Mengembangkan dan Meningkatkan Tanaman Pangan

Satwa Liar: Jalan Pintas untuk Sumber Daya Alam &

Pemilik Tanah Secara Profesional

Sponsored by:
Clemson University Department of Forest Resources
Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service
South Carolina Department of Natural Resources
Topics That We’ll Cover . . .
Today
• Wildlife Nutrition and Feeding Habits
• Geology, Soils and Wildlife Plants
• Categories of Plants
• Developing a Wildlife Planting Plan
• Experimental Results of Herbicide Work in
Food Plots
• In-the-Field Demonstrations
Topics That We’ll Cover . . .
Tomorrow
• Case Study Recommendations of Establishing and
Managing Food Plots
Deer, Turkey, Quail, Dove & Waterfowl
• Maintaining and Enhancing Native Plants
• Cost Estimations and Budgets for Wildlife Plantings
• Measurements of Abundance and Quality of Wildlife
Plants
• Legal Issues Concerning Supplemental Feeding of Wildlife
• Commercial Production of Wildlife Plant Seeds &
Seedlings
 Why is understanding wildlife nutrition
& feeding habits so important?
• Determines health (quality) &
abundance
• Ensures growth, reproduction &
survival
• Better chance of reaching genetic
potential
• Understanding & providing
nutritional needs through habitat
management
3 Ways to Provide Wildlife
Food . . .

1. Protect High-Valued Native

Plants

2. Enhance Native Plants

3. Supplemental Plantings
 In most cases, managing
existing native plants is a
more practical and cost-
effective method of
enhancing wildlife habitat.
Starvation vs. Malnutrition
• Starvation - animal dies from
lack of food
• Malnutrition - animal usually
survives in poor condition due
to lack of quality food
– lower body weights, delayed
maturity, lower reproductive
rate, susceptible to
disease/predation & extreme
weather
• In the Southeast, rarely
starvation but poor habitat
results in malnutrition
Ranking of Wildlife Foods

1. Preferred - found more in the diet compared to

abundance in the field, usually 1st choice.
2. Staple - foods eaten on a regular basis which
meet nutritional needs, usually 2nd choice.
3. Emergency - foods eaten to meet short-term
nutritional needs, usually when staple foods are
absent.
4. Stuffers - foods with low nutritional value that
are consumed because there is nothing else to
eat.
Nutritional Needs of Wildlife

• Protein - body growth, development &

maintenance
• Carbohydrates - quick source of energy
• Lipids/Fats - physiological processes &
stored energy
• Vitamins - growth & vigor
• Minerals - bone & tooth development
• Water - digestion, metabolism, cooling
Nutritional Needs of Wildlife
Protein
• Most essential nutrient
to wildlife
• Often a limiting factor
• Sources
– Insects & animal matter
– Concentrated in growing
tips of stems & leaves
– Seeds, beans, grains, nuts
– Legumes, nitrogen-fixing bacteria on roots
– Microbial action in ruminants
Nutritional Needs of Wildlife
Protein
• Comprised of amino acids &
measured in % crude protein
(CP) content of food
• Native plants average 10%
CP (2-39%)
• Deer require 16-17 % CP for
body maintenance
– > 17% required for optimal
antler growth
 Nutrient Content of Select Foods
Dry matter (%) DE (kcal/kg) CP % CF % Ca%
Alfalfa 90 1800 15.3 27.0 1.4
Barley 87 1790 7.6 24.0 .2
Red Clover 88 1760 17.3 21.8 1.3
W.Clover 92 2024 21.4 20.9 1.8
Lespedeza 92 1290 12.7 28.1 .9
Oats 89 2000 7.3 29.5 .3
Ryegrass 86 2070 7.4 26.0 .5
Wheat 88 1870 7.4 25.0 .2
Nutritional Needs of Wildlife
Carbohydrates

• Comprise 3/4 of dry matter in plants

• Primary source of energy for wildlife
• Sugars (glucose, lactose) & non-sugars
(cellulose, starch, hemicellulose)
• Sugars are quickly & easily digested
• Non-sugar digestion is a longer process
• Cellulose cannot be digested by wildlife
– ( Only broken down by bacteria, fungi & some protozoan)
Nutritional Needs of Wildlife
Lipids & Fats

• Found in both plant & animal tissues

• Insoluble in water
• Source of stored energy (fat) during stress
– supplies 2.25 times the energy/kilogram as
carbs
• Aids in absorption of fat soluble vitamins
– (A, D, E, K, & carotene)
Nutritional Needs of Wildlife
Vitamins

• Fat soluble (A, D, E, K)

• Water soluble (B complex & ascorbic acid)
• Aid in growth and efficiency of metabolism
• Found in plants & animals
• Usually not a limiting factor for wildlife
Nutritional Needs of Wildlife
Minerals

• Macro-elements - Ca, P,
K, S, Na, Cl, Mg
– Ca for egg production, Ca &
P for antler growth
• Trace elements - Fe, Mn,
Cu, I, Mo, Zn
– Too much can be toxic
• Important in bone &
tooth development
Nutritional Needs of Wildlife
Minerals

• Aid physiological processes

• Obtain through food, water,
ingestion of soil, or grit
• Ratio of intake important
– Ca & P should be 2:1
Salt or mineral blocks for deer?
Late spring/early summer
of value on nutrient depleted soils
use fortified mineral blocks
check regulations / baiting
 Nutritional Needs of Wildlife
Water

• Necessary for digestion,

metabolism, cooling, lubrication
& other life processes
• Usually not a limiting factor to
wildlife in the Southeast
– Obtained from free water (lakes, streams,
dew on vegetation, water from food
consumed & metabolic water)

• Rainfall effects vegetation quality

& abundance
 Factors Affecting Wildlife Nutrition
• Availability of quality foods
– Palatability & digestibility
• plant lignin content
• Rainfall & temperature
• Soils
– Texture/moisture holding, clay to sand depth
– Relationship of soil fertility to wildlife health
• Time of year
– Highest nutrient level (digestibility) spring/fall
growing seasons
• Past & present land use/management activities
Wildlife Feeding Strategies

• Generalist (white-tailed deer) - broad category

of habitats & foods eaten
• Specialist (RCW) - narrow category of habitats
& foods eaten
• Optimal foragers (most herbivores) - minimize
energy expended & maximize energy and
nutrient intake (feeding efficiency)
• Nutritional modeling - determining nutritional
carrying capacity to support wildlife
Categories of Wildlife Based on
Feeding Strategies
1. Carnivore - diet primarily animal matter
2. Herbivore - diet primarily vegetation/plant parts
3. Insectivore - diet mostly insects
4. Granivore - diet of seeds, grains
5. Omnivore - mixed diet of #1 & #2 or combination of
all the above
6. Scavenger - diet of primarily carrion

Diets determine the type of digestive system that has evolved to

process food efficiently for various species of wildlife.
Two Types of Wildlife Digestive
Systems

1. Simple Digestive System

• Tongue, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine
• Foods that are easily digested
• Primarily carnivorous mammals, some
omnivores & insectivores
 Simple Digestive System

Tongue, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,

large intestine
Two Types of Wildlife Digestive
Systems
2. Modified/Complex Digestive System
• Foods that are difficult to digested
• No enzymes to break down cellulose (cellulase)
– cellulose major chemical component of
plants
– largest source of energy
• Wildlife (herbivores, omnivores, granivores)
have developed special modifications and
symbiotic relationships with microorganisms to
digest cellulose
Two Types of Wildlife Digestive
Systems
2. Modified/Complex Digestive System
Birds
• Tongue, esophagus, crop, proventriculus,
gizzard, small intestine, large intestine
Two Types of Wildlife Digestive
Systems
2. Modified/Complex Digestive System
Rodents & Small Mammals
• Large caecum & enlarge large intestine for
microbial digestion
• Break down of cellulose and complex
carbohydrates
• Produces bacterial protein
• Also can ingest own feces or coprophagy (rabbits)
– increases amino acid & vitamin absorption
 Rabbit Digestive System
Caecum comprises 45% of digestive system
 Two Types of Wildlife Digestive
Systems
2. Modified/Complex Digestive System
Ruminants (deer)
• Most complex, 4 parts
1. Rumen - fermentation vat
2. Reticulum - nutrient absorption
3. Omasum - acts as a filter of digested foods
4. Abomasum - acid & peptic digestion of
microorganisms
5. Small & large intestine - nutrient absorption
Ruminant (Deer) Digestive System
Ruminant (Deer) Digestive System
In Summary

• To be effective, wildlife managers should

understanding food habits and
nutritional needs of various species.

• Most nutritional needs of wildlife can be

met through habitat improvement
practices.