FORCE

AND
FORCE
SYSTEM
ENGR. JOMAR LLANTO

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Learning Outcomes

Define force and identify the

Define different force systems

Use parallelogram law and triangle

Use law in solving force systems

Apply principle of transmissibility in

Apply statics
What is force?
• Force. In general, force is
considered as a “push” or
“pull” exerted by one body
on another.
Classification of Force and Force Systems
1. Coplanar – forces acting on the same plane
Non-coplanar – forces acting on different planes
2. Parallel – forces have the same slope
Non-parallel – forces have different slopes
3. Concurrent – forces meet at a common point in the body
Non-concurrent – forces do not meet at a common point in
the body
Classification of Force
and Force Systems
4. Tensile – forces are directed
away from the body and tend
to elongate the body
Compressive – forces are
directed toward the body and tend
to shrink the body.
Shear – forces are tangentially
applied on the surface boundaries
of the body and tend to distort the
shape of the body
Basic Law of Mechanics

• Parallelogram Law: If two vectors acting at a point be represented in

magnitude and direction by the adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then
their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal
of the parallelogram passing through that point.

𝑅= 𝑃2 + 𝑄2 − 2𝑃𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

P R

A Q
Basic Law of Mechanics

• If the two vectors acting at a point are represented by two sides of a

triangle taken in order, then their resultant is represented by the third side
taken in opposite order

The Resultant force "R" can be solve

P using trigonometric identities
Q
Sine Law:
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= =
R 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶
Basic Law of
Mechanics
• Principle of
Transmissibility: According to this
law the state of rest or motion of
the rigid body is unaltered if a force
acting on the body is replaced by
another force of same magnitude
and direction but acting anywhere
on the body along the line of action
of the replaced force.
Force and Components
Scalar Notation
𝐹𝑥 𝐹𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
𝐹 𝐹
y
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝐹
𝐹𝑦
𝜃
x 𝐹𝑥 𝑎 𝐹𝑦 𝑏
𝐹𝑥 = =
𝐹 𝑐 𝐹 𝑐
𝑎 𝑏
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹( ) 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹( )
𝑐 𝑐
Force and Components
Vector Notation

𝐹 = 𝐹𝑥 𝑖 + 𝐹𝑦 𝑗 SIGN CONVENTION

Where: (+) Forces going right, forces going up

(-) Forces going left, forces going down
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
 Example 1

Determine the x and y components Solution: 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

of each forces below 𝑎 𝑏
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹( ) 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹( )
𝑐 𝑐

5
𝐹1𝑥 = 58𝑐𝑜𝑠30 = 50.23 𝑘𝑁 𝐹3𝑥 = −45( ) = −17.31 𝑘𝑁
13
𝐹1𝑦 = 58𝑠𝑖𝑛30 = 29 𝑘𝑁
12
𝐹3𝑦 = −45( ) = −41.54 𝑘𝑁
𝐹2𝑥 = −50𝑐𝑜𝑠45 = −35.36 𝑘𝑁 13
𝐹2𝑦 = 50𝑠𝑖𝑛45 = 35.36 𝑘𝑁 𝐹4𝑥 = 40 𝑘𝑁
𝐹4𝑦 = 0 𝑘𝑁
Example 2

Find the following:

a. the y-component of P with respect to x and y
axis.
b. the y'-component of P with respect to x' and y'
axis.
c. the y-component of P with respect to x' and y
axis.
d. the y'-component of P with respect to x and y'
axis.
Example 2.1
a. the y-component of P with respect to x and y axis.
Y

P = 800 N 𝑃𝑦 = 800𝑠𝑖𝑛30 = 400 𝑁

Py
30
X
Example 2.2
b. the y'-component of P with respect to x' and y' axis.
Y’

Py’ P = 800 N 𝑃𝑦′ = 800𝑠𝑖𝑛60 = 692.82 𝑁

30
Another Solution
60
𝑃𝑦′ = 800𝑐𝑜𝑠30 = 692.82 𝑁

X’
Example 2.3
c. the y-component of P with respect to x' and y axis.

𝑃𝑦 = 800 𝑁
30
60

60 P = 800 N
Py
60

X’
Example 2.4
d. the y'-component of P with respect to x and y' axis.
Y’

From Law of Sines;

60 P = 800 N
120 30 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Py’ = =
30 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶
30
X
𝑃𝑦′ 800
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛30 𝑠𝑖𝑛120

𝑃𝑦′ = 461.88 𝑁
Example 3
Compute for the value of P and perpendicular
component to incline, knowing that the parallel
component to incline is 1800 N.
For Perpendicular component
𝑃
tan 50 = ⊥ ;
1800

𝑃⊥ = 1800 tan 50 = 2145.6 𝑁

Value of P
1800
cos 50 = ;
𝑃
1800
𝑃= = 2800.3 𝑁
cos 50
Example 4
A downward force F = 500 N is to be resolve into its components along
AB and AC. Find its components

By law of sines

45 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 500
= =
sin 60 sin 45 sin 75
75 F = 500N
500 sin 60
60 𝐴𝐵 = = 448 𝑁
45 30 sin 75
45 60
75
500 sin 45
60
𝐴𝐶 = = 366 𝑁
sin 75
F