Power Quality Monitoring

PQ Essentials and Siemens PQ-Portfolio

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Agenda

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Motivation for
Power Quality Monitoring

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What is Power Quality?

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 If you cannot measure it
you can not improve it

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Impacts of PQ problems on consumers, manufacturers and utilities

• Interruption of processes
Financial losses due to
• Production loss
• Waste of raw material
• Equipment damage and/or aging
• Loss of data
• Increased losses in electrical
equipment and distribution system

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PQ
characteristics

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Classification of PQ phenomena

Continuous phenomena
▪ Frequency variations
▪ Voltage variations
▪ Voltage/current unbalance
▪ Flicker
▪ Voltage/current harmonics and interharmonics
▪ Supraharmonics (2 kHz to 150 kHz)

Events
▪ Supply voltage dips and interruptions
▪ Supply voltage swells
▪ Transient overvoltage
▪ Rapid voltage changes

Other phenomena
▪ Mains communication system (MCS)
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Origin of PQ problems –
Measurements with PQI-A

Supply side Demand side

Frequency variations Current harmonics and interharmonics
Voltage variations Current unbalance
Voltage harmonics and interharmonics Reactive power
Voltage unbalance Neutral currents
Rapid voltage changes
Supply voltage dips, swells, interruptions
Flicker
Voltage transients

Power System Loads

Suppliers AND customers are responsible for power quality.

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Application example:
frequency event in
Europe

08.01.2021

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On Friday, 08 January 2021, at 14:05:07 (CET)
the Continental European grid frequency dropped below 49.75 Hz.

-------- 10-s frequency recorded with SICAM Q200 in Berlin (Germany)

-------- 10-cycle minimum frequency (aggregation interval 1 minute)
f_AVG f-10/12cycles_MIN
f/Hz

50,05

50,00

49,95

49,90

Such a frequency drop is highly unusual. Before

49,85
14:04:54, the frequency was pegged around 50.02 and
50.03 Hz for about three minutes. Within 13 seconds a
drop by almost 270 mHz was observed. ENTSO-E, the
49,80

49,75
European Network of Transmission System Operators
reported a system split between 14:05 and 15:08.
13:25 13:30 13:35 13:40 13:45 13:50 13:55 14:00 14:05 14:10 14:15 14:20 14:25 14:30 14:35 14:40 14:45 14:50 14:55 15:00
Fr 08.01.2021

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Continental-European grid frequency drops below 49.75 Hz –
system split ensues

• Closer inspection of the frequency drop

along the European measurement units
shows the origin of the event to be in
southeastern Europe
• The slope of the frequency plot right after
the first drop gives a good indication that the
origin was in southeastern Europe and
spread from there
• According to the ENTSO-E report, there was
an overload of a busbar coupling in a
substation in Croatia.
• A protective trip at 14:04:26 disconnected
the two connected busbars

Figure was taken from the ENTSO-E report on the incident

Visit Grid
frequency

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PQ
standardization
framework

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Current Standards of Power Quality

Measurement method: Product standard PQI:

Defined accuracy: Class A, Class S ▪ Defined functional & uncertainty requirements
▪ IEC 61000-4-30 (measurement method) ▪ IEC 62586-1 (product standard)
▪ IEC 61000-4-7 (harmonics, ▪ IEC 62586-2 (functional test)
interharmonics) Product standard PMD:
▪ IEC 61000-4-15 (flicker measurement) ▪ IEC 61557-12 (power metering & monitoring)
Power ▪ IEC 62053-22/23/24 (energy accuracy)
Quality
PQ evaluation: standards Data exchange and
▪ Defined measurements, processing and communication standards:
evaluation of characteristic curves Defined communication protocol
▪ EN 50160 (Voltage characteristics of electricity ▪ IEC 61850-90-17
supplied by public electricity networks ▪ Defined data formats:
▪ IEC 62749 (Assessment of power quality) ▪ IEEE 1159.3 PQDIF (measurement data)
▪ IEEE 519 (harmonics) ▪ IEEE C37.111 COMTRADE (fault records)

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PQI
Power Quality
Instruments

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Continuous PQ parameters acc. PQI product
standard IEC 62586-1 Ed. 2

Function PQ records Class A Class S

5.1 Power Frequency 10 sec measurement M M
5.2 Magnitude of Supply Voltage M M
5.7 Supply voltage unbalance M M
10 min aggregation measurement
5.8 Voltage Harmonics M O
5.9 Voltage Interharmonics M O
5.3 Flicker 10 min Pst value, 2 h Plt value M O
5.10 Mains Signalling Voltage MCV(t) (10/12-cycle r.m.s. value interharmonic bin) M O
5.13.2 Magnitude of currents O O
5.13.6 Current unbalance O O
10 min aggregation measurement
5.13.4 Current Harmonics O O
5.13.5 Current Interharmonics O O
Triggered by voltage events, such as dips and swells
5.13.3 Current records O O
and RVC (samples, ½ cycle r.m.s. values, etc.)
Annex C (inf.) Conducted emissions in
10 min aggregation measurement O O
the frequency range 2 kHz to 150 kHz
M: Requested by IEC 62586-1
O: not requested by IEC 62586-1

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PQ events acc. PQI product standard IEC 62586-1 Ed. 2

Event Characteristics

5.4/5.5 Supply voltage Residual voltage U r.m.s. (1/2) or

dips and interruptions depth and time stamps (duration)
maximum swell magnitude and time
5.4 Supply voltage swells
stamps (duration)
5.6 Transient voltages 1

5.11 Rapid voltage RVC start time, duration, ΔUmax,

changes ΔUss
1 Measurement of transient voltages can be useful but is not
mandatory.

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Relation between IEC 62586-1 and IEC 62586-2

Product standard IEC62586-1 Test standard IEC 62586-2

• PQI-A or -S
• Measurement function 1 • Test 1
• Measurement function 2 1:1 • Test 2
• … • …
• Measurement function n • Test n

• Definition of EMC and • Accuracy within measurement

environmental conditions range and with influence quantities

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PQI-A
portfolio
SICAM Q100
SICAM Q200

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Transparency in the power system:
Increase power quality and avoid unnecessary Non-Comformal Costs

▪ SICAM Power Quality Instruments (PQI)

measure, record and analyze the ongoing
voltage curve via long-term measurements
▪ Analyses make voltage events and interferences Analyze Measure
of the processes visible and thus explainable
▪ Targeted countermeasures reduce interferences
and efforts of instant and future improvements
▪ This continuous loop of gapless monitoring Improve Record
improves the power quality sustainably
▪ To adjust to ever-present changes in the system,
the continuous measurement should be preferred SICAM
over spot measurements just in case of problems Power Quality

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SICAM Power Quality hardware platform

Class A

SICAM Q100 ▪ Measurement accuracy class 0.2S PCC Compliance

Acquisition, visualization and ▪ Harmonic direction / harmonic phase angles measurements
analysis of electrical ▪ Voltage event direction for use in courts
measurands to
IEC 61000-4-30, Class A

SICAM Q200 ▪ Supra-harmonics in the range of 2 – 150 kHz Measurements in

As SICAM Q100 + ▪ Fast transient recording up to 1 µs / 6 kV sensitive
▪ Measurement accuracy class 0,1S
Supra-harmonics and fast production areas
transient recording or data centers

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SICAM Q100 & SICAM Q200
IEC 61000-4-30 Ed. 3 and IEC 62586-2 certified by NMi (NL)

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Cyber Security
SICAM Q100 and Q200 - meeting the requirements of tomorrow

Role Based Access Control Secure and reliable

RBAC ensures that users may exercise only those https protocoll
rights which correspond to their assigned role Guarantees the secure transmission
Central user management via of sensitive data
RADIUS server (Also implemented in SICAM P85x)

Firmware signature SICAM Q100 Security Log

Protection against firmware manipulation. Non-volatile storage of
Only firmware signed by Siemens SYSLOG events
(protected against
is permitted to be uploaded in the device.
power failures)
(Entire SICAM measurement device portfolio) SICAM Q200

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Basic PQ
evaluation

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PQ Evaluation I:
PQ report via Browser/HTML voltage dip classification

Ures = 73%

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System integration & data transfer
Open and transparent - SICAM Power Quality

PQ Advisor Compact PQ reporting

via web browser
FTPS data transfer

SICAM Q200
Data transfer via IEC 61850: Data transfer via FTPS:
SICAM ▪ CSV (events and long term
▪ PQ data & measurement Q100 records)
recorder ▪ PDF (reports)
▪ PQDIF, IEEE 1159.3
▪ CSV Operating values via
▪ Fault records Modbus TCP:
▪ COMTRADE, IEEE C37.111 ▪ Energy management
SICAM
P855

Evaluation & Reporting Energy management

▪ SICAM PQS ▪ SENTRON powermanager
▪ SICAM PQ Analyze

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Application example:
voltage events in
Berlin (Germany)

01.01.2022 – 30.06.2022

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Overview
ITIC and EN50160 classification

Location: Siemens AG, Berlin

Observation period:
01.01.2022 – 30.06.2022

Summary
• 13 voltage dips
• No voltage swells
• No voltage interruptions

• Example 1
• Example 2

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Example 1
01.03.2022: residual voltage 78 %

Spannung UL1 Spannung UL2 Spannung_UL3

U/ V
240

220

200

180

160

-0,04 -0,02 0,00 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,10 0,12 0,14
t/s

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Example 2
23.04.2022: residual voltage: 30 %

Trigger
23.04.2022
01:10:00.574

Voltage_Van_Sampling Voltage_Vbn_Sampling Voltage_Vcn_Sampling

U/ V

200

150

100

-0,10 -0,05 0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30

t/s

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Contact
Dr. Michael Schwenke
Senior Key Expert for Power Quality/Product Lifcycle Manager Power Quality & Measurement

Smart Infrastructure
Electrification & Automation
Power Quality & Measurement Germany

Wernerwerkdamm 5
13629 Berlin, Deutschland

Mobile: +49 162 1325063

mailto:michael.schwenke@siemens.com

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Imprint / Disclaimer
Published by Siemens 2023

Smart Infrastructure
Electrification & Automation
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Germany
For the U.S. published by
Siemens Industry Inc.
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