parking thus high density
than perpendicular parking
○ most shopping centers are laid out in 90 degree since it is
much easier to maneuver
● parallel parking
○ one car parked behind the other
● turning radius is 12.5r/3.81m
● planting strips are 3.0m
● PWD parking, 3.70m parking space and 1.20m for access aisle. should be
nearest to the building entry.
● the position of parking areas are oriented to entry exit of the building
● a tire guard or wheel stop is applied to avoid accidents as a signal that the
driver should stop
● aesthetic and mitigating measures to cool parking areas using trees.
● to make parking areas not to be an eyesore, you can use fences, mound, or
elevated ground.
OTHER PRINCIPLES OF DRIVEWAYS
● accessible by two streets on corners, corner lot

● bounded by one street, inside lot
● bounded by two streets front and back, through lot
● as much as possible, lay out driveway perpendicular to the street
● avoid crooked, zigzag driveway
● driveway entrance should not bisect the site
● determine how many vehicles will pass, minimum driveway single lane is 2.50 m
for small vehicles
● connect driveway with parking
● no dead ends, include turnabouts, turn courts, or cul de sac
● driveways must also connect to structures and services
● lay out driveway curbs and sidewalks along driveways
○ pedestrianization, people will not cross driveways
● avoid to many intersections
● slight curve in driveway is better that can maintain alertness for drivers than
monotonous driveway
● line driveways with trees and landscape
● use previous materials to allow rain
● incorporate floor patterns, colors, and materials
● provide vertical landmarks such as towers with colors or signs as focal points
OTHER PRINCIPLES OF WALKWAYS
● provide walkways from site entry to their destination

● walkways can be linear, grid, radial, network
● connect walkways to service facilities and building entry/exit
● determine the number of people walking and width of walkway, standard is for
two people, 1.20 m
● provide assembly or holding area for walkway that holds too many people
● provide site furniture such as benches properly set for temporary resting
● install proper lighting fixtures
● provide focal points for people to appreciate walking such as landscape
elements
PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
RA 9003 – ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000
● material recovery facility – sorting, drop-off cetner, or recycling facility. in the

structure there is mrf to sort out recyclable materials.
● in hospitals, hazardous and toxic wastes are separately sorted.
● methane gas that can be collected from landfills can be converted to energy
● municipal waste – produced from activities within lgu as combination of
domestic, commercial, and institutional wastes
RA 9275 – PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004
● aims to protect the country's water bodies involving stakeholders (people who
will be affected directly/indirectly).
● domestic waste coming from households and other structures should connect
to septic tanks or STP (Sewage Treatment Plant-to digest solid before disposing
the water).
PD 856 CODE OF SANITATION
● governs water supply

● water refilling stations, for instance, even beauty parlors and fast-food chains
should follow this code
● In site planning, activities that include areas should also follow the code.
○ no deep walls within 25m from any source of pollution
○ washing clothes within 25m from any source of drinking should be
prohibited
○ no radioactive sources shall be sorted within 25m from any source
○ no person charged with the management of public water supply shall
permit any physical connection between its distribution system
● installation of booster pump directly from water supply where low-pressure is
prohibited
● Instead, let water flow through gravity down to the cistern or underground then
you can already install the pump to extract the water from the ground to the
next floor.
● public sewer line can have their toilet pass through the street sewer line in line
with the government, but today, it is requirement to have individual septic
tanks
○ septic tank should not be constructed under any building within 25m
from any source of water supply
● designing a memorial ground, no burial ground shall be located within 50m
from either side of river or 50m from any source of water supply
○ at least be 25m distant from any dwelling house or no house shall be
constructed within the same distance from any burial ground
RA 8749 – PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999
● air pollution control policy
● Environmental taxes are higher for areas that cause too much pollution, for
example, manufacturing plants.
RA 6969 – TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR WASTES CONTROL ACT
OF 1990
● covers import, manufacture, disposal, handling, processing of toxic wastes in
the country
● involves the DENR
RA 3571 – AN ACT OF CUTTING DESTROYING OR INJURING OF PLANTED GROWING TREES

OR PLANTS OF SCENIC VALUE ALONG PUBLIC ROADS, PLAZAS, PARKS, SCHOOLS,
OTHERS
● take into consideration endangered trees and neighboring streets as well
PD 1586 – ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT OF 1978
● this law is applied to structure where the building is still on design phase, where
it can be projected how the environment will affect the project
● There will be a new process to protect the environment when a building
produces more pollution. For example, recommend state of the art stp,
technology of water collection, and employing people to sort wastes.
● this law helps to know the feasibility of the study and acts as mitigating law
● this law assess people, land, water, air, economic aspects
● this law identifies environmentally critical areas and will create
recommendations to solve the problem and lessen the impact
RA7586 - NIPAS ACT OF 1992
● Protected areas include

○ strict nature preserve, natural parks, natural monument, wildlife
sanctuary, protected areas, resource reserve, natural biotic areas
○ example: Tubbataha Reef, Ifugao Rice Terraces
RA 8371 – INDIGENOUS PEOPLES’ RIGHTS ACT OF 1997
● pertains to protection of indigenous people and community by establishing
funds and rights
● provision of protecting the ancestral land of indigenous people where no
owner can buy, but only the indigenous people who practices their tradition
and culture.
BEHAVIOR SETTING
● coined by Roger Baker and Herbert Wright
● setting a space for specific behavior
● physical location that influences behavior of people within
● for example, in library, cubicles are for one-person only to focus and study
● As architects, we design buildings where people inhabit, that’s why we also
consider behavior settings.
SURVEYING A BEHAVIOR SETTING:
1. occurrence
● number of days in a year the behavior setting is occurring
2. duration
● number of hours the setting functions a year
3. population
● number of different people who inhabit the setting
4. occupancy time
● number of person-hours spent in the setting
5. penetration
● degree which an inhabitant involved in setting and consists of six
incremental zones from onlooker to leader
6. action patterns
● functional attributes of patterns such as religion, education and
recreation
7. behavior mechanism
● gross motor activity, talking or thinking and other human activities
8. richness
● composite measure of variety behavior in setting, computation with
formula
9. pressure
● external forces act upon a person to approach or avoid from the setting
10. welfare
● relevance of setting to particular group of inhabitants
11. local autonomy
● geographic level which setting’s operation are determined such as
towns, district, state
COMPLEX INTERACTION BETWEEN VARIABLES:
1. environment
● it can be modified, for example, during the pandemic there should be
maintained distances
● environmental possibilism, human is capable of making choices or
environmental opportunities available to them
○ encourages creativity
○ for example, benches without backrest, people can lay down or
face each other
● environmental probabilism, limits human opportunities and the
environment is the one that gives cue to certain decisions
○ for example, curved benches discourage people to lay down
○ eating on fast food chains by standing on higher tables
2. inner condition of the individual
● physiological, way the living or bodily part function as physically,
body temperature, consciousness
● psychological, mind and emotions related
● environmental psychology, deals with study of relationships
between environment and human behavior and how they affect
each other
○ roger baker, theorized social settings influence behavior
○ for example, social features in subdivision such as parks and
playground or in houses, common spaces such as
dining/living area
3. people-environment relationship
● consistency in the behavioral pattern in a given space
● for example, classroom setting that can be used for discussion and
student activities or collaborations
RESEARCH AND STUDIES

1. Rutledge
● visual approach to park design
● methods for learning more about behavior patterns is type of observation
study
2. environmental psychology
3. user needs study
● developing site that meets the needs of users
● social and behavioral factors settings who objectives and physical
characteristics affect the behavior of people
4. functional aspect
● circulation flow, how people are moving
● proximity, adjacency of spaces to each other
● spatial quality, space factor of people
SENSUOUS QUALITIES OF THE SPACE
1. sense of touch
● spatial one
● perception of volume of air observed through eyes, ears, and skin
● feel of a surface or how it should feel
2. visual resources
● use of google maps allow people to see views digitally
● use of lidar that light detection and ranging, remote sensing used
● to examine surface of earth
● views, scene observed from a vantage point or landscape seen in a
limited set of viewpoints such as windows
● vistas, confined view with a dominant feature
● visual barriers, may cut off views that either be pleasing or objectionable
3. hearing
● convey shape of space
● blind users use echolocation to move
● absence of echo is interpreted as extended openness
● noise pollution is an example of nuisance
● sound of stones, stalk sounds, birds chirps, wistful water, windchimes are
sound of peace
4. smell
● fragrances or aromatherapy park can be considered by placing trees or
flowering plants
5. additional:
● ceiling of the site can be tall trees and pergolas, for shaded walkway
● wall of the site can be vertical gardens, trellis, buildings
● floor of the site can be colorful plants (carpeted) or smooth tiles
SENSUOUS QUALITY OF THE SITE
sense of touch, hearing, visual, and taste if possible. If all of these senses are achieved,
your site is good.
SENSUOUS FORM
● absolute beauty in art, limited to the real (something you can see), sensuous
reality (something you can feel).
● perceptual coherence of urban landscapes, their spaces, the diversity of
sensations they provide of what are the things that stimulate the sense that are
there in the site, kevin lynch
○ for example: sense of smell from flower fragrance, sense of touch from
the site ground/grass
○ for example, forest bathing in japan, wherein certain trees such as
bamboos emit chemicals that relieve people from stress as they enter
○ schematic is the medium between idea and sensuous form
■ using colors and rendered textures in drawing a site
SENSUOUS ELEMENTS
particular characteristics of environment significant to perception (for example, still

water reflects its background)
1. spatial form include:
● location
● scale (if you are comparing one object to another such as your head to
your body or window of building a and b, that is proportion. but if it is the
size of one object to another such as a size of hand and a phone, that is
scale.)
● general form
● clarity
● linkages between
2. visible life and activity
● sight of other people (people attract people also)
● evidence of plant and animal (nature attract people)
● impression of warmth 9adding scenic view of water)
3. ambiance
● light
○ general lighting: such as lamp post to lit entire area.
○ activity lighting: if a specific area for an activity only
○ accent lighting, specific lights to highlight specfic object that can
be down or up lighted.
● noise/sound
● microclimate/solar, rain, wind, temperature
● smell
4. visibility
● landmarks, landforms, building masses
● view and location can make residential or commercial spaces more
expensive/highest real estate value
5. surfaces
● visual and tactile
● materials used in walls, floor, paving
● earth rock, water, topography
6. communication
● location
● intensity and clarity
● information and signs (make it textural to lessen vandalism)
SENSUOUS QUALITY OF THE SITE – FORM
● affecting sense, and form is the visible shape or configuration of something

● purposes are: human comfort, orientation, communication of status
1. spatial illusions
● looseness of outdoor space
● rhythm and gradient
● spatial dimensions (textured spaces and vertical gardens can create
larger spaces)
2. vertical elements in outdoor perception
● outdoor spaces are partially bounded only
● level changes can define space and volume
3. proportion and scale
● sites are humanized/scaled in accordance with human scale
● enclosure, nature limiting spaces to what it enloses upon
4. symbolic connotations
● symbols and its purposes/functions indicated in site plans
● for example, drawn through branches without leaves indicate seasonal
trees
5. light
● creates illusion through shadows
6. visible activity
● a space with furniture for different activities influences the way the senses
perceive the said space
GROUND FORM
● structures are adjusted to fit based on slopes and topography on the floor
(architectonic)
● examples are rocks or other textures such as bricks and tiles
GROUND TEXTURE
● it can be fine ground (closed cropped) to make site bigger

● to make site smaller, treat it coarsely ground (rough such as bricks)
● water, conveys unity that also reflects buildings around such as still water
● plants and details
SITE CONTEXT
● macro planning – arranging activities in response to natural and man-made

surroundings
● micro planning, arranging activities within the site
● contextual analysis – getting data and seeking for patterns and trends of the
past o for example: land suitability based on soil map, contour map, and
analysis
Module 1 Reviewer
Planning 2: Fundamentals of Urban Design and Community Architecture
Mapua University
Dr. Ma. Socorro A. Gacutan
2Q 2022-2023
URBAN
● From the Latin word “urbs” which means “city”
● Has a common intention within the community
URBAN DESIGN
● “ARCHITECTURE OF CITIES”
● Focuses on (1) arrangement, (2) appearance, (3) functionality of towns and cities, (4)
shaping and uses of urban public space
● DESIGNING PUBLIC SPACES on a PHYSICAL ASPECT (community-centric)
o ARCHITECTURE: designing buildings onsite
o URBAN PLANNING: management of private development through established
planning methods and programs, and other statutory development controls.
o Community: collection of public spaces, retention on a physical aspect
o Urban development goes beyond the site (Open spaces such as parks and
utilities).
● Traditionally been regarded as part of urban planning, landscape architecture, or
architecture
o MULTI-DISCIPLINARY profession (collaborative work with other fields such as
sociology, architecture, etc.)
● Linked to emergent disciplines such as LANDSCAPE URBANISM
● Design practice that operates at the intersection of all three, and requires a good
understanding of a range of others besides, such as real estate development, urban
economics, political economy, and social theory
o POLITICAL ECONOMY: Local government (mayor) is the client
o REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENT: Planned unit development often owned by private
investors
o SOCIAL THEORY: ideas from sociology
URBAN DESIGN VS URBAN PLANNING

URBAN DESIGN URBAN PLANNING
Physical improvement and beautifying of Management, regulation, and planning of

cities cities
URBAN DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
CONSIDERATION DESCRIPTION
● How a place is put together and how its parts relate to each other
Urban Structures ● Buildings, lamp posts, bridges
● Physical elements that define the streets
● Spatial types and morphologies related to intensity of use,

Urban typology, consumption of resources and production, and maintenance of viable
density, and communities
sustainability ● Trend: disaster-resilient sustainable design
● Concerned with the maintenance of space
● Providing for ease, safety, and choice when moving through places
Accessibility ● Good example: permeable cities (people choose their manner of
movement)
● Help people find their way around and understand how a place works
Legibility and ● Tall buildings, banners, and flags are good wayfinding elements found
wayfinding in big areas such as amusement parks
● Concerned with inclusivity
● Designing spaces to stimulate public activity

Animation
● Elements placed to perk interest
Function and Fit ● Shaping places to support their varied intended uses
Complementary ● Locating activities to allow constructive interaction between them

mixed uses ● Interrelation of spaces
Character and ● Recognizing and valuing the differences between one place and
meaning another
● Balancing consistency and variety in the urban environment in the

Order and incident
interests of appreciating both
● Locating people in time and place, including respect for heritage and
Continuity and
support for contemporary culture
change
● “CONSERVATION OF HERITAGE”
● Making places where people are free to encounter each other as

Civil society
civic equals, an important component in building social capital
ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN

ELEMENT DESCRIPTION KEYWORDS
Most pronounced elements of urban design – they shape ● Streetscape
and articulate space by forming the street walls of the city. ● Shape the streets
Buildings
Well-designed buildings and groups of buildings work ● Circulation system
together to create a “sense of place”. ● Beautifying element
Great public spaces are the living room of the city – the
place where people come together to enjoy the city and ● Parks are living rooms
Public each other. Public spaces make high quality life in the city of the city
space possible – they form the stage and backdrop to the drama ● Hierarchy: from big to
of life. Public spaces range from grand central plazas and small parks
squares, to small, local neighborhood parks.
Connections between spaces and places, as well as being

spaces themselves. They are defined by their physical ● Connections
dimension and character as well as the size, scale, and between spaces and
character of the buildings that line them. Streets range places
Streets
from grand avenues such as the Champ-Elysees in Paris to ● Has varied roles
small, intimate pedestrian streets. The pattern of the street (expressways, alleys,
network is part of what defines a city and what makes etc.)
each city unique.
Transport systems connect the parts of cities and help

shape them and enable movement throughout the city. Different culture creates
They include road, rail, bicycle, and pedestrian networks, different transport
and together form the total movement system of a city. systems
Transport The balance of these various transport systems is what ● Thai: tuktuk
helps define the quality and character of cities and makes ● Venice: gondola
them either friendly or hostile to pedestrians. The best cities ● Trambiya (train)
are the ones that elevate the experience of the pedestrian
● PH: padyak
while minimizing the dominance of the private automobile.
The landscape is the green part of the city that weaves

throughout – in the form of urban parks, street trees, plants,
flowers, and water in many forms. The landscape helps
define the character and beauty of a city and creates
Landscape Urban parks and forests
soft, contrasting spaces and elements. Green spaces in
cities range from grand parks such as Central Park in New
York City and the Washington DC Mall, to small intimate
pocket parks.
URBAN DESIGN IMPACTS

IMPACT DESCRIPTION
● What people do in a space to help them achieve a sense of pride

Social Aspect
● One example is the Easter celebration in Urban Public Spaces
Income-generating
Safety and Security ● Designing of streets to reduce crime and accidents
● Passing of streets triggers or creates memories

Place Attachment ● People place meanings (soul) to the space. Eventually, people take
(memory recall) care of it.
● Example: Malaysia and Thai street food, Kantunan
PRINCIPLES IN URBAN DESIGN

PRINCIPLE DESCRIPTION
Proportion ● Relationship of objects in ONE body using mathematics
Balance ● Visual weight (symmetry)
Harmony ● Unity of elements through one unifying element
Rhythm ● Repetition of elements at regular intervals; MOVEMENT
Contrast ● Opposites
Dominance ● Use of vistas and emphasis

COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE
● Involvement of people or the community in the process of designing their public spaces
o Community charrette work cycles
● Term originates in England: covers community planning, community development, and

other forms of community assistance
● In the USA, this is called “social architecture”.
FOUR PRE-CONDITIONS IN ESTABLISHING A SETTLEMENT
Ecological Base
● Nature must be conducive for living for all living things
● Includes land, water, and air
● Must take into consideration the ability to adapt of certain organisms in harsh
environments (desert regions)
Population
● Enough population birth communities and social organizations
Society and Government

● Follows the principle, “no man is an island”
● Families are headed by a chieftain (form of government)
Technology
● What is being developed so that man will be happy
● May be a process of doing things (ex: agriculture, irrigation, plowing, fertilizer, and
pesticides)
PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE
TECHNOLOGY: Stone tools (hunter-gatherers)
ECOLOGY: cold climate (natural freezer)
Ancient City of Catal Huyuk (7000 BCE)
● CLIMATE ADAPTATION: attached houses to one another for cold and warm temperatures
● CIRCULATION: through the rooftops that has an opening on the flat roof, no windows or
streets are available
● PUBLIC SPACES: rooftops also served as a place for outdoor activities which contained
communal ovens
● SOCIAL ACTIVITY: eating of bread
● SOCIAL HIERARCHY: matriarchal
● BURIAL: located under the floors of the houses
Natufian Culture of Syria and Palestine (Jericho) (9000 BCE)

● GEOLOGY: natural defenses allowed settlement and trading
● ECOLOGY: has water
● SOCIETY: hunter-gathering
● TECHNOLOGY: developed new tools in harvesting wild grains
● BURIAL: zoned cemeteries for the dead at the outermost part of the city
o Taking care of the dead is a universal tendency (for disposal and remembrance)
● BUILDINGS: houses adapted to the cold climate
o Circular with a dug-out floor and fire pit at the center (heat distribution)
o Dry wall foundation and stone walls
o Thatched roof
Ancient City of Khirokita

● BUILDINGS: circular houses
o Stone at the base
o Adobe and mud at the upper part
o Roof: branches, straws covered in mud
o Fire pit
● STREETS: linear layout
o First city where there was a street
o Settlements lined along the road
o Narrow and long stone construction
o “wall of the settlement”
ANCIENT BABYLON (1770 BCE)

● GEOGRAPHY: In Mesopotamia (Iraq), divided by the Euphrates River
● ARCHITECTURE: “Mudbrick”, “Polychrome”
● GOVERNMENT & STRUCTURES: Nebuchadnezzar II ordered complete reconstruction of
imperial grounds
o Etemenaki Ziggurat: seven stories in height with a temple shrine at the top
o Ishtar Gate: waterfronts along the river line (religious in nature)
▪ Adapted in Singapore, Australia, and Hong Kong
▪ Can be applied with Escolta (Pasig River)
o Hanging Gardens of Babylon: for his wife, Amyitis; one of the first examples of a
vertical garden
● Walled city for defenses: used bow and arrows for fighting
o Invaders cannot go in
o Citizens cannot go out
● RELIGION: Anu (God of sky)
o Associated with the color blue
o Mudbrick was first in terra cotta color but was colored blue and gold in latter
years
● CITY LAYOUT
o Heavily fortified
o Square in plan, grid-iron layout
o Main streets intersected at right angles terminating in tower – framed bronze
gates
o Importance of riverfront in the location of important buildings
● PROCESSIONAL WAY
o Half-mile long from the Ishtar Gate
o Big streets for religious processions and not for cars
● STREETS
o For transport and circulation
o For social and religious activities
ANCIENT EGYPT
● GEOGRAPHY (ECOLOGY): near the Nile River, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea and
the Red Sea
o The location made it important and progressive to the point of becoming an
empire in 300BC
o Ecologically based formation of city – with land, water, and water transportation
o Little to no rain, but had annual flooding / inundation of the Nile
▪ allowed them to enjoy agricultural activities
▪ males engaged in farming
▪ settlements situated near the river
▪ land is irrigated by the Nile River
● CITY PLANNING
o Grid layout (intersects at 90 degrees)
o Regular lots because of the flat land
o Symmetrical
o Residents found along the Nile River
o Took advantage of the sun in building houses
o Walled Cities
o Oriented along Northeast and Southwest, with respect to the mid-winter sunrise
▪ Best orientation
▪ North: poses problems with humidity
▪ East: morning sun
▪ Northeast: indirect morning sun, with light most time of the day
o Arranged spaces by land uses.
● HOUSING FOR WORKING CLASS
o Transient settlement near site where pyramids were made
o Housing was according to social classes
▪ Israelites: prisoners of war
o Presence of workers camp to temporarily house worker farmers commissioned as
construction workers
o Workers can bring together their families
o Farmers are paid laborers. Slaves are not.
o After six months, farmers go back to the farmlands to plant.
ANCIENT GREECE
● GOVERNMENT
o Democratic: people assisted the king in leadership
o Introduced spaces for the public
● STREETS
o Colonial Settlement (Greece as a province of Rome)
▪ Considered slopes
▪ Streets were curvilinear
▪ Followed lines of communication, curving and bending where necessary
to avoid obstacles or ease gradients
o Classical Greek
▪ Grid-iron layout despite having a mountainous topography
▪ Did not consider slopes
▪ Used stairs for circulation, not practical for today’s cars
● TOWNS
o Had fixed boundaries
o Fortified (6th Century)
o Debates in open spaces (agora)
▪ Located at the major intersections of Greece
▪ For socio-economic and political space
▪ Has buildings dedicated to government, public, leisure, and religion
▪ Marketplace
o Acropolis
▪ Located at the top of the hill
▪ Zone of temples
● GRID-IRON LAYOUT
o Economically efficient
o Easier to do
o Prevents irregular-shaped lots
● URBAN DESIGNERS
o Hippodamus of Miletus
▪ Father of urban planning
▪ Hippodamian plan of city layouts (grid-iron plan)
▪ Planned Greek cities by order and regularity
o Dinocrates of Rhodes
▪ Known for the City of Alexandria, monumental pyre for Hephaestion, and
the reconstruction of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
● POLIS: City states in the Archaic Period
● SOCIAL HIERARCHY
o Slaves: servants and laborers without legal rights
o Free men
o Social Classes only applied to men
o Woman are not allowed to take in public life, dependent on husband
● GREEK ORDERS
o Doric: Plain, simplest
o Ionic: thinner, more elegant, scroll-like design
o Corinthian: most intricate, detailed with acanthus leaves
● GREEK BUILDINGS
o Amphitheatre: had perfect acoustics for shows and entertainment
o Parthenon: treasury house
o Bouleuterion: council house, assembly house, senate house
o Stoa: free-standing colonnaded walkway protecting the citizens from sun and
rain
ROMAN EMPIRE
INFLUENCE
● Hierarchical placement of shopping enters based on location, goods, and frequency
● Shops along the streets made it Rome an international shopping center
o Best goods from its colonies as the largest empire
● Design of cemeteries, situated at the outer zone
LAYOUT
● Irregular streets due to military conditions
● Cloaca Maxima: drainage system
● Fortified cities
STREETS
● Do not intersect at right angles
● Covered in heavy flagged stones
● Irregular and narrow
● Spaced stepping stones for pedestrians
● Street intersections have public fountains
● STRADA DELL ABBONDANZA: commercial street with small shops, offices, taverns,
bakeries, etc.
● CARDO: major street oriented North-South
o “Heart of the city”
o Lined with important business structures
● DECUMANOS: major street oriented East-West
● VESUVIUS & STABIAN: city gates
BLOCKS
● Irregular
● Fora are set apart from major traffic arteries, vehicles cannot enter
● Situated in the intersection of Cardo and Decumanos
● Curia and Basilica on South
STRUCTURES
Roman Forum
● Market place
● An open area, usually rectangular in shape, surrounded by colonnades on one or two
storeys typically with Basilica (law courts with money exchanges), treasuries, record
offices, and comitium (assembly places)
● Socio-cultural, economic, political, and religious activities happen in this complex
● Debates and arguments
● Roman version of Agora
Taberna
● A one room shop that includes bakeries, fish shops, and wine shops
● Bakeries: counters near the street where the bread was sold, mills, grain storage, and
ovens were at the back
● Fish shop: marble slabs for fish preparation, water tanks, and ovens
● Wine shop: solid masonry counters with wide-mouthed jars sunk into them
Theatres
● Cavea (public seats)
● Orchestra (private seats)
● Scaena (stage)
Amphitheatre
o Elliptical building with an oval arena for gladiatorial games or vena
Circus
o Chariot racing and venationes (largest building for entertainment)
Temples
● Dedicated to Roman Gods and Goddesses, typically raised on a high podium, emphasis
was given to the façade and often set either singly or in groups inside colonnaded
enclosures
Churches
● Earliest worship were in rooms of private houses, and only the altar and decorations
identified them as Christians
Shopping Centers
● Had a row of shops opening off a barrel vaulted market hall
Public baths
● Thermae: divided into two (female and male)
● Balnea: small scale baths
● Natatio: swimming pool
Bridges
● Typical built in one major span
Triumphal Arches
● Dedicated to emperors or members of the imperial family, but sometimes to towns,
municipalities, and divinities
Tombs & Burial Methods

● Formae: ground covered with stone slab
● Loculi: slot in the wall of a catacomb
● Arcosolia: recess with the body either immured or in sarcophagus underneath
● Chamber tomb
ROMAN HOUSES
Domus: palace, house of the rich
Villa: palace located at the country or outside the city
Insulae: commoner house; apartment-like
Rain Harvesting System: compluvium and impluvium (pool-like at the center of the house)
MEDIEVAL CITY
● Between ancient civilization and Renaissance
● Collapse of Rome due to (1) corruption, (2) independence of cities, (3) rise of Christianity
and Islam
SOCIO-CULTURAL
● Feudalism: kingdoms were independent; no separation between Church and State
● More ecclesiastical and castle architectures were built to house religious (Christian)
activities
● CRUSADES: Islam vs Christianity
● Birthed two Architectural Styles
o Romanesque: characterized by arcades from ground to ceiling, borrowed other
styles (i.e.: Islam’s pointed arches), construction of churches was used as a trophy
in winning the war
o Gothic: characterized by tall spires, flying buttresses
CASTLES
● Located outside the city as a defensive strategy of the King
CITY PLANNING
● Designed streets for war
o Zigzagging streets (irregular)
o Arouse confusion to trap enemies
● Plazas (market place) were located near the church
● Horse-drawn carts were used for vehicles
● Walled city for protection
o Surrounded by wall and moat
BUILDINGS
● Church or Cathedral
o Cathedral for bishop
● Castle
o Located on top of the hill
CARCASSONE, FRANCE
● Dominant castle and church
● Meandering streets (irregular blocks)
● Church and Plaza located at the middle
● Castle on elevated land was surrounded by settlements and fields
NOEROLINGEN
● A radial plan that had the church at the middle and villager settlements surrounding it.
● Used tiled roofs and white buildings
PICTURESQUE TOWNS
● Mont Saint-Michel
o Castle located at the middle of the sea o top of a hill
o Framed vistas, different views on high tide and low tide
RENAISSANCE (1500S – 1600S)

● Focused on revival
o Gothic
o Roman
o Greek
o Romanesque
o Byzantine
● Used same ideas because there is no sufficient time to explore architecture with the
boost of science and technology
● European cities affected by war dreamt of having an empire
● Emergence of Utopian City Design
o Post-war design in anticipation of war
● MERCHANTS: primary clients during Renaissance due to their collected richness when
they left Rome for trade in the East
o MEDICI FAMILY: owned and initiated
constructions of palaces
FLORENCE, ITALY
● Sparked the Renaissance movement
o Florence Cathedral Renovation by Brunelleschi (Dome)
o Initially of Greco-Roman Revival
FILARETE PLAN
● Ideal plan reflecting society
● Perfect city form is the image of a perfect society
BUILDINGS
● Civic Buildings (Public)
● Domestic Architecture (Residential)
● Ecclesiastical Architecture (Church)
PALMANOVA TOWN
● Radial Street Pattern
● Disadvantageous when it comes to overpopulation
o Traffic congested at the center
RENAISSANCE TOWNS
● Start with Plaza as a reference point
● Church serves as an axis
● Symmetrical Layout
PALAZZO RICARDI
● Pedestrian-friendly
ROMAN CARDINALS
● Loosely planned
● Churches were symmetrical
VENICE
● Had waterfront along the Grand Canal
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
● Started in London from 1760 to 1840 as communities shifted from agriculture to
manufacturing
o Farmers transferred to non-agricultural works particularly working in the factories
● Marked the changes in production methods from manual to machine
o Had different inventions and patents
FIRST WAVE
● Introduced (1) new chemical manufacturing, (2) iron production, (3) mechanized factory
system, (4) rise of trade and commerce, (5) invention of steam engine, (6) electrical
telegram
o Invention of steam engine allowed the rise of trade and commerce
o Telephone communications became important in their time
SECOND WAVE
● Discovered (1) steel making, (2) mass production, (3) assembly line
o Mass production allowed for many laborers to have tasks of their own, hence,
lowers labor costs
o Mass production lowered costs for both consumers and manufacturers
o Competition among different products led to producing quality goods as well
o Assembly lines departmentalized processes tasked to a group of people
▪ Make skilled workers after long exposure to the work
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Urbanization (Overpopulation and Overcrowding)
● People moved from villages and towns to cities where factories were located
● Garbage filled the overcrowded city streets resulting in spreading of diseases
● No regulation for pollution despite the use of coal in factories
● Coal produced GHG Emissions
Settlements in Abandoned Housing

● Countryside people who move to cities take shelter in abandoned buildings that have
no utilities
● Residential areas are not fit for living
o No proper hygiene: resulted to deaths due to highly contagious diseases such as
cholera, chicken pox, measles, and Bubonic plague
o Buildings do not have any heating system despite the cold and harsh winter
o Poor waste disposal
● Lacked open spaces
● Balconies were used for babies to receive sunshine and prevent jaundice (turning of skin
to yellow because of lack of Vitamin D)
● Window sills with grills was also used for infants for protection and receiving sunlight
Juvenile delinquency, labor malpractice, child labor

● Exploited and abuses women and children
● Committed petty crimes (pickpocket)
Created visionary architects to design spaces conducive for living

EFFECTS OF MACHINES IN URBAN DESIGN
● Wider paved streets for cars
● Stations and tracts for transportation
o Made migration from countryside to city faster
● Street utilities such as street lights resulting to synchronized traffic
SOLVING OF PROBLEMS THROUGH PLANNED INDUSTRIAL TOWNS

Francis Cabot Lowell
● Invented first integrated textile mill
● Communities built around factories
● Rise of mill towns (steel, textile, cotton)
● Housing of laborers (planned industrial towns) owned by factory owners
o Residential areas with open spaces
o Prevents young English farm girls to be exploited
o Ex: Teacher’s Village in UP, Military Village, Meralco Village
Krupp Factories of Essex Germany

● Engaged in the production of steel for railway construction
o Trains using coal made efficient transportation
o Located around steel works and mines
● Includes housing with parks, sporting ground, school
● Housing for loyal and apolitical employees working near the mines
● Grid-iron layout of streets with long tenement blocks all parallel to one another
Pullman Ill
● Town for factory workers
Cadbury Chocolate Company, Bournville

● Garden community
● George Cadbury converted a land into a model community for his factory workers
o Concerned with health and fitness of the workers
● Included parks and open spaces (for walking, indoor swimming, and lake swimming),
sports facilities (football), clubhouses
● 1900s: Bournville Trust Fund provided schools, museums, hospitals, and public baths
Tony Garnier
● Designed an ideal industrial town with ZONING
o Specific activities in specific place
▪ Residential in plateaus
▪ Factories in valleys
▪ Hospitals in high hills
▪ Cemeteries with vistas
▪ Smelting plants and mines located at a distance
Don Soria y Mata

● Spanish businessman and civil engineer who created the first street car and telephone
system
● Proposed the La Ciudad Lineal or “Linear City”
o Linear utility systems (water, communications, and electricity) at the main road
Peter Kropotkin
● Focused on the use of electricity for agriculture and manual work
● Advocate for minimal government intervention and maximum individual self-sufficiency
Edgar Chambless
● Concept of Motopia: vehicles on rooftops
● Projected the problem of cars clogging the streets therefore, alternative routes should be
available
● Connecting all buildings and cars
Eugene Henard
● Building on stilts, traffic circles, underpasses, and airplanes landing on rooftops
● Use of drones to transfer goods from one place to another
Antonio Sant’Elia
● Idea of megapolis, an enormous metropolis that may be vertical or horizontal (use of
above-the-ground pedestrian walks or connectors and vehicular roads).
● Pedestrian circulation is within the building which are connected with circular roads
Metabolism Group
● Japanese visionary architects who proposed human habitat under water
● Underwater cities with unique pyramidal forms
CONSERVATIONIST AND PARK MOVEMENT (landscape architects)

GEORGE PERKIN MARSH
● American who saw the bad effects of technology to the environment
● Founder of modern conservation movement
● Criticized belief of superabundance and emphasized the restoration of damaged land
and he contributed to the knowledge of preservation and park system
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED-SAW

● Saw the improper use of land and labor, damaging g democracy
● Concerned with the increase in population and the moral disintegration of dwellers
● Urban parks in cities to let people enjoy nature
o Place for social activities
o Improve health and well-being
o Improve air quality by absorbing GHG gases
● Designed Central Park
o Reservoir of fresh water under the public space
o Open space is enjoyed by the city dwellers
EBENEZER HOWARD
● English parliamentary stenographer who observed land problems which fruited the
Garden City Movement
● Envisioned workable, livable satellite towns connected to a central city
● Central City: 58,000 surrounded by smaller cities (Garden Cities) of 32,000 people
o Population in each city must be maintained
● Railroads and road linked the towns being self-sustained and contained
● Greenbelts binds garden cities that serve as agricultural areas of towns
o Self-sustained and self-contained
▪ No need for migration because the area is complete with amenities
● Merge conditions between towns and country
NEW TOWN CONCEPT BY LETCHWORTH

● Incorporates Howard’s Garden
● First Garden City
CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT BY DANIEL BURNHAM

● Improvement of the city through beautification would
o Eliminate social ills due to effect of aesthetics, awareness of civic loyalty, and
lessen crime
o American cities be at par with European cities adopting European style
o Inviting city center attract investors and people to spend in the city
● Economic and Social improvements follow physical improvements
o People become more civic minded so they will protect it
● First applied to Chicago
● Commissioned by William H. Taft to reconstruct Manila and Baguio
o Main streets were beautiful because of landscape (avenues or boulevards)
o Along avenues were civic structures and government buildings in neoclassical
style
▪ White structures with waterfront parks and landscape
▪ Uniformity of styles added formality to the city
o Street layout was a combination of radial and grid
● Chicago “The White City” in the World’s Columbian Expo (1893)
o Tree-lined avenues flanked with civic buildings in white and neoclassical style
o Streets combined with grid and rotundas
o Water features and landscaped waterfronts
o Parks and plazas
● Cities needed to get away from the black soot of the coal and become more clean and
classical.
● Major landmark at the intersection of major streets
BROADACRE CITY OF FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

● Followed Howard
● Proposed every family live on an acre of land
o Problem: difficulty of land supply and expensive
MILE HIGH ARCHITECTRE

● Vertical spaces for residences
NEW COMMUNITIES MOVEMENT

● Advocates: Louis Mumford, Clarence Stein, Henry Wright, and Alexander Bing
● Peace meal developments on gridiron tracts were wasteful and unnecessary
● Focused on the social aspect of people, particularly the basic unit of family
● Introduced the concept of neighborhood
● Clustered community design interspersed with open built-up spaces
● Proper positioning of houses and type of street that enters the area to reduce probability
of car accidents
● Proper location of commercial – located outside the neighborhood so stores will have
maximum advantage, maximum exposure to other people
● Center is an open space for social activity
MODERN TIMES
ELIEL SAARINEN’S “THE CITY”
● Proposed decentralization of large cities
LUDWIG HILLBERSHANIER
● Cities laid in relation to the prevailing wind to prevent smokes from factories to penetrate
into cities
● Concept of proper orientation
RICHARD NEUTRA’S RUSH CITY REFORMED

● Depicts a modern city using modern transportation system to avoid congestion
LE CORBUSIER
● Combined modern city form with modern technology, and he propose how massive
design problems could be handled by a large group of high and low buildings
● Brought Cubism to a large scale architectural composition for large scale development
planning
CITY OF TOMORROW CONCEPT BY LE CORBUSIER AND CHARLES EDUARD JEANNERET

● People would rather live in suburbs rather than crowded places
● CBDs should be devoted to skyscrapers for business and commerce and must not
exceed 5% of the city
LOUIS KAHN
● Emphasized main street circulation determines urban form
KENZO TANGE
● Circulation in urban design, reflected on his Tokyo plan
● Vehicular traffic segregated according to speed, dwelling and work areas stacked in
several levels
CONSTANTIN DOXIADES’ EKISTICS

● Science of Human Settlement
● Ekistic Grid: system for recording planning data and ordering of the planning process
● 5 ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT
o Man
o Shelter
o Society
o Network
o Nature
CHARLES ABRAMS
● Focused on housing as one prime field of endeavor for solving urban problems
BUCKMINSTER FULLER’S INVENTORY OF WORLD RESOURCES, HUMAN TRENDS, AND NEEDS

● Assess current state of world products and productive energy that can be turned to a
“Geodesic Dome”
● Proponent of Satellite City
LEWES MUMFORD
● Urged fundamental needs of the society be the basis for judicious use of technological
power
● Recognize the physical limitations of human settlement
NEW URBANISM
● Found that transportation systems can contribute to GHG gases
● Introduced walkable cities that are environmentally friendly
● Housing and shopping in close proximity
● Accessible public spaces
● Focuses on human-scaled urban design
● Neighborhood friendly (TND)
● Transit-oriented design (TOD)
● San Antonio First Urbanism Neighborhood Plan
o Followed the New Urbanism Neighborhood Concept
GREEN CITIES
● Emerged to solve environmental problems
● Considers the lessening of environmental impact on land, water, and air, making the city
compact and sustainable
RESILIENT CITIES
● Sustainable cities that will not be damaged during disasters which can be used for
generations to come
● Use of city for the future generation makes it sustainable
● Green buildings:
o Energy-efficient: not dependent on electricity (which is dependent on coal)
BIODIVERSIFIED CITY
● Cities not only used by people but also other creatures on Earth
● Ecological Corridor: means for animals to migrate from one area to another without
crossing the street. Soil and plants cover the overpass so animals will be attracted to pass
it. Barbed wires are also put to direct migratory animals away from the street
● Skyrise structures with garden rooftops
SMART CITY
● Elements of the city are more or less wireless or operated by computers
o Tracking of criminals
o Determination of votes
o Traffic control
Module 2 Reviewer
Mapua University
2Q 2022-2023
URBAN DESIGN SIGNS AND SYMBOL:
ELEMENTS OR URBAN FORM
Land Use Map
● See the representation of areas like residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, etc.
● Standard colors:
o RESIDENTIAL – Yellow Ochre
o COMMERCIAL - Red
o INDUSTRIAL - Purple
o INSTITUTIONAL - Cobalt
o PARKS / PLAYGROUNDS - Green
o INFRASTRUCTURE / UTILITIES - Grey
o BUILT UP AREAS – Lemon Yellow
o AGRICULTURE – Pale Green
o AGRO INDUSTRIAL – Pink
o FOREST – Dark Green
o MINING / QUARRY – Brown
o GRASSLAND / PASTURE – Olive
o SWAMPLANDS / MARSHES – Pale Blue
o CEMETERIES / LANDFILL / IDLE LOTS / OTHERS – Black
Site Features
Drainage
ELEMENTS OF URBAN MORPHOLOGY
● Arranged according to magnitude
● Biggest to smallest in terms of urban details
URBAN FORM
● Arrangement of a built-up area
● Made up of many components including how close buildings and uses are together;
what uses are located where; and how much of the natural environment is a part of the
built-up area
URBAN STRUCTURE
● Overall framework of a region, town, or precinct, showing relationships between zones of
built forms, landforms, natural environments, activities, and open spaces
● Encompasses broader systems including transport and infrastructure networks
● Everything and anything found in the urban space
● Involve the natural environment making the city beautiful
o Invokes tourism
● Anything that will attract people because it is not found in any ordinary city (transport,
experience, etc.)
● Example: Baguio City’s climate, Las Vegas, Nevada association with gambling, Korea
famed for merrymaking and clubbing ad urban parks and forests
URBAN GRAIN AND TEXTURE

● The balance of open space to built form, and the nature and extent of subdividing an
area into smaller parcels or blocks
● Fine Urban Grain
o Division of lots are more or less similar
o may constitute of small or detailed streetscapes, considering the hierarchy of
street types, physical linkages and movement between locations, and modes of
transport
● Coarse Grain
o No pattern in the urban setting
o Uneven sizing and distribution of space to built form
● Pattern of buildings and streets from the skyline
URBAN PATTERN
● The way how different functions and elements of the settlement form are distributed and
mixed together spatially (Urban Grain)
● Define cities without looking at a map because of its familiarity
● Efficient street is grid layout
DENSITY + MIX
● Intensity of development and range of different uses (residential, commercial,
institutional, or recreational)
o Scale of open space to built-up areas
o Town Center Mix: more built-up areas than open space
o Urban Mix: planned unit developments
● Density: number of things found in a given space
o Population Density: distribution of people in a given space
o Urban Density: urban elements distributed in an urban setting
HEIGHT + MASSING
● Scale of buildings in relation to height and floor area, and how they relate to surrounding
landforms, buildings, and streets
● Incorporates building envelope, site coverage, and solar orientation
● Create the sense of openness or enclosure, and effect the amenity of streets, spaces,
and other buildings
o Setbacks are important because it adds space which makes the street
appearance bigger because of deeper setbacks
o Sidewalks must always be considered on street design
PUBLIC REALM
● Spaces used or seen by the public (1) streetscape and landscape, (2) façade and
interface, (3) details and materials
● Streetscape: façade of the building and the material details; façade of the building is
part of the boundary of the street
o Architects should properly design the façade to enhance urban design
o Façade: best part of the building that is seen and appreciated by the public
● Road Right of Way (RROW): a public space that consists of sidewalks, streets, planting
strips, and carriage way
● Urban: total dimension of the public space (street and sidewalk)
● Planting Strips: make visual space wider
● Bicycle lanes and car lanes
● Interface: streets define vibrance, excitement and organization
o Signages add to the beauty of the street
o Relationship of building to the site, the neighboring buildings, alignment, and
setback
o Setbacks must not waste space
o Details such as posts and utility holes serve as decoration (in theme with the
urban design)
● Unique elements that define the public realm (plus factors), own defining elements
● Make cities humane
o Incorporate design in the buildings that will make people stop and sit for a while
(not necessarily 100% compatibility)
o Long area to stop by, includes natural and built environments used by the
general public
● 100% owned by a city which makes it a public space
Privately Owned Public Space (POPS)

● Owned by a private citizen or company that may be open to the public
● Ex: Glorietta’s park shopping center-theme
CROSS-CUTTING FORMS
● How to design in term of urban form, shape, size, bulk, and perception of buildings and
spaces
● Arrangement is made up of many components, including how close building and users
are together
o Compact city: shorter span of utilities and streets
o Vertical City: contemporary development in urban design and planning making
walkable areas
TOPOGRAPHY, LANDSCAPE, AND ENVIRONMENT

● Includes landform and water courses, flora and fauna (natural or introduced)
● Proper planning of waterfront designs (riverbanks, seas, ocean, lakes) that adds to the
beauty of the city
● “Green infrastructure”
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC FABRIC

● Non-physical aspects of urban form which includes social factors, culture, participation,
health, and well-being as well as the productive capacity and economic prosperity of a
community.
● Incorporates aspects such as demographics, changes in lifestyle, social interactions and
support network
● In Urban Design, there are not only the physical consideration but also the people,
culture, their needs and wants, and their lifestyle
o People = communities
● Economics: in design, there is always money involved
o Economize the land (land is equated to money)
o Every square meter of land is very expensive
● Political: first client of urban design is the one who heads the city (mayor)
● Utilities: as population increase, utilities should also increase
SCALE
● Macroscale: urban structure and urban grain
● Microscale: details and materials (patterns)
● The size, bulk, and perception of buildings and spaces
o Bulk: refers to the height, width, and depth of a building in relation to other
surrounding buildings, the street, setbacks, and surrounding open space
ZONING
● Varies depending on local ordinances and climatic conditions
● Vertical Zoning: proper scale and proportion of buildings in terms of its height and
dimensions
o In the Philippines, buildings reduce width as it goes up for light and air
o Sun must not be blocked by the skyscrapers
o Buildings must be similar in scale: large building among smaller buildings would
seem out of scale
o Airport height restrictions
SENSE OF PLACE
● Psychological, human connection, responses, perception to certain spaces
● Memories attached to a place
o Personal stories and experiences
o People cannot forget these experiences and will want to go back to reminisce or
not at all
● Influenced by the condition and development of the city in terms of (1) history, (2)
culture, (3) natural and man-made environmental setting, and (4) socio-political setting
● Environmental Psychology
o Theory of Environmentalists
o Connection between people and environment and activity
● What you do in a city
o Encourage you to have a memory about that activity
▪ Going to province every Christmas
▪ Homecoming
● What makes people proud – “SENSE OF PRIDE”
o How Intramuros would remind you of the activities that you treasured so you want
to go back
● How to design a space that would encourage people to go back and engage people
ANTHROPOLOGY
● Attachment of people to a place based on cultural links such as beliefs, practices
● Associated with people and the activity of the community
● Example: Nazareno (January 9), Panagbenga
● Triggers cultural tourism
o Fully booked hotels
● Apply culture in urban setting:
o Construction of transient hotels near Mecca
ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
● Specific experiences a person get on a specific space that is unique. People cannot
forget the place due to the experiences that the area only provides
● Happiness about the place, forgets their problems, places to unwind
● Uniqueness of the place relies on the things that they see on the city that they do not see
in their current place of abode
● KNOW THE PEOPLE.
GEOGRAPHY (Topophilia)
● People’s emotional, aesthetic attachment to the environment
● Northern Light in Norweigh
● BGC and Hong Kong (built environments)
● Something endemic to the place (Japan, Manila, etc.)
SOCIOLOGY
● Place attachment due to personal reasons
● Emotional attachment to the place, to the community where memories were once
developed
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE OR HISTORY

● Study the sense of place and time
● Space developed by people as time went by
● Sense of place is heightened with the succession of events that is happening in the area
● Conversion of spaces to more profitable spaces that would allow consumers to spend
more money and increase the revenue of the city
● Beauty of space is not limited to visual
● Good form, good activity bears economic prosperity
THE SCIENCE OF PLACE

● Good physical form + Good social activity + Memories = Sense of Place = Economic
Prosperity
● Good Form fruits Good Activity
KEVIN LYNCH IMAGE OF CITY
Kevin Lynch
● First architect who extensively studied about the city
● Studied Boston, Los Angeles, and Jersey to determine the legibility of the city
Kevin Lynch: Neo-Empiricism and Reaction to Modernism

● In 1960s and 1970s, as a reaction to destructive impacts of Modernism on American cities
and urban life, Kevin Lynch, Jane Jacobs, Christopher Alexander, and some others tried
to make the city legible once again.
o The industrial revolution impacted city construction and design negatively. Streets
and buildings were not for the people.
● To them, this could be done by restoring the social and symbolic function of the street
and other public spaces.
o Place-making and sense of place are considered.
o Public spaces are not exclusive to open spaces.
o Rise of POPS (Private-Owned Public Space)
o Included environmental, economic, and political factors
● They criticized the loss of human dimension in modern cities. Thus, their works derived
from the view of city dwellers.
● Among others, Lynch saw the city as text and to “read” it, he used scientific inquiry and
empirical methods (interviews and questionnaires).
o First study to include users’ appreciation in city design
● Lynch’s way of “reading” the city is followed by Appleyard, Thiel, and some other
afterward (community participation, advocacy planning, non-elitists).
o Part of psychological study
● Lynch is chiefly concerned with “The Image of the Environment”.
● He says, “Every citizen has had long associations with some part of the city, and his
image is soaked in memories and meaning”.
o We appreciate the city not only through the senses but through emotions and
memories (symbolisms and meanings)
o The city has a heart and soul
● He is also concerned with how we locate ourselves within the city, how we find our way
around.
o Legibility: looking at symbols and elements (color, pattern, etc.)
● To know where we are within the city, therefore, we have to build up a workable image
of each part. Each of these images will comprise:
o Our recognition of its “individuality or oneness” within the city as a whole
▪ Uniqueness of one part compared to the whole
▪ Meaning of each elements
o Our recognition of its spatial or pattern relationships to other parts of the city
o Its practical meaning for each of us (both practical and emotional)
Reading Cities: “The Image of the City”
● A study focusing on what people would talk about in a city
● One of the first coherent analyzers of the urban scene in empirical terms is “The Image of
the City” (1960).
● In “The Image of the City”, Lynch gives an account of a research project, carried out in
three American cities (Los Angeles, Boston, and Jersey with comparisons to Florence and
Venice).
o Conducted interviews of citizens
o Qualitative research describing the city
● The project resulted in the evolution of the concept of legibility depending on the
people’s “mental maps”
o How people create stories in their minds as they move around the city, creating
emotions and memories
● Before Lynch, the concept of legibility proved invaluable as an analytic and design tool.
The Image of the City helped give rise to a new science of human perception and
behavior in the city.
o Time when psychologists started to be inspired and interested on how people
would perceive the city.
● For urban designers, however, it is Lynch’s innovative use of graphic notation to link quite
abstract ideas of urban structure with the human perceptual experience liberating them
from the previous strictness of the physical master plan.
o The master plan was limited on a physical aspect
o Lynch enhanced this idea to capture the social aspects in design
Legibility
● Architectural jargon
● A term used to describe the ease with which people can understand the layout of a
place
● By making questionnaire surveys, Lynch defined a method of analyzing legibility based
on five elements:
o Paths
o Edges
o Nodes
o Landmark
o Districts
● The ease of how people can understand the layout of the place
o Ease of movement
o Familiarity
o Avoid confusion
● Having identified these elements, Lynch describes the skeletal elements of city form. To
build a broader vocabulary upon this basic framework, we must consider other natural
and man-made urban form determinants.
Paths
● For ordinary people, paths are streets alone, however it is not limited to streets alone.
● Channels along which the observer customarily, occasionally, or potentially moves.
● They may be streets, walkways, transit lines, canals, railroads, overpasses
● Major and minor routes of circulation that people used to move out. A city has a network
of major routes and a neighborhood network of minor routines.
● Space used for circulation
● Connects one space to another space
Districts
● Areas with perceived internal homogeneity (Kemeralti District)
o Similarities among all the elements in the city that make it unique
● Are medium to large sections of the city, conceived of as having two-dimensional
extent, which the observer mentally enters “inside of”, and which are recognizable as
having some common identifying character
o Common within the city that cannot be seen with another city
● A city is composed of component neighborhoods or districts (its center, midtown, in-town
residential areas, organized industrial areas, trainyards, suburbs, college campuses, etc.)
● Sometimes, they are districts in form and extent – like Kemeralti District
● Urban structures are presented using the skyline.
Edges
● Dividing lines between districts (Izmir Bay)
● Are the linear elements not used or considered as paths by the observer.
o May be a political boundary
▪ Colors of politicians
● Boundaries between two phases, linear breaks in continuity: shores, railroad cuts, edges
of development walls
o Development walls: Intramuros walls define the heritage inside
● The termination of a district is its edge. Some districts have no edges at all but gradually
taper off and blend into another district.
● When two districts are joined at one edge, they form a seam.
o Continuous design
● Designing the edge is one of the challenges in urban design
Landmarks
● Point of reference (Clock Tower, Hilton)
● Another type of point-reference, but in this case, the observer does not enter within
them, they are external.
● They are usually a rather simply defined physical object: building, sign, store, or mountain
o Natural
o Man-made
● The prominent visual features of the city are its landmarks. Some landmarks are very large
and seen at great distances, like Hiltoin Hotel in Alsancak. Some landmarks are very small
(e.g.: a tree within an urban square) and can only be seen close up, like a street clock at
Konak Plaza or Ataturk Statue on Cumhuriyet Square.
o Landmarks must be designed uniquely in terms of shape and color at the same
time memorable and symbolic.
● Landmarks are important elements of urban form because they help people to orient
themselves in the city and help identify an area.
Nodes
● Centers of attraction that you can enter (Konak Square)
● Are points, the strategic points in a city into which an observer can enter, and which are
intensive foci to and from which he is traveling.
o Converging point of people
● They may be primary junctions, places of a break in transportation, a crossing or
convergence of paths, moments of shift from one structure to another.
● Simply concentrations which gain their importance from being the condensation of
some use or physical character, as a street-corner hangout or an enclosed square
● A node is a center of activity. It is a type of landmark but is distinguished from a landmark
by virtue of its active function. Where a landmark is a distinct visual object, a node is a
distinct hub.
o Hub: place for concentration of people
● Ex: Shibuya Crossing and Food Hub
Other references: City image or city life on YouTube
URBAN DESIGN PRINCIPLE
Imageability
● Kevin Lynch
● Established the legibility of the city with the concept of “imageability”
● Image of the City
● Boston, Los Angeles, and Jersey
● Found the mental image or memories make up the common elements of the city
o Landmark
o Paths
o Districts
o Nodes
o Edges
● The word legibility came up when Kevin Lynch did the study.\
● Brought a new area in psychology: people perception in the city
Legibility
● Ease of moving around using the elements in the city
Urban Semiotics
● The act or study of giving meaning to urban physical form
● Urban features that stir the senses and emotion are often considered as signs or symbols
of the urban landscape that carry meaning. These features not only elicit reactions from
people, these likewise often win a place in our memory.
● People placing meanings (sense of place and place making)
o There is the place, people, activity, and the emotion
● In the early times, architects were only focused with putting up streets and buildings
which was not advantageous because the social aspect of the city was not considered
Imaginability or Imageability
● “Nature holds the key to our aesthetic, intellectual, cognitive, and even spiritual
satisfaction” - Edward Osobne Wilson
Sociobiology
● Why is it that people or animals are attached to a certain space? Migration?
● “All animal behavior, including that of humans, is the product of heredity, environmental
stimuli, and past experiences, and that free will is only an illusion”.
● Places where one must be alert
Environment
● Divided into two:
o Natural
o Built-up environment
● In urban design, we consider both – plants and manmade.
● The urban space has elements produced by human hands (buildings) and produced by
God’s hands.
o Rivers are birthplace of civilizations
o Views of water often have a reassuring effect on people
● All creatures are wires to “look out” for signs and patterns in nature in anticipation of
what will come next
o Animals know the signs and symbols of various conditions of the environment –
changing of seasons as leaves change in color, formation of clouds for rain
o Leave signs and symbols that would allow people to easily remember their route
● All creatures are wired to look for physical features that define a territory or the
unchartered
o Finding boundaries or edges in nature
o Waterfalls show position in a given space
o In built environments, we look at physical things made by human being that
would show point of reference or direction
▪ A landmark would give idea to a person that he is in a particular area
● These features are then organized in a mental platform to compose our own picture or
model of the place, or the image of the city
o Ex: residential and commercial districts
▪ Grain and texture allow us to know the zoning in a city
▪ Zone of tall buildings: commercial or business district
▪ Zone of uniform blocks and low-rise buildings: residential district
Legibility and imaginability

● Images of a place come in different forms:
o Paths
o Edges
o Districts
o Nodes
o Landmarks
● Sustainable in a way that it conserves stories so people tend to protect the place due to
place attachment
Path or Channels
● Anything where people can move (streets, canals, railroads, transit lines)
● While moving around these channels, they are experiencing or “reading” the city
● A story develops in the minds of the people (i.e.: heritage) and establish their memories
of the city
● Channels along which the observer customarily or occasionally, or potentially moves
● For many people, these are the predominant elements in their image. People observe
the city while moving through it on along these paths, the other elements are arranged
and related.
Edges
● These are the linear elements not used or considered as paths by the observer.
● They are the boundaries between 2 phases, linear breaks in continuity: shores, railroad
cuts, edges of development, walls.
● They are lateral references rather than coordinate axes.
● Edge makes the design of the city attractive
● Such edges may be barriers, more or less penetrable, which close one region off from
another, or they may be seams, lines along which 2 regions are related and joined
together.
● These age elements, although probably not as dominate as paths are for many people
important organizing features, particularly, in the role of holing together generalized
areas, as in outline of a city by water or wall.
o Walls must be designed so people will take care of it and discourage bad habits
such as illegal parking or dumping of garbage
District
● Sections of cities where people can enter
● Common elements that make the place unique from others
● Always identifiable from the inside, they are also used for exterior references if visible from
the outside
● Most people structure their city to some extent in this way with individual differences as to
whether paths or districts are the dominant elements. It seems to depend not only upon
the individual but also upon the given city.
Nodes
● Nodes are spaces that has similar activities creating concentration of people
● Encourage people to meet
● Some of these concentration nodes are the focus or epitome of a district over which
their influence radiates and of which they stand as a symbol.
● Design spaces to identify it as a node
o Create animation
● Dominant feature of a path or a district, and usually the dominant feature of the image
created by both or the city in general
o There may be several nodes in a city
o Make converging points interesting
Landmarks
● Structures that give orientation, serves as point of reference
● Oftentimes used as clues of identity or symbolize a constant direction
● A route, to become a familiar one, means familiarity of its landmarks
● Put stories in landmarks: Hachiko and Luneta monuments
Shifting Images
● A freeway may be a path for the motorist but an edge for a pedestrian.
● A landmark that has successfully guided people towards certain directions may
eventually become a node, a place for convergence.
Image Analysis and Design

● Characterizing the images in a city and its eventual analysis may help planners in
designing for the place’s future visual form.
● Analysis of place may:
o Start with a walk-through or visual survey
▪ Done by walking
o Survey result translate into a field survey map
o Field survey map marked with most interesting spots
o Field survey map marked with effective routes
Walkability
● Each local community should consider a definition that is appropriate for itself: How
would the residents of your area define walkable?
● Legibility is associated with walkability.
● People are encourage to walk due to
o Legibility: ease in moving around
o Accessibility: ease, safety, choices
● Performance criteria for a Walkable Community
o People of all ages and abilities have easy access to their community “on foot” –
and automobile is not needed for every trip
o People walk more and the community and neighborhoods are safer, healthier,
and friendlier places
o Parents feel comfortable about their children being outside in their
neighborhoods; they don’t worry about the threat of motor vehicles
o Safe walking condition
o Children spend more time outside with other children and are more active,
physically fit, and healthy
o Streets and highways are designed or reconstructed to provide safe and
comfortable facilities for pedestrians, and are safe and easy to cross for people
of all ages and abilities
o Pedestrians are given priority in neighborhood, work, school, and shopping areas.
Motor vehicle speeds are reduced (and, in some places, motor vehicles have
been eliminated entirely) to ensure compatibility with pedestrian traffic
o Motor vehicle operating speeds are carefully controlled to ensure compatibility
with adjacent land uses and the routine presence of pedestrians
o The air and water quality is good
o Drivers of motor vehicles operate them in a prudent, responsible fashion, knowing
that they will be held strictly accountable for any threat, injury or death caused
by their lack of due care or violation of the vehicle code.
● Characteristics of a Walkable Legible Community
o Coherence: a clear, understandable, and organized sidewalk, street, and
land-use system consistent with the scale and function of the surrounding urban
context. The sidewalk and street system should link points of interest and activity,
provide clean lines of sight and travel, and include simple instructive signage.
o Continuity: a pattern of design and usage that unifies the pedestrian system
o Equilibrium: a balance among transportation modes that will accommodate and
encourage pedestrian participation
o Safety: pedestrian protection from automobiles and bicycles. Adequate time to
cross intersections without interference. Physical separation from fastmoving cars.
Signalization protection when crossing intersections.
o Comfort: secure and negotiable paving materials for sidewalks and crosswalks.
Unobstructed passage on the sidewalk and at corners. Signals timed to enable
safe and quick crossings.
o Sociability: a sense of hospitality and suitability for individual and community
interactions. Sidewalks should provide for a variety of uses and activities
characteristics of the diverse urban scene.
▪ Storefronts attract people
o Accessibility: the opportunity for all individuals to utilize the pedestrian
environment as fully as possible
o Efficiency: simplicity and cost-effectiveness in design and function. Minimum
delay along a walking route.
o Attractiveness: clean, efficient and well-maintained surroundings, with adjacent
storefronts and activities that provide sidewalk interest.
● Design Criteria for a Walkable Legible Community
o Coherent, easy to understand and navigate
o Continuous, with a unified pattern or design
o There is a balance between pedestrian, vehicle, and transport system
o Safety (from accidents and crime)
o Comfortable for walks
o Sociable, allows for positive activities for human interaction
o Accessible
o Efficient, shortest walk between 2 points, easy maintenance
o Attractive and interesting
RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENT
Ian Bentley
● An urban designer who studied the rural environment and identified the characteristics
of a responsive environment
Responsiveness
● The quality of the environment to give the needs of the people or to provide sensorial
stimulus to the people
● Sensories: visual, touch, smell, hearing
● Stimulated to design a city
Characteristics
● Permeability: ways to move around
● Variety: multiple uses, multiple options
● Legibility: easily understood
● Robustness: vibrant and interesting
● Visual appropriateness
● Richness
● Personalization
Permeability
● Associated with accessibility
● Availability of options
● Allow people varying degrees of access to certain places or even services available in a
community
● Greater permeability = wider number of choices for people = greater responsiveness
● Permeability is promoted by:
o Visible alternative routes
o Pedestrianization
o Loop routes and network of access
o Allot many streets as possible for people to reach their destination
● Permeability is discouraged or discontinued by:
o Increased scale of development
o Hierarchical layout or dead-end destination
o Pedestrian segregation (PWD and senior citizens)
Variety
● What makes permeability meaningful
● Streets have many activities
● Variety in the environment means a place can have varying uses or interchangeable
uses depending on time or seasons
● Uses are changing from time to time
Legibility
● The degree of comprehension of users of the function and character of the public
spaces in a community
● If the use of such spaces and its meaning are vague, the place can have reduced
responsiveness and reduced effectiveness to its intended users or the public.
● May be affected by the layout of the place and elements used to define and organize it
● The relationship of the activities and the character of the area
● Function of the open space is to accommodate the people within the area
Robustness
● The adaptability of the place to (unforeseen) new uses
● Function of variety in the sense that having multiple uses for people for a certain urban
environment eventually creates a vibrant place of emergent varying uses
● How the architect designed the building to accommodate different activities (must be
flexible or easily transformed)
Visual Appropriateness
● Overall appearance of the public place
● Gives the place more detailed meaning as it deals with concrete cues to people on how
to interpret the space
● Appearance is associated to the use (Ex: residential)
Richness
● Deals with further enhancement of variety, particularly for sensory stimuli
● May come in form of texture, color, sound, smell, or a mixture of two or more stimuli
● How elements are designed to trigger the five human senses (variations of temperature,
color, presence of water, etc.)
Personalization
● In urban design, we assure that the spaces are designed for the public
● Allows for individual preferences to have a place in the public setting
● Preferences must not be neglected to diversify and enrich public spaces
● Design to cater specific group of people
URBAN DESIGN VISUAL SURVEY

Visual Survey
● Contains most, if not all, of the information considered in relation to urban design
Urban Design Projects

● How city is analyzed to determine its components and see the relationship
between them
● City is assessed through visual survey
● Form: morphology of the city
● Appearance
● Composition of cities
● Scales of visual survey
Basic Idea of Form

● In terms of vocabulary: use urban design terms, refrain from using ordinary terms
o Elements of city image
▪ Path, node, landmark, district, edges
▪ Other vocabularies: landform and nature
▪ Flat / horizontal site: play with contrast to the horizontality of the sea
level and break the monotony of the horizon (ex: placing of
coconut trees, straight vertical)
o Landform and nature: contrast of landform and built-up areas
● Visual Survey: documentation of site onsite
● Local Climate
o Microclimate: offer comfort and convenience to people to provide an
environment that is conducive to people when it comes to thermal
▪ Design cities to make it cooler (proper design, position, and
orientation of buildings for shades and shadows)
o Macroclimate
o Mesoclimate
o Climatological Elements
▪ Wind (Venturi Effect)
▪ Shape
● Radiocentric (from cultures who were cattle-raisers placed
animals at the center and settlements seeturrounding them)
● Rectilinear or grid-iron layout (from farmers’ ideas)
● Star shape: radiocentric with open space
● Ring
● Linear: one highway that has branches that may be
restricted
● Branch
● Sheet: sprawling cities
● Articulated: Garden city
● Constellation: geometric
● Satellite: non-geometric
● Size and density
● Pattern, Grain, and Texture
o Fine grain: similar sizes
o Coarse grain: design buildings that would coincide with other buildings’
sizes
o Cul-de-sac: with rotunda at end, surrounded by buildings; increase
privacy, minimize social interaction
o Loop system: circulation that only has one way, less streets, less
intersections
● Urban Spaces and Open Spaces
o Oases: island type for stopping places
o Linear: corridors for linear movement
● Activity Structures
● Orientation
● Details
● Pedestrian
o Silungan
o Green infrastructure: control rainwater to delay it for efficient storm
drainage; water management system; trees
● Vistas and Skylines
o Landmark at the end of rotunda
o Vistas: framed views
o Skylines are collective vistas
● Nonphysical Aspects
o Animation: festivals, tiyangge
o Economic Advantage
o Roles of cities must be taken advantage
▪ Mecca: religious
▪ Las Vegas: entertainment
▪ Baguio & Tagaytay: leisure
▪ Intramuros: heritage
Personal Techniques for Surveying

● Magnets: bustling urban centers
● Generators: people who require magnets around which to rally
● Feeders: links and paths connecting the two
CHARETTE
● French word meaning “cart”
o Happens to meet a project deadline
● Connected with the practice of architecture in the 1900s
● Getting information to involve the people who would benefit from the project
● Collaborative planning process harnessing the talents and energies of all
stakeholders to support a master plan representing transformative community
change
● General idea: community ; Detail: urban designer
Module 3 Reviewer
Mapua University
2Q 2022-2023
AREAS FOR PRIORITY DEVELOPMENT
● Also known as “Urban Land Reform Zones” (ULRZs)
● Proclamation 1967: 284 APDs, 244 in Metro Manila
● Areas needed to be improved for economic benefit.
● APD to achieve and give people jobs and revenue.
● Effect of structure to the surroundings
URBAN LAND REFORM PROGRAM

● PD 1517 (June 11, 1978): Urban Land Reform Law
● Institutionalize ULR programs to rationalize the existing pattern of land use and
ownership in urban and urbanizable areas
● ULR Law was confined to “depressed areas” (mainly marginal, unprofitable land
used), covering 638 hectares or 1.1% of Metro Manila’s land use
o Depressed areas need to be improved and identified
o Depressed areas are often caused by residential blight and commercial
blight (premises or lots that are vacant, uninhabitable, and hazardous
because of its physical condition thus being declared to be a public
nuisance by law)
o Slum vs Squatter
▪ Slum: refers to environmental quality
▪ Squatter: refers to legality and land ownership
▪ Professional Squatting: people who can afford to pay rent but still
prefers free housing
o Informal settlement: political area
o If slums and squatters are given economic benefits, it can improve living
conditions.
● Government has the power to take the land upon need for development
o Power of Eminent Domain: use of private lands for public use (e.g.: road
widening); this is the power of the government to take private lands to
take due process of law
o Police Power: power of the government to stop activities that are
detrimental to life, health, welfare, and safety (ex: evacuation, pig farms,
gambling, etc.)
MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENT
● Type of urban development and/or urban planning that blends residential,
commercial, cultural, institutional, or entertainment uses into one space
● Evolved from early 20th century transit-oriented residential/commercial buildings;
through large scale, auto-oriented multi-use developments
● Today, it incorporates lessons from the past with contemporary development
needs and concerns
● Land uses that are compatible with each other, placed side by side
Benefits:
● Activates urban areas
● Increases housing options (more choices)
● Reduces auto dependence (importance of mass transportation in urban design)
● Increases travel options
● Creates a local sense of place
Greenhills Complex (1976)

● Includes a hotel, a retail mall, an office tower, a residential tower, and a parking
garage
● Considered a “super block”
● Massive and has everything all at once
Nuvali Complex, Laguna (2013)

● Includes residential and recreational zones, grocery stores, office spaces, civic
offering, and commercial buildings
● It is fine grained with increments or phases (blocks)
● Contextual
Vertical Mixed-Use Typical Block

● Stratification of uses
● Requires complicated management structures
● Harder to finance
● Construction challenges
● Public realm is critical
● Means it is “going up”; every floor has a definite use
Horizontal Mixed-Use Typical Block

● Uses separated at ground level
● Simplifies management structure
● Easier financing
● Can be more readily timed to market
● Street front is critical
● Includes separation between public and private
Types of Contemporary Mixed-Use Zoning
● Neighborhood Commercial Zoning: convenience goods and services
● Main Street Residential / Commercial: two to three-storey buildings with
residential units above
● Urban Residential/Commercial: multi-storey buildings with commercial and civic
uses on the ground floor
● Office/Residential: multi-family residential units within office building(s)
● Shopping Mall Conversion: residential and/or office units added to an existing
standalone shopping mall
● Live/Work: residents can operate small businesses on the ground floor of the
building where they live
● Studio/Light Industrial: residents may operate studios or small workshops in the
building where they live
● Hotel/Residence: mix hotel space and high-end multi-family residential
● Retail District Retrofit: retrofitting of a suburban retail area to a more village-like
appearance
● Parking structure with ground floor retail: parking area with retail space on lower
floor
Mixed-Use Development Today

● In the 1990s-200s, mixed use emerged as a key component of Transit Oriented
Development (TOD), Traditional Neighborhood Development (TND), livable
communities, and Smart Growth principles.
Approaches to Mixed-Use Development

● Increase intensity of land uses
● Increase diversity of land uses
● Integrate segregated uses
CLUSTER HOUSING
● A subdivision technique where dwellings are grouped close together with a
common area left for recreation. In effect, residents have extremely small yards
but can enjoy the large common spaces
● Residential Cluster Development: grouping of residential properties on a
development site in order to use the extra land as open space, recreation, or
agriculture
Types of Cluster Development

● Townhouse Development: a type of medium-density housing in cities, usually but
not necessarily terraced or semi-detached
● Super Development: a type of high-density housing in cities that are in large
scale compared to the townhouse development and commonly already
integrated for other communities such as commercial, office, and recreation
Purposes of Cluster Development

● Promote integrated site design that considers natural features
● Protect environmentally-sensitive areas of the development site
● Preserve important natural features, prime agricultural lands, and open space
● Encourage saving costs on infrastructure and maintenance, such as decreasing
the area that needs to be paved
● Create more area for open space, recreation, and more social interaction
LUZON: South Forbes

The only township with the widest variety of upscale house and lot options set amidst
generous greens and open spaces. It features residential houses that are ready for
construction/occupancy.
VISAYAS: Camella Mandalagan, Bacolod
A diverse city that is not only a master planned housing development but also is
designed according to big families. This development is envisioned to become the
premier location in the city.
MINDANAO: One Lakeshore Drive, Davao
A condominium complex located in Davao Park District, Megaworld’s first township
development in Mindanao. This is guided by live-work-play-learn concept which
involved close proximity of mixed use financial and corporate center, office buildings,
restaurants, retail shops, and learning center
PLANNED UNIT DEVELOPMENT
● A site which upon residential, commercial, industrial, or other land uses, or any
combination thereof maybe authorized in a flexible manner so as to achieve the
goals of municipal comprehensive plan
● A land concept that began in the 1950s and 1960s
● A type of building development and also a regulatory process
● A designed grouping of both varied and compatible land uses, such as housing,
recreation, commercial centers, and industrial parks, all within one contained
development or subdivision.
Common Use: Urban Redevelopment

● Redesigns for older urban areas face many challenges, Traditional zoning does
not have the ability to address the need for mixed-use buildings, changes in
building setbacks, non-motorized transportation, environmental protection, and
possible regulations all within a confined space
Principles of Planned Unit Development

● Houses and Placement of Houses
● Streets
● Sidewalks and Pedestrian Ways
● Combining Design Features
Four General Steps to Developing PUDs

● Pre-application Conference: developer consulting with planning staff for
ordinance and process clarification and discusses initial project plans
● Site Plan Review: consists of a details site analysis of existing features, often site
walk about, and a discussion about project goals and possible design solutions
● Preliminary Development Plan: includes specific documents and maps giving a
legal description of the project
● Final Development Plan: contains the detailed engineering drawings of the entire
site and process for completion of the project
LUZON: Bonifacio Global City (BGC)
VISAYAS: Cebu Park District

● An integrated development and premier business district in Southern Philippines.
It is the only master planned business subdivision that integrates natural
environment in a business setting
MINDANAO: Davao Park District

● Envisioned to be Davao’s central business district and a major center for
information technology and business process outsourcing
● Most progressive cities that boast of being the center of economic activities in
the southern part of the Philippines
DESIGNING INDUSTRIAL PARKS

● An industrial park consists of a piece of land zoned specifically to promote
activities through integration with transportation facilities and other supportive
infrastructure
● Usually located on the edge of, or outside, the main residential area of a city.
This is due to the cost of land; the site requires vast tracks of land which is very
expensive in cities
● Should have a well-established transportation system by land, water, and air
because industrial parks produce products to be transported within or outside
the country (best near seaports)
● First Philippine industrial park was in Subic
● Industry inside very compatible in terms of quality of space. For example,
industrial parks have industries related to compute assembly. In short, many
industries that are compatible with each other occupy a certain area with a
single management and are serviced by utilities as well as security provided by
the corporation of the industry.
Residential Subdivision
● Economical: equally subdivided
● Good layout of blocks
● Fine grain
● Gated subdivision: fence around the perimeter
● Non-gated community: no gates on frontage
● Problem: before Lynch, subdivisions do not have a sense of imagery or place
attachment
Industrial Subdivision
● “Techno Park”
● Subdivided into blocks where some areas are occupied by compatible
industries.
o Non-hazardous, non-pollutive industries (IT, Food production)
● Benefits
o Security: gated, only employees go in
o Utilities: sufficient supply of electricity, communications, water, and
wastewater disposal
● Ex: Gardenia
Industrial Park
● Attraction to put industries inside the subdivision
● Access from highway
● Near terminals (airport)
o For import and export
● Outside Metro Manila
o Takes advantage of lower price lots
o Availability of manpower = economic boost of province
o Regional planning
Industrial Park Master Plan

● State sound lasting vision and broad planning framework with international
competitiveness
o the master plan should have a direction targeted to the future hence, the
vision-mission
● Address specific needs of the target industries
o Corporations should know who the tenants to establish businesses and
their requirements
● Focus on integrated environmental management, utilities and inclusive social
infrastructure
o Big subdivisions should be properly managed environmentally in terms of
water, waste, and workers
● Flexibility in designing built environment
o Flexible in a way the size of spaces can increase depending on the
requirements for example handled by architects
● Synergies of colocation
o Industrial estates or parks are enclosed in security with sharing of utilities
● Circularity and industrial symbiosis. In a circular economy, once the user is
finished with the product, it goes back into the supply chain instead of the
landfill.
o Ex: electronic device is recycled which goes back to supply instead of
being thrown away
o Circular Economy: product produce in one company consumed by
people, wastes to be reproduceor recycled
▪ Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): contribution to humanity
● Mixed land use
● Enhance physical connectivity to adjacent comm unities and regions
o Industrial parks should be near communities for manpower
● Use of renewable energy sources and energy conservation (Sustainability)
● Phasing of projects
o Phases of development
● Segregated internal zones
● Social infrastructure = manpower
Design Principle: the design of the industrial park is controlled as a whole; each building
should contribute to the aesthetic as seen as one.
● Building Orientation
o Orientation and position of other elements on a site shall be planned to
assure a viable , safe and attractive site design. Site planning considers
how the various components of a development relate to adjacent street
● Vehicular Circulation
o Parking areas shall provide vehicular access without compromising
pedestrian accessibility and the character of the public realm
o Ex: aligned travel aisles
o This is a building code requirement
o Consideration of the street’s width for freight trucks
● Landscape Elements
o Landscape shall be used in a variety of functions, including softening the
edges of development, screening unattractive incompatible uses,
providing shade, and increasing the overall aesthetic.
o Landscaping is a form of destressing, especially for worker zones
● Screening & Fencing
o Screening and fencing play an important role in securing a site, as well as
defining property boundaries. It shall be designed to project a high-quality
image for the area.
o Uniformity of fence design according to the specifications included in the
subdivision policies
▪ Solid fences are usually prohibited due to its visual restrictions.
o Non-gated communities have no fences
● Building Height, Massing, and Scale
o The architectural design of a structure shall consider many variables, from
the functional use of the building to its aesthetic design, to its fit within the
context of existing development.
o Use of varying building heights, massing, and setbacks are utilized to
break up the building’s massing and minimize bulk
o A play on building’s elevation
▪ Lots restrict width which produces equal bays
▪ Building code restricts ceiling height
o Unity in design so you know what industry you are in based on the design
● Building Facades
o Building facades shall be designed to create visually interesting buildings
that offer variety in industrial and business park areas
o Use of architectural features such as windows as well as changes in
height, color, texture add interest and reduce blank facades and mass
o Streetscape is beautified by building facades and adds variation; use of
architectural features
● Entry Features
o Entry features of industrial and business park buildings shall be clearly
visible, accessible, and designed as a significant aspect of the building’s
overall composition
o Clearly visible and identifiable entrance, utilizing distinctive colors,
materials, and architectural features to articulate it.
o Logo upon the entrance
o Trend: instagrammable attraction
● Windows & Doors
o The proper placement and design of windows and doors shall be used to
create visual interest in buildings, and contribute to the stylistic coherence
of development along the street.
o Proper placements to create visual interest
● Colors & Materials
● Lighting
o Lighting fixtures shall be designed to compliment and enhance the
architectural style of the building and should be compatible with the
character of the area.
o Lighting that is compatible with the theme of the development, providing
for visibility and security
o Proper positioning of lights
● Roof Forms
o Roofs shall be given design considerations and treatment equal to that of
the rest of the building’s “exterior” and should be integrated within the
architectural theme of industrial and business park buildings.
o Variation in height, color, and slope of the building’s roofline
● Service Areas & Utilities

o Service and utility areas, including loading docks, storage areas,
mechanical systems, and trash bins, shall be screened from view and
integrated into the design of a project
o Loading area integrated into the design of project with no equipment
being visible on the outside of the structure
▪ Loading dock: for export
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE (GI)

● can be described as a network of strategically planned green spaces and other
environmental features, which together deliver multiple services and benefits to
the community it serves.
● basically, involves water management that protects, restore or mimics the
natural water cycle.
● It is an effective and economical way of dealing with water management
● Enhances natural and built-up surrounding
● Contributes to the enhancement of community life in terms of health and
well-being
Purpose of GI
● Reduce urban heat island effect
● Improve water and air quality
o Water Runoff picks up pet waste, leaves, fertilizers, motor oil, detergents,
and trash
o Stormwater calls for drainage
o Heat Island Effect: temperature of the city is higher than the neighboring
areas due to the area cover of cement and the design itself does not
allow wind to penetrate below the urban areas.
● Promote ecological restoration
● Provide resilience to coastal communities
● Improve life expectancy
● Reduce health inequality
● Reduce flood risk
● Increase levels of physical and mental well-being
Elements of GI
● Green Streets and Alleys
o Green streets and alleys are created by integrating green infrastructure
elements into their design to store, infiltrate, and evapotranspiration
stormwater.
o Permeable pavement, bioswales, planter boxes, and trees are among the
elements that can be woven into street or alley design.
o Evapotranspiration: water is being absorbed by the plants, and by direct
change of water to gas, it evaporates.
● Green Parking
o Many green infrastructure elements can be seamlessly integrated into
parking lot designs.
o Permeable pavements can be installed in sections of a lot and rain
gardens and bioswales can be included in medians and along the
parking lot perimeter. Benefits include mitigating the urban heat island
and a more walkable built environment.
● Land Conservation
o The water quality and flooding impacts of urban stormwater also can be
addressed by protecting open spaces and sensitive natural areas within
and adjacent to a city while providing recreational opportunities for city
residents.
o Natural areas that should be a focus of this effort include riparian areas,
wetlands, and steep hillsides
o Riparian Areas: area to be developed is properly protected
Site Design
● Refers to a variety of techniques, including conservation development,
vegetated buffers, permeable pavement, and other innovative strategies to
decrease impervious cover and maximize efficiency.
● Protected bodies of water and vegetation
Types of Green Infrastructure

Sponge City
● A Sponge City is a city that has the capacity to mainstream urban water
management into the urban planning policies and designs.
● City governments at all institutional levels have to support the implementation of
the Sponge City approach in new built-up areas of city districts, industrial parks
and development zones.
Man-made or Natural Wetlands

● Wetlands retain and filter water and support water-loving vegetation and soils.
● Some areas remain saturated with water year-round, while others go through
wet and dry cycles.
● They fulfill critical ecological needs, cycling nutrients and providing habitat for a
range of species. They frequently serve as buffers or transitional environments
between different ecosystems.
● Constructed wetlands mimic the functions of natural wetlands to capture
stormwater, reduce nutrient loads, and create diverse wildlife habitat. They are
often created in engineered growth media in trenches, small islands, and pools.
They are designed to contain water at all times -- either standing water on the
surface or water saturated just below the soil surface.
● Wetlands aren’t meant to be made as subdivisions
● Engineer wetlands should mimic GI and nature
Rain Gardens and Bioretention

● Shallow depressions that collect and filter stormwater through layers of mulch,
soil, and plants.
● Bioretention
o the process in which contaminants and sedimentation are removed from
stormwater runoff.
o A pond where the stormwater and rainwater is collected.
o Constructed and man-made
o Devised to make plants absorb certain chemicals
o Example: Sunflowers detect radioactive elements which indicates if
something is wrong in a nuclear plant
Bioswales
● Typically a long, narrow channel planted with grasses or other native vegetation
that may convey stormwater or capture and treat stormwater directly.
Elements of GI
Urban Tree Canopy
● Trees reduce and slow stormwater by intercepting precipitation in their leaves
and branches.
● Many cities have set tree canopy goals to restore some of the benefits of trees
that were lost when the areas were developed. Homeowners, businesses, and
community groups can participate in planting and maintaining trees throughout
the urban environment.
Trees
● Absorb and use large amounts of stormwater. Street trees accept some runoff
from the sidewalks and surrounding buildings as well as providing shade and
beauty.
Rainwater Harvesting
● Rainwater harvesting systems collect and store rainfall for later use.
● Designed appropriately, they slow and reduce runoff and provide a source of
water.
● This practice could be particularly valuable in arid regions, where it could reduce
demands on increasingly limited water supplies.
Rain barrels and cisterns

● Cisterns and rain barrels are water collection techniques to capture runoff from
rooftops and other paved surfaces for various non-potable water uses, such as
lawn watering or fire control.
Green Roofs
● A green roof is either partially or completely covered in vegetation to absorb
and capture rainwater, reducing the amount of water available to runoff.
Living Wall System (LWS)

● A vertical wall system that consists of plants and partly growing materials that
have a number of beneficial functions, such as: increasing the outdoor and
indoor comfort, ecological value, biodiversity, insulation properties, improvement
of air quality mitigation of the urban heat island phenomenon, and
psychological and social well-being of citizens.
Permeable Paving
● A method of paving that allows stormwater to seep into the ground through
openings within the paving material.
Permeable Pavements
● Permeable pavements infiltrate, treat, and/or store rainwater where it falls. They
can be made of pervious concrete, porous asphalt, or permeable interlocking
pavers. This practice could be particularly cost effective where land values are
high, and flooding or icing is a problem.
Green Infrastructure in the Philippines

● Loboc & Bilar Man-made Forest, Bohol
o GI for ecological restoration in response to deforestation
● Nex Tower, Makati
o GI through green wall in an enclosed space
● Santierra Subdivision, Nuvali, Laguna
o GI through rain gardens designed by SGS Designs
● Tingo Elementary School, Cebu
o GI through rainwater harvesting system
● Green-gray infrastructure for Coastal Communities, Iloilo
o Natural GI for coastal defense against climate change
● BGC, Taguig
o GI through trees for heat island reduction in an urban area
● Greenbelt Park, Makati
o GI of an upscale mall through site design
RESILIENCY IN URBAN DESIGN

Problems
● Flooding
● Extreme temperature (Urban Heat Island Effect)
o Caused by (1) lack or landscape and (2) poor orientation
Disaster Risk Reduction Oriented

● Resilience is the ability to bounce back from stresses.
● Vulnerability is the rate of inability to be resilient
● Vulnerability is a factor of:
o Natural Hazards
o Man-made Hazards
● Limiting Factors that affects resilience
o Man-made hazards:
▪ Pollution
▪ Destruction of natural resources
▪ Climate-Change: drought, unusually
▪ heavy rains, viral outbreaks, pests
▪ Flooding due to clogged waterways
▪ Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
▪ Desertification
o Natural hazards
o These are elements and natural systems that humans and communities
need but are currently on a limited amount, thus its mere consumption or
usage may already bring about risks and hazards to society.
▪ Conventional energy resources
▪ Biodiversity
▪ Clean water
▪ Clean air
▪ Health
▪ Soil
Disaster Prevention = Reduced Hazards + Reduced Vulnerability

● Not all hazards may be prevented, but disasters’ damaging impact may be
reduced when a community is prepared and resilient (reduced vulnerability) in:
o Facing risks/hazards
o Responding effects of risks/hazards
o Being capable of recovering from risks/hazards
● Building must be resilient before, during, and after construction.
Design Risk Reduction Oriented Urban Design

Objectives
● To design communities that are prepared to face risks/hazards.
● To increase the community’s ability to respond to risks/hazards.
● To increase the community’s ability to respond to recover from risks/hazards.
Characteristics of Resilient Communities

● Compact, diverse, mixed & complete(needs available within walking distances,)
● Pedestrianized
● Transit supportive
● Actively resident-made communities (place-making is grassroots in origin)
● With integrated natural resource systems for food, water, wildlife, soil, air and
landscape (semi-closed resource production-utilization system)
● With integrated technical systems in manufacturing, transport, communication
and construction
● With functional resilient operations and fallback systems are in place (i.e. passive
cooling is available in all structures, solar energy is available if main electric grid
system fails)
URBAN DESIGN PRINCIPLE: SUSTAINABILITY

The Commons - thing should be enjoy, such as:
● Public Lands & Public Places
● Air
● Water
● Ecosystems
● Minerals
● Biodiversity
● Culture
The Tragedies
● Habitat Destruction
o Destructive resource extraction methods
o Land use change and population encroachment
o Example is how to mine a minerals or how to take fish
o Plants and animals are not considered causing dead due to the
construction a building or population increase which other open spaces
conserve as subdivision
● Depletion of Resources
o Over extraction on the ground
o Destructive resources extraction methods: such as using a dynamite
o Extinction
o Land use change and population encroachment
● Pollution
o Waste mismanagement
o Inefficient use of resources
o Population concentration
Urban Related Tragedies

● Habitat Destruction
o Urban Sprawl, no plan which can cause habitat destruction
o Industry Materials Equipment, as population increase materials that was
needed coming from nature means more destruction inhabitant
● Depletion of Resources
o Industry materials requirement, gadget oriented
lifestyle
o Destructive resource extraction methods
o Urban Sprawl or Population Encroachment
● Pollution
o Car oriented transport
o Urban Sprawl
o Construction & materials
What if there is no habitat?

United Nation formulate Brundtland Report: ‘Sustainable development is development
that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.
Carrying Capacity: size of the population that can be supported indefinitely upon the
available resources and services of the ecosystem. There should be limit using the
materials of the environment, it should not be exceeded to protect the natural
resources.
Ecological Resilience: capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and reorganize while
undergoing change so as to still retain essentially the same function, structure, identity,
end feedback.
Urban Resilience: the preparedness to respond to & recover from disasters, whether
man- made or of natural causes to prevent damage to
● Public Safety
● Health
● Economy
● Security
Urban Resiliency Requirements:

● Density, diversity, and mix
● Pedestrianized
● Transit-supportive, giving people a choice what type of movement they will use
● Place-made, determine and frequently used
● Complete Communities
● Integrated natural systems
● Integrated technical & industrial systems
● Available natural resource supply within 200km radius
● Redundant safety fallback systems, abundant supply of food and materials to
use if there is danger
● Energy & resource efficient elements
Issues Affecting Sustainability

● Over population that results to crowding, informal settlement and urban sprawl
link to social, security and population
● Land-use conversion that affects quality of the natural environment
● Depletion and wasteful use of resources
● Wasteful use of energy in transport of people and goods
● Wasteful use of land to accommodate motor-oriented transport
● Population
● Health concerns bought by the above
Quality Urban Design

● Productive
● Sustainable
● Livable
Sustainable Urban Design
● Sustainable Urban Design include principles and practices that bring together
ideas and plans for creating enjoyable places to live (inclusive & safe), work and
play while significantly reducing waste & energy use, and allowing for ecological
and resource systems to recover from stresses and over-use.
● Sustainable Solutions
o Compact communities/cities
o Enhanced accessibility/Transit-Oriented Design
o Efficient waste management
o Place-Making
o Urban Farming
o Revitalized Waterways
o Revitalized Aquifers/ Permeable surfaces
o Urban green corridors
Compact Cities and Communities

● A compact city is a high density urban settlement that has the following main
characteristics:
o Central area revitalization
o High-density development
o Mixed-use development
o Services and facilities such as hospitals, parks, schools, leisure and fun
o Short transport haul of goods
● A compact city is made more efficient when:
o Communities are organized and empowered
o Communities are conscious of managing urban wastes
o Communities are engaged in urban greening measures
o Communities have disaster response programs
● Smart Growth is an approach to development that encourages a mix of building
types and uses, diverse housing and transportation options, development within
existing neighborhoods, and community engagement.
o Mix land uses
o Take advantage of compact design
o Create a range of housing opportunities and choices
o Create walkable neighborhoods
o Foster distinctive, attractive communities with a strong sense of place
o Preserve open space, farmland, natural beauty, and critical
environmental areas
o Direct development towards existing communities
o Provide a variety of transportation choices
o Make development decisions predictable, fair, and cost-effective
o Encourage community and stakeholder collaboration in development
decisions
Transit-Oriented Design
● Walkable design with pedestrian as the highest priority
● Train station as prominent feature of town center
● Public square fronting train station
● Designed to include the easy use of bicycles and scooters as daily support
transport
● Large ride-in bicycle parking areas within stations
● Bike share rental system and bikeway network integrated into stations
● Reduced and managed parking inside 10- minute walk circle around town
center / train station
● Specialized retail at stations serving commuters and locals including cafes,
grocery, dry cleaners
● in urban sprawl since it is unplanned the design then the use of land is not
properly position so the length of the streets are longer for the circulation
because it is sprawling.
Benefits
● Greatly reduced dependence on foreign oil, reduced pollution and
environmental damage
● Reduced incentive to sprawl, increased incentive for compact development
● Less expensive than building roads and sprawl
● Enhanced ability to maintain economic competitiveness
Place Making
● Community process a place where improvement / idea of people in the area
Urban Farming
Benefits:
● Food security
● Short hauling distance of vegetables/fruits
● Creates a semi-closed system of resource use (i.e. food – food wastes –
vermiculture – soil enrichment – vegetable gardening – food production )
● Carbon capture
● Urban soil enrichment
● Reduction of heat island effect
Revitalizing Aquifers
Benefits:
● Health & sanitation (reduces water-borne diseases ~ when water is aeriated and
running)
● Flood mitigation
● Carbon capture (with water plants & algae)
● A way of Place-making and image enrichment
● Revitalization of aquatic life in cities (and eventually, food production through
aquatic resources)
● Flood mitigation through reduction of surface water & prevention of swelling of
waterways during heavy rains
● Water resource management
● Replenishment of ground-water
Urban Green Corridors

Benefits:
● Carbon capture
● Flood mitigation
● Reduction of heat-island effect
● Energy conservation (through reduced heat-island effect)
● Revitalization of fauna & flora in cities
● Image enrichment
● Creation of green public spaces with a potential of promoting positive human
interactions
Integrate Resource Management: Coastal & Lake-Side Development

Ecosystems: relationship of living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic)
Coastal Management: consider ALL living things
● Cannot develop coastal without considering all affected things
Relationship of water and living things

● Freshwater
● Marine or Saltwater
● When you develop a lake or sea, you should consider abiotic.
o Cross section of the site
o Get consultants of hydrology (hydrological study)
o Hydrology = surface water + aquifer
▪ Aquifer: underground source of water
o Lakes = water contained in one area, supplied by the river
▪ Dragonfly
▪ Amphibians
Planning Framework: Integrated Coastal Resource Management

● Considers the wider scale of varying and interconnected ecosystems in the area
● Considers the communities reliant to the resources at stake
● Considers the overall effects of different development in the area including
“externalities” (consequence of an economic activity experienced by unrelated
third parties; it can be either positive or negative)
Aquatic System
Saltwater
● Consider of varying interconnected ecosystem in the area
o Connection of coral reefs to water
▪ Fish breeding spot
o Connection of mangroves
▪ Filter of soil
▪ Roots are also good spaces for spawning.
▪ Leaves are for birds and other animals.
o Connection of sea grass
▪ Shelter for baby fish
▪ For spawning
● Role of other animals
o Maintain population through predators (sharks) = balance of ecosystems
Mangrove Ecosystem
● Mangroves are considered forest (not applicable to beach design)
● Seagrass for oxygen and shelter
● Mangroves for attraction
● Coral reefs for divers’ attraction
o Financial gain in protecting ecosystems
Advantages of Protecting Ecosystems

● Let the community have part in taking care and gaining benefits of
development
● Consequence:
o Beach resorts create more wastes
o Water disposal: septic tanks disposed in the beach
Design Standards for Planned Communities

● Responsive and attuned to the needs of the community
● Considerate of the communities’ human resource, social dynamics, local culture
and values
● Sustainable
● Resilient
● Safe and Crime Deterrent
Design Framework for Planned Communities

● Natural Resource Preservation
● Carrying Capacity Studies
● Site Design
● Facility Design
Design for Coastal / Lakeside Development

A sustainable design for coastal & lakeside development ensures
● Nature preservation
● Ecosystem’s services preservation
● Resource use is within carrying capacity
● Site & building “wastes” are considered as “resources” for ecosystems
● Construction activities with no adverse impact on the environment
● Social & economic gains for all
Carrying Capacity
● ability of the natural environment to absorb human activities without damage
● resiliency of ecosystems not breached
● Maximum limit of abiotic environment to support the activities of the biotic
population
● Boracay and Baguio has a limit of people or tourists
● Urban centers has carrying capacities (speed limit and number of cars) = causes
problems
● Similar to stomach capacity
Controlling carrying capacity of islands

● Limited flights
● High tourism tax
Environmental Impact Assessment

● Environmental Impact Assessment is a tool that helps ensures
o Nature preservation
o ecosystem’s services preservation
o Resource use is within carrying capacity
o Site & building design with “wastes” that is actually a resource for
ecosystems
o Construction activities with no adverse impact on the environment
● Feasibility study
● ECC: Environmental Compliance Certificate
o Issued by the DENR before the Building Permit
o State of the art STP (Solitary Treatment Plan)
▪ For wastewater management
● Tool that ensures
o Nature preservation
o Ecosystem’s services preservation
o Resource use is within carrying capacity
o Site & building design with “wastes” that is actually a resource for
ecosystems
o Construction activities with no adverse impact on the environment
Mitigation Measure: Soil

● Pier jetties
Resiliency Enhancement
Most mitigating measures already mentioned, particularly those related to
habitat/ecosystems protection/ conservation are considered vita mitigating measures.
Additional mitigating measure include:
● Design of structures with low energy consumption or with green energy usage
● Use of low-carbon footprint materials
● Use of natural hazard protection
● Empowerment of community in responding to effects of hazards
● Enhanced environmental awareness among community members
Methods:
● Green energy systems
● Low energy consumption through passive ventilation and lighting
● Natural hazard protection: use of native vegetation
Module 1 Reviewer
Mapua University
4Q 2022-2023
LOCATION THEORY (Importance of Location in Formation of Cities)
● Location theory addresses the questions of what economic activities are located
where and why.
● Concerned with the geographic location of economic activity
● Has become an integral part of economic geography, regional science, and
spatial economics
● Very important in locating cities, how cities are formed, and design of regions
● Economic activities like agricultural, commercial, and industrial are properly
aligned
● ASSUMPTION: firms choose locations that maximize their profits and individuals
choose locations, that maximize their utility
○ Anybody who wants to put up a business focuses on putting it on a site
where it can get maximum profit
○ Activities placed near people for convenience.
ORIGIN OF LOCATION THEORY

Agricultural Location Theory by Johann Heinrich Von Thunen (economist)
● Seek to explain the location of economic activities based on:
○ Source of materials
○ Facilities
○ Labor
○ Transportation cost
○ Others
● The model first applied to agricultural land use to industrial land use
● The model was developed in an isolated state and did not take into
consideration differences in sites (local physical conditions). It can be modified
by relaxing some of the conditions set forth by Von Thunen:
○ Differential transportation costs (ex: boats are the cheapest mode of
transportation)
○ Variations in topography
○ Soil fertility
○ Changes in demand or price of the commodity
○ Government policies
● Transport cost depends on the distance from the market and different kinds of
products. The gain from farming per unit area (locational rent) decreases with
increasing distance from the market. The minimum price of a commodity is
calculated by locational rent, transport costs and fixed production costs - the
profit is then the difference between the costs and the fixed market price.
Idealized pattern of agricultural land use zones in von Thunen’s model.
● Locational rent: a term used equivalent to land value. It corresponds to the
maximum amount a farmer could pay for using the land, without making losses.
● Arrangement of Spaces for Agricultural Lands
○ Black Dot (Center): City
○ White (Immediately Surrounding the City / Black Dot): Dairy and market
gardening
○ Green (Surrounding White Zone): Forest where they can get fuel for
cooking and heating
○ Yellow: grains and field crops
○ Red (outer area): ranching, raise animals (cattle, sheep) - wilderness
where agriculture is not profitable
■ Ranching is far from the city that is why animals are transported to
the center where they are milked, after which they would go back
to the ranching.
Industrial Location Theory

● A model of industrial location proposed by A. Weber (1909, trans. 1929), which
assumes that industrialists choose a least-cost location for the development of
new industry.
● ASSUMPTIONS
○ Markets are fixed at certain specific points
○ Transport costs are proportional to the weight of goods
○ and the distance covered by a raw material or a finished products, that
perfect competition exists,
○ And that decisions are made by economic man
● Weber’s Industrial Model
○ Used several spatial factors to find prime locations of minimal cost for
manufacturing facilities. Weber’s model uses two separate raw material
distributors (S1 and S2). A manufacturing plant (P), and a market where
the manufacturing plant sells its products (M).
○ Example:
■ Market (M)
■ Vegetable farm (S1)
■ Cattle farm (S2)
■ Food packaging factory (P)
■ Transportation routes linking supplier to factory to market
○ Packaging (P) is at the center of the 3.
○ The factory location is critical with the market and the suppliers.
● Alfred Weber (1868-1958) formulated a theory of industrial location in which an
industry is located where it can minimize its costs, and therefore maximize its
profits (perspective of an owner). Weber’s least cost theory accounted for the
location of a manufacturing plant in terms of the owner’s desire to minimize three
categories of cost:
○ Transportation: the site chosen must entail the lowest possible cost of a)
moving raw materials to the factory and b) finished products to the
market. This, according to Weber, is the most important.
■ Transport cost increases as the manufacturing plant’s distance
increases.
○ Labor: higher labor costs reduce profits, so a factory might do better
farther from raw materials and markets if cheap labor is available (e.g.:
China - today).
○ Agglomeration: when a large number of enterprises cluster (agglomerate)
in the same area (e.g.: city), they can provide assistance to each other
through shared talents, services, and facilities (e.g.: manufacturing plants
need office furniture); can become competition
■ When there is an established economic activity (e.g.: canning
factory), its position is critical from the supplier and to the market.
Linking them is the transportation route. The canning factory
attracts other activities related to the manufacturing of packaged
food (i.e.: supply of paper, labor, packaging material).
Central Place Theory by Walter Chrystaller (geographer, author of “Central Places in

Southern Germany”, 1933)
● Location theory concerns on
○ Size and
○ Distribution of central places (settlements within a system)
● Main purpose of the model: provision of goods and services for the surrounding
market area of the settlements
● Central-place theory attempts to illustrate how settlements locate in relation to
one another, the amount of market area a central place can control, and why
some central places function as hamlets, villages, towns, or cities.
● Involves the size of settlements in relation to how big the market is and the
influence of the market and vice versa
● Such towns are centrally located and may be called central places.
○ The bigger the settlement is, the bigger marketplace they have..
● Settlements that provide more goods and services than do other places are
called higher-order central places.
● Lower-order central places have small market areas and provide goods and
services that are purchased more frequently than higher-order goods and
services. Higher-order places are more widely distributed and fewer in number
than lower-order places.
○ Hierarchy of shopping centers
■ SM (big shopping center): goods, services, clinics, teaching, BPO
■ International shopping centers (MOA): means that the settlements
are very big
■ Sari-sari store: barangay-level
○ Frequency of buying goods
■ Convenience store: very frequent (daily goods)
■ Car shops / Furniture store: seldom
● To develop the theory, Christaller made the following simplifying assumptions:
○ An isotropic (all flat), homogeneous, unbounded limitless surface
○ An evenly distributed population
○ Evenly distributed resources
○ All consumers have a similar purchasing power and demand for goods
and services
○ No provide of goods or services is able to earn excess profit
● Conditions:
○ The larger the settlements are in size, the fewer in number they will be, i.e.:
there are many small villages, but relatively few large cities.
○ The larger the settlements grow in size, the greater the distance between
them, i.e.: villages are usually found close together, while cities are
spaced much further apart.
○ As a settlement increases in size, the range and number of its functions will
increase.
○ As a settlement increases in size, the number of higher-order services will
also increase, i.e.: a greater degree of specialization occurs in the
services.
■ Best professionals can be found in the city
● K = 3 Marketing principle
According to the marketing principle K = 3, the market area of a higher-order

place includes
● a third of the market area of each of the following size neighboring
lower-order places and
● each is located at the corner of a hexagon around the highorder
settlement.
● Each high-order settlement gets 1/3 of each satellite settlement, thus K = 1
+ 6×1/3 = 3
The highest-order settlement is at the center and as it goes out, it goes smaller.
Because of easy transportation, people can use the secondary networks and
smaller markets.
● K = 4 Transport principle
According to K = 4 transport principle, the market area of a higher-order place

includes
● a half of the market area of each of the six neighboring lowerorder
places, as they are
● located on the edges of hexagons around the high-order settlements.
● This generates a hierarchy of central places which results in the most
efficient transport network.
○ There are maximum central places possible located on the main
transport routes connecting the higher order center
● K = 7 Administrative principle
According to K = 7 administrative principle (or political-social principle),

settlements are nested according to sevens. The market areas of the smaller
settlements are
● completely enclosed within the market area of the larger settlement.
● Since tributary areas cannot be split administratively, they must be
allocated exclusively to a single higher-order place. Efficient
administration is the control principle in this hierarchy
● Shortcomings of the Theory
○ Being static
○ It does not incorporate the temporal aspect in the development of
central places
○ Applicable to agricultural but not industrial areas due to the different
services and distribution of natural resources
EKISTICS
Ekistics, the Science of Human Settlements
“Ekistics starts with the premise that human settlements are susceptible of systematic
investigation”. Constantinos A. Doxiadis
PRINCIPLES:
1. Maximization of man's potential contacts with the elements of nature, with other
people, and with the works of man
2. Minimization of the effort required for the achievement of man's actual and
potential contacts
3. Optimization of man's protective space
4. Optimization of the quality of man's relationship with his environment, and
networks
5. Man organizes his settlements in an attempt to achieve an optimum synthesis of
the other four principles
● human settlements: the distance man wants to go or can go in the course of his
daily life. The shortest of the two distances defines the extent of the real human
settlement, through definition of a "daily urban system" [for a discussion of this
process in urban settlements see "Man's movement and his city"
● Nature and goal of settlements:
○
Classification:
By Ekistic Units (Four Basic Groups)
○ Minor shells or elementary uits - Man (Anthropos), room, house
○ Micro settlements - units smaller than, or as small as, traditional town
where people achieve interconnection by walking (housegroup, small
neighborhood)
○ Meso settlements - between traditional town & conurbation whereone
commute daily (small polis, small metropolis, small eperopolis)
○ Macro settlements - whose largest expression is the Ecumenopolis
By Ekistic Unit
○ 15 LEVELS Ekistic Logarithmic Scale (ELS) Unit range from Man to
Ecumenopolis
● Metropolis: A large city and its suburbs consisting of multiple cities and towns
having 1 to 10 million people Example: Tokyo, Japan
● Conurbation: A group of large cities & their suburbs, consisting of 3 to 10 million
people. Also called urban agglomeration Example: Guangzhou, China
● Megalopolis: A group of conurbation consisting of more than 10 million people
each Example: Washington, Maryland, Philadelphia, New York City, Boston
● Ecumenopolis: The entire area of the Earth taken up by human settlements
By Ekistic Elements
By Factors and Disciplines
URBAN GROWTH THEORIES

1. Concentric Zone Model
● Ernest Burgess (1920s), urban sociologist

○ Observed how people move around a space
● Theory proposes that cities’ social groups are spatially arranged in a series
of concentric rings
● The size of each ring may vary but the order remains the same with the
central/core business district (CBD) at the center
● Based on Chicago
● When cities are formed, it starts in the center. “Centro” as people say.
● How cities were developed from the center as it goes out.
○ Form / Center is called CBD (Central or Core Business District) where
all big and important structures are.
● In terms of movement, where the people are “concentrated” on the core
or center of the city
● Zones
○ CBD (Central Business District): Non-residential, more for offices and
commercial uses, likely to include institutions, sports facilities and
other public spaces
■ Example: Yuchengco Tower Ayala Corner Buendia as CBD
of Buendia and Makati
○ Zone of Transition: generally allocated for industries but end up
patches of residential areas of poor quality housing for industries’
labor force
■ Example: Office is adjacent to manufacturing (the logic
behind this is “transition” the development of industries and
later on, residential thus, results to poor quality of housing
and the behavior of people - invasion of space)
■ CENTRALITY TO CONCENTRATION TO INVASION TO
SUCCESSION
■ Cause of building up residential besides industries: proximity
■ If residential is taking over the industries on the center / CBD
= invasion
■ If these group of people are driven away by industries =
succession
■ Contract of lease is terminated = building will be demolished
○ Zone of working middle class: characterized by old residential
structures
■ Example: Why do people settle in a particular place?
Because of money and access to transportation.
○ Zone for better residences: new housing projects for the middle
class
■ 1980’s in Manila: government were convincing people to
live outside Metro Manila, since it has several subdivisions
○ Commuters’ Zone or Car Owner’s Zone: residences for upper class
dwellers on large property allocations / cut.
● Weakness:
○ Theory is generally applicable only to flatlands where concentric
configuration can be possible. Land value likewise restrict growth of
certain sectors which may prevent concentric trend
○ Theory is too American where the lowest economic class tend to
converge near city centers, while the upper classes tend to stay far
from city pollution and where residences are integrated with lawns
and other open spaces
2. Sector Model: Transportation System and Land Use
● Homer Hoyt (1939), land economist

● Based on the proponent’s study of Chicago and New Castle
● Proposes a model for the internal structure of cities
● Proposes that a wedge arrangement is formed by various sectors
emanating from a central business district with radial transport lines
● Claims that low income households tend to border railroad tracks while
commercial establishments grow along business thoroughfares
● Growth is highly influenced by the transport system. Expansion happens
along roads, rivers and train routes
● Importance of transportation corridor: how do people go to the center /
CBD
● From the center to outside:
○ As you go near / towards at the center, the value of land increases.
○ As you go outside / far in the center, the value of land decreases.
○ Interior lots are much cheaper since there are no direct access to
main road.
○ Example: Constructing building along expressways - limited
consumers since there are no pedestrians along but commuters
with vehicles will do.
Weakness:
● Applies to some towns only
● Mainly based on early 20th century models prior to the advent of
cardependent communities
● Increase in real-estate costs near transport-hubs/stations have actually
moved low income residents from transport corridors, though not
necessarily away from industries (though affordability of mass transport
may allow some to live away from industries or other work-places)
3. Multiple Nuclei Model

● Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman(1945) in their 1945 book called
“Nature of Cities”
● Theory claims that a city grows from several points and not a single
business district
● As various and neighboring communities and sectors expand, they merge
to form a single urban area
● Aside from commerce and businesses, PORT, EDUCATIONAL Institutions,
TRANSPORT HUBS and even PARKS serve as NODES
● Theory operates on the claim that people have acquired greater mobility
due to the advent of cars
● Based on San Francisco, CA
● Theory claims that certain societies require highly specialize facilities to
operate (i.e. communication lines)
● Certain sectors or activities cluster because they benefit from mutual
association
● Certain sectors or activities repel each other thus they cannot be
adjacent to each other
● Certain sectors or activities are possible only on locations of affordable
rent or fees, otherwise its profitability will decrease
● Comparisons of Urban Growth Models:
○ Multiple Nuclei: low, middle, high class segregation
○ Concentric Zone: activities and movement of people at the center:
concentration
○ Sector Zone: one activity (industry or residential / vice versa) will
enter another: invasion and succession
● Outlying Business District: if it gets bigger of population and market, it will
be supported by nearby residential areas.
● Heavy Manufacturing District and Industrial Suburb: far away from
residential areas
○ Example: manufacturing of chemicals, cements, etc.
● Not applicable in the Philippines: mode of transportation since not all
people own a car thus, railway transits are made.
○ Example: LRT in Cavite or other provinces
○ Regional planning and development: construction are a lot more
in North (Region 3) than South (CALABARZON)
Assumptions:
● There is a functional communication network accessed by many
Weakness:
● Zones and sectors have levels of heterogeneity and not necessarily homogenous
● Theory has no consideration of geographic variations based on assumption that
land is always flat
● Theory is generally too American, or at least does not represent oriental situations
Module 2 Reviewer
Planning 3: Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning
Mapua University
4Q 2022-2023
CONCEPTS OF LAND
Land as Property
● Philippines: perpetual land ownership (protection as owner as long as they don’t
sell the land)
● Bill of Rights: right of every FIlipino citizen to be protected; no person shall be
deprived of life or property without due process of law.
● Transfer Certificate of Title (TCT): document needed to be the owner of the land
● Proof of Lease: proof of renting a land for a particular / specific time
● Squatter: legal term for people who build in a land without the knowledge of the
owner
Land as Investment
● Renting or owning the land for business
● Return of Investment (ROI)
Reversible Uses
● cases when the inherent features and characteristics of the land have not been
considerably altered or modified such that the soil horizon, landform, and
structure remain intact so that the land can be reverted to its former use or
original condition
Irreversible Uses
● when land is subject to applications which brought about changes, alteration or
modifications so much that it preempts the original use or it is physically
impossible to restore the land to its previous state or condition
● Ex: planting of certain plants or use of fertilizer on topsoil, man-made projects
(mining and housing, golf course), explosion of Mt. Pinatubo in Zambales
Multiple Land Uses: combining different land uses, whether reversible or irreversible, in
an orderly and desirable pattern because:
● Land is finite and supply is finite
● Demand is ever increasing
○ Demand increases because of land speculation.
○ More land owned = more investment and property
● Competition is there
● Land can indeed have more than one use and uses can be combined in
different ways.
○ Land is versatile: can be used in ways more than one
● All-natural resource can be enjoyed by everyone
Compatible and Incompatible Land Uses

● A related concept of multiple uses of land is the compatibility of uses. Some land
uses are innately incompatible while others are completely compatible.
● Compatible uses can coexist harmoniously and effectively in an orderly
management
● Alvin Toffler’s “The Third Way” book states that in the near future, the world will
shrink and physical schools will not be there anymore because of the internet.
(Ex: ChatGPT)
● Compatible: I-1 for techno parks, ideal location near residential areas
● Incompatible: R-1 (residential) and C-3 (high-density), not ideal
Highest and Best Use of the Land

● The use of land which generates the maximum profit without negative
consequences especially on the environment
● Land should be used in such a manner consistent with its natural qualities to
maximize its productivity and also adhere to the principles of sustainable
development
○ Generates maximum profit without negative consequences on
environment
■ Sustainability concepts: 3Ps (People, Planet, and Profit)
■ Zoning Ordinance: basis in limiting the use of land
● Simply put, it is utilizing land in a manner that is beneficial to both man and
environment
CHALLENGES & ISSUES IN LAND USE PLANNING
Urban Sprawl
Unplanned growth of cities due to rapid increase of population:
● Migration
● Natural birth
Problems of urban sprawl
● Loss of agricultural lands to urban use
○ City center to transition areas called as sub-urban: sprawl will consume
other directions like the commuter zone and sub-urban areas
○ Leniency in execution of laws involving DENR and LGUs
○ City Council / Municipal Council has the power to change zoning in an
area
● Poor siting of residential and other land use activities resulting to long distance
travel
● Urban blight / decay
● Poor / inefficient delivery of social services
Land Ownership
Private developers buy land as a form of investment with future use of the property, the
shape and size are not according to the direction of urban growth.
Land as a property, protected by Bill of Rights in the Constitution:
“No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, and property without due process of
law…”
● Perpetual land ownership: can only be passed through the law or inheritance
● Encourage land speculation: buying land with the hope the price will increase in
the near future
○ Usually starts on the center without access to highway for a very low price
○ Prime agricultural land: land is fertile and products are good (controlled
by agrarian reform thus managing the transformation of land)
■ At least 7 hectares of land is for the farmers (Ex: Hacienda Luisita)
○ Encomendia System: a system implemented by the King of Spain where it
awards lands to spanish officers and priests
Sectoral Resource Management

Each sector does its own thing to its respective resources
Absence of a National Land Use Policy / Law to establish integrated land use
development direction for the entire country
● The proposed National Land Use Act of 1978 (NLUA) has undergone so many
deliberations by the Congress and until now it has not been accepted as a law
● This act will serve as an integrated institutional land use set-up to come up with
an integrated allocation and management of land use activities for the entire
country.
● Established by Integrated Land Use Development for the entire country
Loss of prime agricultural land

Inefficient land use and zoning, leniency in the execution of laws pertaining to
reclassification / conversion of agricultural lands involving DENR and the LGUs
respectively.
Underutilized / inefficient use of land
Especially tracts of urban vacant lands where development is impossible due to its
ownership condition
APPROACHES TO MITIGATE ISSUES / CHALLENGES RELATED TO LAND USE PLANNING
Metropolitanization
● Cities and municipalities that are dependent on the central city are less efficient
due to the competition in the delivery of social services.
○ Ex: MMDA can manage transportation system in a city
● An integrated planning and administration approach among cities and
municipalities for services not only to be attended / addressed with the city /
municipality but goes beyond the adjacent / identified integrated areas.
○ Cities are grouped together, dependent to each other results to less
efficiency (ex: water an electrical utilities)
○ Integration of services will help each city to share the burden of
management under one Metropolitan Authority
Metropolitan Areas in the Philippines

● Metro Manila
● Metro Cebu
● Metro BLIST (Baguio)
● Metro Davao
● Metro Iloilo
● Metro CAMADA (Dagupan)
● Metro Cagaya de Oro
● Metro Naga
Advantages in Forming Metropolitan Areas

● The metropolitan area assumes one political-geographical body managed by
an Authority. (Ex: Metropolitan Manila Development Authority)
● Identifying social goals, delivery of social services are identified by the Authority
● Local government officials still maintain their powers except for component
cities.
Areas where coordinated services are delivered / managed by the Metropolitan

Authority
● Transport Planning
● Land Use Planning
Delivery of basic services such as:

● Police and fire protection
● Garbage disposal
● Flood control
● Sewage collection
● Water supply
● Electric power
● Telecommunications
Urban Renewal
● Due to the presence of open spaces, mostly agricultural lands that are available
for land conversion, urban renewal is not fully use in improving conditions of
urban areas
○ The city condition improves but it is costly investments for stakeholders
○ Agricultural lands are preserved from constructions
○ Improving all of the social and physical aspects of the city
● In order to check urban sprawl, decaying inner cities need to be revitalized.
● Through “renovating” the older cities of urban blight, will attract investors,
provide citizens with healthy living environment that will help them be productive
and socially active
○ “Revitalized, Renovate”: Provide citizens with healthy living environment
through partnerships with private sectors (Ex: Filinvest and Taguig BGC)
○ The poor community / slum area will be moved (resettlement) for slum
upgrading by the NHA.
● Incentives are given to private investors to locate their businesses in the defined
areas. The businesses will serve as catalyst for socio-economic change of the
area. (Ex: Taguig BGC)
Gentrification
The process whereby the character of a poor urban area is changed by wealthier
people moving in, improving housing, and attracting new businesses, typically
displacing current inhabitants in the process
FUNDAMENTALS OF PLANNING
Plan (n.)
● A physical representation of doing something.
● Method of doing something or orderly arrangements of parts of an objective.
○ Involvement of people
● Problem identification, goals and objective, conclusion if the plan was achieved.
To plan, planning, and planner

● to arrange parts of
● to realize the achievement of
● the making of an orderly sequence of action that will lead to the achievement
of a stated goal or goals.
○ SMART: Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time-Bound
Main Techniques
● Written statements
● Supplemented by statistical projections
● Mathematical representation
● Quantified evaluations and diagrams illustrating relationships between different
parts of the plan
● Physical blueprints of object
Types of Planning
Architectural Planning
A process of making a plan for architecture, and the documentation of written and
graphic descriptions of the architectural elements of a building project including
sketches, drawings, and details.
Comprehensive Planning
● Used by land use planners to describe a process that determines community
goals and aspirations in terms of community development.
● It is a long-range planning and policy analysis through the preparation,
maintenance, and administration of the Comprehensive Plan
○ Includes socio-economic, physical and political aspects
Comprehensive Planning Process
● Identifying Issues
● Stating goals
● Collecting data
● Preparing the plan
● Creating preliminary plans
● Evaluating alternatives
● Adopting a plan
● Implementing and monitoring the plan
Land Use Planning

● branch of public policy which encompasses various disciplines which seek to
order and regulate the use of land in an efficient and ethical way.
○ Public policy and document including TCT are initiated by LGU (City
Council)
Functions:
● Most basic level land use planning is to involve zoning and transport
infrastructure planning.
○ Easement distance from water to structure
■ Residential: 3m
■ Agriculture: 20m
■ Forest: 40m
● Land use planning is an important part of social policy, ensuring that land is used
efficiently for the benefit of the wider economy and population as well as to
protect the environment
Land use planning ecompasses the following disciplines:
● Architecture
● Environmental Planning
● Landscape Architecture
● Regional Planning
● Spatial Planning
● Sustainable Development
● Transportation Planning
● Urban Design
● Urban Planning
● Urban Renaissance
● Urban Renewal
Social Planning
A process that helps communities identify strengths and weaknesses and determine
ways to improve the quality of life in the community.
Interactional process
● Investigation
● Discussion
● Agreement by a number of people in the preparation and carrying out of a
program
Function
● To improve conditions of needs in the community.
● Involves the action of a formal political, legal, or recognized voluntary body.
Economic Planning
Process by which key economic decisions are made or influenced by central
governments
Business Planning
Financial Planning
● Process of making a budget, a plan for spending and saving future income
● Allocates future income to various types of expenses, such as rent or utilities, and
also reserves some income for short-term and long-term savings.
○ Ex: If Novaliches is going to be a new city, it must be approved by the
Senate and National Government
○ Ex: Taguig won over BGC but is originally part of Pateros
● Also be an investment plan, which allocates savings to various assets or projects
expected to produce future income, such as a new business or product line,
shares in an existing business, or real estate.
Events Planning
● Process of planning a festival, ceremony, competition, party, or convention
● Includes budgeting, establishing dates and alternate dates, selecting and
reserving the event site, acquiring permits, and coordinating transportation and
parking.
Strategic Planning
● Process of defining tactics, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its
resources to pursue this strategy, including its capital land people.
Analysis Techniques that can be used in strategic planning:
● SWOT Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats
● PEST Analysis: Political, Economic, Social, and Technological Analysis
● STEER Analysis: Socio-cultural, Technological, Economic, Ecological, and
Regulatory factors
● EPISTEL: Environmental, Political, Informatics, Social, Technological, Economic,
and Legal
Regional Planning
● Refers specifically to economic planning with a view to the development of
regions which, for one reason or another, are suffering serious economic
problems, as demonstrated by indices such as high unemployment or low
incomes in relation to the rest of the nation.
○ Ex: distribution of industries, transportation, population affect user
movement
Transportation Planning
● Involved with the siting of transportation facilities (generally streets, highways,
sidewalks, bike lanes, and public transport lines).
● Transportation planning historically has followed the rational planning model of
defining goals and objectives, identifying problems, generating alternatives,
evaluating alternatives, and developing the plan
Classical Planning
● Geddessian process: survey-analysis-plan
● Patrick Geddes work of method, which became part of the standard sequence
of planning
● Survey of the area as it was, followed by systematic analysis of the problem,
followed by production of the plan
● Deficiencies of Survey-Analysis-Plan
○ Linear approach: No point of checking if the goals and objectives are met
○ Plan in the singular, no preliminary, alternative plans to be evaluated
against each other and the best plan is selected
○ The planning process ends in the implementation. Once implemented, a
plan or policy may turn out to be ineffective or it may have undesirable
effects which we have not foreseen.
System Approach
1960s: two distinct planning theories emerged
● Systems View of Planning
○ Theory of the object that town planning seeks to plan, namely:
environment, now seen as a system of interconnected parts.
● Rational process View of Planning
○ Theory about the process of planning and, in particular, of planning as a
rational process of decision-making
Both theories presumed a deep conception of planning and control which sociologist
Patrick Geddes.
System view of planning was described in highly abstract, technical, and mathematical
terms.
● General system theory is the idea of things as a system
● System is something composed of interconnected parts
○ A complex whole
○ Parts are interconnected and so interdependent
As we think of living organism as systems, we can also view functioning human-made

entities, such as cities and regions, as systems.
Considering cities as a complex of system therefore planners needed to understand

how cities work,
Once cities viewed as interrelated systems of activities and places, it follows that a
change to one part of the city will cause changes to some other part
Norbert Wiener: developed the field of cybernetics, inspiring a generation of scientists to

think of computer technology as a means to extend human capabilities.
● Proposed that the study of automatic control systems was only part of much
larger science of cybernetics.
● Principle is also a key feature of life forms from the simplest plants to the most
complex animals, which change their actions in response to their environment.
LAND USE PLANNING
Land Use Planning

● Refers to a document embodying a set of policies accompanied by maps and
similar illustrations, which represent the community desired pattern of population
distribution. and a proposal for the future allocation of land to the various
land-using activities.
● Refers to the rational and judicious approach of allocating available land
resources to different land using activities and for different functions consistent
with the overall development vision / goal of a particular city.
Land Use
Refers to the manner of utilization of land, including its allocation, development and
management
Objectives
● To promote efficient utilization, acquisition, and disposition of land ensure the
highest and best use of land
● To direct, harmonize, and influence discussions and activities of the private and
public sectors relative to the use and management of lands
● To reconcile land use conflicts and proposals between and among individuals,
private and government entities relative to the present and future need for the
land
● To promote desirable patterns of land uses to prevent wasteful development and
minimize the cost of public infrastructure and utilities and other social services
● To preserve areas of ecological, aesthetic, historical, and cultural significance
Classifications of Urban Land Use

Residential (Yellow)
● Where people live.
● The type of housing in an area is based on residential density, defined by the
number of housing units in a unit of land (divided based on the number of
population):
○ Low-density: single family homes, semi-detached homes, and duplexes
○ Medium-density: town houses, low-rise apartments
○ High-density: high-rise apartments (less to no privacy)
● Typical types of residential communities
○ Subdivision
○ Apartments
○ Condominium
○ Socialized / Economic Housing
Commercial (Red)
● Land that is set aside for commercial activities includes any land use that is used
for buying, selling, or trading goods and services
● Category includes all types of wholesale, retail, and service activities serving
areas larger than neighborhoods
● Commercial Areas: Central Place Theory (settle where the biggest market is).
○ Central Business District (CBD)
■ Major CBD: shopping, service area with largest department, and
variety stores, specialty shops, business and professional services,
hotels, theaters, etc.
■ Minor CBD: market as main feature (types: wholesale market, wet
and dry market); residential-commercial or mixed-use
development
■ Commercial Strip: extension of CBD
■ Neighborhood Center: local sources of staple and convenience
goods and services; built around supermarket with convenience
stores (population served: 7,500-20,000)
○ Wholesale, retail, and services
■ Services: sell/offer,
■ Product: physical object
Institutional (Blue)
● Land that covers the major public and semi public uses like educational, cultural,
religious, health, protective, and government services
● Occupied by schools, hospitals, government offices and places of worship
Industrial (Violet)
● Land that is used for industry businesses; Factories, warehouses, power plants, or
places of resource extraction (like mines).
○ I-1: Non-hazardous are placed in techno parks or industrial subdivisions
(assembly / packaging)
○ I-2: pollutive or hazardous
○ I-3: highly hazardous to health and environment (i.e.: mining, chemicals)
○ Zoned based on what chemicals are produced
● It includes manufacturing, refining, fabricating, assembly, storage, parking and
other identical uses including food processing, cottage industry, sawmills, rice
mills, steel mills, chemical processing
Transportation
● Land that is used for moving people and good from one place to another.
● Includes: sidewalks, roads, highways, subways, streetcars, railroad tracks, freight
yards, airports, marinas and any other land that is used for transportation.
Open Space (Green)
● Land that is now vacant, or left in a natural state (like a woodlot), or land that is
for recreational use (parks, playgrounds, community centers)
● Parks / playgrounds and other recreational areas the space requirement may be
computed with the use of space standards based on population or area of the
municipality or city.
● So called “non-functional open spaces” and includes lands reserved for
greenbelts and buffer zones; and other vacant lands reserved for specific or
functional purposes.
● PD 957: 30% Open Space, Buildable; 70% Sale
Utilities and Facilities

● Utilities like clean water distribution and wastewater collection
● Solid waste management
● Communication utilities
Land Classification
● Involves the assessment of unclassified lands under the public domain which
include surveying, classifying, studying, and mapping areas into agricultural,
forest or timber, mineral and national parks
● National government / DENR: congress delineates limits of forestlands and
national parks
Land Reclassification
● subsequent classification, allocation, and disposition of lands of the public
domain, classified as alienable and disposable into specific uses
● National government / DENR in coordination with LGUs
○ Decision of national government is passed down to the smallest
government unit (barangay)
○ From the president to DENR Sec. to LGU City Council
Land Sub-classification
● the act of determining and assigning the uses of classified public lands by the
National government / DENR
Zoning
● legislative act of delineating areas or districts within the territorial jurisdictions of
cities and municipalities that may be put to specific uses and their regulation,
subject to the limitations imposed by law or competent authority
● Regulates setbacks, building heights, land-use, parking spaces, historical sites,
building area / ration
Land Use Conversion

● act of putting a piece or parcel of land into a type of use other than that for
which it is currently being utilized
LAND USE PROCESS
HLURB Guidelines
Step 1: Organize
Assemble the personnel
Steps Outputs
1.1. Discuss the need to prepare or Decision to prepare / update CLUP

update the CLUP
1.2. Access available resources and ● Strategies to undertake planning

prepare proposals. ● CLUP proposal
● SB / SP Resolution approving
proposal
1.3. Organize the Planning Team Executive Order designating members of

Planning Team and Technical Working
Groups
1.4. Orient the Planning Team (including Defined roles and responsibilities
multidisciplinary professions - architect,
engineer, scientists, etc.)
1.5. Inventory available information Compilation of existing data
1.6. Prepare and disseminate IEC Community awareness

materials
● Sangguniang Bayan (SB): city council
● Sangguniang Panlalawigan (SP): provincial council
Step 2: Identify Stakeholders

● Recognize and engage participants who can play an active role in the planning
process
Steps Outputs
2.1. Identify stakeholders by key planning List of interest groups or individuals for
and development sectors or coverage identified key CLUP outcome or result
areas and objectives
2.2. Prepare an action plan for Action plan with strategies for
approaching and involving each person approaching and involving stakeholders
or group
2.3. Develop and implement an Information and Education Plan

information and Education Campaign
(IEC) plan
Step 3: Set the Vision

● Define the future you want: includes goals and objectives
● The vision shall serve as the driving force that will move the entire city or
municipality towards the achievement of a common development direction
● Guide the succeeding stages of the planning process.
Steps Outputs
3.1. Review the vision, goals, and Existing vision reaffirmed, revalidated, or
objectives of the existing CLUP revised
3.2. Formulate the vision statement Vision statement formulated and agreed
upon
3.3. Present the refined version statement Feedback from Local Development
of the Local Development Council for Council
endorsement to the SP / SB for
subsequent adoption
3.4. Adopt the vision Adopted vision by SP / SB
3.5. Disseminate the adopted vision to the Official vision statement disseminated
general public
Step 4: Analyze the Situation (back to Step 3, if needed)

Identify the issues, potentials, and future development needs and spatial requirements
of the city / municipality. Also, assess the situation using both technical and
participatory methods.
Steps Outputs
4.1. Review current CLUP, PPFP, and Review of accomplishments of current

relevant national and sub-national plans CLUP based on key result areas.
4.2. Update situation analysis and Refinement of baseline data based on

conduct new assessments stakeholder feedback
4.3. Validate new findings with

stakeholders
4.4. Determine the current and projected Current and projected needs per sector
needs
4.5. Determine land supply Land supply for developoment
Step 5: Set the Goals and Objectives

Formulate achievable (SMART) goals and objectives, outcomes and output indicators
that are responsive to the issues, needs, and potentials of the municipality / city.
Steps Outputs
5.1. Review the vision statement and the Analysis of vision, major problems, issues,
major problems and opportunities and potentials
identified in the situation analysis
5.2. Formulate the general goals and General goals and objectives
objectives (multi-sectoral)
5.3. Identify the key outcome and output Key outcome and output indicators
indicators
5.4. Validate and adopt the identified Validates goals and objectives and
development goals, objectives, and key outcome and output indicators
outcomes at the city / municipality and
community level
Step 6: Establish Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies

● Translate the vision and situation analysis into a desired physical form
○ Note: there are different location and expenses in developing spatial
strategies
○ Industrial buffer area, sensitive habitat buffers (i.e.: apply easement)
Steps Outputs
6.1. Generate and evaluate the options Preferred development thrust

for strategic development thrust
6.2. Formulate development strategies to Development strategies for the preferred
pursue the preferred development thrust development thrust
6.3. Evaluate and select the most suitable Preferred development and spatial
development and spatial strategies strategies
6.4. Prepare the Structure Plan on spatial Structure plan to provide the overall
strategies framework of the CLUP (schematic
diagram with short narratives)
TYPES OF BUFFER IN PRODUCTION AREAS
Agriculture and Forestland / Timberland Buffer Areas

Residential Planned Development with Open Space Buffer
Industrial / Residential Buffer Areas

These buffer areas are required to separate residential land uses from designated
business park / industrial areas where noise from vehicles and equipment, the use of
hazardous materials in manufacturing process, truck traffic and otherwise heavy traffic
volumes would be incompatible with nearby residential uses.
Sensitive Habitat Buffers

Buffer areas may be required to separate pockets of sensitive habitat areas such as
steam / creeks or river corridors, wetlands, sensitive species habitats and urban
greenery / open spaces, from any type of urban development that is inside identified
production and multiple land uses
Public Facility Buffers

These buffer areas are required to protect the long-term viability of critical public
facilities such as solid waste transfer and disposal sites, sewage treatment plants, and
airports that may be significant nuisance characteristics.
Public facility buffer areas are intended to separate residential, commercial, and other
land uses continuously or frequently occupied by people from the uses stated above.
Growth Pattern Options

The local government units may select or decide on any of the spatial development
concepts or combination thereof that will put emphasis or underscore the identified
development thrusts and the corresponding spatial strategy.
Option 1: Multi-nodal Urban Form

Redirects development away from the urban core or the city center towards identified
urban growth areas to nodes.
● Approximates Lynch’s Galaxy form characterized by clusters of development
with each cluster having its own specialization
● The major center provides specialized facilities and provides to its nodes and
acts as its external linkage to the other centers of the city or municipality. The
nodes support the major center as its captive market while providing
neighborhood facilities and services to its area of influence.
○ Centric and Nodal Form
○ Radial and Circumferential
● Under this urban form, a number of additional mixed-use growth areas will be
developed outside the Poblacion area or the existing center of development.
● It shows a development channel fanning out from a given center where points
of activities are interconnected by radial and circumferential road systems which
are potential development corridors.
Option 2: Concentric Urban Form

● Reflects an outward expansion of urban development from the city center or
core induced by construction of new circumferential and radial roads.
● Mathes the Core City of Kevin Lynch which has the unique characteristic of
concentrating development into one continuous body originating from the
center or core.
Step 7: Prepare the Land Use Plan

Translate the vision, goals, and objectives, development thrust, and spatial strategies
into a land use plan
● NIPAS (National Integrated Protected Areas System): RA 7586
● To formulate laws, it will first be reviewed and made by the Senate before the
approval of the president
Steps Outputs
7.1. Determine land requirements and ● Total sectoral land requirement
supply ● Strategies for addressing lang
7.1.1. If the supply is adequate for the requirements,
quantified needs and requirements,
determine if modifications or adjustments
are necessary
7.1.2 If the demand is lower than the
supply, the planner/s may decide on the
appropriate use(s) of the remaining lang
supply to ensure the achievement of
development thrust
7.2. Design the basic land use scheme ● Proposed Land Use Map
● Tabulation of existing and
proposed uses
● Proposed network of major and
secondary roads
7.3. Formulate the policies that will govern Land and water use policies
the specific land and water uses
7.4. Identify the key strategic programs General listing of consolidated programs
and projects to support implementation and projects
of Land Use Plan
Step 8: Draft the Zoning Ordinance

Translate the Land Use Plan into an Integrated Zoning Ordinance (ZO) and
complementary ordinance
Steps
8.1. Define the title and purpose of the integrated Zoning Ordinance
8.2. Designate specific zones in the city based on the CLUP
8.3. Identify and agree on regulations for each zone or district
8.4. Identify areas where Co-Management Agreement and Inter-LGU cooperation

and coordination as well as Indigenous Political Systems can apply
8.5. Determine any innovative techniques or designs; miscellaneous provisions and

mitigating measures to include variance and exception provision
8.6. Identify or define provisions to administer and enforce ZO
8.7. Formulate other key provisions of the ZO
INNOVATIVE LAND USE AND URBAN DESIGN RULES
Pedestrian Oriented Development Overlay Zones: planning tool that provides better
pedestrian access to commercial and residential areas and transit stops through
compact development, mixed-use, traffic calming and pedestrian-transit orientation
Transit Oriented Development Overlay Zones: planning tool that concentrates

commercial and residential growth around transit centers to maximize access to public
transit
Urban Growth Boundaries: planning tool that promotes more efficient, orderly, and
compact development while preserving community character and natural resources,
and stimulating community and economic development
Infill Development Overlays: planning tool for the redevelopment of underutilized land
bypassed by continuous development.
Mixed-Use Zones: provides greater housing variety, density, and reduces travel
distances, and serve a variety of functions which are essential for vibrant urban areas.
This concept is often used with Pedestrian and Transport Orientation, Urban Growth
Boundaries and Infill Development
● Makati City has designated residential zones, all commercial zones, and all
institutional zones for mixed use in its Land Use Plan
Transition Zoning: defines spatial regulations that can only apply to boundaries between
incompatible uses or developments that can help connect two different zones.
● Ex: parks and transition
Design Standards and Neighborhood Compatibility: urban design rules that control the
appearance of buildings to establish a district and coherent character for a place
● Setbacks, building height, building bulk
Facade Zones: are urban design rules that focus on the control of publicly accessible
parts of the building such as storefronts or facades instead of controlling the design of
the entire building.
Setbacks, Open Spaces, and Yards
Driveway with and curb cuts
Building Height
Floor Area Ratios: as opposed to height regulations, it can regulate both the density
and height of buildings in a given area, allowing the developer some leeway in the
distribution of the floor area and the form of the building
Transfer of Development Rights: zoning techniques that can redirect future development
potential from one location to another in a way that is fair and equitable to the
involved property owners.
Preservation: Allows controlled development while retaining desirable environmental

site features such as natural topography, hydrology, biodiversity, as well as erosion and
sedimentation control and views
Urban Envelopes: 3D boundaries that can set the maximum developable volume by
setting a fixed height and clear boundaries for development
Affordable Housing Agreements: Certain percentage of development for affordable

housing keeping communities diverse and affordable
Adopt a neighborhood: allow private organizations to display discrete advertising in an

area as long as they attend to the maintenance, cleaning, and other neighborhood
revitalization projects
Step 9: Conduct Public Hearing

The stakeholders must have a say about land use planning since it is always to be
subject to revisions
Steps Outputs
Stage 1: Pre-public. Hearing
9.1. Prepare the required documents Executive summary, feedback form,

information flyers, and posters
9.2. Conduct Internal Briefing Briefing of Mayor, local departments,

SP/SB members and Local Development
Council
9.3. Prepare an information dissemination Strategies for information dissemination

plan
9.4. Constitute the public hearing / Public hearing / consultation board to

consultation board coordinate, conduct public hearing, and
evaluate comments
9.5. Conduct a public exhibition of the Public exhibition in strategic areas at least
draft CLUP and ZO 7 days prior to public hearing
9.6. Announce / publicize the public Letters, posters, banners, flyers, public
hearing / consultation announcements, etc.
Stage 2: Public Hearing / Consultation
9.7. Conduct public hearing / Public hearing (at least 1 for Component
consultation Cities and Municipalities and at least 2 for
Highly Urbanized Cities and Independent
Component Cities
Stage 3: Committee Hearing
9.8. Conduct the SP /. SB committee Committee hearings with stakeholders

hearings
Stage 4: Post-Public Hearing
9.9. Evaluate comments and positions Consolidated comments and decisions

on what will be incorporated
9.10. Refine the draft CLUP and ZO Final draft for SB / SP reading
9.11. Submit the final draft of the CLUP Draft of CLUP / ZO for submission to HLURB
and ZO to the SB / SP. or Provincial / Regional Land Use
Committee as appropriate
Step 10: Review, Adopt, and Approve the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) and
Zoning Ordinance (ZO)
Conduct a comprehensive review, adoption, and approval / ratification of the CLUP
and ZO
Steps Outputs
10.1. Submit the final. draft CLUP / ZO to Required documents submitted

the SB / SP, PLUC, RLUC, or HLURB for
review and approval
10.2. Conduct of review and approval of Adopted and enacted CLUP and ZO
the CLUP / ZO by the SB/SP, PLUC, RLUC,
or HLURB
Step 11: Implement the CLUP and ZO

Set prerequisite measures to realistically implement the CLUP and ZO.
Steps Outputs
11.1. Strengthen and build local Approved Institutional Structure and

institutional mechanisms Systems and Procedure
11.2. inform and educate Information, Education, and

Communication (IEC) Plan / Advocacy
11.3. Establish inter-LGU partnership and / MoA, MoU with other LGUs, NGAs, etc.
or co-management agreements
11.4. Localize to barangay oro Enhanced / revised BDP
community level
11.5. Other ways to implement the CLUP CLUP implementation tools and
instruments
Step 12: Monitor and Evaluate the CLUP and ZO

● Assess how fully and effectively the plan is being carried out and implemented
● Important to monitor to identify errors or problems right away
Steps Outputs
12.1 Organize a monitoring, review, and MRE teams created / organized

evaluation (MRE) body
12.2 Develop MRE Systems and Monitoring systems and procedures,

Procedures including benchmarks and indicators
12.3. Conduct actual MRE MRE results
12.4. Review CLUP and ZO for updating Proposed actions for the revision /
updating of the CLUP and ZO
12.5. Submit the report Action by Mayor, SB/SP
(Back to Step 1)
LAND USE PLANNING INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP
The Philippines has 17 regions and 12 Metropolitan Areas (Metro Baguio, Dagupan,
Olongapo, Angeles, Manila, Batangas, Naga, Iloilo, Bacolod, Cebu, Cagayan de Oro,
and Davao).
There are also 81 provinces, 146 cities, 1,488 municipalities and 42,046 barangays.
National Government
● Holds executive position
● President: implements laws for country
Legislative (Senate)
● Creates laws
Judicial
● Concerned regarding the legality of laws
Congress
● Representative of LGUs
Cities and Municipalities
● City is higher than the municipality in terms of markets, population, etc.
● NCR and Metropolitan Manila is a highly urbanized city
Barangay
● Smallest unit
● From the word, “balangay” heading by a tribal leader
Urban Planning Framework
● From national to local, whatever is the direction of national planning, similar
direction to regional, provincial, and local
● NEDA (National Economic Development Authority): manages the entire
country’s development
○ Prepares PDP (Philippine Development Plan)
○ Prepares NFPP (National Framework for Physical Planning)
○ Prepares NUDHF (National Urban Development and Housing Framework)
● Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development
○ Handles the following housing agencies / departments
■ HLURB
■ HUDCC
■ NHA
■ PAG-IBIG / HDMF
● Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)
○ Office where all statistics and data about the Philippines are available
● Regional Development Council
○ Provincial Development Plan
○ Provincial Physical Framework Plan
● Local
○ Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP)
○ Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP)
○ Local Development Investment Plan
○ Local Shelter Plan
Top-Down Planning
● From national to local
● National is more active
Bottom-Up Planning
● From local level to national
● Local is more active
● Establishes people
Highly urbanized cities
● a minimum population of 200,000 inhabitants as certified by NSO (PSA).
● latest annual income of at least P50M based on 1992 constant prices, as certified
by the city treasurer per Section 452 of RA 7160
Independent Component Cities
● cities whose charters prohibit their voters from voting for provincial elective
officials
● shall be independent of the province (ex: Dagupan City, Ormoc City, Santiago
City, Naga City, and Cotabato City)
Component Cities
● cities which do not meet the above requirements shall be considered
component cities of the province in which they are geographically located.
● If a component city is located within the boundaries of 2 or more provinces, such
city shall be considered a component of the province of which it used to be a
municipality. (Ex: Laoag City, Tuguegarao City, Tarlac City, Batangas City,
Legazpi City, and Roxas City).
TOTAL LAND IS DIVIDED TO
Protection Land Use (Lands that cannot all be converted)
● National Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS)
○ Street nature reserve
○ Historical park (ex: Banahaw Park)
○ Wildlife Sanctuary
○ Protected land / seascape
○ Resource reserve
○ National biotic area
○ Others established by laws
● Non-NIPAS
○ Secondary forest (illegally logged, and grew back)
○ Buffer strips
○ Easements
○ Rice land
○ Coconut Preservation
○ Historic Site
○ Visual corridors
● Settlement Development: Urban and rural
● Production Land Use
○ Industrial: production forest (mahogany or pinewood which are planted
for commercial use; timber grazing agroforest)
○ Mining
○ Tourism: Agriculture crops, aquaculture livestock
● Infrastructure Development
○ Power Plant
○ Irrigation
○ Water Treatment
○ Airport
○ Waste Disposal Facilities
○ Educational Facilities
○ Health Facilities
○ Telecommunications Field
Proposed National Land Use Act of 1978
● proposed law creates a national land-use authority that will draft and oversee a
national land-use plan that will classify land according to use:
○ protection: for conservation
○ production: for agriculture and fisheries
○ settlements development: for residential purposes
○ infrastructure development
Leading Agencies in Land Use Planning: National Land Use Committee

● National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA): central government
agency responsible for economic development and planning
● Department of Human Settlement and Urban Development (DHSUD): in charge or
management of human settlement and housing development; absorbed the
function of Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC)
and Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB)
○ Functions of DHSUD:
■ Environmental
■ Land Use and Urban Planning and Development
■ Housing and Real Estate Development Regulation
■ Homeowners Association and Community Development
● Local Government Units (LGUs): supervise all local government at city and
municipality level in the preparation of land use plan and implementation off
zoning based on HLURB guidelines.
● Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR): responsible for
management, legal classification and authorized disposition of public lands
including forest, pasture lands, swamp lands, and alienable and disposable lands
● Department of Agriculture (DA): concerned with crop production
● Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR): concerned with rice and corn production
● Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)
● Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
● Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)
● Department of Justice (DOJ)
LAND USE POLICIES / LAWS
Local Government Code (LGC) of 1991 (RA 7160)
● Adopt a comprehensive land use plan for the municipality: Provided, That the
formulation, adoption, or modification of said plan shall be in coordination with
the approved provincial comprehensive land use plan
● Reclassify land within the jurisdiction of the municipality, subject to the pertinent
provisions of this Code; (ix) Enact integrated zoning ordinances in consonance
with the approved comprehensive land use plan, subject to existing laws, rules
and regulations; established fire limits or zones, particularly in populous centers;
and regulate the construction, repair or modification of buildings within said fire
limits or zones in accordance with the provisions of this Code;
● Subject to national law, process and approve subdivision plans for residential,
commercial, or industrial purposes and other development purposes, and collect
processing fees and other charges the proceeds of which shall accrue entirely to
the municipality: Provided, however, That, where approval by a national agency
or office is required, said approval shall not be withheld for more than thirty (30)
days from receipt of the application. Failure to act on the application within the
period stated above shall be deemed as approval thereof
Urban Development Housing Act (UDHA) of 1992
● In coordination with the National Economic and Development Authority and the
National Statistics Office, provide data and information for forward-planning by
the local government units in their areas, particularly on projections as to the
population and development trends in their localities and the corresponding
investment programs needed to provide appropriate types and levels of
infrastructure, utilities, services and land use patterns; and
● Assistance in obtaining funds and other resources needed in the urban
development and housing programs in their areas or responsibility.
● The National Housing Authority, upon request of local government units, shall
provide technical and other forms of assistance in the implementation of their
respective urban development and housing programs with the objective of
augmenting and enhancing local government capabilities in the provision of
housing benefits to their constituents;
National Integrated Protection Area System (NIPAS) of 1992
● zoning plan in adjoining areas for the preservation and control of activities that
may threaten the ecological balance in the protected areas;
● To cause the preparation of and exercise the power to review all plans and
proposals for the management of protected areas;
● To promulgate rules and regulations necessary to carry out the provisions of this
Act;
● To deputize field officers and delegate any of his powers under this Act and
other laws to expedite its implementation and enforcement;
● To fix and prescribe reasonable NIPAS fees to be collected from government
agencies or any person, firm or corporation deriving benefits from the protected
areas;
● To exact administrative fees and fines as authorized in Section 21 for violation of
guidelines, rules and regulations of this Act as would endanger the viability of
protected areas;
● To enter into contracts and/or agreements with private entities or public
agencies as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this Act;
● To accept in the name of the Philippine Government and in behalf of NIPAS
funds, gifts or bequests of money for immediate disbursements or other property
in the interest of the NIPAS, its activities or its services;
● To call on any agency or instrumentality of the Government as well as […]”
Indigenous People’s Rights Act (IPRA) of 1997
● ecological, environmental protection and the conservation measures, pursuant
to national and customary laws; the right to an informed and intelligent
participation in the formulation and implementation of any project, government
or private, that will affect or impact upon the ancestral domains and to receive
just and fair compensation for any damages which they sustain as a result of the
project; and the right to effective measures by the government to prevent any
interfere with, alienation and encroachment upon these rights;
Agriculture, Fisheries, Modernization Act (AFMA) of 1997
● the penalty as provided for under Republic Act No.7160 Section 13. Agriculture
and Fisheries Modernization Plan (AFMP). — The Department, in consultation with
the farmers and fisher folk, the private sector, NGOs, people's organizations and
the appropriate government agencies and offices, shall formulate and
implement a medium- and long-term comprehensive Agriculture and Fisheries
Modernization Plan.
● The Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Plan shall focus on five (5) major
concerns: a. Food security; b. Poverty alleviation and social equity; c. Income
enhancement and profitability, especially for farmers and fisher folk; d. Global
competitiveness; and e. Sustainability.
ADDITIONAL LECTURE: TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
Transportation Planning
● helps shape area economic health and quality of life

○ layout of streets, forms, pattern
● how people and goods get where they are going
● influences pattern of growth and economic activity providing access to land transportation
planning
● comprehensive consideration of possible strategis, evaluation process, collaborative
participation, public involvement/stakeholders
● similar to generic planning process, it is also a cooperative process between involvement of
different systems, sectors/business community
● sectors are representatives to participate in planning process
Steps
● 1-monitoring existing conditions
● 2-forecasting demographics,
● 3 identifying current and future problems
● 4-development long-range plan or analysis
● 5-estimating impact of recommended future improvements
● 6- develop financial plan
Long-Range Plans
LRP is a long-range plan for example, constructing a highway for 20 years.
● LRT also is a LRP, it is still continuous. For example, phase 1 is LRT 1, phase 2 is LRT 2, so on and
so forth.
● DOTR is the national department that manages transportation, in the local system it is the
LGU.
● reflects goals and objectives, priorities, alternatives and deficiencies (SMART)
● organization, no specific required but it clearly defined roles and responsibilities with
partnership among stakeholders
● technical tools mathematical formulas to compute demographics such as population
projection, how many buses are needed. answers what if questions
○ short term barangay streets 1-2 months.
○ medium term 1-5 yrs planning.
○ LRP are transportation projects will be done for at least 20 years
○ in terms of air pollution or gas emissions is called Clean Air Act (RA 8749)
● public & other agency involvement; averaged citizens, private providers, transportation
agency employees
● financial plan; balance with revenues as income in order to finance for the salaries of
employees and maintenance
● data input; technical tools rely on data gathering such as inventory, traffic volumes,
population, travel surveys or origin destination, etc.
○ Curitiba model in brazil, buses are on the center of the highway/street higher or
elevated from the ground. Pedestrians use the overpass.
○ the transportation planning process should be proactive (thinking/anticipates the
future.)
● identify and analyze issues; current and future such as physical condition, functional usage,
mobility
● develop and evaluate alternatives; establish priorities with goals and objectives and
preliminary priorities
● prepare and adopt LRP; 20 year horizon update every 3-5 years
○ maintaining apart holes is a short term plan
○ clearing sidewalks is a medium range plan
○ connecting another city to city is an LRP
● Prepare and adopt s/tip
○ implement over 3 yrs, update every 2 yrs, must be financially constrained
● implement; in form of public hearing without any more questions

○ monitoring should be done every 3 to 5 yrs even in LRP
Module 3 Reviewer
Planning 3: Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning
Mapua University
4Q 2022-2023
PEISS PROCESS
● determine the effects of building proposed within the environment

● identify solutions to the effects of buildings for example, better STP (sewage treatment plant)
in Boracay
● data gathering is based on stakeholders
● if EIA process passed, DENR will issue ecc or environmental certificate to proceed approvals
from other agencies and LGU
● only assess major and significant impact to the environment
○ for example, impact on wildlife
○ no ECC (environmental compliance certificate), no building permit
● environmental management and monitoring plan
○ include mitigating tools, for example, in manufacturing plant, incorporate green
belt
○ presented through reports
● review of EIA report by another consulting firm accredited by DENR
● decision making
○ issuance of ecc or passed assessment of mitigating measure
○ CNC (Certificate of Non-Compliance), no impact to environment/also passed
○ denial letter or repeat all procedure to get it right
PD1586: (PEISS) Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System
establishing environmental impact statement system
● Section 1: to attain and maintain rational and orderly balance between socio-economic
growth
○ achieve sustainable development: economy, environment, social
○ 3P’s: profit (economy), planet (environment), and people (social)
● Section 2: EISS covers multi-disciplinary that includes agencies such as dilg, dti, dost, etc. and
other private corporations, firms, and entities
○ For every proposed project and undertaking which significantly affects the quality of
the environment
● Section 3: lead agency is DENR
○ requires EIA (environmental impact assessment)
○ feasibility study includes mitigating solutions
● Acronyms
○ DENR: dept of environmental and natural resources
○ PEISS: philippine environmental impact statement system
○ EIS: environmental impact statement
○ EIA: environmental impact assessment
○ ECA/ECP: environmentally critical area or environmentally critical project
DENR’s basic policy and operating principles of PEISS

● implement system oriented approach to EIS that will benefit the present and future
generations
● EIS System
○ assess direct and indirect impact of project on the biophysical and human
environment
■ Direct Impact: factories on air
■ Indirect Impact: factories on human health, acid rain, and deforestation
○ ensure impacts are addressed by appropriate environmental protection and
enhancement measures
○ aids proponents in incorporating environmental considerations in planning their
projects
○ Project Proponents are responsible for determining and disclosing all relevant
information necessary for a methodical assessment of the environmental impacts of
their projects
○ Review of EIA reports by EMB (Environmental Management Bureau) shall be guided in
3 general criteria
■ environmental considerations are integrated into overall project planning
■ assessment is technically sound and proposed environmental mitigation
measures are effective
■ EIA process is based on timely, informed, and meaningful public participation of
affected communities
○ Effective regulatory review of the EIA Reports depends largely on timely, full, and
accurate disclosure of relevant information by project Proponents and other
stakeholders in the EIA process;
○ The timelines prescribed within which a decision must be issued apply only to processes
and actions within the Environmental Management Bureau’s (EMB) control and do not
include actions or activities that are the responsibility of the Proponent.
● EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment)
○ “process that involves predicting and evaluating the likely impacts of a project
(including cumulative impacts) on the environment
■ Construction
■ Commissioning
■ Operation
■ and abandonment.
○ EIA includes
■ designing appropriate preventive
■ mitigating and
■ enhancement measures addressing these consequences to protect the
environment and the community’s welfare”.
● Purpose of the EIA
○ to enhance planning and guide decision-making -a requirement to integrate
environmental concerns in the planning process of projects at the feasibility stage.
Through the EIA Process, adverse environmental impacts of proposed actions are
considerably reduced through a reiterative review process of project siting, design and
other alternatives, and the subsequent formulation of environmental management and
monitoring plans. A positive determination by the DENR-EMB REVISED PROCEDURAL
MANUAL FOR DAO 2003-30 2 results to the issuance of an Environmental Compliance
Commitment (ECC) document, to be conformed to by the Proponent and represents
the project’s Environmental Compliance Certificate. The release of the ECC allows the
project to proceed to the next stage of project planning, which is the acquisition of
approvals from other government agencies and LGUs, after which the project can start
implementation.
● 4) The EIA Process in Relation to the Project Cycle a) The EIA study shall determine the
environmental impacts of the project and shall provide recommendations/guidance at
various stages of the project cycle. It is during the Feasibility Study (FS) stage when a
Proponent defines its range of actions and consider project alternatives, thus, it is the most
ideal stage in the project cycle wherein the EIA study will have most added value. EIA
documents are ideally prepared when prospective proposals are more concrete than mere
concept and are preferably available before the project has reached a stage of investment
or commitment towards implementation. Proponents are in fact directed under Malacanang
Administrative Order No. 42 to conduct simultaneously the environmental impact study and
the project planning or Feasibility Study (FS).
○ The PEISS is supplementary and complementary to other existing environmental laws.
○
○
○
○ As early as the project’s Feasibility Study (FS) stage, the EIA process identifies the likely
issues or impacts that may be covered later by regional environmental permits and
other regulatory bodies’ permitting requirements
○
○ EIA process fills in the gap and provides appropriate cover for environmental protection
and enhancement-related actions. For example, the planting of greenbelts is not a
requirement under any environmental law but is included in the ECC as a contractual
obligation and commitment of the project Proponent to the DENR
● The EIA Process in Relation to Enforcement of Other Laws
○ The PEISS is supplementary and complementary to other existing environmental laws. As
early as the project’s Feasibility Study (FS) stage, the EIA process identifies the likely
issues or impacts that may be covered later by regional environmental permits and
other regulatory bodies’ permitting requirements. In addition, where there are yet no
standards or where there is a lack of explicit definitions in existing laws, the EIA process
fills in the gap and provides appropriate cover for environmental protection and
enhancement-related actions. For example, the planting of greenbelts is not a
requirement under any environmental law but is included in the ECC as a contractual
obligation and commitment of the project Proponent to the DENR
● The EIA Process in Relation to Other Agencies’ Requirements
○ It is inherent upon the EIA Process to undertake a comprehensive and integrated
approach in the review and evaluation of environment-related concerns of
government agencies (GAs), local government units (LGUs) and the general public.
The subsequent EIA findings shall provide guidance and recommendations to these
entities as a basis for their decision making process.
○
○
○
PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
● RA 8749 (Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999)

● RA 8550 (Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998): an act providing for the development,
management and conservation of the fisheries and aquatic resources
● RA 8485 (Animal Welfare Act of 1998)
● RA 8435 (Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997): an act prescribing urgent
related measures to modernize the agriculture and fisheries sectors of the country in order to
enhance their profitability
● RA 8371 (The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997): an act to recognize, protect and
promote the rights of indigenous cultural communities
● RA 8041 (National Water Crisis Act of 1995): gainful utilization of the Pasig river
● RA 7907 (Amendment to the Agrarian Reform Code)
● RA 7586 (National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992): an act providing for the
establishment and management of national integrated protected areas system
● RA 3931 (National Water & Air Pollution Control Commission Act)
● RA 3571 (Prohibition Against Cutting of Trees in Public Roads, Plazas, etc.): an act to prohibit
the cutting, destroying or injuring of planted or growing trees, flowering plants and shrubs or
plants of scenic value along public roads
● PD 1586 (Environmental Impact Statement System)
● PD 1219 (The Coral Resources Development & Conservation Decree): providing for the
exploration, exploitation, utilization and conservation of coral resources
● PD 1151 (Philippine Environmental Policy)
● PD 1152 (Philippine Environment Code) prevent to the greatest extent practicable, injury
and/or damage to plant and animal life
● PD 1067 (The Water Code of the Philippines)
● PD 984 (National Pollution Control Commission)
● PD 979 (Marine Pollution Decree of 1976)
● PD 825 (Penalty for Improper Garbage Disposal)
● PD 813: Amending certain sections of (r.a. 4850), otherwise known as the "Laguna Lake
development authority act of 1966."
● PD 704: (Philippine Fisheries Code of 1975): revising and consolidating all laws and decrees
affecting fishing and fisheries
● PD 274: pertaining to the preservation, beautification, improvement and
● Executive Order No. 54: Creating the Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission
● RA 3983: an act to protect wildflowers and plants in the philippine islands and to prescribe
conditions under which they may be collected, kept, sold, exported, and for other purposes.
● RA 3572: an act to prohibit the cutting of tindalo, akle or molave trees, under certain
conditions, and to penalize violations.
● Executive Order no. 247: prescribing guidelines and establishing a regulatory framework for
the prospecting of biological and genetic resources
● Proclamation no. 2146: proclaiming certain areas and types of projects as environmentally
critical and within the scope of the environmental impact statement system
● Proclamation no. 926: establishing subic watershed forest reserve for purposes of protecting,
maintaining, or improving its waterfield

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PLANNING

a reviewer for Architecture students

This is an educational material intended to create a comprehensive reviewer for

This reviewer serves only as a supplementary material for architectural

LESSON 1. SITE PLANNING PRINCIPLES AND CONSIDERATIONS

LESSON 1.1. SITE PLANNING

Site Planning Needs and Objectives

LESSON 1. SITE PLANNING PRINCIPLES AND CONSIDERATIONS

Zoning Land Use Considerations

Site Design Elements

LESSON 1. SITE PLANNING PRINCIPLES AND CONSIDERATIONS

Massing and Building Blocks

● Building layout for solar

● Gravity fed sewer lines

● Building position for day lighting,

● Structural considerations for site

LESSON 1. SITE PLANNING PRINCIPLES AND CONSIDERATIONS

Site Inventory (cont.)

● Placement of wind towers

● Site grading procedures that

● Making the potential access

● Location of utility and

PLANNING 1: SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

LESSON 2. RULES 7 & 8

LESSON 2.1. OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATIONS

LESSON 2. RULES 7 & 8

Group A: Residential Dwellings

LESSON 2. RULES 7 & 8

Group G: Storage and Hazardous

Group H: Assembly (less than 1000)

LESSON 2. RULES 7 & 8

Classification of mix-used buildings:

LESSON 2. RULES 7 & 8

LESSON 2.2. ZONING

Residential (R) Zone

LESSON 2. RULES 7 & 8

General Institutional (GI) Zone

Commercial (C) Zone Special (SPE) Zone (Division E-2)

LESSON 2. RULES 7 & 8

LESSON 2.3. LOT TYPES

Interior Lot Inside Lot

LESSON 2. RULES 7 & 8

Corner Lot Through Lot

Corner-Through Lot Corner Lot Abutting

LESSON 2. RULES 7 & 8

LESSON 2.4. MINIMUM SETBACKS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Minimum Setbacks for Residential Buildings / Structures

LESSON 3. PARAMETERS OF SITE SELECTION AND ANALYSIS

LESSON 3.1. SITE SELECTION AND ANALYSIS

LESSON 3. PARAMETERS OF SITE SELECTION AND ANALYSIS

LESSON 3. PARAMETERS OF SITE SELECTION AND ANALYSIS

Topography and Slopes Hydrology

● Aquifer: permeable geological stratum of

LESSON 3. PARAMETERS OF SITE SELECTION AND ANALYSIS

Site Planning Concept Using Natural Factors

LESSON 3. PARAMETERS OF SITE SELECTION AND ANALYSIS

Existing Land Use Socio-economic Factors

LESSON 3. PARAMETERS OF SITE SELECTION AND ANALYSIS

Site Analysis Final Product

PLANNING 1: SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

LESSON 4. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

LESSON 4.1. INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE