Propetiesofmaterial

CE 597 ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
A. Steel
1. Weight. The steel weighs 77.01 kN/m3
2. Strength. The strength of steel is expressed in terms of the yield strength, fy.
In English yield strength is expressed in ksi( kilopound per square inch ) and in
MPa ( megapascal ) in SI. We note that MPa is equivalent to N/mm2 and 1 ksi
= 6.91 MPa.
Grades of reinforcing bars with the corresponding yield strength, fy.
Grade 33 ------- fy = 33 ksi = 230 MPa
Grade 40 ------- fy = 40 ksi = 275 MPa
Grade 50 ------- fy = 50 ksi = 345 MPa
Grade 60 ------- fy = 60 ksi = 415 MPa

Below is the list of the Philippine Standard Bars Size:

10 mm 28 mm
12 mm 32 mm
16 mm 36 mm
20 mm 40 mm
25 mm 50 mm
3. Modulus of Elasticity. The modulus of elasticity, Es for steel is 200,000 MPa.

B. Concrete
1. Weight. The concrete weighs 23.54 kN/m3
2. Strength. The strength of concrete is expressed in terms of the cylinder
strength, fc’ by testing concrete sample after 28 days of curing. In English
cylinder strength is expressed in psi( pound per square inch ) and in MPa (
megapascal ) in SI. We note that MPa is equivalent to N/mm2 and 1 ksi = 6.91
MPa.
Cylinder strength depends on the concrete mix proportion and most

common it has the following values.
fc’ = 3000 psi = 20. 7 MPa or 21 MPa
fc’ = 4000 psi = 27.6 MPa 28 MPa
fc = 5000 psi = 34.6 MPa or 34 MPa

3. Modulus of Elasticity. The modulus of elasticity, E for concrete is given by

the formula,
𝐸𝑐 = 𝑤𝑐 0.043 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ( MPa )
( MPa )
Where: f ‘c = 28 day cylinder strength ( MPa )

wc = density of concrete ( kg/m3 )
Design Methods
In consideration of structural safety, there are two design methods which
might be used. The first of these two methods is the Working Stress Design, (
WSD ), which involves the calculation of working or service loads stresses in
comparison to the allowable stresses which are about 50% of the ultimate
stresses attainable of the materials.
In the computation, we set the following allowable stresses:
allowable compressive strength of concrete = 0.45f ’c
allowable tensile strength of steel = 0.50fy

The second method is the Ultimate Strength Design Method, ( USD ), in
which the working loads are multiplied by certain load factors larger than one
and the resulting factored load is used to design the structure. This method is
discussed in Reinforced Concrete Design 2.
Modes of Failure
There are three possible ways in which a reinforced concrete structure will fail.
1. Crushing of concrete – when concrete compressive stress reaches the
allowable, 0.45f’c. The word crushing indicates an abrupt failure of concrete
because of its brittle property.
2. yielding of steel – when steel tensile stress reaches the allowable, 0.50fy. The
term yielding indicates the large deformation of steel when tensile stresses are
applied. Unlike concrete the failure of steel is gradual.
3. Simultaneous crushing of concrete and yielding of steel – when concrete
compressive stress reaches the allowable, 0.45 f’c and steel tensile stress reaches
the allowable, 0.50fy.
Types of Problems
There are two types of problems we may encounter in the analysis of reinforced concrete
structure.
1. Design – given the load, solve for the size and reinforcement. This in the case where we make a
new structure. We have to determine the size and strength of each member of the structure to
make it functional.
2. Investigation – given the size and reinforcement, compute the load. This is in the case when we
make design checking or revisions of existing design are needed.
Types of Design
The reinforced concrete structure may be designed as follows:
1. Under – reinforced – failure is due to yielding of steel.
2. Over – reinforced – failure is due to crushing of concrete.
3. Balanced design – failure is due to simultaneous crushing of concrete and
yielding of steel.
In the above types of design, the recommended design is the under – reinforced
for the reason that gradual failure of the structure is required in order to give a
running time for the occupants. Crushing of concrete is an abrupt failure and not
recommended on design codes.
Criteria for design

Design must satisfy the following criteria:
1. Safety – the most important criterion to be satisfied.

2. Economy – it is important that the design will comply also to minimum cost.
3. Practicability/Aesthetics
Beam Formulas
In this section we shall recall the shear and moment formulas for beams.
Although we can construct the shear and moment diagram of a beam but
sometimes it is better to memorize formulas for beams with common loading in
order to obtain them readily. Also we may encounter indeterminate beams in
which we cannot solve the reactions by statics alone.
Problem 1: A simply supported beam with a span of 8 m carries a uniformly

distributed load of 10 kN/m on its entire span. Compute
1. the maximum moment
2. the maximum shear
3. the maximum deflection if EI = 80 x 1012Nmm2
Solution: Using the formula for a simply supported beam carrying a

uniformly distributed load
note: w = 10 kN/m = 10 N/mm
Another Solution to obtain maximum moment and maximum is by the use of the Shear and
Moment Diagram
Problem 2: A propped beam with a span of 6 m carries a triangular load

which varies from zero at the fixed end to 8 kN/m at the other end.
Compute
1. Compute the value of the maximum shear
2. the maximum negative moment
3. the maximum positive moment
Solution: By formula, the maximum moment and maximum shear can

be computed.

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CE 597 ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES

Grades of reinforcing bars with the corresponding yield strength, fy.

Grade 33 ------- fy = 33 ksi = 230 MPa

Grade 40 ------- fy = 40 ksi = 275 MPa

Grade 50 ------- fy = 50 ksi = 345 MPa

Grade 60 ------- fy = 60 ksi = 415 MPa

Below is the list of the Philippine Standard Bars Size:

3. Modulus of Elasticity. The modulus of elasticity, Es for steel is 200,000 MPa.

Cylinder strength depends on the concrete mix proportion and most

fc’ = 3000 psi = 20. 7 MPa or 21 MPa

fc’ = 4000 psi = 27.6 MPa 28 MPa

fc = 5000 psi = 34.6 MPa or 34 MPa

3. Modulus of Elasticity. The modulus of elasticity, E for concrete is given by

Where: f ‘c = 28 day cylinder strength ( MPa )

In the computation, we set the following allowable stresses:

allowable compressive strength of concrete = 0.45f ’c

allowable tensile strength of steel = 0.50fy

Criteria for design

1. Safety – the most important criterion to be satisfied.

Problem 1: A simply supported beam with a span of 8 m carries a uniformly

Solution: Using the formula for a simply supported beam carrying a

Problem 2: A propped beam with a span of 6 m carries a triangular load

Solution: By formula, the maximum moment and maximum shear can

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