TOPIC 4

MATRICES
PART 1
BY MUHAMMAD HAZIM FAHMI BIN MOHD
GHAFAR ( JMSK, PMU)
 IDENTIFY THE CHARACTER OF
MATRICES
MATRICES CONSTRUCT MATRICES
STATE THE TRANSPOSITION OF
THE MATRIX

DEMONSTRATE THE CALCULATE THE OPERATIONS OF

OPERATIONS OF MATRICES MATRICES: +, −,× &𝐼𝑁𝑉𝐸𝑅𝑆𝐸

SOLVE SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR

DEMONSTRATE THE
EQUATIONS UP TO 3 VARIABLES
SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR
BY USING INVERSE MATRIX
EQUATIONS
METHOD & CRAMER’S RULE
LESSON LEARNING OUTCOME:
AT THE END OF THE LESSON, STUDENT AREABLE
TO:
- IDENTIFY THE CHARACTER OF MATRICES.
- STATE THE TRANSPOSITION OF AMATRIX.
MATRICES
DEFINITION: An array
▪

of numbers enclosed
by a pair of brackets.
ORDER OF MATRIX
▪ An order of a matrix isto show the total row & total column of your matrix.
𝑚 : represent ROW in matrix.
𝑛: represent COLUMN in matrix.

▪ Matrix 𝐴 of order 𝑚 ×𝑛 can be represented in the following form where:-

𝑚 ×𝑛
ORDER OF MATRIX (cont.)
EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2

Given the following matrix 𝐴. State the order Given the following matrix 𝐵. State the order
of matrix 𝐴. of matrix 𝐵.

Answer: 2 ×2 Answer: 2 ×3
ELEMENTS OF MATRIX
▪ The element of matrix are the numbers inside thebracket.

Note:
𝑚 : represent ROW in matrix.
𝑛: represent COLUMN in matrix.

▪where refers to the element in the 𝑚 𝑡 ℎ row and 𝑛𝑡ℎ

column.
ELEMENTS OF MATRIX (cont.)
Example 1: Answer:

𝑎11 =2
2 0
Given matrix 𝐴 = −1 0 as 𝑎12 =0
3 −2 𝑎 21 = −1
follows. State all the elements of
matrix 𝐴. 𝑎 22 = 0
𝑎 31 =3
𝑎 32 = −2
ELEMENTS OF MATRIX (cont.)
EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 3

Given the following matrix 𝐴. State the value Given the following matrix 𝐵. State the value
of element 𝑎12. of element 𝑏23.

Answer: 2 Answer: −20

QUICK EXERCISE 1
STATE THE ORDER OF THE FOLLOWINGMATRICES.

1) 1 −2 −12 3) −7

2 4 −3 0 3
2) 9 −3 4) 6 2 −3
1 2 7 6 1
TYPES OF MATRICES
1) ZERO MATRIX 2) SQUARE MATRIX

▪A matrix in which each element valueis ▪A square matrix with an equal number or
zero (0). rows and columns such as 2 × 2, 3 × 3, etc.

▪ Example: ▪ Example:
𝐴= 0 0 2 1 2
0 0 𝐴= 0 4 3
1 −5 2
TYPE OF MATRICES
3) IDENTITY MATRIX 4) UPPER TRIANGULAR MATRIX

▪A square matrix with its all elements are 0 ▪A matrix with the elements below the
except those on the leading diagonal which leading diagonal are zeros (0).
is 1.
▪ Example:
▪ Example: 2 1 2
𝐴= 𝟎 4 3
1 0 0 𝟎 𝟎 2
𝐴= 1 0
𝐴= 0 1 0
0 1
0 0 1
TYPE OF MATRICES
5) LOWER TRIANGULAR MATRIX 6) TRANSPOSE MATRIX

▪A matrix with the elements above the ▪ Transpose matrix 𝐴 will be denoted as 𝑨𝑻.
leading diagonal are zeros (0).
▪ “Rows go to columns; Columns go torows”.
▪ Example:
▪ Example:
1 𝟎 𝟎
𝐴= 2 −1 𝟎 2 1 2 2 0 0
5 3 1 𝐴= 0 4 3 𝐴𝑇 = 1 4 0
0 0 2 2 3 2
6) TRANSPOSE MATRIX (CONT.)

NOTE: Example:
▪When you do the transpose of a matrix, the 2 1 3
𝐴=
order of the matrix will also change, except 2 −1 4 2×3
for the square matrices.
Example:
2 2
1 𝐴𝑇 = 1 −1
𝐴= 1 2 3 1×3 𝐴𝑇 = 2 3 4 3×2
3 3×1
QUICK EXERCISE 2
Give an example of each of the following types of matrices.

1) Square matrix

2) Upper triangular matrix

3) Lower triangular matrix

4) Zero matrix

5) Identity matrix
 0 4 3
6) Transpose of matrix 𝐴 =
6 2 −3
7) Transpose of matrix 𝐴 = 5 5 −9

8 12 1
8) Transpose of matrix 𝐴 = 8 0 5
−18 3 2
THE END OF
TOPIC 4 PART 1
ANY QUESTIONS GUYS?
LESSON LEARNING OUTCOME:
AT THE END OF THE LESSON, STUDENT AREABLE
TO:
- IDENTIFY THE CHARACTER OF MATRICES.
- STATE THE TRANSPOSITION OF AMATRIX.
TOPIC 4
MATRICES
PART I I
BY MUHAMMAD HAZIM FAHMI BIN MOHD
GHAFAR ( JMSK, PMU)
LESSON LEARNING OUTCOME:
AT THE END OF THE LESSON, STUDENT AREABLE
TO:
- SOLVE THE ADDITION & SUBTRACTION OF
MATRICES.
- SOLVE THE MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES.
- SOLVE THE DETERMINANT OF MATRICES
ADDITION OF MATRIX
▪ Operation of adding two matrices with the same order by adding two
matrices with same order by adding corresponding elements together.

▪ Matrix 𝐴 of order 𝑚 ×𝑛 can be represented in the following form where:-

𝑚 ×𝑛
 ADDITION OF MATRIX
Example 2
Example 1
2 7
3 −2 2
▪Given A= and B= 4 3 .
5 1 −4
−2 4
▪𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐴 + 𝐵
𝑇
5 −5 −4 6
▪Given A= and B= . 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐴 + 𝐵
4 1 2 3 Solution:
▪ Solution:
3 5 3+2 5+7
5 + (−4) −5 + 6 𝐴𝑇 = −2 1 = −2 + 4 1+3
▪ A+B=
4+2 1+3 2 −4 2 + (−2) −4 + 4
1 1 3 5 2 7 5 12
▪ = 𝐴𝑇
6 4 +𝐵 = −2 1 + 4 3 = 2 4
2 −4 −2 4 0 0
QUICK EXERCISE 1
6 2 0 2 8 3 2 5
−3 4 0
Given P= 4 3 3 ,Q= 9 7 −3 ,R= and S= −7 −4 Find :
4 4 −8
−3 1 7 2 −4 10 −3 5

a) P+Q
b) Q+𝑷𝑻
c) R+ 𝑺𝑻
d) 𝐑𝐓+S
SUBTRACTION OF MATRIX
▪ Operation of subtraction two matrices with the same order by subtracting
two matrices with same order by adding corresponding elements together.

▪ Matrix 𝐴 of order 𝑚 ×𝑛 can be represented in the following form where:-

𝑚 ×𝑛
 SUBTRACTION OF MATRIX
Example 2
Example 1
6 3 1 7
▪Given A= −5 4 and B= −3 8 .
0 −1 −2 5
▪𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐴 − 𝐵
1
▪Given A= 6 3 and B= . 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐴 + 𝐵
−3 Solution:
▪ Solution:
6−1 3−7
▪ A - 𝐵𝑇 = 6 − 1 3 − (−3) A - B = −5 − (−3) 4 − 8
0 − (−2) −1 − 5
▪ = 5 6
5 −4
= −2 −4
2 −6
QUICK EXERCISE 1
−7 5 1 3 −3 −1 3 −3 −1
Given A= 10 6 −6 , B= −5 4 4 , C= −5 4 4 ,Find :
4 −2 −7 2 −2 1 2 −2 1

a) A - C
b) B - A
c) B - 𝑪𝑻
d) 𝐀𝐓 − (𝐂 − 𝐁)
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRIX
Given that A and B are the following matrices:

𝑝 𝑞
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
A= 𝑟 𝑠 B=
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
𝑡 𝑢

* A is 3 x 2 matric and B is a 2 x 3 matrix

Product is defined

3x2 2x3
Product will be 3 x 3 (the final answer will be 3 x 3)
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRIX
Work across the 1𝑠𝑡 row of the matrix A, multiplying down the 1𝑠𝑡 column of the matrix B:

𝑝 𝑞
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
A= 𝑟 𝑠 B=
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
𝑡 𝑢

𝑝 × 𝑎 + (𝑎 × 𝑑) (𝑝 × 𝑏) + (𝑎 × 𝑒) (𝑝 × 𝑐) + (𝑎 × 𝑓)
AB= (𝑟 × 𝑎) + (𝑠 × 𝑑) (𝑟 × 𝑏) + (𝑠 × 𝑒) (𝑟 × 𝑐) + (𝑠 × 𝑓)
(𝑡 × 𝑎) + (𝑢 × 𝑑) (𝑡 × 𝑏) + (𝑢 × 𝑒) (𝑡 × 𝑐) + (𝑢 × 𝑓)

Do similar process for the 1𝑠𝑡 row of the matrix A, multiplying down the 2𝑛𝑑 column of the
matrix B:
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRIX
The result of multiplying 2 matrices is:

𝑝𝑎 + (𝑎𝑑) (𝑝𝑏) + (𝑎𝑒) (𝑝𝑐) + (𝑎𝑓)

AB= (𝑟𝑎) + (𝑠𝑑) (𝑟𝑏) + (𝑠𝑒) (𝑟𝑐) + (𝑠𝑓)
(𝑡𝑎) + (𝑢𝑑) (𝑡𝑏) + (𝑢𝑒) (𝑡𝑐) + (𝑢𝑓)
 MULTIPLICATION OF MATRIX
Example 1
3 −1
Given that P = 1 2 , Q= , Find the value of PQ:
2 5

Solution:

PQ = 1 × 3 + (2 × 2) 1 × −1 + (2 × 5)

= 3 + 4 −1 + 10

= 7 9
 MULTIPLICATION OF MATRIX
Example 2
𝑥 2 2 −3
Given that R = , S= , Find the value of RS:
3 4𝑥 𝑥 −𝑥

Solution:
 MULTIPLICATION OF MATRIX
Exercise 1
−4
Given that X = 3 , Y= 7 −1 2 , Find the value of XY:
8
Solution:
 QUICK EXERCISE 1
−2 −1 0 −1
Given A= , andB=
4 1 2 3

Find:

a) A B
b) 2AB
 QUICK EXERCISE 2
1 2 3 5 7
Given A= 0 3 , and B= 1 0 −1
7 2 4 −2 1
Find:

a) BA
b) 𝑩𝟐𝑨
DETERMINANT OF MATRIX
Determinant of 2 x 2 matrices: Determinant of 3 x 3 matrices:
𝑎 𝑏
B= 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑐 𝑑
A= 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑔 ℎ 𝑖
B= B=
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑
𝐴 = 𝑎 𝑒𝑖 − 𝑓ℎ − 𝑏 𝑑𝑖 − 𝑓𝑔 + 𝑐 𝑑ℎ − 𝑒𝑔
𝐵 = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
 DETERMINANT OF MATRIX
Example 2:
Example 1: 1 3 6
−1 2 Given that W= 7 3 4 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑊.
Given that K= , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐾.
0 2 3 −5 3

𝐾 = (−1)(2) − (2)(0)
𝑊
= 1 3 × 3 − 4 × −5 − 3 3 × 3 − 4 × −5
+ 6 3 × 3 − 4 × −5

= 1 9 − (−20) − 3 21 − 12 + 6 −35 − 9

= 29 + 3 9 + 6 −44

= −28
 DETERMINANT OF MATRIX
Exercise 1
5 0 2 −2 1 0
Given that A = 0 4 1 and B= 4 0 −1
−1 0 4 2 −1 3

Find :

i) Determinant 2A
ii) Determinant (A+B)