READINGS IN PH-HISTORY
Lecture 1-2/Pre-Mid
INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY: DEFINITION,
ISSUES, SOURCES,AND METHODOLOGY
History
● study of the past
● Derived from the Greek word “Historia”
“Historia”
● which means knowledge acquired
through inquiry or investigation
Traditional Historians
● Account of the past through written
documents
● “No document, No History”
Definition and Subject Matter
● The loophole of using written documents
● History became more inclusive by using
other historical sources other than the
written documents like oral, artifacts, etc.
Questions and Issues in History
As a discipline: history versus historiography
History
● study of the events happened in the past
Historiography
● study of history itself (historian, method,
perspective, sources)
As a narrative, history is taught and written for
its intended audience
Positivism
● school of thought that requires empirical,
observable, and objective evidence in
arriving to conclusions
● no document, no history
Postcolonialism
● school of thought that focuses on the
history and identity of the society and
criticizing the colonialism
HISTORY AND THE HISTORIAN
● History is heavily influenced by the
historian
● Facts cannot speak for themselves
Historians
● give meanings to the facts
● History is subjective
can history still be considered as an academic
and scientific inquiry?
● The study of history remains scientific
because of the rigor of research and
methodology that historian employ.
oral and written evidences.
● Data should be validated through ___ and
___
research
● Bias and subjectivity is avoided if the
Researcher maintains the rigor of a ____
WE ONLY GET A FRAGMENTARY, DISTORTED VIEW;
IT IS LIKE TRYING TO COMPLETE A PUZZLE WITH A
LOT OF ODDLY SHAPED & MISSING PIECES.
HISTORY AND THE HISTORIAN
Annales School of History
● school of history that focuses on the social
history, peasantry,medicine & environment
instead of the state and the monarchs.
Historical Sources:
● Primary sources
● Secondary resources
● Tertiary resources
PRIMARY SOURCES
● sources produced at the same time as
the event, period, or subject being
studied.
● original research or information that have
not been interpreted, summarized, or
analyzed for you
Examples
-original films -memoirs
-music, -letters
-Photographs, -personal journals
artworks, -diaries
-interviews and eyewitness accounts
--government documents and public records
-newspaper articles or multimedia news reports
-original published research
READINGS IN PH-HISTORY
Lecture 1-2/Pre-Mid
SECONDARY SOURCES
● sources which were produced by an
author who used primary sources to
produce the material.
● sources have been evaluated, analyzed,
or summarized already to form some sort
of conclusion.
Examples:
● book reviews
● critical analyses
● second-person accounts
● biographical or historical studies
● research articles or studies that are based
on other original research
● textbooks
TERTIARY SOURCES
● sources which were produced by an
author who used the secondary sources.
● sources are based on primary or
secondary sources, and may or may not
be written by experts in the field.
● EX: wikipedia, encyclopedia, websites,
dictionaries, manuals, guidebooks, and
handbooks, bibliography
The definition of primary, secondary, and
tertiary resources can vary depending on
context.
● EX: criticisms of original works are
considered secondary resources;
● however, if your research focus is a
particular critic's methods, then the critic's
works would be considered primary.
● Classification of sources between primary
and secondary sources depends on the
historical subject being studied
● One need to thoroughly scrutinize the
historical sources to avoid deception and
to come up with the historical truth.
EXTERNAL CRITICISM
● verifying the authenticity of evidence by
examining its physical characteristics
● consistency with the historical
characteristic of the time when it was
produced and the material used for the
evidence.
Examples:
● paper used - ink,
● Penmanship - language used
INTERNAL CRITICISM
● examination of the truthfulness of the
evidence by looking at the content of the
source, author of the source, context,
agenda behind its creation , intended
purpose,
● Validating historical sources is important
because the use of unverified, falsifiable,
and untruthful historical sources can lead
to equally false accusations.
Scandalous Cases
● Code of Kalantiaw
● Ferdinand Marcos as WW II soldier
Philippine Historiography
Zeus Salazar
● Filipino Historian introduced the new
guiding philosophy for writing and
teaching history: “PANTAYONG
PANANAW”
PANTAYONG PANANAW”
● for us-from us perspective.
HISTORIOGRAPHY
● Is the history of history
● covers how historians have studied and
developed history including its sources,
techniques, and theoretical approaches
● It focuses on how a certain historical text
was written, who wrote it, what was the
context of its publication, what historical
method was employed, what sources
were used
READINGS IN PH-HISTORY
Lecture 1-2/Pre-Mid
HISTORY AND THE HISTORIAN
Historian
● facts cannot speak for themselves,
● It is the their job not just to seek historical
evidence and facts but also to interpret
them.
● It is their job to give meaning to these facts
and organize them into a timeline,
establish causes, and write history.
Historical Methodology
● "comprises certain techniques and rules
that historians follow in order to properly
utilize sources and historical evidences in
writing history.
Chapter 2:First Voyage Around theWorld
Antonio Pigafetta
● known as Antonio Lombardo or Francisco
Antonio Pigafetta
● Born and died in Vicenza during 1492 –
1534
● seafarer & geographer.
● wrote, ” The First Voyage Around the
World”
The First Voyage Around the World
● one of the most valuable contributions of
Antonio Pigafetta.
Ferdinand Magellan
● was part of the first world
circumnavigation that was started by
1519 with five ships.
● voyage began to sail in____ with ____
● However, its leader was killed in 1521, and
the next year, only one ship returned to
Spain with a few men. Antonio Pigafetta
was one of the few survivors
Historical Background of the Document/Film
Homonhon Islet (Limasawa Island)
● Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan
landed on, near Samar Island in the
present-day Philippines, at dawn on March
16, 1521
● First meet the two Datu of Cebu and
forming pacto de sangre
April 14, 1521 on Masul
● held the Philippines first Catholic mass on,
● where he planted a cross on the spot
where a local ruler was converted along
with the 800 of his people.
● Magellan's arrival in Cebu represents the
first attempt by Spain to convert Filipinos to
Roman Catholicism
● He was welcomed to the islands of Samar,
Leyte, and Limasawa.
● Within a week of arriving on Cebu he
converted 400 islanders including
● Humabon and Juana, the island's king and
queen
Magellan and Lapu-Lapu’s encounter
“idols” to be burned.
● The dispute between Magellan and
Lapu-Lapu was that when Magellan
ordered for the ____ to be ___
● They mistakenly burned one of the villages
that was under in Lapu-Lapu tribe and it
caused great grief and anger to
Lapu-Lapu.
Henry or Henrik
● Speculated that ____ Magellan’s
interpreter & slave, conspired against
Magellan
● Magellans and 43 against 1500 natives
commanded by Lapu-Lapu
Many natives
● According to Pigafetta, it was not
Lapu-Lapu who slayed Ferdinand
Magellan, but many ___
● probably battle-hardened, evidenced by
their proficiency with spears and very
large bolos. This was something that
Magellan and his company did not
expect.
merchant
● Magellan was not an expert at tactics or
even had a skills in battle, he was only a
____ according to pigafetta
READINGS IN PH-HISTORY
Lecture 1-2/Pre-Mid
Lapu-Lapu
● "Here Lapu-Lapu and his men repulsed the
Spanish invaders, killing their leader,
Ferdinand Magellan
● became the first Filipino to have repelled
European aggression."
Duarte Barbosa
● Pigaffeta, with __ fled from Philippines and
went to the Spice Islands
Analysis of the Film or Document
First Voyage Around the World (1519-1522)
● popularly known as the Ambrosiana
codex
● considered to be an imperishable legacy
in which it will remain as a reference to
what had occurred during that historic
voyage.
● Pigafetta’s writing is one of the “Pure”
works in Pre-colonial society.
● Biased based on his identity, personal
feeling, and loyalties. There were ideas
and events presented subjectively
● Locating Pigafetta’s account in the
context of its writing warrants a familiarity
on the dominant frame of mind ion the
age of exploration, which pervaded
Europe in the fifteenth and sixteenth
century
● Pigafetta’s account was also written from
the perspGood Day
● Pigafetta himself and was a product of the
context of its production.
● Examining the document reveals several
insights not just in the character of the
Philippines during the precolonial period,
but also on how the fresh eyes of the
Europeans regard a deeply unfamiliar
terrain, environment, people, and culture
Relevance of the Film/Document in
understanding the grand narrative of the
Philippine History
Economic significance
● Pigafetta’s work not just opened the
Philippines to the Europeans who was not
knowledgeable of our culture
● but it also made Philippines open to the
world, being one of the trading countries
in Asia.
Socio-Cultural significance
● The document encompassed the culture,
the native people and the places of
Philippines which up until now is still
considered as part of its dynamic history.
● Pigaffeta’s account was one of the
sources of the ideas in studying the event
on Mactan and the first mass that was held
at Butuan Island.
Historical significance
● Of all the accounts of the first
circumnavigation, by far the most
important is that of the Venetian, Antonio
Pigafetta, who accompanied Fernao
Magalhaes, the greatest navigator,
perhaps, of the modern age, on the
expedition that disclosed secrets that had
been so long hidden from man
● Pigafetta's account is not only the most
valuable and authentic of the few
contemporary and early relations of the
famous voyage but is also the only source
of information for many details of that
voyage
● Probably no other historical documents
are more universally accepted by students
as the final authority regarding the actual
events with which it deals
● The manuscript was recognized by its
publication in condensed form in both
French and Italian during the first
quarter-century 'after the return of the
Victoria to Spain, and in English as early as
1555
READINGS IN PH-HISTORY
Lecture 1-2/Pre-Mid
Factual History
● presents readers the plain and basic
information that took place.
Speculative History
● presents readers the information that go
beyond the facts
● a speculation on the cause and effect of
an event.
Historical Analysis
● An important element of historical
method.
Historical Method
● The process of critically examining and
analyzing the records and survivals of the
past.
Historical Data
● Are sourced from the artifacts that have
been left by the past.
Historical Criticism
● It examines the origins of earliest text to
appreciate the underlying circumstances
upon which text came to be.