GRAVITATION

=
 Gravitation
Newton 's view L
v
>
Gravitons
Boson
man attracts
space -
time
fabric men !?
another mass Gravitation is due to

the
bending of space
to
7- I time
fabric due

presence of
man .
 Newton 's Law
of Universal
gravitation Mi
ma

→ c-
The
force of attraction b/w point masses F F

is
directly proportional product to the
#

of masses and
inversely proportional Fam , ma Fa
Inverse
Square Law !
square of separation
to the . L
ya
Cavendish Experiment
calculation f- a mime
Tr
if Mz 1kg
-
•
Mi - =

r = Im F- =
Gmina
F- =
9111111
r-

wtf
'
I
"
where
G :
Universal Gravitational
F 6.67×10 N constant
-

-
-

" "

G 6.67×10
Nm2kg
-
-
-

if m
,= 60kg
"
me

5.99×10 Earth
Mi
kg
-
-

6.4×106 radius Earth WI

of
r
my
-
-
in

F
4160/(-5.99×104) 60×9.8
-

-
=

( 6.4×10642 =
588 N

F 585.25 585N Weight force

-
-
=
 I

f-
Gm
=
F- at -

, m2

r
-
I Ty

ideation
R
of direction
force
F
of
-

ZR -

44 .

"
FIN 3. R Flq Mi
F
-

-
M2

> c-

+ F -

F
F
4- The
fine! both
- - - - - - - - - - - -

÷
8 magnitude of on

Ik
s

rim R rlm bodies is the same

3rd
They are Newton 's Law
pair
of forces .

FIN
Gravitational Field and Gravitational field
Strength
Gravitational field A region in around where another mass
space
: a mass

experiences gravitational force .

J v

Direction is into The

of field
lines
radially
i • -

planet .

lines tell
> c .
Gap b/w field about the strength of
field .
Less
gap ,
strong field
r
>
^

the
Gravitational Field strength force unit at
-

:
per
mass a
point in a

gravitational field .

E
m

'
' m
-

g Em 144511×4 II
'
-

8-
-
-

÷
.

for
' "

surface of
at where
g planet g Gfa
R :
radius
of planet
-
-

M : mass
of planet
 Earth at 6.67×10145.9-9×1024=9.15 Nlkg
g for
5.99×104 surface
of planet g Gord g
- -
- -

' '

kg ( 6.4×10 )
,
M -

'
Rs 6.4×10 m

GRAVITATIONAL FIELD STRENGTH IS A VECTOR

POINT MASS
GLI
+
g -

g r e .
The distance b/w
> (
constant
Gq large
is
g-
-
masses so

that their radii

in real can be
ignored .

B¥
"
when 8 entire planet
←
The
.
.

2
Earth g
.

• -

not assumed can be assumed

point
single entity
as
as a
mass

E with no variation
-

4
2,12 inside The body
(
R
>
Mm planet ,
inside the .

Hm IR R
! the Whatever exists
-

ga
. . . . . . . .
mass
creating ,

the
grau .

force exists outside the

too
"
decreases
"
.
So
planet .

g decreases EVERYTHING IS AT
g
.

-
•

CENTER BUT EFFECT IS

-

gu FROM SURFACE .
GRAVITATIONAL FIELD STRENGTH BETWEEN TWO PLANETS

g, + g2
-

of of -19T
e >
-_

,
,

g. g -1g most
= -

, ,
' ^
g/Nkj g
-
-

gu g
-

,
IMPORTANT

M
PART

→ resultant m

!
,

qrav field
.
⇐ → ,
Mr
s
'
'
•
,

Hm i
k t '
q n -
v

e- r -

glnkgr 9=-9,74 +
Gmt
0=-47+91
'
er -
al
2
( a) r -
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY & GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL

① ②
F

e D

>
r
Up -
- O

Gravitational potential Energy : Workhorse on

body to move it
from any
1Up ) point in a
gravitational field to
infinity .

Gravitational Potential Wokdoue unit to

:

per mass move an

object from
101
infinity any point field
to in
gravitational .

up
m

workdone Dup
foot
Fxs
by change
'
"
in = n
.
= .

"
grau field ential Up GMT xx M
-

grau
-
- -

"
energy r .

-
r

Up
.

= -

GMI '
.
.

✓
Calculating doesnt
'

P E - at
any point tell how much
energy
a
body
has but tells how much it to the
to
energy
needs
escape from
gravitational field infinity
-

Up 2.0×1055 it 2.0×1055 to the

needs
of energy
-

e.
s =

escape
-

gravitational field and reach

infinity .

initial final
•
-
-
-
•
Up becomes less
negative as

energy to
,

Planet i i. of : it needs less reach

E now

1- 2
infinity

final initial
.
.
.
•

Up becomes more
negative as

Planet Ii it
'

now needs more

energy
to reach back to It
2 1
infinity .

lost its
energy .
 Why is
gravitational potential Negative ?

infinity
-

the Taken al
•

gravitational potential is as zero .

•
As
object
moves towards the
planet ,
work is done
by
the
object
and
potential decreases .
Hence
grow .

potential is
negative

→
planet 's

Up 4 Of
Gyxm, GMT
mass
GMI
Im
=
- -
-

=
-
and = -

r → distance
from center
grave potential energy grav potential
.

"
G 7
NET r-

Of
T

Up = X M
in
* r,

1- d f
potential of
man a
b. Up =
I/O xm
the
due to object
at that
" -

in planet ( star
change change in
a
-

hat point
grow potential grow point
.

Oh 0
energy potential 93 ,
 Graphs .

of Gravitational Potential
Graviton al Potential is a scalar

HIGH low
M

low HIGH
quantity .
Is not positive or

its
( less ) ( more) ( more) cuss , negative at
diff sides ,
always
It
-
ve -
re - re - ve
negative .

get
more or less
-

a
Hm
8 negative as you more towards or
Ym
away from start planet respectively
the
- - - - -
- -
. -

i -

i
i •

D=
!
GMT old I
-
so -

"
m
Day r
r -
-

Dn outside the
point mass grau force acts
-

→ .

• • ,

DO the
object and the object moves
-

m -
-
-

on as

Tv towards the the 0

point
-
-

mass
,

decreases
m
g
- -
.
-

£01 Jkg "

Within the
point the
grace field
-

→ mass ,
-

or
of GM doesnt its
and
force exist i.e
= -

.
zero .

Ey .
.
-
GI Gravitational field No more work is done as
object moves
Hence 01 stays
-

strength is
negative within the point
rxv mass .

neither
10g of potential corisnant i e increases nor
grow
-

= -

c- ,
.

field gradient decreases .

strength
 u
+
g n
-

g
> s

- Hm Hm
< >

↳
gradient tve
-
-

gradient ve .
: -
•

x
grau field
.

=
-

gradient
strength

015kg
" "
-
Gravitational Potential
Ml
ran

between two
point 0=0 +02 ,

masses Mi
Mz
low → high high ← low
r
, •

¢ is scalar so to
Mm
A
> l l

determine resultant (
>
×

potential simply
,
add
0 GNI
f- 4,1¥ )
biotin
potentials up of
-
- -

V
bodies
g
.

e.g
.

* resultant Ola = C- 2) t C- 101

potential Ola -
-
- 12

between
V
two masses
015kg
"
-
 CHANGE IN CHANGE IN
=
I/O Xm =
tzmfv ? U2)
G .
P E -
K . E

Ml
me .
20048 Mr Gravitational field( strength at
)
0
A : maximum
gradient max

( )
B : zero
gradient zero

C : less than A ( gradient less than that

>
Mm at Al .

←
max
potential Cresta
I The
-
z - •

B
,
velocity when stone moves
from X to A

2.5 loss K E
in g. P E gain in
- - - - - -
•
- - -
-

- = .

x
-
3 -
o -

( Ola -
0 , )m= K .
Ea -
K .
Ex
C
Yi )
'

(
l 5 l
2-511×105×4=124 Va
- - -
-
-

2.5×105
{ ( Va 04
'
-
-
-

-
5 -
•

A iii. at
V
-
Minimum
speed A Va
-
-
-
707ms"
- O

0/1×105 Jkj
'

-
to reach C
-

gain in G. RE :
loss in KE Ii .
the velocity of stone at C when thrown

Dloxnx
-
- -

thx ( v2
- W) from A at 1500ms
- i

gain in G. P E -
-
-
loss in K - E

511×105=-4210
'

( -2 W)
C- Dfa yn fixer un )
- -
= -
-

I 4C Ola ) 15002 )
flu
'

774.6ms
"
U -
- - = -
-

{ 511×105 I 15004
'
-
3 -

I -
= -
I v -

,
✓ =
14318 Mst
Orbital Motion " F
Jn a circular orbit, the

centrifugal gravitational force

'
:
* got acts

w •* a tone as a
centripetal force .

t
r
Eq
gravitational Fg = Fc
tone
9M¥ GMI
' '
mrw
ay
-
-
-
-

2
y

satellite separation
of
m : mass r:

linear velocity
M
of planet
:
mass v :

Kepler 's law w :

angular velocity
with The radius orbit
•
Relates time period of orbit
of
Gravitational for
-

orbit the
force centripetal force a circular
:
.

of
'
the
Guff period
'
time
= Hrw
Gaff .
.
YI
T
square
is directly proportional to
41T r3
' '

GM the
'

of the radius of
'

T cube
-

w o
-
= -

= -
or -
i
-

r
's
GM orbit

GFT
-

IIIT as ur
-
'

is con-man't so Tears
'

GM
 →
Equatorial Orbit ←

Geostationary satellites that have the same angular velocity

as That
of the
planet and are
moving in
The same direction as the
planet rotates .

Time Taken Earth to

for rotate =
Time taken
for the satellite to

about th axis

T
'
revolve about the
planet .

go UI 3
-

r
-

GM
'

for Earth (24×60×60) =4h_

)
' '

( 6.67×10 )( 6.0×10
"

V =
4.23×107 in

orbit
distance
of
4.23×107 6.4×106
Equitorial from surface
= -

orbit
of Earth
←qo at
=
3.59×107 m

Polar Satellites : satellites that have

angular velocity greater than that
-

of the
planet and are
moving in a lower orbit ,

moving from poles to

poles .

b/w multiple satellites

geostationary
link
They act as a .
 >

satellite
Energy of a r
x
y

gala e-
E. →
dog y
°

Gravitational Potential Energy

Up GMI -
-
-

r Et
Jn
kinetic Energy Total
•

Energy
•

'

Ek Ei Ek Eg
12mV
= = i
-

9M¥ f- GMT )
-
-

+
as
Fg : Fc

4mHz HI Gimme ( t )
-
= l t Ex -
-
505
- -

v ?
GNI Et = -
Gmd ←
Hm
r ZV 1005
Ep
-

←
Ek
{ ( Gtf )
so -
-
m
Et
-
- -505 Et :

Ep :

Ek -

-
GMM
-
Ek :

Zr

-
ETJ
 Its satellite closer to
moves
planet
the satellite
separation of to
-

Ep decreases
planet the decreases
-
°
as

o Ek increases as loss
of potential energy
is converted to kinetic
but not all it
energy of .

°
ET decreases because -

the loss in
potential is more but
gain of
kinetic is less ( Energy lost heat )
energy .
as .

at
Ep -
-
-

Gmd Ek = Gmd Ek is half of Ep

r 2r all points for a

loss in Ep satellite
{ gain in kit
= .

for
satellite
a
only
 02=0
Escape Velocity to GM
-
-

1- T2 2

The minimum 0ms "

speed required for R m
a
>
•→y
. - - - . - -
- - - - - -
•

to
body escape The gravitational a

infinity
reach
pull of
and
planet
"
loss in K E =

gain
in P E
for Earth M 6.0×10
- -
- -

) 6.4×106
(v u2
Df
'
R
lynx yn
t x m
-
-
- =
-

W) fo
1/0 -0 )
u -
-

12×6.67×1076.0×107
12102
-
- =
, .
,
6.4×106
. '

' "
1.12×10 "
-

U =
-

Ms
.
.
. .
.

uz that
-

id GI
-
-

HLF
u -
-