LECTURE

9: BODY TISSUES
Wednesday, October 12, 2022 9:01 AM

CELL JUNCTIONS
TEST
- GAP JUNCTIONS
- Types and tissue characteristics
- TIGHT JUNCTIONS
- Connective tissue types
- DESMOSOME- ADHERING JUNCTION
- Aerocolar
- Dense regular and irregular
TIGHT JUNCTIONS
- Goblet cell
- no movement between cell-
- Simple squamous epithelium= lung tissue
- Present= anything we want to control
- Cell junction
- No absorption between cells
- Kiss sites= tight
- Ex. Intestines, blood brain barrier, gut wall

GAP JUNCTIONS DESMOSOMES

- Allows for movement= of ions - Structural junction
- Transmission of charge - Withstands stress=
- Ex. Heart, gut mechanical
- Gut= moving food - Ex. Skin, uterus, heart
- Heart=contractions, spread by
gap junctions

TISSUES
- Cells with= similar structure and function
- 4 types
1. Epithelial= everywhere
2. Connective tissue= everywhere
3. Nerve
4. muscle

EPITHELIAL TISSUE
EPITHELIAL
FUNCTIONS
- Covering sheets
- Everything is covered by epithelial tissue - Protection
- Ex. Skin - Absorption, secretion
- Ion transport, diffusion
- GLANDS
- Filtration
1. Exocrine
- Form= slippery surfaces= ex
have duct, dump something on the duct or skin
mucus membranes
surface, ex sweat gland, earwax

2. Endocrine
Where we get hormone, dump into the blood

SQUAMOUS
- Ex.lung tissue= a lot of absorption
SIMPLE VS STRATIFIED
- SIMPLE= single layer SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
- STRATIFIED= multiple layers - Epithelium= seen on things we need to
protect
CUBOIDAL, COLUMNAR CELLS
- CUBOIDAL= round shape Simple squamous epithelium
- COLUMNAR= specialized for absorption - Areas= little wear and tear
- Adapted= diffusion and filtration
- Thin walls
- Ex. Lung tissue= easier to diffuse o2
across membrane

STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
- For wear and tear

Stratified squamous epithelium

- Protect= areas of wear and tear= protection
- Defend= against microbes
- Ex. Outer layer of skin or epidermis , lining of
mouth , vagina
- More outer layer= more flat or squished=
stratified squamous
- Manny cells

Transitional epithelium
- Change shape= depending on what stress it is on
- Areas= subject to stretching
- Ex. Urinary bladder

GLANDS
- Specialized epithelial cells

1. Exocrine glands
Secrete substances into ducts
Ex. Sweat gland's, gut

2. Endocrine glands
Secrete hormones into blood
Ductless
Ex. Thyroid

3. Paracrine gland
Secrete over short distances
EPITHELIEAL TISSUE: TYPES Para= close/ short distance
- Transportign= columnar or cuboidal
- Ciliated= cuboidal to columnar

UNICELLULAR EXOCRINE GLANDS DUCT CLASSIFICATIONS

THE GOBLET CELL (TEST) SIMPLE VS. COMPOUND
- Goblet=produce mucin - Simple= 1 branch
- Mucin+ water= mucus - Compound= multiple branch
- Protects and lubricates = many internal body - Don’t need to study
surfaces

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- Filler space
- Hold things together
- Functions
1. Connect, support,
strengthens
2. Protect and insulates=
internal organs
3. Compartmentalize
muscle

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
PROTEINS
- Collagen=stiff , string
snap back , ex. Tendon
- Elastin= stretchy, like
elastic, ex. Lung
- Fibroblast= cells that
secrete matrix protein
- Blast= makes something

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

CLASSES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES
- Extracellular matrix - Difference in structure depends on
- Tissue = Most diverse and abundant
- Collagen and elastin fibres • Type of cells
Main classes
- Viscous= gel like ground substance • Different composition of matrix
- Connective tissue proper= tendons and Ex. Sugar, protein, and water
ligaments, visible
- Cushions and protects body structure
- Cartilage Ex. Cartilage
- Bone tissue
- Blood
- Fat

CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

- Has 2 subclasses
1. Loose connective tissue= low fibre= low
structure
• Areolar
• Adipose

2. Dense connective tissue= high fibre

• Regular = organized
• Irregular = not organized

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE (TEST)

AREOLAR
- Filler= hold stuff in place
- Gel like matrix= with a 3 fibres= not arranged
- Contains
• Fat cells
• White blood cells
• Mast cells
• Fibroblasts
- Underlies= epithelial tissue
- Surrounds blood vessels and organs
- Borders= all other tissue in the organ
- Hold skin to muscle

DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSU E

IRREGULAR (TEST)
- Have fibres= every direction
- Withstands tension/ pulling
- Collagen= every direction= can take force at
any direction
- - Location= skin, gut, fibrous capsules of joints
and organs

SPECIALIZED
CONNECTIVE TISSUE-
DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE SERVE SPECIAL
REGULAR (TEST) FUNCTIONS
- Arranged= to take the tension= where you get the most tension BONE
- Parallel collagen fibres - Forms the
- 95%= collagen skeleton
- Some elastin - Spongy vvs.
- Poorly vascularized= colour white= low blood flow=low tim to Compact
repair
- Muscle and bone attachment= withstand stress= in 1 direction
- Ex. Tendons, ligament's

BLOOD
- Transport materials= glucose
and oxygen
Cells
- Fluid matrix of
1. Osteoblast= make bone
• Plasma= fluid
2. Osteoclast= resorb bone,
• Red blood cells
breaking down bone
• White blood cells
3. Osteocytes= mature cells
• Platelets

BONE TYPES
COMPACT
- Harder= harvesian systems
- Forms= shafts and ends, contains marrow space
- Yellow bone marrow= mostly fat= in marrow space\

SPONGY TISSUE
- Trabeculae=form lattice- like support
- Spaces= may contain red bone marrow

BONES- THE HARD ELEMENTS OF SKELETON

BONE
- 10 % cells
- 90% matrix
- Extra cellular matrix:
1. Calcium and phosphate (hydroxyapatite)
2. Collagen
3. Proteins
4. Water
- Cells
1. Osteoblast= make bone
2. Osteoclast= resorb bone, breaking down bone
3. Osteocytes= mature cells

SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE

GROWTH PLATES SERVE SPECIAL FUNCTION
- Epiphyseal plate= calcify- hard bone
CARTILAGE
- transitional issue= from which bone develops
- Maintains shapes= of certain body parts ex. Nose, ears
- Cushion vertebrae= vertebral disks, lines joint cavities

ADIPOSE TISSUE
- Fat cells
- Functions= insulation, protection, and energy storage

CARTILAGE LENDS SUPPORT (DONT NEDD TO STUDY)

- Provides structure and support under compression

CONNECTIVE TISSUES: TYPES

(TEST)
- Loose connective tissue
TYPES - Dense irregular tissue
1. FIBROCARTILAGE= CUSHION - Dense regular tissue
Intervertebral disks= between vertebrae - Connective tissue=
Menisci= in knee joint blood and adipose

2. HYALINE= EPIPHYSEAL PLATE

Forms= embryonic structure= forms bone
Covers and protects ends ogf long bone in joints

3. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
Flexible, outer ear, tip of nose SMOOTH
- Involuntary
- Ex. Gut, blood
vessels

MUSCLE TISSUES
- Contractile=
create force SKELETAL CARDIAC
and movement
- volutary= moves skeleton - Heart
- 3 types
- Can control - Involuntary
1. Cardiac
- Pace maker
2. Smooth
3. Skeletal

TISSUE CHARACTERISTICS
- Bspecigfic connective and
epithelial types
- Epithelial, connective,
muscle, tissue

NERVOUS TISSUE
SIGNAL TRANSMISSION
- Brain
- Nerves= made up of = lots of neurons

- Brain, spinal cord, and nerves= transmit electrical REPAIR

signals - REGENERATION= of damage sithe with the
- 2 types of cells same type of tissue, lay extra tissue= faster
1. Neurons= excitatory cells regeneration
2. Supporting cells- neuroglia cells, most of what - FIBROSIS= proliferation of scar tissue
we have - ORGANIZATION= clot is replaced by
granulation tissue= lay down
- Ex. Heart= has 4 types of tissue

CAPACITY FOR REGENERATION

- Some tissue regenerate better than other

GOOD
- Et, bone, areolar, ct, dense irregular ct, blood forming
ct

MODERATE
- Smooth muscle

WEAK
- Skeletal mt= muscle tears, because always using
muscles
- Cartilage, dense regular ct= no blood flow

NONE OR ALMOST NONE

- Cardiac mt, nervous tissue
- Tissue= dead= permanent