Submi

tt
edby
: Saqi
bJev
ed
Submi
tt
edt
o: Mam Fat
ima
Cl
ass: LL.
B(Hons)
Semest
er: 6t
h
Rol
lNo. B-
25535
Topi
c: Soci
ology
Dat
e:

Uni
ver
sit
yofSout
hAsi
a
I
ntr
oduct
ionofSoci
ology
:
Thef ir
stsocial scienti
stt ousetheter m
soci
ologywasaFr enchmanbyt henameofAugust eComt e
wholivedfrom 1798- 1857.Ascoi nedbyComt e, t
het erm
soci
ologyisacombi nat
ionoft wowor ds.Thefi
rstpar toft
he
ter
mi saLat i
n,soci us-thatmayv ariouslymeansoci ety,
associ
ation,t
oget hernessorcompani onship.Theot herword,
l
ogos,isofGr eekor igi
n.Itli
terall
ymeanst ospeakabout .
Howev er
, t
hetermi sgenerallyunder stoodasst udyofsociety
.

Def
ini
ti
onofSoci
ology
:
Sociologymaybegener
all
ydef
inedasasoci
al
sci
encet
hatstudiessuchki
ndsofphenomenaas:
Thest
ruct
ureandf
unct
ionofsoci
etyasasy
stem;
Thenat
ure,
compl
exi
tyandcont
ent
sofhumansoci
albehav
ior
;
Thefundamental
sofhumansoci
all
i
fe;
Int
eract
ionofhuman
bei
ngswiththei
r
ex
ter
nal
env
ironment
;
Thei
ndi
spensabi
l
ityofsoci
ali
nter
act
ionsf
orhumandev
elopment
;
Howt
hesoci
alwor
ldaf
fect
sus,
etc.
Sociol
ogyist
hescient
if
icst
udyofsociet
y.I
tist
hestudyofsoci
al
l
ife,
social
change,
andthesoci
alcausesandconsequencesof
humanbehavior
.
 
Sociol
ogy i
st hestudyofgroupsandgr
oupint
eracti
ons,
soci
eti
es
andsociali
nteract
ions,
from small
andper
sonalgroupst
overy
l
argegroups.

Subj
ectMat
ter
s:
• TheSci
enceofSoci
alLi
fe
• TheSci
ent
if
icSt
udyofSoci
ety
• TheSt
udyofSoci
alRel
ati
onshi
p
• TheSt
udyofhumanbehav
iori
ngr
oups
• Thest
udyofSoci
alAct
ions

Soci
etyandCul
tur
e:
Soci
etyandcul
tur
ear
ecent
ral
insoci
ology
.
Societygenerall
yref
erstothesoci alworl
dwithalli
tsst
ructures,
i
nstitut
ions,organi
zat
ions,
et caroundus,andspecifi
cal
lytoa
groupofpeopl ewholivewithinsomet ypeofboundedterri
tory
andwhoshar eacommonwayofl ife.Thi
scommonwayofl i
fe
sharedbyagr oupofpeoplei stermedasculture.

Founder
sofSoci
ology
:
1.August
eComt
e,Fr
enchSoci
alPhi
l
osopher(
1798-1857)
 2.Kar
lMar
x(Ger
man,
1818-
1883)
3.Har
ri
etMar
ti
neau,
Bri
ti
shSoci
ologi
st(
1802-1876)
4.Her
ber
tSpencer
,Br
it
ishSoci
alPhi
l
osopher
,(1820-
1903)
5.Emi
l
eDur
khei
m,Fr
enchSoci
ologi
st,
(1858-1917)

Br
anchesofSoci
ology
:
• Ther
ear egeneral
l
yt wolev
elsofanalysi
sinsoci
ology,whi
ch
mayalsober egar
dedasbr anchesofsociol
ogymi
: cr
o-
soci
ologyandmacr o-soci
ology.
• Micr
o-sociologyisi
nterest nsmal
edi lscal
elevelofthe
st
ructureandf unct
ioni
ngofhumansoci algr
oups;whereas
macro-sociologyst
udiesthel
arge-
scaleaspectsofsociet
y.
• Macr o-sociologyfocusesont hebroadfeat
uresofsoci ety.
Thegoal ofmacr o-sociologyi stoexaminethelarge-scale
socialphenomenat hatdet erminehowsocialgroupsar e
organizedandposi tionedwi thinthesoci
alstr
ucture.Mi cr
o-
sociological l
evelofanal ysisfocusesonsociali
nteraction.I
t
analyzesi nterper
sonal relati
onships,andonwhatpeopl edo
andhowt heybehav ewhent heyi
nteract
.

Concept
sofGr
oup,
Communi
tyandSoci
ety
Gr
oup:
•I
nsoci
ology
,agr
oupi
susual
l
ydef
inedas 
anumberof
 peoplewhoident
ifyandint
eractwit
honeanot her.Thisisa
verybroaddef
ini
ti
on,asiti
ncludesgroupsofallsizes,f
rom
dyadstowholesociet
ies.
•Inthesocialsciences,asocialgroupi
sdef i
nedas t
woor
mor epeoplewhoi nteractwithoneanother,shar
esimil
ar
characteri
sti
cs,andcol l
ecti
velyhaveasenseofunity.
Regardless,socialgr
oupscomei namy ri
adofsizesand
vari
eti
es.Forexampl e, asoci
etycanbev i
ewedasal arge
socialgroup.

Communi
tyandSoci
ety
:
• Asociet
yisdefi
nedasagr oupofpeopl
eshar i
ngthesame
cul
tur
e,int
erest
s,opi
nions,etc.
 Ont
heot herhand,
a
communi t
yisdefi
nedast hegroupofli
vi
ngi nasocial
str
uct
ure.
• Societyisagroupofpeoplewit
hacommont er
ri
tor
yand
cult
ure,int
eracti
ngwithoneanot
herwhil
ecommuni t
yisa
groupofpeopl eli
vi
nginthesameplaceorhavi
nga
parti
cularcharact
eri
sti
cincommon.

Associ
ati
on:
• Anassoci
ati
oni
s agr
oupofpeopl
eorganizedf
orthepursui
t
ofaspeci
fi
cpur
pose.Fami
lyi
sanassociati
onorgani
zedfor
thepr
epar
ati
onofchi
ldr
en.
 
• Anassoci
ati
onis 
a“usi
ng”rel
ati
onshi
pbet
weentwoormor
e
obj
ect
sinwhichtheobj
ectshavethei
rownl
if
eti
meand
 therei
snoowner.Asanexample,
imaginether
elat
ionshi
p
betweenadoctorandapat
ient
.Adoctorcanbeassociat
ed
withmult
ipl
epati
ents.

Or
gani
zat
ion:
•Insociol
ogy,organizati
on(ororganisation)isunder
stood
as 
planned,coordinatedandpur posefulacti
onofhuman
beingstoconstructorcompi leacommont angi
bleor
i
ntangibl
eproduct .Thisact
ionisusual l
yf r
amedbyf ormal
member shi
pandf orm( i
nst
ituti
onalrules).
Exampl
e:
Coll
eges,businesses,pol
it
icalpar
ties,t
hemi l
i
tary,uni
versi
ti
es,
andhospital
s areallexamplesofformal or
ganizat
ions,whi
char e
secondar
ygr oupsthathavegoal ‐
direct
edagendasandact ivi
ti
es.

For
malandI
nfr
omal
Organi
zat
ion:
•Insociol
ogy,organizati
on(ororganisation)isunder
stood
as 
planned,coordinatedandpur posefulacti
onofhuman
beingstoconstructorcompi leacommont angi
bleor
i
ntangibl
eproduct .Thisact
ionisusual l
yf r
amedbyf ormal
member shi
pandf orm( i
nst
ituti
onalrules).
Exampl
e:
Coll
eges,businesses,pol
it
icalpar
ties,t
hemi l
i
tary,uni
versi
ti
es,
andhospital
s areallexamplesofformal or
ganizat
ions,whi
char e
secondar
ygr oupsthathavegoal ‐
direct
edagendasandact ivi
ti
es.
Soci
alGr
oup:
•I
nsoci ology
,agroupisusuallydefi
nedas anumberof
peoplewhoi dent
ifyandint
eractwithoneanother.Thisisa
verybroaddefini
ti
on,asiti
ncludesgroupsofallsizes,f
rom
dyadst owholesociet
ies.
•Inthesocialsciences,asoci
al gr
oupisdefi
nedas t
woor
mor epeoplewhoi nt
eractwithoneanother,
sharesi
mi l
ar
characteri
stics,andcoll
ecti
velyhaveasenseofunity
.
Regardless,socialgr
oupscomei namy ri
adofsizesand
vari
eti
es.Forexampl e,asocietycanbeviewedasalarge
socialgroup.

El
ement
sofSoci
alGr
oup:
Sociol
ogi
stshaveidenti
fi
edsomeessent i
al
elementsofasoci
algr
oup.Forasetorcollect
ivi
tyofpeopl
etobe
asocialgr
oup,i
thastohavethefol
lowingessenti
altr
ait
sor
featur
es
1.Member
soft
hegr
oupcont
inuet
oint
eractwi
thoneanot
her
;
2.Member
shi
prequi
resl
i
vingbynor
mst
hatar
especi
alt
othe
group;
3.Membersvi
eweachot heraspartoft
hegroup;membersfeel
somesenseofident
ifi
cat
ionwit
ht hegr
oupandwi t
honeanother
;
andther
eisasocial
boundarybetweenmember sandnon-
members;
4.Member
sar
efunct
ional
l
yint
egr
atedt
hroughr
oleandst
atus
r
elat
ionshi
pint
hegr
oupst
ruct
ure;
and
5.Ot
her
sseemember
sasgr
oup.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofGr
oup:
• Sociol
ogist
shavecl
assif
iedgr
oupsi
ntotwobasi
c
cl
assif
icati
ons,
namely
,primar
yandsecondar
ygroups.The
cl
assif
icati
onofgr
oupsintopr
imar
yandsecondaryismainl
y
basedon:
(
a) t hequal
i
tyofrel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenoramongt
he
membersoft
hegroup
(b)t
hedegreeofgroupident
ity
.People,
forexample,
gener
all
y
feel
moreloyaltot
heirf
ami l
yandclosefri
endsthantot
he
compani
esf orwhi
chtheywor k

Pr
imar
yGr
oupsandThei
rMai
nFeat
ures:
CharlesH.Cooleywast hefir
stsociologisttouse
theterm pr i
mar ygroupst odescri
besuchgr oupsasf ami l
y,
neighborhoodandchi ldren'
splaygroups.Suchgroupswer ethe
'
'nurser
yofhumannat ur
e''wheretheessenti
alsenti
mentof
humangr oupl oyal
tyandconcer nforotherscouldbel earned.
Primarygr oupsar edisti
nguishedbysomeoft hefol
lowi ng
characteri
stics:
•Ther
eisf
ace-
to-
facei
nter
act
ionamongmember
s.
•Ther
eishi
ghsent
imentorl
oyal
ty.
•I
dent
if
icat
ion(
groupi
dent
it
y)andcl
osecooper
ati
onamong
member
s.

Secondar
yGr
oupsandThei
rMai
nFeat
ures:
Secondarygroupsar ethemor ef ormalty
pesof
groupstowhi chpeoplesbelong.Tost artwi t
hcl ear
lydefi
nit
ive
examples,theFederalArmy, Li
on’sClub, Ethi
opi anCommer cial
Bank,etc,aresecondarygr
oups.Asor ganizations,secondary
groupsdonotgi vepeoplethefeelingofcl oseidentit
ythat
pri
marygr oupsgive.Mainfeatures(tr
aits)ofsecondar ysocial
groupsinclude:
•Ther
eisl
i
ttl
eornoemot
ional
inv
olv
ement
.
•Member
sar
emor
ecompet
it
ivet
hancooper
ati
ve.
•Member
sar
elessi
nti
mat
e.
•Gr
oupi
dent
it
yisl
essr
elev
ant
.

Ty
pesofGr
oups:
Ther
ear
edi
ff
erentt
ypesofgr
oup:
• Pr
imar
yGr
oup
• Secondar
yGr
oup
•I
nGr
oup
• OutGr
oup
• For
mal
Group
 •I
nfor
mal
Group

Cul
tur
e:
• Cult
ure, thebeli
efsandbehavi
oursthatasoci
algroup
shares.Sociologi
calanal
ysi
scanbeappl i
edtoevery
expressionofcultur
e,fr
om sport
ingevent
stoholi
day s,
from
educationtotransport
ati
on,f
rom fashi
ontoeti
quette.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofCul
tur
e:
1.Cultur
ei sorgani
candsupr a-organic:I
tisorganicwhenwe
considerthefactthatther
eisnocul turewithouthumansoci et
y.I
t
i
ssupr aorganic,becauseiti
sf arbeyondanyi ndiv
iduall
ifet
ime.
Indi
vi
dualscomeandgo, butcultur
er emainsandper si
sts.
2.Cultur
ei sovertandcovert:I
tisgenerall
ydi v
idedintomat er
ial
andnon- mat er
ialcul
tur
es.Mat eri
alcul
tur
econsi stsofany
tangi
blehumanmadeobj ectssuchast ools,automobiles,
buil
dings,etc.Non-mat er
ial
cul t
ureconsistsofanynon- physi
cal
aspectsli
kel anguage,bel
ief
, i
deas,knowledge,atti
tude,val
ues,
etc.
3.Cult
ureisexpli
ci
tandimpli
ci
t:I
tisexpl
ici
twhenweconsi der
thoseacti
onswhichcanbeexplai
nedanddescribedeasi
l
yby
thosewhoper f
ormthem.Iti
simpli
citwhenweconsiderthose
thi
ngswedo, butareunabl
etoexplai
nthem,yetwebeli
evet hem
tobeso.
4.Cul
tur
eisidealandmanif
est(
act
ual):I
deal
cul
tur
einv
olv
esthe
waypeopleoughttobehav
eorwhattheyoughtt
odo.Manif
est
cul
tur
einv
olv
eswhatpeopl
eact
ual
l
ydo.
5.Cultur
ei sstableandy etchanging:Cultureisstablewhenwe
considerwhatpeopl eholdv al
uableandar ehandingov ertothe
nextgenerati
oni nor dertomai ntainthei
rnor msandv alues.
Howev er,
whencul turecomesi ntocont actwithot hercultur
es,it
canchange.Howev er,cultur
echangesnotonl ybecauseofdi r
ect
orindir
ectcont actbetweencul tures,butalsothroughi nnovati
on
andadapt ati
ont onewci rcumstances.
6.Cultur
eissharedandl earned:Cult
ureisthepubl
icpropert
yofa
soci
al gr
oupofpeople( shared).I
ndivi
dualsgetcul
tur
al
knowledgeofthegroupt hroughsociali
zati
on.However,we
shouldnotethatal
lthi
ngsshar edamongpeopl emightnotbe
cul
tural,
astherearemanybi ol
ogicalat
tri
buteswhi
chpeople
shareamongt hemselves( Kott
ak,2002).

El
ement
sofcul
tur
e:
Maj
orel
ement
sofcul
tur
ear
e
1.Sy
mbol
s
2.Language
3.Nor
ms
4.Ri
tual
s
5.Val
ues
6.Ar
ti
fact
s
 Sometimescult
uresadj
ustslowlyt
ochanging
cul
tur
alcondi
ti
ons,andtheresul
tcanbecultur
elag.Some
par
tsofcult
uremaychangemor erapidl
ythanother
s;t
hus,
oneaspectofcul
turemay“l
ag”behindanother
.
Whencul turechangesr apidlyorsomeonei ssuddenlyt hr
ust
i
ntoanewcul t
ur alsituation,theresultcanbecultur
eshock,
thefeel
ingofdi sorientati
onwhenoneencount ersanewor
rapi
dlychangedcul turalsit
uat i
on.Evenmov ingfr
om one
cult
uralenvironmentt oanot herwi thi
none’sownsoci etycan
makeaper sonf eeloutofpl ace.Thegr eat
erthedif
ference
betweencul t
ur al setti
ngs, t
hegr eaterthecult
ureshock.